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Jr.inter
PHYSICS
MINI
MATERIAL
PREPARED BY
B DHANA PRASAD
V VENKATESH
LECTURERS IN PHYSICS
 Chapter Wise Weightage Marks & Questions Pattern for IPE
IPE IPE IPE
S.NO CHAPTER 2M 4M 8M
Q.No Q.No Q.No

1 PHYSICAL WORLD 1 1

2 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS 1 2

3 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 1 11

4 MOTION IN A PLANE 1 3 1 12

5 LAWS OF MOTION 1 4 1 13

6 WORK, ENERGY & POWER 1 19

SYSTEM OF PARTICLES &

7 1+1 14,15
ROTATIONAL MOTION

8 OSCILLATIONS 1 20

9 GRAVITATION 1 16

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
10 1 17
SOLIDS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
11 1+1 5,6
FLUIDS

12 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER 1+1 7,8 1 18

13 THERMODYNAMICS 1 21

14 KINETIC THEORY 1+1 9,10

 INDEX
2M 4M 8M PROBLEMS
S.NO CHAPTER
Q.No Q.No Q.No Q.No

1 PHYSICAL WORLD 37-41

2 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS 42-48

3 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 9-10 P8-P9

4 MOTION IN A PLANE 49-55 11-15

5 LAWS OF MOTION 56-65 16-20 P10

6 WORK, ENERGY & POWER 1-3 P1-P3

SYSTEM OF PARTICLES &

7 21-24 P11-P13
ROTATIONAL MOTION

8 OSCILLATIONS 4-6 P4-P5

9 GRAVITATION 25-28

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
10 29-32
SOLIDS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
11 66-76
FLUIDS
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF
12 77-87 33-36
MATTER

13 THERMODYNAMICS 7-8 P6-P7

14 KINETIC THEORY 88-94

TOTAL QUESTIONS 58 28 8 13
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8 MARKS
1. Develop the notions of work and kinetic energy and show that it leads to work
energy theorem.
a. Work: The product of the force component along the displacement and magnitude of the
displacement is called work.
Work = Force x displacement
W = F. S or W = FScosθ
Kinetic Energy: The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion is called kinetic
energy

KE = mv

Work – Energy theorem

Statement: The change in kinetic energy of the body is equal to the work done on a body by
the net force.
Proof:

Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a initial velocity ‘u’. By applying a force ‘F’
on a body, then it attains a final velocity ‘v’ and displacement is ‘S’.

Using kinematics equation v2 - u2 = 2aS

Multiply the above equation with m on both sides

m (v − u ) = m (2aS)

mv − mu = maS

mv − mu = FS (∵ F = ma)

mv − mu = W (∵ W = FS)

Final K.E – Initial K.E = Work done

Change in kinetic energy =Work done
Hence, work – energy theorem is proved

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2. What are collisions? Explain the possible types of collisions? Develop the theory of
one dimensional elastic collision.
a. Collision: A strong interaction between bodies which involves exchange of momentum is
called collision. They are two types (i) Elastic collision (ii) Inelastic collision.
Elastic collisions: The collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved are known as elastic collisions.
Inelastic collisions: The collisions in which momentum is conserved but kinetic energy
is not conserved are known as inelastic collisions.
One Dimensional Elastic Collision: Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 are the
moving along the same straight line in the same direction. Let u1 , u2 are velocities before
collision and v1 , v2 are velocities after collision.

Applying law of conservation of linear momentum

m u +m u =m v +m v

m u −m v =m v −m u

m (u − v ) = m (v − u ) …………….. (1)

Applying law of conservation of kinetic energy

m u + m u = m v + m v

m u − m v = m v − m u

m (u − v ) = m (v − u )

m (u + v )(u − v ) = m (v + u )(v − u ) …………….. (2)

Dividing eqn (2) with eqn (1), we get

m (u + v )(u − v ) m (v + u )(v − u )
=
m (u − v ) m (v − u )

u +v =v +u
(u − u ) = (v − v ) …………….. (3)
Relative velocity of before collision = Relative velocity of after collision
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To find V1 :
From Eqn (3), v = u − u + v Sub. In eqn (1)
m (u − v ) = m (u − u + v − u )
m u − m v = m u − 2m u + m v
m u − m u + 2m u = m v + m v
(m − m )u + 2m u = (m + m )v
m −m 2m
v = u + u − − − − − − − (4)
m +m m +m
To find V2 :
From eqn (3), v = v − u + u Sub. In eqn (1)

m u − (v − u + u ) = m (v − u )

m (u − v + u − u ) = m (v − u )
2m u − m v − m u = m v − m u
2m u − m u + m u = m v + m v
2m u + m u − m u = m v + m v
2m u + (m − m )u = (m + m )v
2m m −m
v = u + u − − − − − − − (5)
m +m m +m
From equations (4) & (5) the final velocities of both bodies depends on their initial
velocities and masses.

3. State and prove the law of conservation of energy in the case of a freely falling body.
a) Statement: Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed but it can be converted one
form to another form. The total energy of a closed system is constant.
Freely falling body:
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ released from point ‘A’ above the ground at a height of ‘h’.
At point A:
Potential Energy PEA = mgh
Kinetic Energy KEA = m(vA )
Velocity at A vA = 0
= m(0)
KEA = 0
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Total Energy TEA = PEA + KEA

= mgh + 0
TEA = mgh ---------------(1)
At point B:
Potential Energy PEB = mg(h-x)
PEB = mgh – mgx
Using the equation v2 - u2 = 2as
We get v - 02 = 2gx
v = 2gx
Kinetic Energy KEB = m(vB )

= m(2gx)

KEB = mgx
Total Energy TEB = PEB + KEB
= mgh – mgx + mgx
TEB = mgh ---------------(2)
At point C:
Potential Energy PEC = mgh
PEC = mg(0)
PEC = 0
Using the equation v2 - u2 = 2as
We get v - 02 = 2gh
v = 2gh

Kinetic Energy KEC = m(vC )

= m(2gh)

KEC = mgh
Total Energy TEC = PEC + KEC
= 0 + mgh
TEC = mgh ---------------(3)

From equations (1),(2) and (3), TEA = TEB = TEC = mgh

Thus law of conservations of energy is proved for freely falling body
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4. Define Simple Harmonic Motion. Show that the motion of (point) projection of a
particle performing uniform circular motion, on any diameter, is simple harmonic.
a. Definition: The ‘to and fro motion’ of a particle along a straight line, about a fixed point
is said to be Simple Harmonic motion, when
(i) The acceleration is directly proportional to its displacement, in opposite direction.
(ii) Acceleration is always towards the fixed point.
Proof: Consider a particle P moving along the circumference
of a circle of radius A in anticlockwise direction.
If the particle P completes one revolution, Then the projection
PN makes one oscillation on the diameter.
Let the particle P is moving with uniform angular speed ω.
From ∆OPN
ON
sinθ =
OP
y
sinθ =
A
y = Asinθ
Angular displacement θ = ωt
Displacement y = Asinωt

Velocity: The rate of change of Acceleration: The rate of change of

displacement is called velocity velocity is called acceleration
dy dv
v= a=
dt dt
d d
v= (Asinωt) a= (Aωcosωt)
dt dt
v = Aωcosωt a = Aω(−sinωt)(ω)
a = −Aω (sinωt)
a = −ω (Asinωt)
a = −ω y
aα−y

Hence the motion is S.H.M.

Thus, the projection of a particle performing uniform circular motion a diameter is simple
harmonic.
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5. Show that the motion of a simple pendulum is simple harmonic and hence derive an
equation for its time period. What is seconds pendulum?
a. Consider a simple pendulum of length ‘ ’ mass ‘m’ suspended from a rigid support as
shown in the figure.
Let the bob is making an angle ‘θ’ with the vertical at an instant.
The weight (mg) can be resolved into two perpendicular components.
One component mgcosθ balances the tension in the string
Another component mgsinθ provides restoring force.
Restoring force F= −mgsinθ
We know F= ma
∴ ma = − mgsinθ
a = − gsinθ
If θ is small then sinθ = θ
∴ a = − gθ
x
From diagram θ =
x
a=−g
g
a=− x ………….(1)
g
a α − x where constant
Hence, the motion of the simple pendulum is S.H.M.
Acceleration a = - ω2x …….(2)
gx
Comparing (1) & (2) we get, − ω2x = −

g
ω=

Time period T =

T =
g

T=2
g

The time period for simple pendulum is 2

g
Seconds pendulum: A pendulum whose time period is two seconds is called a seconds
pendulum.
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6. Derive the equation for kinetic energy and potential energy of a simple harmonic
oscillator and show that the total energy of a particle in simple harmonic motion is
constant at any point on its path.
a. Kinetic Energy:
KE = mv

v=ω A −y

KE = m ω A − y

KE = mω (A − y )

KE = mω A − mω y

Potential Energy:
Potential Energy of Simple Harmonic Oscillator is equal to the work done
Work= PE = average force × displacement

PE = F × y

PE = ma × y (∵ F = ma )

PE = mω y × y (∵ a = ω y )

PE = mω y

Total Energy:
Total energy = KE + PE

TE = mω A − mω y + mω y

TE = mω A

At mean position y=0:

KE = mω A − mω y => mω A − mω (0) => mω A

PE = mω y => mω (0) => 0

TE = KE + PE
TE = mω A + 0

TE = mω A

∴ From the above equation the total energy of a particle in simple harmonic motion is
constant
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7. Explain reversible and irreversible processes. Describe the working of Carnot

engine. Obtain an expression for the efficiency.
a. Reversible process: A process that can be retraced back in the opposite direction is
called reversible process.
Irreversible process: A process that cannot be retraced back in the opposite direction is
called Irreversible process.
Carnot engine: A reversible heat engine operating between two temperatures is called
Carnot engine. This works in cyclic process through the following sequence of steps.

a) Isothermal expansion (step 1 → 2):

Isothermal expansion of the gas from ( P1 ,V1 ,T1 ) to ( P2 ,V2 ,T1 )

W = Q = μRT log …………………(1)

b) Adiabatic expansion (step 2 → 3):

Adiabatic expansion of the gas from ( P2 ,V2 ,T1 ) to ( P3 ,V3 ,T2 )
( )
W = …………………(2)
(γ )

c) Isothermal compression (step 3 → 4):

Isothermal compression of the gas from ( P3 ,V3 ,T2 ) to ( P4 ,V4 ,T2 )

W = Q = μRT log …………………(3)

d) Adiabatic compression (step 4 → 1):

Adiabatic compression of the gas from ( P4 ,V4 ,T2 ) to ( P1 ,V1 ,T1 )
( )
W = …………………(4)
(γ )
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∴ Total work done W = W1 + W2 – W3 – W4

( ) ( )
W = μRT log + − μRT log −
(γ ) (γ )

W = μRT log − μRT log ………………… (5)

The efficiency of the Carnot engine is

η= =

η=1− ………………… (6)

b & d are adiabatic processes

γ γ
∴TV =TV
γ γ
∴TV =TV
Dividing the above two equations, we get
V V
=
V V

= …………………(7)

From equations (6) & (7),

Efficiency of the Carnot engine is η = 1 −

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8. State second law of thermodynamics. How is heat engine different from a

refrigerator?
a. Second law of thermodynamics:
I. Kelvin – Plank Statement: It is impossible to construct a heat engine that absorbs heat
from a hot reservoir which converts completely that heat into work.
(OR) It is impossible to construct an ideal heat engine
II. Clausius Statement: It is impossible to transfer heat from a colder object to a hotter
object.
(OR) It is impossible to construct an ideal refrigerator.

HEAT ENGINE:

1. Heat engine converts heat into work.

2. The working substance absorbs heat (Q1) from the hot reservoir at high temperature (T1)
3. The working substance rejects heat (Q2) to cold reservoir at lower temperature (T2)
4. Here, work (W) is done by the system.

5. The efficiency of a heat engine is η = = =1−

6. η is less than 1.

REFRIGERATOR:

1. Refrigerator is a reversed heat engine.

2. The working substance absorbs heat (Q2) from the cold reservoir at low temperature (T2)
3. The working substance rejects heat (Q1) to the hot reservoir at high temperature (T1)
4. Here, work is (W) done on the system

5. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is α = =

6. α is greater than 1.

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4 MARKS
9. Can the velocity of an object be in a direction other than the direction of
acceleration the object? If so, give an example.
a. Yes, The velocity of an object be in a direction other than the direction of acceleration the
object.
For example, in case of vertically projected upward object, velocity of a object is in
upward direction and acceleration of the body is in downward direction.

10. Show that the maximum height reached by a projectile lunched at an angle of 450
is one quarter of its range.

a. we know that, Maximum height H = , Range R =

U Sin θ
H 2g
=
R U Sin2θ
g
H U Sin θ g
= ×
R 2g U Sin2θ
H U Sinθ × Sinθ g
= ×
R 2g U 2SinθCosθ
H tanθ
=
R 4
Where θ = 45
tanθ = tan45 = 1
H 1
=
R 4
R
H=
4
The maximum height is one quarter of the range

11. Define unit vector, null vector, and position vector.

a. Unit vector: A vector whose magnitude is equals to one is called unit vector.
Null vector: A vector whose magnitude is equals to zero is called null vector.
Position vector: The vector which represents position of a particle with respect to some
fixed point is called position vector.
The position vector helps to locate the particle in space. The position of a particle is
represented by r⃗ = xı̂ + yȷ̂ + zk
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12. State parallelogram law of vectors. Derive an expression for the magnitude and
direction of the resultant vector.
a. Statement: If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent
sides of a parallelogram drawn from a point, then their resultant is represented in
magnitude and direction by the diagonal passing through the same point.

Let two vectors P⃗ and Q⃗ are acting at ‘O’ with angle θ.

OA= P⃗, OB =Q⃗ and OC=R⃗
From Δ ACD, AD = Qcosθ , CD= Qsinθ
Expression for Magnitude of the Resultant (R) :
From Δ OCD,
(OC)2 = (OD)2 + (CD)2
(OC)2 = (OA + AD)2 + (CD)2
(OC)2 = (OA)2 + (AD)2 + 2(OA)(AD) + (CD)2
R2 = P2 + Q2cos2θ + 2PQcosθ + Q2sin2θ
R2 = P2 + Q2(sin2θ + cos2θ) + 2PQcosθ
The magnitude of resultant is

R = P + Q + 2PQcosθ
Direction of the resultant (α):
From Δ OCD,

tanα = =

tanα =

The direction of the resultant is

α = tan-1

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13.Show that the trajectory of an object thrown at certain angle with the horizontal is
parabola.
a. Trajectory of projectile is Parabola:

Let a body be projected with a velocity u from a

point O at an angle θ.
The initial velocity u is resolved into two mutually
perpendicular components.
The horizontal component of velocity ux = ucosθ
The vertical component of velocity uy = usinθ

Let the body be at point P,

then the horizontal and vertical displacements be x and y respectively
Horizontal direction:
Using kinematics equation s = ut + at2
[ velocity u = ucosθ, acceleration a = 0, displacement s = x, time t = t ]
x = (ucosθ)t
t = -------------(i)
Vertical direction:
Using kinematics equation s = ut + at2

[ velocity u = usinθ, acceleration a = -g , displacement s = y, time t = t ]

y = (usinθ)t + (-g)t2

where t = from equation (i)

x
y = usinθ ucosθ
- g

y = tanθ (x) - g

y = tanθ (x) - (x)

Let A = tanθ, B =

y = Ax − Bx
This equation represents a parabola.
∴ Trajectory of an object thrown at certain angle is Parabola.

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14. If ⃗ + ⃗ = ⃗ − ⃗ Prove that the angle between ⃗ and ⃗ is 900

a. Give that a⃗ + b⃗ = a⃗ − b⃗

√a + b + 2ab cosθ = √a + b − 2ab cosθ

a + b + 2ab cosθ = a + b − 2ab cosθ
2ab cosθ = −2ab cosθ
4abcosθ=0
cosθ=0
θ =900
The angle between a⃗ and b⃗ is 900

15. Show that the maximum height and range of a projectile are and

respectively where the terms have their regular meanings.

a. Maximum Height (H): It is the maximum vertical distance travelled by the projectile
Using kinematics equation v2 - u2 = 2aS
[final velocity v = 0, initial velocity u = uSinθ,
acceleration a = -g, displacement s = maximum height (H) ]
0 − U Sin θ = −2gH
U Sin θ = 2gH
U Sin θ
maximum height H =
2g
Range (R): It is the maximum horizontal distance travelled by the projectile
Range = Horizontal velocity x Time of flight

R = ucosθ x => R =

R=

16. State laws of Rolling friction.

a. Laws of Rolling friction
● Rolling friction is directly proportional to the Normal reaction ( f α N )
● Rolling friction is slightly lesser than static and kinetic friction.
● Rolling friction is independent of velocity of the body.
● Area of contact is less, the rolling friction is also less
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17. Explain advantages and disadvantages of friction.

a. Advantages of Friction
● One can hold any object with fingers due to friction
● Safe walking on the floor is possible due to friction
● Nails and screws are holding in the walls due to friction
Disadvantages of Friction
● Due to friction wear and tear of machines increases
● Due to friction decreases the efficiency of engine
● Due to friction the large amount of power loss in engines

18. Mention the methods used to decrease friction (OR) minimizing friction.
a. Methods of decrease friction
● Polishing: By polishing the surfaces, frictional force can be reduced
● Lubricants: A lubricant forms a thin layer between two surfaces in contact and it
reduces the friction
● Ball bearings: The wheels of motor vehicles, cycles are provided with ball bearings to
reduce friction
● Stream lining: Aeroplanes and auto mobiles have special construction to reduce
friction due to air

19. Define the terms momentum and impulse. State and explain the law of conservation
of linear momentum. Give examples.
a. Momentum: The product of mass and velocity is called momentum. P = mv
Impulse: The product of force and time which produce finite change in momentum is
called impulse. J = F x Δt
Law of conservation of Linear momentum:
Statement: In the absence of external force, the total momentum of the system remains
constant.
Explanation: If ‘F’ be the external force acting on a system for ‘dt’ time produces
change in momentum dP.
dP
According to Newton’s II law of motion Fext =
dt
dP
If Fext = 0 then =0
dt

∴ P = constant
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In case of collision between two bodies

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Example: 1. Motion of a Rocket,
2. Motion of Bullet-Gun

20. State Newton’s second law of motion. Hence drive the equation of motion
F = ma from it.
a. Newton’s Second Law: The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the external force action on the body.
dp
α F
dt
Derivation of F = ma
Consider a body of mass m moving with velocity v. Let a net external force F acts on the
body.
From Newton’s second law F α

F=k
( )
F=k (p = mv)

F = km

F = kma (a = )
If F= 1N, m=1kg, and a=1 ms -2 , then k=1
F = ma

21. Distinguish between centre of mass and centre of gravity.

a.
Centre of mass Centre of gravity

1. The point where total mass of the body 1. The point where weight of the body
is concentrated is called centre of mass. acts is called centre of gravity.
2. It does not depend on acceleration due to 2. It depends on acceleration due to
gravity. gravity.
3. It may or may not lie inside the body 3. It always lie inside the body
4. It refers motion of the body 4. It refers stability of the body

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22. Define angular velocity. Derive =

a. Angular velocity (ω): The rate of change of angular displacement is called angular

velocity. ω=

Derivation :
Let us consider a particle P is moving along a circular path of radius r

Arc = radius x angle

ds = r dθ
Differentiating on both sides w.r.t time ‘t’
θ
=r
ds dθ
(∵v = , ω = )
dt dt
v=rω

23. Define angular acceleration and torque. Establish the relation between angular
acceleration and torque.
a. Angular acceleration ( ): The rate of change of angular velocity is called angular

acceleration. α=
Torque : The rate of change of angular momentum is called torque.

τ =
Relation between angular acceleration and torque:
From Newton’s second law τ =

τ= (Iω) (∵ L = Iω)

τ= I

τ = Iα (∵ α = )

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24.Define vector product. Explain the properties of a vector product with two
examples.
a. Vector product (or) Cross product:
The vector product of two vectors is defined as product of their magnitudes and sine of
the angle between them.
⃗x ⃗ =
Properties of vector product:-
● Vector product does not obey commutative law
⃗x ⃗ ≠ ⃗x ⃗
● Vector product obeys distributive law.
⃗x ⃗ + ⃗ = ⃗x ⃗ + ⃗x ⃗
● The vector product between two perpendicular vectors (θ = 900) then the result is maximum.
⃗x ⃗ =
● The vector product between two parallel vectors (θ = 00) then the result is null.
⃗x ⃗ = 0
Examples:
i) Angular momentum ⃗= ⃗x ⃗

Where ⃗ is position vector, ⃗ is linear momentum

ii) Torque ⃗= ⃗x ⃗

Where ⃗ is position vector, ⃗ is force

25. What is a geostationary satellite? State its uses.

a. Geostationary satellite: If the period of revolution of an artificial satellite is equal to the
period of rotation of the earth, then such a satellite is called geostationary satellites.
Geostationary satellite uses:
● To study the changes in atmosphere
● To study the size and shape of the earth
● To locate mineral deposits on and inside the earth
● In telecommunication system
● Transmit the T.V programs to distant places

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26. What is orbital velocity? Obtain an expression for it.

a. Orbital Velocity: The horizontal velocity required for an object to revolve around a
planet in a circular orbit is called orbital velocity.
Expression for orbital velocity:
Consider an object mass ‘m’, planet mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’.

Centripetal Force = ----------(1)

( )
Centrifugal Force = Gravitational Force = ----------(2)
( )
For orbital motion centripetal force and centrifugal force must be equal

From eqn (1)& (2) =

( ) ( )

V0 =
( )

As h<<R we take R+h=R. Also we know GM = gR2

V0 = = gR
Expression for orbital velocity is V = gR

27. What is escape velocity? Obtain an expression for it.

a. Escape velocity: The minimum velocity required for an object to escape from
gravitational field of planet is called escape velocity.
Expression for escape velocity: Consider an object mass ‘m’, planet mass ‘M’ and
radius ‘R’.

Gravitational Potential energy = ……….(1)

Kinetic energy = mVe2……….(2)

If the object escapes from earth’s gravitational field, It total PE is converted to KE

From eqn(1) & (2) KE=PE ; mVe2 =

Ve2 =

Ve =

We know GM = gR2, Ve = = 2gR

Expression for Escape velocity is V = 2gR

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28. State kepler’s laws of planetary motion.

a. 1) Laws of orbits: All planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one of the foci

2) Laws of areas: The line that joins any planet to the sun sweeps equal areas in equal
intervals of time

3) Laws of periods: The square of the time period of revolution of a planet is

proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of ellipse. T αa

29.Define strain energy and derive the equation for the same. (OR) Explain the concept
of elastic potential energy in a stretched wire and hence obtain the expression for it.
a. Strain energy: The energy stored in a body due to its deformation is called strain energy.
Derivation: Consider a thin uniform wire of length L and area of cross section A fixed at
one end. Let F be the force acting on the free end of a wire.

Average force on the wire = =

Work done on the wire is W = average force × extension displacement
F
W= ×e
2
1
W= ×F ×e
2
1 F e
W= × × × AL
2 A L
1
W= × stress × strain × volume
2
This work done is stored as is called strain energy
strain energy = × stress × strain × volume

= × stress × strain

Strain energy per unit volume = × stress × strain

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30. Define stress and explain the types of stress.

a. Stress: The restoring force acting per unit area is called Stress.
Longitudinal stress: The restoring force acting per unit area due to change the length of
the body by applying normal force is called longitudinal stress.
Volume stress: The restoring force acting per unit area due to change the volume of the
body by applying normal force is called volume stress.
Shearing stress: The restoring force acting per unit area due to change the shearing of
the body by applying tangential force is called volume stress.

31. Describe the behavior of a wire under gradually increasing load.

a. Behavior of a wire:

The behavior of a wire under gradually increasing load can be explained by using stress
and strain curve.
Proportionality Limit: OA is a straight line showing that stress is proportional to strain.
it obeys hooke’s law. The point A is called proportionality limit.
Elastic Limit: From A to B the body regains its length when the applied force is
removed. The point B is called elastic limit
Yield point: If the stress is further increased beyond the point B, yielding starts. The
starting point of yielding is called yield point
Permanent set: From B to D, if the load applied on the wire is removed the wire does not
regain its natural length. It will have a permanent increase in a length. This is called
permanent set
Fracture Point: At point E the wire ultimately breaks. The point E is called fracture point.

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32. Define strain and explain the types of strain.

a. Strain: The ratio of change in dimension to original dimension of the body is called strain

strain =

Longitudinal strain: The ratio of change in length to original length of the body is called
longitudinal strain
Volume strain: The ratio of change in volume to original volume of the body is called
volume strain
Shearing strain: The ratio of displacement layer to its distance from fixed layer is called
shearing strain

33. In what way is the anomalous behavior of water advantageous to aquatic animals?
a. Anomalous behavior of water: In cold countries, during winter, water at the surface of
the lakes gets cooled sink to bottom. This process goes until the water reaches the
temperature of 40C. When top layers cools further it does not sink to bottom, with further
cooling the top layer gradually form ice at the top.
So the low layers are protected by the ice against further freezing. This results in water
remaining at the bottom at 40C. So, the anomalous behavior of water advantageous to
aquatic animals
34. Explain conduction, convection and radiation with examples.
a. Conduction: Transfer of heat from one place to another place without the actual
movement of the particles is called conduction.
Ex: In all solid substances
Convection: Transfer of heat from one place to another place with the actual movement
of the particles is called convection.
Ex: In all fluids
Radiation: Transfer of heat from one place to another place without any material of the
medium is called Radiation.
Ex: Earth receives heat from the sun

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35. Write short note on Triple point of water.

a. The temperature and pressure at which the three phases of a substance (solid, liquid and
vapour) are in equilibrium is called triple point.
The values of triple point of water is (273.16K, 4.58 mm of Hg)

Ice Line(PA): PA is called ice line, Along this line ice and water are equilibrium
Steam Line(PB): PB is called steam line, Along this line water and steam are equilibrium
Sublimation line(PC): PC is called sublimation line, Along this line ice and steam are
equilibrium

36.Pendulum clocks generally go fast in winter and slow in summer. Why?

a. The time period of pendulum clock is given by T = 2П

g

The pendulum of a clock expands in summer, its length increases so its time period
increases.
Then, it makes less number of oscillations than required per day. Hence clock goes slow
in summer.

The pendulum of a clock contracts in winter, its length decreases so its time period
decreases.
Then, it makes more number of oscillations than required per day. Hence clock goes fast
in winter.

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2 MARKS
37. What is physics?
a. Physics is a branch of science which deals with the physical properties of matter and their
energies.
38. What is the discovery of C.V Raman?
a. The discovery of C.V.Raman is Raman Effect
39. What are the fundamental forces in nature?
a. Strong nuclear force, Electromagnetic force, Weak nuclear force, Gravitational force
{Descending order to relative strength (S>E>W>G)}
40. What is the contribution of S. Chandra Sekhar to physics?
a. Chandra Sekhar limit, structure and evolution of stars.
41. Which of the following has symmetry:
a) Acceleration due to gravity, b) Laws of gravitation.
a. b) Laws of gravitation
42. Distinguish between Accuracy and precision?
a. Accuracy:
1) The closeness of a measured value to the true value is called accuracy
2) Depends on Errors
Precision:
1) The resolution or limit the quantity is measured is called precision
2) Depends on the least count
43. How can systematic errors be minimized or eliminated?
a. 1) Selecting better instrument
2) Removing personal bias.
3) Improving experimental techniques
44. Distinguish between fundamental units and derived units.
a. Fundamental Units: The units of the fundamental quantities are called Fundamental Units
Derived Units: The units of the Derived quantities are called Derived Units
45. Why do you have different units for the same physical quantity?
a. A physical quantity possesses a wide range of magnitudes.
Hence, we need different units for different ranges of the same physical quantity.
Ex: for mass: mg, gm, kg, etc., for length: mm, cm, m, km
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46. Express unified atomic mass unit in kg.

a. 1 amu = 1.67 x 10-27 kg
47. The error in measurement of radius of a sphere is 1%. What is the error in the
measurement of volume?
Δv Δr
a. v = πr => x 100 = 3 x 100
v r
Δv
x 100 = 3 x 1%
v
Δv
x 100 = 3%
v

48. The percentage error in the mass and speed are 2% and 3% respectively. What is
the maximum error in kinetic energy calculated using these qunatites?
1 Δk Δm Δv
a. k = mv 2 => x 100 = × 100 + 2 × 100
2 k m v
Δk
x 100 = 2% + 2(3%)
k
Δk
x 100 = 8%
k

49. The vertical component of a vector is equal to its horizontal component. What is the
angle made by the vector with x-axis.
a. Asinθ = Acosθ
Tanθ = 1
θ = 450
∴ The angle is 450
50. Two forces of magnitudes 3 units and 5 units act at 600 with each other. What is the
magnitude of their resultant?
a. P=3 units, Q=5 units, θ=600,

Resultant magnitude R = P + Q + 2PQ cosθ

R= 3 +5 +2×3×5×

R = √9 + 25 + 15 => √49 = 7 units

51. If A⃗=ı̂ +ȷ̂ what is the angle between vector A⃗ with x-axis?
a. Tanθ = = =1

θ = 450
∴ The angle is 450

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52. When two right angled vectors of magnitude 7 units and 24 units combine. What is
the magnitude of their resultant?
a. P=7 units, Q=24 units, θ=900,

Resultant magnitude R = P + Q + 2PQ cosθ

R =√7 + 24 + 0 => √49 + 576 => √625 = 25units

53. If P⃗ = 2ı̂ + 4ȷ̂ + 14k and Q⃗ = 4ı̂ + 4ȷ̂ + 10k find the magnitude of P⃗ + Q⃗

a. P⃗ + Q⃗ = ( 2ı̂ + 4ȷ̂ + 14k ) + (4ı̂ + 4ȷ̂ + 10k ) = 6ı̂ + 8ȷ̂ + 24k

P⃗ + Q⃗ = √6 + 8 + 24 => √36 + 64 + 576 => √676 = 26units.

54. What is the acceleration of projectile at the top of its trajectory?

a. a=g (Acceleration due to gravity) and is directed vertically downwards.

55. Explain the terms average velocity and instantaneous velocity? When are they
equal? (4 or 2 marks)
a. Average velocity: the ratio of total displacement and total time is called average velocity.
∆
v = = =
∆

Average velocity belongs to entire motion of the body

Instantaneous velocity: The velocity of a body at a particular instant of time is is called
∆
instantaneous velocity. v = lim =
∆→ ∆
Instantaneous velocity belongs to particular instant of time
In uniform motion, The average velocity is equals to instantaneous velocity.

56. Why are shock absorbers used in motor cycles and cars? (4 or 2 marks)
a. When vehicles move on uneven roads, it receives a jerk. So the vehicles receives the
impulsive force. To minimize this impulsive force, the shock absorbers are used. The
shock absorbers increase the time of jerk. As a result, impulsive force decreases. Hence,
passengers get better comfort.

57. What is inertia? What gives the measure of inertia?

a. The inability of a body to change its state by it self is called inertia.
Mass is the measure of inertia.

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58. According to Newton’s third law, every force is accompanied by an equal and
opposite force, How can a movement ever take place?
a. In Newton’s third law, Action and reaction forces acts on two different bodies, so they do
not cancel each other. Hence, movement takes place
59.When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun gives a kick in the backward direction.
Explain.
a. According to law of conservation of momentum,
momentum of before firing = momentum of after firing
0 = Pgun + Pbullet
- Pbullet = Pgun
Hence, the gun gives kick back in the backward direction
60. Why does a heavy rifle not recoil as strongly as a light rifle using the same
cartridge?
a. According to law of conservation of momentum,

velocity ∝

Hence, a heavy rifle not recoil as strongly as a light rifle because of its heavy mass.
61.If a bomb at rest explodes into two pieces, the pieces must travel in opposite
directions. Explain.
a. According to law of conservation of momentum,
momentum of before explosion = momentum of after explosion
0 = P1 + P2
- P2 = P1
Hence, two pieces travels in opposite directions.
62. Can the coefficient of friction be greater than one?
A. Yes. In the case of heavily polished surfaces the coefficient of friction be greater than one
63. Why does the car with flattened tyres stop sooner than the one with inflated tyres?
a. A flattened tyre has got more surface area of contact due to deformation. Hence, rolling
friction increases and then a car with flattened tyre stop sooner.
64. A horse has to pull harder during the start of the motion than later. Explain?
a. Before starting the motion, a horse has static friction and later it converted into kinetc
friction. Static friction is more than kinetic friction. Hence horse has to pull harder during
the start of motion to overcome static friction.
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65. What happens to the coefficient of friction if weight of the body is doubled?
a. Remains constant (or) does not change, because coefficient of friction is independent of
weight of the body
66.Define average pressure. Mention it’s unit and dimensional formula. Is it a scalar or
a vector?

a. Normal force acting per unit area is called average pressure. Pavg=

S.I unit: N/ m2 (or) Pascal, Dimensional formula: ML-1T-2

It is a scalar quantity.
67.Define viscosity. What are it’s units and dimensions?
a. The property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between different layers is
called viscosity.
S.I unit: Ns/m2 (or) poiseuille ( Pl ), Dimensional formula: ML-1T-1
68.What is the principle behind the carburetor of an automobile?
a. principle behind the carburetor of an automobile is Bernoulli’s principle.
69.What is Magnus effect?
a. When a ball is spinning and moving in the air, the difference in the velocities of air results
in the pressure difference between the lower and upper faces and there is a net upward
force on the ball. This dynamic lift due to spinning is called Magnus effect.
70.Why are drops and bubbles spherical?
a. Due to surface tension the drops and water bubbles are spherical. The free surface of the
liquid tends to acquire minimum surface area. So liquid drops attain spherical shape.
71.Give the expression for the excess pressure in a liquid drop.

a. Excess pressure in a liquid drop P =

Where r = radius of a liquid drop, T = surface tension of liquid.

72.Give the expression for the excess pressure in an air bubble inside the liquid.

a. Excess pressure in an air bubble inside the liquid P =

Where r = radius of air bubble, T = surface tension of liquid

73.Give the expression for the excess pressure in the soap bubble in air.

a. Excess pressure in the soap bubble in air P =

Where r = radius of the soap bubble; T = surface tension of liquid

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74.What are water proofing agents and water wetting agents?

a. Water proofing agents: The substances which increase the angle of contact when they
are added to water are called water proofing agents. Ex: Wax
Water wetting agents: The substances which decrease the angle of contact when they
are added to water are called water wetting agents. Ex: Detergents
75.What is angle of contact?
a. When a solid body is dipped in a liquid, the angle between solid surface and tangent drawn
to the liquid surface at the point of contact inside the liquid is called angle of contact.
76.If the diameter of a soap bubble is 10 mm and its surface tension is 0.04 N/m, find
the excess pressure inside the bubble.
a. Diameter of the soap bubble D = 2r = 10 mm => 10 X 10-3 m
Radius of the soap bubble r = 5 X 10-3 m; Surface tension T = 0.04 N/m
.
Excess pressure inside the bubble P = = = 32 N/m2

Excess pressure inside the bubble is 32 N/m2

77. Distinguish between heat and temperature.
a. Heat:
1. Heat is a form of energy
2. Heat is measured in Joules
Temperature:
1. Temperature measures the hotness or coldness of the body
2. Temperature is measured in Kelvin
78.What are the lower and upper fixing points in Celsius and Fahrenheit scales?
a. Celsius scale:lower fixed point = 00C and upper fixed point = 1000C
Fahrenheit scale: lower fixed point = 320F and upper fixed point = 2120F
79. Can a substance contract on heating? Give an example.
a. Yes, Cast iron, Indian Rubber, Water (00C to 40C).
80. Why gaps are left between rails on a railway track?
a. Gaps are left between rails on a railway track to allow linear expansion of rails in
summer.
81. Why do liquids have no linear and areal expansions?
a. Liquids have no shape of their own. They do not have individual length and area.
Hence liquids have no linear and areal expansions.
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82.Why utensils are coated black? Why the bottom of the utensils are made of copper?
a. 1. Black is a good absorber. Hence, utensils are coated with black
2. Copper is a good conductor. Hence, bottom of the utensils are made of copper.
83.State Weins displacement law?
a. The wavelength (λm) of maximum energy emitted by a black body is inversely
proportional to absolute temperature (T)

λm α

∴ λmT = constant
84.Ventilators are provided in rooms just below the roof. Why?
a. Hot air has less density. So it moves upwards due to convection.
Hence, escape this hot air from the room, ventilators are provided just below the roof.
85. What is greenhouse effect? Explain global warming.
a. Greenhouse effect: Earth surface and atmosphere get heated up due to absorption of
radiation by greenhouse gases. This is called greenhouse effect
Global warming: Due to greenhouse effect the temperature of earth increases which
causes problem for human life. This is called global warming
86.State Newton’s law of cooling.
a. The rate of loss of heat of a body is directly proportional to the temperature difference
between the body and its surroundings.
87.The roof of building are often painted white during summer. Why?
a. White paint is a good reflector and bad absorber of heat.
So, the roof of building are often painted white during summer
88.Define mean free path.
a. The mean free path is the average distance covered by a molecule between two successive
collisions.
89.When does a real gas behave like an ideal gas?
a. At low pressure and high temperature a real gas behaves like an ideal gas.
90.State Boyle’s law and Charles law.
a. Boyle’s law: At constant temperature (T), the pressure(P) of a given mass of gas is
inversely proportional to its volume(V).
1
Pα => PV = constant
V

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Charles law: At constant pressure(P), the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas is directly
proportional to its temperature(T).

Vα T => = constant

91. State Dalton’s law of partial pressures.

a. The total pressure exerted by a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of partial
pressures of individual gases.
P = P1 + P2 + P3 + - - - -
92.Pressure of an ideal gas in container is independent of shape of the container-explain
1
a. The pressure of an ideal gas in container P = nmv 2
3

Where n= number of molecules, m = mass of molecule, v = mean square speed

From the above equation, pressure of an ideal gas in container is independent of shape of
the container.
93. What is the expression between pressure and kinetic energy of a gas molecule?
2
a. P = E
3

P = pressure, E = Kinetic Energy

94. The absolute temperature of a gas increased 3 times. What will be the increase in
rms velocity of the gas molecucle?

a. The rms velocity of gas molecule Vrms =

V∝√
v1 T1
=
v2 T2

let T1 = T, T2 = 3T
v1 T 1
= =
v2 3T √

v2 = √ v1
Increase in rms velocity Δrms = v2 – v1
= √3 v1 - v1
= (√3 – 1)v1
= 0.732 v1
The increase in rms velocity of the gas molecule is 0.732

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PROBLEMS

P1. A machine gun fires 360 bullets per minute and each bullet travels with a velocity of
600 m/s. If mass of each bullet is 5gm. Find the power of the gun. (2 marks)
a. Given n=360, V=600m/s, m=5gm = 5 X 10-3 kg, t=1 min = 60sec
1 1
2
mv2 360×2×5×10−3×600×600
=
t
=> 60
P=5400 W or 5.4 kW ∴ The Power of the gun is 5.4 kW

P2.A pump is required to lift 600kg of water per minute from a well 25m deep and to
eject it with a speed of 50m/s calculate the power required to perform the above
task? (2 marks)
a. Given m=600kg, h=25m, v=50m/s, g=9.8m/s2, t=1 min = 60sec
1 1
mgh + 2mv2 600×9.8×25 +( 2 ×600×50×50)
=
t
=> 60
P =14950W or 14.95kW ≈ 15kW ∴ The Power of the pump is 15kW

P3.Consider a drop of mass 1 gm falling from a height of 1.00km. what is the work
done by the gravitational force? (Take g=10 m/s2) (2 marks)
a. Given m=1 gm=10-3 kg, h=1km=103 m, g=10 m/s2
work done by the gravitational force P.E = mgh = 10-3 X 10 X 103 = 10J

P4. What is the length of a simple pendulum, which ticks seconds? (2 marks)
a. Given T=2 Sec, g=9.8, l =?

=
g

gT 9.8 × 9.8 ×4
T = 4π => = => = => =
g × . × .

= 0.994m ≈ 1m
∴ The length of pendulum is 1m

P5.On an average a human heart is found to beat 75 times in a minute. Calculate its
frequency and period. (2 marks)
no.of beats 75
a. frequency (n) = = = 1.25 Hz
total time 60
1 1 1
Time period (T) = = = = 0.8 s
n 1.25

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P6.Find the efficiency of heat engine if the temperature of the source is 1000C and
sink is 270C. (2 marks)
a. Temperature of source T1 = 100+273 = 373 K, Temperature of sink T2 = 27+273 = 300 K

Efficiency of heat engine η = 1- = 1- = 0.1957

Percentage of efficiency = 19.57%

P7.A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at 90C. If room temperature is

360C, calculate coefficient of performance. (2 marks)
a. Room temperature T1 = 36+273 = 309 K, Refrigerator temperature T2 = 9+273 = 282 K

The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator α = = = 10.44

P8.A man walks on a straight road from his home to a market 2.5 km away with a
speed of 5 kmph. Finding the market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home
with a speed of 7.5 kmph. What is the (a) magnitude of average velocity and
(b) average speed of the man over the time interval 0 to 50 min. (4 marks)
.
a. Time taken to go from home to market, t1 = = = hr = 30 min
.
Time taken to come to home from market, t2 = = = hr = 20 min
.

(a) Average velocity = (b) Average speed =

. . . .
= => 0 = => => 6 kmph

∴ The average velocity is 0 ∴ The average speed is 6 kmph

P9. A car travels the first third of a distance with a speed of 10 kmph, the second third
at 20 kmph and the last third at 60 kmph. What is its mean speed over the entire
distance? (4 marks)
a. Given v1 = 10kmph , v2 = 20kmph, v3 = 60kmph

( )( )( )
=( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

V =

∴ The mean speed is 18 kmph

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P10.A batsman hits a ball straight in the direction of the bowler without changing its
initial speed of 12m/s. If the mass of the ball is 0.15kg. Determine the impulse
imparted to the ball. (2 marks)
a. Impulse J = mv – mu = 0.15(12)-0.15(-12) = 3.6 Ns

P11.Find the torque of a force ̂+ ̂- about the origin. The force acts on a particle
whose position vector is ̂ - ̂ + . (4 marks)
a. Here r⃗ = ı̂ - ȷ̂ + k and F⃗ = 7ı̂ + 3ȷ̂ - 5k

i j k
Torque τ⃗= r⃗x F⃗ = 1 -1 1 = ı̂(5-3) - ȷ̂(-5-7) + k (3+7) = 2ı̂ + 12ȷ̂ + 10k
7 3 -5

P12.Find the scalar (dot) and vector (cross) products of two vectors ⃗ = ̂- ̂+ and
⃗ = -2 ̂ + ̂ - (4 marks)
a. a⃗. b⃗ = (3ı̂ - 4ȷ̂ + 5k).(-2ı̂ + ȷ̂ - 3k) = -6-4-15 = -25
i j k
a⃗x b⃗ = 3 -4 5 = ı̂(12-5) - ȷ̂(-9+10) + k (3-8) = 7ı̂ - ȷ̂ - 5k
-2 1 -3

P13.Find the centre of mass of three particles at the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
The masses of the particles are 100g, 150g and 200g respectively. Each side of the
equilateral triangle is 0.5m long. (4 marks)
a. =
( ) ( . ) ( . )
x = =

( ) ( ) ( . √ )
y = =
√

∴ The coordinates of centre of mass are ,

√

------------------------------------
There is no elevator to success you have to take the stairs…
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 DAY WISE WORK SHEET
DATE WORK DATE WORK
 DAY WISE WORK SHEET
DATE WORK DATE WORK
 CHECK LIST

8 MARKS

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4 MARKS

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19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

2 MARKS

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47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

PROBLEMS

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10

P11 P12 P13