Topic 1

Classification
 Classification:
Taxonomy ....placing living organisms into categories on the basis of morphology and anatomy , to make it asier
for scientists

of Morphology:overall form and body shape of living organisms ( Phenotype)

Anatomy; internal body structure by dissection
-
genetic code -

- Recently they use DNA analysis : genotype .

W CCG Acc
Organisms which are closely related have similar base sequence in DNA triplets

-Advantages:
Accurate, faster, cheaper and allow large scale identification and only trace sample used

King philip came over for grandma’s spaghetti

Kingdom......phylum........class........order.........family..........Genus...........species
d d

(hybrid ) infertile
. Fertile .

Genus: group of organisms similar to each other but if breed they will produce infertile offsprings
= Species: group of living organisms share the same chracteristics and if they breed together they will produce
fertile offspring
 Classification
-- .

Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
No mitochondria,
All have their DNA enclosed in a nucleus No nucleus no nucleus , no ER
Bacteria .

Animals Plants Fungi Protoctist

"-
Multicellular Multicellular Cell wall May have cell wall While some may have
No cell wall Have cell-wall Made from chitin not cellulose Made of cellulose no cell wall
Heterotrophs Made from cellulose Usually multicellular J s
Autotrophs Saprophytic (decomposers) Have chloroplast No chloroplast so feed
So feed as auto. as heterotrophs
Or parastic( cause disease)
Some are animal like , others are plant
like
Ex: amoeba , chlamydomonous
 Eukaryotes

Plants Animals

Flowering Vertebrates Invertebrates

Non flowering
Have a back bone
No back bone
-

Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Birds

Body covered with hair/ fur Fish
Have moist skin Have wings
Body covered wih a
Give birth Beak Scales
dry scaly skin Lay jelly coated eggs in
Feed / suckle their babies Feathers Gills
Lay rubbery / water
with milk Lay hard shelled Fins and tail
Young breath through
"
D leathery shelled eggs
Have mammary glands eggs Lay jelly
gills
Whiskers coated eggs
Adult breath through Legs covered with
Have external ear/pinna scales b
lungs
Different types of teeth
Heart with 4 chambers
Arthropods
"
Myriapods M Crustacean c Arachnids A Insect I
Number of pairs Many 5 or more 4 3
of jointed legs
2 cephalothorax and 3 head , thorax and
Number of body Many 2 abdomen abdomen
parts
2 pairs of antennas No antenna 1 or two Pairs of wings
Extra Key feature
Chalky exoskeleton
All arthropods have
1. Segmented body
2. Jointed legs

M C A I
3. Exoskeleton

Myriapods Crustaceans Arachnids Insects

M 5! 4! 3!
Number of pairs
of jointed legs

M 2 2 3
Number of body Head
Cephalothorax
parts Abdomen
Thorax
Abdomen

Other key
Chalky exoskeleton 1 pair of antenna
features No antenna
2 pairs of antenna 1 or 2 pairs of wings
Compound eyes
 Flowering
Plants Non flowering

I
They have roots, stem , leaves
They have xylem and phloem
Reproduce sexually by producing seeds
Seeds are produced in ovary of flowerr
→
asexudi
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons

Seed One cotyledon Two cotyledons

Leaves No leaf petiole ( no stalk)

Narrow elongated leaves

Leaf petiole ( stalk)

Broad oval leaves

÷÷÷÷÷ .

Parrallel veins Network of veins

Fund
Petals Multiplies of 3 4 or 5 petals • complex leaves with short
conducting tubes .

Roots Fibrous roots Tap roots

(Xylem and phloem)

phloem
-

stem has and xylem .

stalk
F
Rhizome
L s
talk
( underground Stem)
.

•
.

→
storage
 14

5 Ciliates are classified in the kingdom Protoctist. Bacteria are classified in the kingdom Prokaryote.

(a) State two structural features that distinguish the cells of a protoctist from a prokaryote. '
[ I 7
1
,

Nucleus.
-

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
Membrane bound organelle I suchus mitochondria/
2 ................................................................................................................................................
ER.
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows five species of ciliate that are found in sewage treatment works.

cilia

rows of
cilia

A Chilodonella B Didinium
cilia
fused
together

C Euplotes D Paramecium E Vorticella

not to scale

Fig. 5.1

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Fig. 5.2 is a dichotomous key to identify the ciliates shown in Fig. 5.1.

START

yes
1 has a ring of cilia at yes 2 Has two rings of cilia organism B
one end of the no
organism I has no stalk organism E
no

3 has star-like yes

structures inside the organism D
organism
no

4 has rows of yes

cilia .
organism A

no

organism C

Fig. 5.2

Complete the key in Fig. 5.2 by writing suitable statements:

• for box 2 to distinguish species B and E

• for box 4 to distinguish species A and C.

text for box 2 .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

text for box 4 .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
- stalk .

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2020 0970/41/M/J/20 [Turn over

 16

(c) Didinium is a predatory ciliate. A video recording was made of one Didinium feeding on a
Paramecium. Fig. 5.3 shows a sequence of still photographs taken from the video.

Didinium

Paramecium

Fig. 5.3

Complete the table by putting a tick ( ) by each characteristic of life that can be seen in the
still photographs from the video in Fig. 5.3.

excretion nutrition ✓
growth reproduction

movement ✓ respiration

[1]

(d) Fig. 5.4 is a food web for some of the microorganisms in a sewage treatment works.

Didinium

rotifers Paramecium nematodes

Vorticella

photosynthetic bacteria decomposer

bacteria

Fig. 5.4

(i) Construct one food chain with three trophic levels that use energy derived from the
breakdown of sewage. Do not draw the organisms.

Decomposer bacteria......paramecium.........Didinum [1]

.....................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2020 0970/41/M/J/20
 Biology 0610 Paper 4 Classification

26 Page November 2019 Syllabus-0610 Paper 41

Many body segements

Many pairs of jointed legs

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Insects
lG
Crustaceans
iha
Arachnids
.N
Dr

Dr. Nihal Gabr

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Biology 0610 Paper 4 Classification

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Dr. Nihal Gabr

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 Biology 0610 Paper 4 Classification

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Apheloria

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Animal

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No respiration so no energy
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27 Page 3 October/november2013 Syllabus-0610 Paper 31

Dr

✓ x x x
x x x x
✓ x x x
x ✓ x ✓

Dr. Nihal Gabr

031
 Biology 0610 Paper 4 Classification

28 Page 2 October/november2013 Syllabus-0610 Paper 33

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Arthropods
Dr

Dr. Nihal Gabr

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Biology 0610 Paper 4 Classification

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Oval carapace l eyes on stalk

Dr

claws same length

long coiled abdomen hairs on claws
,

long antennae , shorter back legs

uneven length of claws
square corapacae 1 eyes on stalk

walking legs
jagged edge on claws
Dr. Nihal Gabr
n u of carapace .

033
 Biology 0610 Paper 4 Classification

29 Page 8 March 2015 Syllabus-0610 Paper 32

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Dr. Nihal Gabr

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 Biology 0610 Paper 4 Classification

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New syllabus 2016

You should be able to answer questions covering the No

following parts: questions
available for
this part.!
Features of ferns( as a non flowering plant).

Dr. Nihal Gabr

035
 2

1 (a) The ant-mimic jumping spider, Myrmarachne formicaria, is shown in Fig. 1.1.

The common name of this species describes its behaviour. It is an arachnid that tricks its prey
because it looks like the insects that it eats.

Fig. 1.1

(i) Suggest which trophic level in a food chain M. formicaria could belong to.

Third trophic level

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the genus of the spider shown in Fig. 1.1.

Myrmarachne
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Some keys use paired choices of features to identify species such as the ant-mimic
jumping spider.

State the name of this type of key.

Dichotomous key
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 0610/43/O/N/19

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(b) Spiders are classified as arachnids. Arachnids are one of the main groups of arthropods.

Fig. 1.2 shows diagrams of six arthropods, four of which are arachnids.

A B C

D E F not to scale

Fig. 1.2

(i) State two common features of all the arthropods, visible in Fig. 1.2.

Exoskeleton
1 ........................................................................................................................................

Segmented body
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
Jointed legs
(ii) State two common features of all arachnids that can be used to distinguish them from
other arthropods.
Two body parts cephalothorax and abdomen
1 ........................................................................................................................................
No antenna
2 ........................................................................................................................................
4 pairs of jointed legs [2]

(iii) State the letters of the four arachnids shown in Fig. 1.2.

B,C,D,E
..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The features shown in Fig. 1.2 are morphological features. Many traditional methods of
classification used morphology.

State the name of one other type of feature that can also be used in classification.

Anatomy/ DNA analysis ( base sequence)/ sequence of amino [1]

.............................................................................................................................................

acids [Total: 10]

© UCLES 2019 0610/43/O/N/19 [Turn over
 2

1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows four arthropods.

C D

not to scale

Fig. 1.1

(i) State two features, visible in Fig. 1.1, that are common to all arthropods.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

© UCLES 2019 0970/42/O/N/19

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(ii) Fig. 1.2 is a dichotomous key for the arthropods shown in Fig. 1.1.

Complete Fig. 1.2 by writing suitable statements in:

• box 2 to identify species B

• box 3 to separate species C and A.

START

box 1 yes
animal has more than ten pairs of legs D

no

box 2 yes
B

no

box 3
yes
A

no

Fig. 1.2
[2]

© UCLES 2019 0970/42/O/N/19 [Turn over

 4

(b) The Hawaiian happy-face spider, Theridion grallator, is found on several of the Hawaiian
islands. Some of the spiders have a very distinctive pattern on their bodies as shown in
Fig. 1.3.

Fig. 1.3

(i) State one feature, visible in Fig. 1.3, that identifies T. grallator as an arachnid.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Scientists think that the pattern on the bodies of the spiders is an adaptive feature.

Explain the term adaptive feature with reference to this pattern.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

© UCLES 2019 0970/42/O/N/19

 5

(c) DNA can be extracted from the webs of spiders. This DNA can be used to identify the species
of spider that made the web, and the species of prey caught in the web.

Explain how DNA extracted from spider webs can be used to identify different species.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) Many species of spider are thought to be endangered.

State three reasons why animal species such as spiders become endangered.
Sef not taken yet
1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

3 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[3]

[Total: 13]

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