BSC & BIT -1 2020-21
Numbering Systems
ITU 07102
Introduction
We use a number to present a quantity (value) of any thing that can
be quantified. Quantities are measured, monitored, recorded, or
manipulated arithmetically.
Two ways of representing a numerical value of quantities are:
Analog and Digital
Analog Representation:
Analog Representation: One quantity is represented by another
which is direct proportional to the first.
Example: Automobile speedometer , which is reflection of the
needle is proportional to the speed of the auto.
Example: Room thermostat, in which the bending of the
bimetallic strip is proportional to the room temperature. As the
temperature of the room changes
Thermostat
Speedometer
Note: Analogy values gradually over a continuous range of values
Digital Representation: Quantities are represented in digits.
Example digital clock, which provides the time of a day in the form
of decimal digits which represent hours, minutes and seconds. Though
the day change continuously, the digital clock does change
continuously, instead it changes in steps of one per second (discrete
steps)
Numbering Systems
Computers use four numbering systems: Decimal, Binary, Octal
and Hexadecimal. Each has advantages for different levels of
digital processing.
A number system defines how a number can be represented
using distinct symbols.
All number systems are positional , meaning that position of a
symbol in relation to other symbols determine its value.
Within a number , each symbol is called a digit (Decimal digit,
binary digit, Octal digit, Hexadecimal digit).
Within a number, digits are arranged in a order of ascending
values, moving from lowest value on the right to the Highest in
the left.
The left most digit is referred as Most Significant Digit (MSD)
and the right most as the Least Significant Digit (LSD)
A same quantity or value can be represented in different systems.
For example, the two numbers (2A)16 and (52)8 both refer to the
same quantity, (42)10.
Digital Number Systems
• Many number systems are in use in Digital Technology.
• Common number system are Decimal , Binary, Octal
and Hexadecimal
• Decimal system is the tool that we use every day
quantifiable transactions.
The Decimal Number System (Base 10)
The word decimal is derived from the Latin root deci (ten).
Base b = 10.
Ten symbols: S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
The symbols in this system are often referred to as decimal
digits or just digits.
Decimal number has evolved naturally as a result of a fact that
a human being has 10 fingers. The word digit is the Latin
word for Finger
Weight & Value
In decimal system, each weight equal to 10 raised to
the power of its position.
The weight of the first position in decimal number
system is 100, which is equal to 1. Each digit
corresponds to a power of 10 based on its position in
the number
The powers of 10 increment from 0, 1, 2, etc. as you
move right to left
Example
5,489 = 5 * 103 + 4 * 102 + 8 * 101 + 9 * 100
The Decimal Number System (Base 10)
Integer values
The Decimal number system (Base 10)
Real Values
The Binary Number System (Base 2)
The word binary is derived from the Latin root bi (double).
Base b = 2.
Two symbols: S = {0, 1}
The symbols in this system are often referred to as binary
digits or just bits.
Weight and Value
The binary system is also a weighted system. Each digit
has a weight based on its position in the number.
Weight in the binary system is 2 raised to the power
represented by the position.
The value of a specific digit is equal to its face value
times the weight of its position.
The Binary Numbering System (Base 2)
Integer Value
The Binary Number System (Base 2)
Real Values
The Octal Number System (Base 8)
The word Octal is derived from the Latin root
Octo (eight).
Base b = 8.
Eight symbols: S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
Example of Octal number 27658
Weight and Value
The Octal System is the weighted system. Each digit has a
weight based on its position in the number.
Weight in Octal is eight raised to the power presented by the
position.
The value represented by each weight is given in decimal
terms.
The value of a specific digit is equal to its face value times the
weight of its position.
The Octal Number System (Base 8)
The Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16)
The word hexadecimal is derived from the Greek root hex
(six) and Latin root decem (ten).
Base b = 16.
Sixteen symbols: S = {0, 1, …, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
The symbols in this system are often referred to as
hexadecimal digits.
Example of hexadecimal number 7DF59A
Weight and Value
The Hexadecimal System is the weighted system. Each digit
has a weight based on its position in the number.
Weight in hexadecimal is sixteen raised to the power presented
by the position.
The value represented by each weight is given in decimal
terms.
The value of a specific digit is equal to its face value times the
weight of its position.
The Hexadecimal Number System (Base 16)
Integer Values
Summary
System Base Symbol Examples
Decimal 10 {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} 2345.56
Binary 2 {0,1} 1001.11
Octal 8 {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} 156.23
Hexadecimal 16 {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A, B,C,D, E, F} A2C.A1
Summary of the
Four Positional
Number Systems
Significant Digit
Binary: 11101101
Most significant digit -MSD Least significant digit -LSD
Decimal: 1063079
Most significant digit -MSD Least significant digit-LSD
Positional Value System(Weighting Value)
In a positional number system, the position a symbol occupies in the
number determines the value it represents.
In this system, a number represented as:
As the value of :
Note: Any number is the sum of the products of each digit value
times its positional value
Conversion between number systems
1. Binary/Hex/Octal →Decimal.
2. Decimal →Binary/Hex/Octal.
3. Binary→ Hex/Octal
Conversion between number systems
Binary/Hex/Octal →Decimal.
Decimal Counting
In counting decimal numbers , we start with 0 in the unit position
and take each symbol (digit) in progression until we reach 9.
In decimal counting, the unit position (LSD) changes upwards
with each step in the count. The tens position changes 10 steps in
the count. The hundreds position changes 100 steps in the count
and so on.
Decimal Places (Digits):
With 2 decimal places (two character per number) we can count
through 102 = 100 different numbers (i.e. 0 – 99).
With 3 places we can count through 103 = 1000 (0-999)
General : with N place you can count 10N and the largest number will
be 10N-1
Binary Counting
Binary counting is based on the number of bits. This can be
demonstrated with 3 bit binary number
To be explained in class
Binary Places (Digits)
To be explained in class
Octal Counting
The largest octal digit is 7. We count from 0 to 7. Once it reaches 7,
it recycles to 0 on the next count and cause the next high digit to be
incremented.
For example:
65,66, 67, 70, 71
275, 276, 277, 300
Octal Places (Digits)
With N octal digits, we can count from 0 up to 8N – 1, for total of 8N
different counts.
Example: With 3 octal digits we can count from 000 8 to 7778
Which is a total of 83 = 512 different octal numbers.
Counting in Hexadecimal
Counting in hexadecimal is such that each digit can be
incremented by one (from 0 to F).
Once a digit position reaches the value of F, it resets to zero and
the next digit position is incremented.
Example
38, 39, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, 40, 41, 42
6F8, 6F9, 6FA, 6FB, 6FC, 6FD, 6FE, 6FF, 700
Hexadecimal Places (Digits)
Any Hexadecimal number with N digits, we can count from 0 to
16N – 1, for total of 16N different values
Example. Hexadecimal number with 3 digits, we can count from
000 to FFF, which 163 = 4096 to total values
Conversion between number systems
(110.11)2 = (6.75)10
10011112 → X10
Example Octal → Decimal
53778 → X10
6342.58 → X10
Example Hexadecimal → Decimal
B9CF16→X10
FE64.3F16→ X10
General approach for converting from
Decimal → Other number systems
(Binary, Octal & Hexadecimal)
Decimal →Binary
7610→ X2
98.710 → X2
Decimal →Octal
9810 →X8
66.810 →X8
Decimal →Hexadecimal
19810 →X16
86.410 →X16
Binary →Octal
100101010111011102 →X8
Binary →Hexadecimal
1100101010111011102 →X16
