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Physics Project

This document is a physics project report by Daksh Tyagi on Gauss's theorem. It includes an introduction to Gauss's law developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss, the Gauss law formula, an explanation of the Gauss theorem, a derivation of Gauss's law, and applications to electric fields around wires, planes, and spherical shells. The project was completed under the guidance of Mr. MP Sharma at Nehru World School in Ghaziabad for the 2023-2024 academic year.

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Daksh Tyagi
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8K views

Physics Project

This document is a physics project report by Daksh Tyagi on Gauss's theorem. It includes an introduction to Gauss's law developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss, the Gauss law formula, an explanation of the Gauss theorem, a derivation of Gauss's law, and applications to electric fields around wires, planes, and spherical shells. The project was completed under the guidance of Mr. MP Sharma at Nehru World School in Ghaziabad for the 2023-2024 academic year.

Uploaded by

Daksh Tyagi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NEHRU WORLD SCHOOL

GHAZIABAD

Physics Project

Session- 2023-2024
‘A Project Report on Gauss Theorem’

Name- DAKSH TYAGI


Roll Number- 09
INDEX

• Certificate
• Acknowledgement
• Introduction
• Gauss Law Formula
• The Gauss Theorem
• Gauss Law Derivation
• Application Of Gauss Law
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Daksh Tyagi


student of class 12th has successfully
completed the research on the below
mentioned project under the guidance of
Mr. MP Sharma (sub teacher) during the
year of 2023-2024 in partial fulfillment
of physics practical examination
conducted by Nehru World School
Ghaziabad
ACKNOWLEDGEMET

In the accomplishment of this project


successfully, I would
like to thank my principal Mr. Arunabh
Singh and my Physics teacher Mr. MP
Sharma whose valuable guidance has
been the ones that helped me to patch
this
project and make it full proof success,
his suggestions and instruction has
served as the major contribution.

INTRODUCTION

What is Gauss Law?


German mathematician and scientist Carl
Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) is credited with
creating Gauss' law in the study of
electrostatics.

(CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS)


He established the relationship between electric
flux and the electric charge. The electric flux is
the lines of force passing through the electric
field.
With the help of gauss law we can determine the
electric field around various surfaces. The electric
flux of any surface can be calculated as the ratio
of test charge to the permittivity of free space and
this relation was given by Gauss.

GAUSS LAW
FORMULA
The total charge contained within a closed
surface, according to the Gauss theorem, is
inversely proportional to the total flux
contained within the surface. Therefore, if ϕ is
total flux and ε is electric constant, the total
electric charge Q enclosed by the surface is:
Q=ϕε
The Gauss law formula is expressed by;
ϕ=Q/εo
Where,
Q= total charge within the given surface,

εo = the electric constant.

THE GAUSS THEOREM


The net flux through a closed surface is
directly proportional to the net charge in the
volume enclosed by the closed surface.

ϕ = E⋅dS = qnet/εo

In simple words, the Gauss theorem relates


the ‘flow’ of electric field lines (flux) to the
charges within the enclosed surface. The net
electric flow is always zero if no charges are
contained by a surface. Accordingly, the
number of electric field lines entering the
surface equals the number of field lines
ejecting from it.
The Gauss theorem statement also
gives an important corollary:
• Any closed surface's electric flux is
exclusively produced by the sources
(positive charges) and sinks (negative
charges) of the electric fields it
encloses.
• The electric flow is unaffected by any
charges that are present below the
surface. Additionally,

the sources and sinks of electric fields


can only be electric charges. For
instance, shifting magnetic fields are
unable to serve as sources or sinks of
electric fields.
• Given that the surface on the left
contains a net charge, its net flux is not
zero. Since the surface on the right
does not enclose any charges, the net
flux is zero.

GAUSS LAW
DERIVATION

Derivation of Gauss' law that applies


only to a point charge We start by
formulating a special case of Gauss'
law that only holds true in the case of
a point charge, which we assume to be
positive. A positive point charge's
electric field lines extend in all
directions from the charge.

The magnitude E of the electric field


at a distance r from the charge +q is
2
E=kq/r
The constant k can be expressed as
k=1/4πε where ε is the permittivity of
free space.
With this substitution, the magnitude of
the electric field becomes

Now let's position this positive point


charge at the center of a hypothetical
sphere with radius r. Although it's not
always necessary, a closed surface like
this is referred to as a Gaussian
surface.Everywhere on the
surface,electric field is of the same
magnitude and is perpendicular to the
surface.

The surface area A of sphere is 4πr^2,


and the magnitude of the electric field
can be written in terms of this area as

When the electric field is perpendicular


to the surface, Gauss' law for a point
charge can be expressed primarily as

where the left side of the equation is the


product of the magnitude E of the
electric field at any point on the
Gaussian surface and the area A of the
surface.
In Gauss' law, this product is especially
important and is called the electric flux
and we can write as

In other words, the scalar product of A


and E is used to determine the electric
flux.Here, θ is the angle between the
electric field and the area vector. Note
that the area vector is normal to the
surface.This implies that the electric
field becomes parallel to the area
vector when it is perpendicular to the
surface. Thus,

Using both equations we now can write


the equation of electric flux for a point
charge:
This result indicates that, aside from the
constant, the electric flux Φ depends only
on the charge q within the Gaussian
surface and is independent of the radius
r of the surface.

APPLICATION OF GAUSS
LAW
Gauss's law is mostly used to determine
the electric field caused by:
• An infinitely charged uniform
straight wire

Electric field is given as:


2.A uniformly charged infinite plane
sheet:

The electric field due to infinite plane sheet


is given as:

3. A uniformly charged thin spherical shell:


There are two ways to assess the electric field
caused by the spherical shell: Outside and
inside of the spherical shell, respectively, of the
electric field.
• Outside Spherical Shell: Electric
Field is given as:

• Inside Spherical Shell: Because there


is no enclosed charge, there is no
electric field inside the spherical
shell.
4.The electrical charge that is present in or
enclosed by a closed surface is explained by Gauss's
law.
5.The total flux linked with a closed surface is 1/ ε0
times the charge enclosed by the closed surface is
known as Gauss Law.

6.Complex electrostatic problems requiring unusual


symmetries like cylindrical, spherical, or planar
symmetry can be resolved using Gauss's Law.

CONCLUSION

According to Gauss's law, the electric


charge enclosed in any closed surface
is directly proportional to the total
quantity of electric flux travelling
through it. The law that explains the
relationship between electric charge
distributions and the resulting electric
field is referred to as Gauss Law, also
known as Gauss's flow theorem or
Gauss's theorem. Coulomb's law is
used to compute the electrical field of a
surface, but the Gauss law is needed to
determine how the electrical field is
distributed on a closed surface.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• NCERT PUBLICATION
• HC VERMA PUBLICATION
• BYJUS ONLINE

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