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Policy Making Process

The document outlines the key stages of the public policy-making process in the Philippines, which are agenda setting, policy formulation, legislation, implementation, and monitoring. It discusses how a policy issue is identified and placed on the government agenda, potential solutions are developed, laws are passed by Congress and signed by the president, policies are implemented by government agencies, and their effectiveness is evaluated over time. The process involves multiple actors from government institutions, interest groups, experts, and the public.

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Ruszel Mocoy
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154 views15 pages

Policy Making Process

The document outlines the key stages of the public policy-making process in the Philippines, which are agenda setting, policy formulation, legislation, implementation, and monitoring. It discusses how a policy issue is identified and placed on the government agenda, potential solutions are developed, laws are passed by Congress and signed by the president, policies are implemented by government agencies, and their effectiveness is evaluated over time. The process involves multiple actors from government institutions, interest groups, experts, and the public.

Uploaded by

Ruszel Mocoy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE POLICY

MAKING PROCESS
 AGENDA SETTING
 POLICY FORMULATION
 LEGISLATION
 IMPLEMENTATION
 MONITORING
Public Policy
 is defined as a system of courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and
funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a government entity
or its representatives.

 It encompasses a wide range of government actions, decisions, and regulations


that address various issues affecting society, the economy, and the
environment
 including crime, education, foreign policy, health, and social welfare.
Policy-making
 is the act or process of setting and directing the course of action to be pursued
by a government, business, etc. it is an important part of planning process.

 it emphasizes an initiative to solve problems and may take the form of


programs, projects, and budget allocations.

 Public policy making process includes the manner in which problems


get conceptualized and brought to the government for solution;
governmental institutions formulate alternatives and select policy
solutions; and those solutions get implemented, evaluated and
revised (Sabatier, 1999)
Three Branches of the Philippine Government
Legislative branch - formulates laws
Executive branch - implements the enacted laws
Judiciary branch - interprets the laws.

 They are co-equal and inter-


dependent with each other
 The National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) Board is the country’s
premier social and economic development planning and policy coordinating body.

 composed of the President of the Philippines as chairman, the Secretary of


SocioEconomic Planning and NEDA Director-General as Vice-Chairman, and
the heads or secretaries of the different departments of the government as
members.
The Policy Making Process (Trillanes A.F. 2002)

1. AGENDA SETTING
2. POLICY FORMULATION
3. LEGISLATION
4. IMPLEMENTATION
5. MONITORING
1. Agenda Setting:
o The process begins with the identification of an issue or problem that requires
government intervention. This can be initiated by various actors, including
government agencies, lawmakers, civil society organizations, or the public. The
issue is then placed on the policy agenda for further consideration.

2. Policy Formulation:
o Once an issue is on the agenda, it goes through a
process of policy formulation. This involves research,
analysis, and the development of potential solutions or
policy options. Government agencies, think tanks, and
experts often play a key role in this stage.

o The process also includes the determination and review of the corresponding
budget by the Department of Budget and Management. The output is the so-called
proposed National Budget which is submitted to Congress for deliberation
3. Legislation:
o If the proposed policy requires a new law or an amendment to existing legislation, it
must be introduced in either the House of Representatives (Lower House) or the Senate
(Upper House).
o Lawmakers draft bills that detail the policy's provisions, and these bills go through a
series of readings, debates, and committee reviews in both houses of Congress.
Committee Review: In Congress, bills are referred to
relevant committees for review. These committees hold
hearings, gather input from stakeholders, and make
recommendations for changes or approval. The bill may
undergo revisions during this stage.

Floor Debate and Voting: After committee review, the bill is scheduled
for plenary debates in both houses of Congress. Lawmakers discuss
the bill's merits and may propose further amendments. The bill then
goes through a voting process in both houses.
Bicameral Conference Committee: If there are differences between the versions of
the bill passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate, a bicameral
conference committee is convened to reconcile these differences and produce a final
version of the bill.

Presidential Approval: Once both houses of Congress


agree on a final version of the bill, it is sent to the President
for approval. The President can either sign the bill into law
or veto it. If vetoed, Congress can override the veto with a
certain majority vote.
 It becomes a law when the President signs it or when the
President fails to act on it within 30 days from receipt
thereof

 The veto power of the President may, however, be overridden


by at least two-thirds vote in both houses

 The passage of a bill for specific policies or programs follows the same process.
4. Implementation:
o Once the bill becomes law, government agencies responsible for its implementation
develop detailed regulations and guidelines to put the policy into practice. These
agencies may also allocate resources for implementation.

5. Monitoring and Evaluation:


o Policies are subject to ongoing monitoring and evaluation to
assess their effectiveness and impact. Government
agencies and other relevant bodies track the policy's
implementation and make adjustments as needed.
o NEDA Board coordinates closely with the
implementing departments to get feedbacks
Review and Revision: If a policy
as basis for evaluation of the present proves to be ineffective or requires
programs and as reference for improvement updates, lawmakers may introduce
for the next policy cycle. new legislation to amend or repeal it.
This can restart the policy-making
process.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY MAKING
1. Iterative: Policy-making is often an ongoing and iterative process. Policies may
need to be reviewed, revised, or adapted over time in response to changing
circumstances, new information, or evolving goals.

2. Multi-Stage: The process typically consists of several stages, including agenda


setting, policy formulation, decision-making, implementation, and evaluation. Each
stage involves different activities and stakeholders.

3. Involves Multiple Actors: Various individuals, groups, and institutions are


involved in the policy-making process. This includes government officials,
legislators, civil servants, experts, interest groups, advocacy organizations, and
the public.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY MAKING

4. Evidence-Based: Ideally, policies are developed based on


research, data, and evidence to address specific problems or
challenges. This helps ensure that policies are effective and well-
informed.

5. Political: Policy-making is inherently political. It involves the


negotiation of interests, values, and priorities among different
stakeholders. Political considerations often influence the decisions
made during the process.
6. Public Input and Participation: In democratic systems, public input and
participation are important components of the policy-making process. Public
consultations, hearings, and feedback mechanisms are used to gather input from
citizens.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY MAKING
7. Resource Allocation: Policies often involve the
allocation of resources, such as funding and personnel, to
implement the chosen course of action. Decisions about
resource allocation are critical in policy-making.

8. Legitimacy: Policies need to be perceived as legitimate to


be effective. This means that they should be developed
through transparent and accountable processes and have
public support.
9. Implementation Challenges: The effectiveness
of a policy can be influenced by challenges in
implementation. These challenges may include
budget constraints, administrative capacity, and
coordination issues.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY MAKING

10. Monitoring and Evaluation: Policies should be subject to monitoring and


evaluation to assess their impact and effectiveness. This feedback loop can inform
future policy decisions.

11. Conflict Resolution: Policy-making often involves resolving conflicts and


reconciling competing interests. Compromises and negotiations are common
elements of the process.

12. Long-Term Perspective: Policies are often designed with long-term goals in
mind. They should consider potential consequences and impacts over an extended
period.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PUBLIC POLICY MAKING

13. Interconnected: Policies in one area can have ripple effects in others. The
policy-making process should consider these interconnections and potential
unintended consequences.

14. Responsive to External Factors: Policies


may need to adapt to external factors such as
economic conditions, technological advancements,
and global events.

15. Subject to Review and Revision: Policies should


be subject to periodic review and revision to ensure
they remain relevant and effective.
Participants and Institutions Involved in the
Policy-Making Process

1. Interest Group
 The members of a group have at least one common goal in mind and sometimes
several. They do not necessarily become involved in the policy process but they
increasingly likely to do so when:
• The stronger their perception that a change in policy will result in outcomes contrary
to their common goal(s); and
• The greater their perception that a group involvement will contribute to the
attainment of their common goal(s).
2. Political Parties
3. Policy Advisers
4. Decision Makers
5. Institutions

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