Biodiversity Credits:
Unlocking Financial Markets
for Nature-Positive Outcomes
BRIEFING PAPER
SEPTEMBER 2022
Cover: Jungle of Seychelles island, Getty Images
Contents
Introduction 3
1 State of play: biodiversity credits markets 4
1.1 Business case for biodiversity credits 4
2 Biodiversity credits in practice 6
Case Study 1: Sustainable development units programme, New Zealand 6
Case Study 2: Voluntary biodiversity credits, Colombia 7
Case Study 3: Australian biodiversity units, Australia 7
Case Study 4: Wallacea Trust biodiversity credits methodology 8
3 Conditions for success: integrity and inclusion 9
3.1 Integrity and strong governance are non-negotiable 9
3.2 Include all actors and market participants 9
4 Next steps: working groups 10
Contributors 11
Endnotes 12
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Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 2
September 2022 Biodiversity Credits:
Unlocking Financial Markets
for Nature-Positive Outcomes
Introduction
Human activity is eroding the world’s ecological with the fair and just engagement of the multiple
foundations. Over 1 million species are at risk stewards of biodiversity, in particular Indigenous
of extinction,1 one third of the world’s topsoil peoples and local communities (IPLC), including
has been degraded, forest fires are now more farmers, fishers and grazers.
extensive and destructive than at any time in
the past 10,000 years2 and 50% of the world’s The World Economic Forum’s Nature Action
coral reefs are destroyed. With more than half the Agenda is steering a global initiative called
world’s GDP moderately or highly dependent on Financing for Nature that explores the potential for
nature and the services it provides,3 this loss of biodiversity credits markets to unlock financing for
biodiversity integrity and functionality is increasingly nature-positive outcomes.
undermining our economy, development, health
and social stability. The key objectives of this initiative are to:
Estimates for the amount of funding needed to halt – Understand and build awareness of supply and
biodiversity loss range between $722 billion and demand dynamics for voluntary biodiversity
$967 billion per year.4 In 2019, however, the total credits markets
global flow of funds towards biodiversity protection
amounted to approximately $124-143 billion – Contribute to the development of a set of core
annually.5 This biodiversity financing gap cannot be integrity and governance principles for voluntary
filled by public funds alone. Businesses have a key biodiversity credits markets
role to play, requiring a large-scale shift away from
a generally extractive business-as-usual way of – Iterate and learn from early-stage voluntary
operating to one that is planet- and people-positive. biodiversity credits pilot transactions
En route to adopting regenerative business This briefing paper encapsulates the core thinking,
practices, there is an opportunity to protect issues and questions surrounding the credible and
critical ecosystems that businesses and the world inclusive launch of biodiversity credits markets.
depend on from irreversible tipping points. One It presents four case studies on new biodiversity
such opportunity comes in the form of biodiversity credits products, from New Zealand, Colombia and
credits. And this opportunity can only be unlocked Australia, plus one with global reach.
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 3
1 State of play:
biodiversity
credits markets
The purpose The current biodiversity credits market has species, ecosystems, natural habitats) through the
of this initiative originated from two decades of practice across a creation and sale of biodiversity units.7
is to design range of different approaches. One lesson learned
biodiversity credits from this experimentation is the essential need for While biodiversity offsets and credits may look
that are part of a clarity on the difference between biodiversity offsets similar in design, what distinguishes them from each
and biodiversity credits. other is the intention of the purchase and the claims
company’s nature-
that are made around that purchase. The purpose
positive journey
Biodiversity offsets are designed to compensate of the World Economic Forum’s initiative is to design
– an investment in for significant residual adverse biodiversity impacts biodiversity credits that are part of a company’s
nature’s recovery, arising from project development after appropriate nature-positive journey – an investment in nature’s
rather than an prevention and mitigation measures have been recovery, rather than an offset for damage.
offset for damage taken.6 The need for equivalent ecosystems helps
explain why biodiversity offsetting schemes are Since offsets require “like-for-like” and biodiversity
almost entirely local. is not fungible at the global scale, we suggest that
biodiversity credits serve as an additional or parallel
Biodiversity credits are an economic instrument step in the mitigation hierarchy, articulated by the
that can be used to finance actions that result in Science Based Targets Network (SBTN) as “Avoid,
measurable positive outcomes for biodiversity (e.g. Reduce, Restore & Regenerate, Transform”.
1.1 Business case for biodiversity credits
Biodiversity presents both risks and opportunities Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures
for businesses. On the risks, businesses are under (TNFD). Importantly the financial risks are not
increasing pressure to assess and disclose impacts confined to supply chains and business operations
and dependencies on nature and the associated but also include broad systemic risks associated with
financial risks in line with guidance from the the decline and degradation of nature (see Figure 1).
FIGURE 1 Types of systemic nature-related risks identified by TNFD
Systemic risks
Ecosystem collapse Aggregated risks Contagion
Risk that a critical natural system no Linked to fundamental impacts Risk that financial difficulties at
longer functions e.g. tipping points of nature loss to levels of one or more financial institutions
are reached and the natural transition and physical risk linked to failure to account for
ecosystem collapses resulting in across one or more sectors in a exposure to nature-related risks
wholesale geographic or sectoral portfolio (financial or corporate) spill over to the financial system
losses (summing of physical risks) as a whole
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 4
However, it is not only about risks. Moving from company’s ability to manage its impact, but also by
a business-as-usual pathway to a nature-positive the health of the ecosystems in which its operations
economic model can create over $10.1 trillion of are embedded.”10
business opportunities.8 This is seen in increased
revenues, higher valuations, lower cost to capital, better The mitigation hierarchy requires that corporates
employee retention and improved customer loyalty. and other organizations demonstrate progress
against two goals:
Nature positive is a proposed societal goal that
calls for a global effort to halt and reverse nature – They take steps to “avoid, reduce, restore
loss, measured from a baseline of 2020, so that by & regenerate and transform”, in relation to
2030 nature is visibly and measurably on the path the negative impacts on biodiversity of their
of recovery.9 operations and value chains
In its discussion of nature positive, the SBTN – They deliver outcomes consistent with the
emphasizes, “We all must think about and judge our wider goal of achieving a nature-positive future,
success at a scale that goes beyond the individual beyond their value chains11 (see Figure 2)
actor: progress should not be judged only by a
We all must think about and judge our success at a scale that goes
beyond the individual actor: progress should not be judged only by
a company’s ability to manage its impact, but also by the health of
the ecosystems in which its operations are embedded
Science Based Targets Network
The emergence of voluntary biodiversity credits financing measurable and verifiable biodiversity
markets represents a significant opportunity for outcomes through the protection and regeneration
the mitigation of systemic nature-related risks by of nature.
FIGURE 2 SBTN’s articulation of the nature mitigation hierachy
Restore &
rm
Regenerate
fos
w n s tre a m
Tran
Ups
Direct
Reduce
tre a m
operations
Do
Value chain
Avoid
Value chain –
adjacent areas
Systems
Sphere of Sphere of
control influence
Sources: SBTN12 and Pollination
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 5
2 Biodiversity credits
in practice
There are a number of initiatives underway to 3. Australia: sale of EcoAustralia™ credits, each
design biodiversity credits and test the voluntary of which combines one “Australian biodiversity
market for these credits. In this section we present unit” (ABU) with one carbon credits (issued
four case studies: by Gold Standard). Each ABU represents 1.5
square metres of habitat protection.
1. New Zealand: “sustainable development units”
purchased by a supply chain business to fund 4. Global: a working group convened by the
verified biodiversity outcomes in a mountain Wallacea Trust has developed an open-source
sanctuary – not considered as offsets. biodiversity credit methodology that applies to
all ecoregions worldwide. It specifies a basket of
2. Colombia: “voluntary biodiversity credits” at least five metrics, awarding one credit per 1%
sold by the Spectacled Bear Habitat Bank to of measurable uplift or avoided loss per hectare.
conserve the Bosque de Niebla cloud forest,
home to a number of endangered species.
CASE STUDY 1
Sustainable
development
units programme,
New Zealand
The Milford Sound fjord,
New Zealand, Getty Images
In July 2022, a new biodiversity credits product was launched in The integrity of this programme is based on an environmental
New Zealand.13 The launch coincided with the first transaction markets quality system, including a standard and
between Sanctuary Mountain Maungatautari (the seller) and methodologies developed by Ekos and validated by
Profile Group Limited, parent company to several supply chain environmental auditing firm McHugh & Shaw Ltd. The proceeds
businesses, (the buyer). This transaction was facilitated by Ekos from the sale of the biodiversity units will fund the conservation
through its new “sustainable development units programme”, management of 83 hectares at Sanctuary Mountain
developed with funding support from Trust Waikato, the Wel Maungatautari for the 2022 financial year.
Energy Trust and the D.V. Bryant Trust.
About 15% of the project’s annual operating budget typically
The “sustainable development units” were issued for short-term comes from the local council, while the rest must be sourced
biodiversity outcomes – such as keeping pest and weed numbers through grants and sponsorship. Since COVID-19, the
low. Ekos has publicly stated: “These are not offsets. They are governmental and philanthropic donor funds have significantly
just a disciplined way of causing good by purchasing measured, reduced. But there is huge potential to tap significant amounts of
reported and verified outcomes, transparently priced at cost”. money in the private sector for restoring the planetary balance.
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 6
CASE STUDY 2
Voluntary biodiversity
credits, Colombia
El Peñol of Guatape in
Colombia, Getty Images
In May 2022, a new biodiversity credits product was launched The Bosque de Niebla is a cloud forest that is home to a
in Colombia.14 The product was created by ClimateTrade, number of threatened species, including the spectacled bear,
a blockchain-based climate marketplace, and Terrasos, a the yellow-eared parrot and the black-and-chestnut eagle.
Latin American biodiversity conservation and habitat banking Each VBC from the project – priced at $30 – corresponds to 30
years of conservation and/or restoration of 10 square metres of
organization.
the Bosque de Niebla forest.
The first project to issue these “voluntary biodiversity credits”
According to ClimateTrade, purchasing VBCs “is a way
(VBCs) is the Bosque de Niebla-El Globo Habitat Bank (also [for companies] to give back to nature and ensure positive
called the Spectacled Bear Habitat Bank) which is dedicated to impacts”, by aligning their operations with biodiversity and
the conservation of remaining native species in the High Andes. ecosystem conservation.
CASE STUDY 3
Australian
biodiversity
units, Australia
Sea Cliff Bridge, Clifton,
Australia, Unsplash
In February 2018, the Australian branch of carbon project intact native vegetation in South Australia’s Coorong region
developer South Pole launched a stapled carbon and biodiversity on the traditional lands of the Ngarrindjeri people. Project
product for voluntary buyers, called an EcoAustralia™ credit.15 management is made possible through close collaboration
Each EcoAustralia™ credit combines one “Australian biodiversity with the nearby Raukkan Aboriginal Community and local
unit” (ABU) with one carbon credit (issued by Gold Standard). Ngarrindjeri Elders, Clyde and Rose Rigney, who oversee
Each ABU represents 1.5 square metres of habitat protection. vegetation management and conservation at the site.
By leveraging state legislative schemes, each ABU ensures that Purchasers of EcoAustralia™ credits include Porsche
contributions to conservation are robust, measurable and verified, Australia,16 the University of Melbourne17 and CareSuper.18
drawing on accepted scientific practices to evaluate habitats
and measure biodiversity. Purchasers of EcoAustralia™ credits Australian Verified EcoAustralia
biodiversity unit international credit
support Australian biodiversity conservation projects voluntarily carbon credit
(i.e. there is no corresponding vegetation removal to offset).
An example of a biodiversity project for which ABUs have been
issued is the Mount Sandy project, which is a rare pocket of
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 7
CASE STUDY 4
Wallacea Trust
biodiversity credits
methodology
Monteverde, Costa
Rica, Unsplash
In 2021, the Wallacea Trust19 convened a 60+ strong working changes in species richness and importance, as well as the
group comprising financial institutions (e.g. World Bank, abundance of those species as measured over time.
International Finance Corporation, International Monetary Fund),
corporates with nature-positive targets (e.g. GlaxoSmithKline, Proposed projects, including their choice of metrics, are
Anglo-American, Sainsburys), natural capital consultancies independently verified and the biodiversity credits issued by an
(e.g. Naturemetrics, Space Intelligence, Arup, Nature Positive) internationally recognized body (e.g. Plan Vivo).
and academic experts. The working group developed an
Avoided loss projects using this methodology are underway
open-source biodiversity credit methodology that applies in all
in the biodiversity-rich grasslands of Transylvania to protect
ecoregions and habitats worldwide.20
against conversion to intensive agriculture, and the cloud
Biodiversity credits are based on a basket of at least five forests of Honduras to protect against continued deforestation.
metrics chosen to represent the conservation objectives within Uplift projects are underway as part of mangrove reforestation
the ecoregion for the habitats included in the application site. efforts in several Central American countries with buyers
A biodiversity credit is defined as a 1% uplift or avoided loss in including NatWest Group. Additional projects are being
the median value of the basket of metrics per hectare. developed in UK, Turkey, Romania, Vietnam, Ecuador,
Honduras, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Australia and Fiji.
Each of the metrics selected covers an entire taxon (e.g.
species, family, class of animal or plant etc.) and measures
Cluj County,
Romania, Unsplash
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 8
3 Conditions for
success: integrity
and inclusion
3.1 Integrity and strong governance are non-negotiable
While there is rapid evolution in this space, approach can facilitate a wealth transfer from the
significant work still needs to be done to ensure Global North to the Global South, and from urban
that biodiversity credits markets deliver just and to rural areas. But it requires dialogue across
equitable benefits for the stewards of biodiversity. stakeholders, upholding the rights of Indigenous
To do so, the principles of integrity, transparency peoples and local communities (IPLCs), and
and strong governance must be affirmed and investing in long-term outcomes.
enforced. This requires addressing the issues of
both credit design and market architecture. There is an unprecedented opportunity today,
with the lowering cost of technology (e.g. through
Most of the biodiversity hotspots are in the Global geospatial, eDNA and blockchain innovations), to
South. A key tenet of a regenerative economy is a bring greater transparency to the disbursement of
market that rewards the stewards of natural capital funds to local beneficiaries, as well as to support
stocks that support the uninterrupted supply of the transition costs towards restoration and
ecosystem services. For the first time ever, this regeneration.
3.2 Include all actors and market participants
As voluntary biodiversity credits markets take nature-related risks. Business innovators can
shape, a range of different participants will have a also provide technology solutions to overcome
role to play in helping these markets scale up. market-expansion hurdles.
– Indigenous peoples and local communities – Public sector – Governments and regulators
(IPLCs) – Biodiversity projects are necessarily can enable this market to scale up quickly and
location-based and must therefore deliver real effectively via policy settings that give certainty
value to IPLCs through sharing the benefits. to voluntary biodiversity credits markets.
IPLCs may also choose to be project proponents. A timely approach anchored in transparency
and traceability can avoid the creation of paper-
– Private sector – Investors and corporates projects and unfair wealth capture.
can provide upfront finance to proponents of
biodiversity projects in exchange for equity – Civil society – Civil society has a role to play
or long-term offtake of biodiversity credits. in upholding the integrity of markets and can
Corporates can purchase biodiversity credits ensure biodiversity projects achieve real and
to demonstrate their commitment to mitigating lasting benefits for both people and nature.
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 9
4 Next steps:
working groups
As the parties to the UN Convention on Biological – Integrity and governance: How can the
Diversity come together for negotiating an ambitious biodiversity credits market be designed in a
post-2020 global biodiversity framework at way that supports credible claims by buyers,
COP15 in December 2022, the issue of resource provides clarity on robust methodologies and
mobilization and financing for the delivery of targets ensures benefit-sharing with local communities?
is high on the agenda.
– Pilot projects on the ground: How can project
Businesses have a key role to play, both in terms of and market design bring in landscape-level
adopting the global biodiversity framework in their transformation over the long term, while meeting
strategies and operations but also in helping unlock the needs of varied stakeholders?
financing for protection and restoration of nature.
Biodiversity loss and climate change are intertwined
issues, so the prioritization of carbon sequestration For more information, please contact:
benefits and biodiversity (species, spaces and
services) is imperative. Akanksha Khatri
Head, Nature and Biodiversity,
This initiative will continue its work over the next two World Economic Forum
years, in the following working groups:
[email protected] – Demand and supply: What are the main Alessandro Valentini
drivers of demand? Who would be the first Specialist, Sustainable Finance,
(credible) movers in this space? How can World Economic Forum
Baker River Trail, project developers build out long-term benefits
[email protected]Mount Baker, North for communities and ecosystems on the ground,
Cascades, Getty Images even as rising temperatures accelerate change?
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 10
Contributors
World Economic Forum Pollination
Akanksha Khatri Martijn Wilder
Head, Nature and Biodiversity Founder and Chief Executive Officer
Nikki Kemp Helen Crowley
Director, Asia Pacific, Nature and Climate Finance Partner
Alessandro Valentini Laura Waterford
Specialist, Sustainable Finance Director
Jane Hutchison
Co-Chief Executive Officer,
Pollination Foundation
Acknowledgements
The Forum’s biodiversity credit markets initiative is Richard Jeo
a multistakeholder endeavour. This briefing paper is Senior Vice-President, Asia Pacific,
a combined effort of all the participants involved in Conservation International, Singapore
numerous discussions, workshops and research.
However, the opinions expressed herein may not Donald Kanak
necessarily correspond with the views of everyone Chairman, Prudential Insurance Growth Markets,
involved in the project. Sincere thanks are extended Hong Kong SAR, China
to those who contributed their insights, including
those not captured below. Margaret Kuhlow
Finance Practice Leader, WWF International, USA
James Allan
Solutions Associate, McKinsey Sustainability, Belgium Mikkel Larsen
Chief Executive Officer, Climate Impact X, Singapore
Marine de Bazelaire
Group Advisor on Natural Capital, HSBC, France Eva Mayerhofer
Senior Environment and Biodiversity Specialist,
Elizabeth Clarke
European Investment Bank, Luxembourg
Conservation Director, WWF-Singapore, Singapore
Tim Coles Michael McGreevey
Chief Executive Officer, rePlanet, United Kingdom Director, Conservation Investments,
Conservation International, USA
Emma Cox
Global Climate Leader, PwC, United Kingdom Dominic Scriven
Co-founder and Executive Chairman,
Alison Drill
Dragon Capital, Viet Nam
Head, P&C Structured Solutions Asia, SwissRe,
Australia Mirjam Staub-Bisang
Ann Jeannette Glauber Chief Executive Officer, BlackRock, Switzerland
Practice Manager, Environment, Natural Resources
Christopher Stone
and Blue Economy, China, Indonesia, Pacific,
Managing Director, Conservation International, USA
World Bank, Singapore
Cherie Gray Tucker Van Aken
Global Lead, Sustainability and Market Engagement Manager, McKinsey Sustainability, USA
Development, SwissRe, Australia
Iain Henderson Editing and Design
Managing Director, Sustainable Finance,
ADM Capital, Singapore Jonathan Walter
Editor
Isabel Hoffman
Head of Strategic Partnership, rePlanet, United Studio Miko
Kingdom Designer
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 11
Endnotes
1. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Global Assessment Report
on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, 2019, https://ipbes.net/global-assessment.
2. Kelly, R. et al., “Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years”, Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), Vol. 110, No. 32, 22 July 2013,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305069110.
3. World Economic Forum, Nature Risk Rising: Why the Crisis Engulfing Nature Matters for Business and the Economy,
January 2020, https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_New_Nature_Economy_Report_2020.pdf.
4. Deutz, A. et al., Financing Nature : Closing the Global Biodiversity Financing Gap, Paulson Institute, The Nature
Conservancy and the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, 2020, https://www.paulsoninstitute.org/wp-content/
uploads/2020/10/FINANCING-NATURE_Full-Report_Final-with-endorsements_101420.pdf.
5. Ibid.
6. Forest Trends, Business and Biodiversity Offsets Programme (BBOP): Glossary, 2018,
https://www.forest-trends.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/BBOP_Updated_Glossary-01-11-18.pdf.
7. Porras, Ina and Paul Steele, Making the market work for nature: How biocredits can protect biodiversity and reduce poverty,
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), March 2020,
https://pubs.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/16664IIED.pdf.
8. World Economic Forum, New Nature Economy Report II, The Future Of Nature And Business, 2020,
https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_The_Future_Of_Nature_And_Business_2020.pdf.
9. “A Global Goal for Nature: Nature Positive by 2030”, Nature Positive, 2022, https://www.naturepositive.org/.
10. “‘Nature Positive’ – an opportunity to get it right”, Science Based Targets Network, 11 June 2021,
https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.org/news/business/nature-positive-an-opportunity-to-get-it-right/.
11. zu Ermgassen, S. et al., “Are corporate biodiversity commitments consistent with delivering ‘nature-positive’ outcomes?
A review of ‘nature-positive’ definitions, company progress and challenges”, SocArXiv Papers, 26 August 2022,
https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/rq6z2/.
12. Science Based Targets Network (SBTN), Science-based Targets for Nature: Initial Guidance for Business, Chapter 4, p.5
https://sciencebasedtargetsnetwork.turtl.co/story/science-based-targets-for-nature-initial-guidance-for-business/page/1.
13. See:
1) Jones, K., “New market to help restore and protect natural ecosystems”, Stuff, 6 July 2022,
https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/129060315/new-market-to-help-restore-and-protect-natural-ecosystems.
2) “New Biodiversity Market Launched”, Community Scoop, 20 June 2022, https://community.scoop.co.nz/2022/06/
new-biodiversity-market-launched/.
3) Ekos, “Your Zero Carbon Partner”, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/ekosnz/.
14. “Climate Trade and Terrasos jointly promote Voluntary Biodiversity Credits to support biodiversity conservation”,
ClimateTrade, 20 May 2022, https://climatetrade.com/climatetrade-and-terrasos-jointly-promote-voluntary-biodiversity-credits-
to-support-biodiversity-conservation/#:~:text=The%20purchase%20of%20a%20VBC,to%2010%20m2%20of%20forest.
15. See:
1) “South Pole Australia to offer carbon-biodiversity credit combo”, South Pole, 5 February 2018,
https://www.southpole.com/news/south-pole-australia-to-offer-carbon-biodiversity-credit-combo.
2) “EcoAustralia™ Credits”, South Pole, 2022, https://www.southpole.com/sustainability-solutions/ecoaustralia.
3) “EcoAustralia™ Frequently Asked Questions”, South Pole, 2022,
https://www.southpole.com/ecoaustralia-frequently-asked-questions.
16. “FAQ Porsche Impact”, Porsche Australia, 2022,
https://www.porsche.com/australia/aboutporsche/responsibility/porscheimpact/faq/.
17. “Offsets Projects”, The University of Melbourne, 2022,
https://sustainablecampus.unimelb.edu.au/energy/carbon-offsets-bank/projects.
18. “National Carbon Offset Standard, Public Disclosure Summary”, Australian Government and CareSuper, 23 January
2020, https://www.climateactive.org.au/sites/default/files/2020-03/Care%20Super_Certification_Year%200%202017-
18_Initial%20Public%20Disclosure%20Statement.pdf.
19. “Developing a Biodiversity Credit”, The Wallacea Trust, 2022, https://wallaceatrust.org/creating-a-biodiversity-credit/.
20. “What are Biodiversity Credits? The need for a tradeable biodiversity credit”, Biodiversity Credit Company, 2022,
http://biocred.org/what-are-biodiversity-credits/.
Biodiversity Credits: Unlocking Financial Markets for Nature-Positive Outcomes 12
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