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Elements. ) | prebleroA_invalving solid mechanics, heak- Defmatiians, shape frotion. fp | trang, id flao § 8-5..nadad. qpradrilatered clamadd ——jotlor_phyrical -phanomena 6b bnom matvin..g.consis.tea.... that tan be dorcnibed | by porkal dffoestal P* vedod..eviala.ctian of. dheveok, .cnadtie,...uriag...oeredie inte gration: be chified into vari ous types oe Ha i Shap & fon chiers thay employ £ the dimensionally i tthe pe. ble Bie ee pee ae A// | clemonts snedede © _ RUD line elemenbs =, Those. tlemerts ane sued f problem’ in ove dimension , suchas arial hoadirg [heat con duchion along —la_seod_- “hey ane typeat fet by toe-modr+ &2D- ie hements)- a e_clomnbs _ane wed problencs fan 2p trudurcs Like plane sivea § plane —thater heat _conduchien ina ft plate_. | emmootyper Include _‘Priangte §_qpieds ' labor al. 3D- Solid ehmewa2 —_|__‘The _clmenfs__ane_wed fs 2D- problems, Sith_oh Solid _mecdantea_Sionylabiand. Jnyeluing Sf ea ¢_ | StreyA in 30~SHvuchaned + Gemmon types an teh bedral € Lorabedral |e Ais s, strie_elemedbs \- ie | fs Oe are _speciahzed 2p- glmets wed for | problema soit taf ional symm ats: re he, prenive ver els (rot fing bed pr.| hile LL higher = arden Clermonhr.>- - linean ehmorbs ene He irnp leat, -highes. ovdes C Yodbahe $ccenh tLe), ort) aceurafe can__provide results for contain _applicabion., ¥Pso- paramety'c — Efernents\ Ae the Same shape frrdiot : Po bethseamehiy § tnterp olabion,alleaing fon Peart enteurahe —enodalling. of comple spamesrieh enfin element depends ar the pecifie pre bla (foe—ane trying to solv te Imemby ane Fre amid Shell [tap np) Co gh) COn-plecth bending a—L1L ISTRESS ANALYSIS je Prin ci pal__stvem es in tua- dimensions + (he principal _stvews ane normal styepor Hah act _in_phaes there __shean shess dees not ewsl- - 2D= pro-blems__pitiniip al stremes_ahe sii J, 4, noaviotion 6 fh2 oi Aims _foxen. bremer Hat ean Crab 4 a _partiulan plane +*pply tag ine ae 2 9pils br iisen relahionsh “p—inn$y— lore chianA it cam he eon (ly Sho von hat - Met ma Egg 2 My bey CEng + my Sy ame; » Ger mee oor ft) nife —_ Tet eee] B Ceo-ordin he | v. The Pate eh ae tea Finest) — TER ae 2h Cm Gg) egaie [e/a « |e.Pnincipal strains —in_2- Dimension# the _prineipal Strains ane_nermet brains tak lact_ea_he planers where eon shana on abscal» cin dhis rea peck + 65 = He, + M20 oO - £ ( Ao ‘Ne Enw) é a tare ne | ww * O74) Cig) vy [ae 0 ‘7 A tH o oo & aElements ona, 2 Fy | *Teriangalen elemen be it Rechangalan —lemen ks a i Bradeai labora elementos ———|+ @uadibteratl med by fes0= $4 langled: A nailetenal flamed by fone toiangdees shape —fonchins walng Anea Co-axdinabes. he inten polation ‘ona He dni Gifs fo Metical jeguined to obtain the chmeak_sfiflnes mafic ig Ichtoned n—a—siroplifed monnen by te tancapl of laneo_co-ordin | weriahion — fe triaagutadelemeak .ae — shop eo fy [hoy 2 vu, tM Wa My uy TO) eM Tay + MT, TOuy) = My amy, Vt Nyy Since, the SUIT are depending on sam chron. the maleate Jochen fie Same__fon I chion of $vjise > Salving Shape froction dat ices pre 4. Uo YE Cot Ont by Wye fp 4 C0, A Oy, Us Co + OA, + Cy My 26 +6 + Gyo —Conf | Vg fd My fo es jE. | =f Wy y+ 34,4 ee 4 ot ty a Uy. { 2 de Nye Gy. ny, mast fe yy dz ay oy Se PE een xy Ay Wy On Subs :duling C, trial Tila yy = es aan = sry eg aya 4: of [», nthe jon M, za Ss Uy—/i/_ c- Thus the ah talerpo lation fandion aang elas the np feelin . Bo é ajar sit cy5+ Ws sep - z={e H345= os)-4 Gy Yors Gr, = pj el Fey) it giver 2 One i). 4— f Oryy= eae Sith tiy f 4 ef ae Le f k ape foreki ony Loa, eae VO Pr arrer oO Uu ws | Jv Py v.ay d j Such three nade ‘Lethe g le element is 4 “ Cammen ly known _as__Cang dank. ¢tyain dy: wl CST" as its stycin Parra ae: constant inside the element. __ i LL oe | iw ——— | Cst" 5 He fee /an/ aoe Simplest element to develop Imathernatic ally + As shone is no-vaniaSion. of Shyam aside the element yg heen Produces constant lem penature gra dieats ensuring constark heal | flour _coithin the edement-»- fon heat transfer problems Se emben Universal FE N- formubabion 4 et Ae | ft Pop’ fe-a = £B) paue flan” cf, foo ye oe oe a [eee av: te B Vv B's ER A- fo C.$:T Lae (aE, Applicalions- q te OST element. 4 Use io sum iy ae tee ths Se seneihe sonhition_anecsCfine_merh to coarse ener) » Aveid rai ing—C. eri n_slyes_concentration_}| ofhen cus. ohear in te “structure, suchas edger df ho la tema ppt Bn a _2=P problema:| Since, the normol approach. melters —¢om p ler woe use. Natunol .coz ordinate Sysherns “2° NW, tht My 2 lwahich ensures thal fhe rigid _bady_thealabion | is _mepresenfed by the chosen shape — san chitn aso cs tn He ID cant - _ : al, ff _ cat nod -' oP tes. aad —yanids lin early within the Clem tokJd The plot fe” shape hnchion MN, 12. Ghown in He. folowing foyer Ne § Ny aw 2h nian poturea 20 we have te Aye olobal _co-ordinater_Cn, y) $+ e—nabunal ¢o-ardinales CE) the nelstion between the _tuso 18 giver by LM Cys Nh, ty Uy Ms My => SN wy 4+ Ny NM | gs Ma ty Yt Ag 5 dy). Beg) => | os tr tag bt jE Ee Yt Ag ee { 3 ae—LL_ Wing thé thatn mule. pr—denivabives we7 [ Zineo = “toogelé —[4sti Ash ae tridagulan element. a, +3 Each node har two ikea by ae Ma ail ion_fo @gPo. Senne | qpnadvabicfonchioon—af tay d+ | ULM y) 2 C1 en cy 4 Lh te ny egy = L : 2 = vir,y) Co t Cy tty yt Cymo4 Cyfis fs SG 4 2 Cant e.g. _ ae a + 2 - Ey: a s C+ Coy t Cy. aol _ : ) . ( z ones 4 ¢)= (6,42 0)> 7 hic Bae Q bo + Gy ) j - 7 ) bohich ose ingos foockions. Fur toe heve ) | “in fyain ty = r fr y Provides boblen sesusts han C57 ) j - ZB a sus ) Leonh 4 ix _shap fochens fo He LST ) | | Ms & eo) é My, 9 Go ~1\ A,2 §& &-i) M2 4 | | Wes 4n GY | M6 £6 |( aaj) | | ——+ | Lack of Here —sin- shape fenton. naps fi 3, { | quabadi _ferrn on Ma tlorsent os showrs (s/s | Linean Auadnilatenak Element, —______|shape _ferctio: of sins eiapie _alemet _can— \be_cerived ring bot Canferian § nabunal Ico- oxdinale _syshems_- A foun tenn _pelynomiok len pyewion __fo\_the fed variable re guired fora __Guady ilafer at CSimple=mectange) element 2 K foun maces + a Sin. there _i8__ne complete _ foun Sea PRE S/C SERERETR CEE © OEE RISE | Sym mn ebric_emprersil a dniongle meng be -charen to ensure gecorcs ob { ‘se tropy |p; bak formala ; nen forall Gu adn’ [aber abs. (Lien Ss ates dls ind So I pel btn o Cod YS Sap 2 betta dial ashdaalab big whic is eary Yor So Wving. L- caytesian reels ___2- Nahoal fom: — oo A) Cantesian co-ordinates Solving, Ga Wing no dod. points posilien Cuyy)-_ ’ fis an universal method. wed forall Buadrilaferal elements _C Rectangle, rhorbur por Te _ ete) os the elition + inrespective {to the dis fon ce __ between nodes From Kh L may be abdsumed 4 enbune—_inten-a let Finiabaspincbing BR | Phy: crgne aye Guy TKWOny) ee > ]ecusnl > Bou) TOuy) , u dikionkA, He oheve a je on e obfen ot g ) bi 4, my fa ¢: Lye & ; |e 38 ox { # Ls Me 44g : [ a) x x x y | Ge oo at |b fees St ge oe SF Litt1 ‘ ¢ ( hus, the (_ vaniahble at ony _peink_ inside! the ehment canbe clos enibed int enrnr_ 4 Deda Pee ee he ee - | gogel™ = lfeT : ~ -Fnem the ods /e_ enpremrion the sl fodion Ne pone denitved § will be av 4 "“ a fp Cx =nyy Cy aia. feet F fepem raA, [4 CtemdCy=4) 2. [: r= #49 ati : : 14HL aa Ying the distance owe = a eS raed fp rreckangle |sgpan 4 Trial poten: pingt: Co tC, “+ Cay tC, mys “uh, VOryyy = ZL, 4) Oy) was | N=2 | Wy | 1h d= By | fa zn $3 | Fy | ___tC, Co) 4 C, Co) tC, C0) Co) Nu (nz 6, 4 zh)Sf 2a tnpubing he tonstoot values te Trial _ fonction, we gel. ce ane 2 ee Pony) 4+ (hes ah “(4 — y +{Or+ 9) o — | { 4h ——_____igt = =n My | Mm Ah A Lk * a Ach fa} ft M BO %)afcen type ——_ ts__krown as. linea _stral aanSas — ee rk | ) ) ; , 1) Buadilnforal element ring “Tsing "elma — Vabunal carordinake. | 2s aaeeneeeetaa Systern. the deni vatien of interpolation ferction— interns ) ) y——_——_=] ) ) ) f cartesian co-ardin ate system is algebraically Complex as seen for eontion + 4 3 HiCe89 1) 3G) { : i 2 1) 204-1) - 2 = ae, by Netunal | ay Tron’ ofprmabion f tar ardinate at Con tesitn_tonadinad nodes: | corordinateth | Fam he above —dfigan a, the nelahion between tis co-erdinate system can _he_enpreyed or a ee Here ,-20 § 2b- ane length § b of eclangle =the co-ddinat corona es Ht z | By the above eguns_, the nodal valsos in | natunal —co-ardin.atesysbem —tao—he denied wrhich Is. hown + eo! 4 the aba nelehi an taniakians 4 £§ 7 wipe =) to mre fous, the inten palatian —foockion can he—danived Lin im lan forhien ar_dene—for_tdlongl*s= cane | he £0-Hdinaler } | Aement voill pe JPp 54 q ] 4, iS N Ny a 4) G ba . N g Fx - raa where, wh oa da Ate Veli palabina: foockion— fhe thment in natu al_eo-ordinale —Spstern.. Displacement fonctien in the beginning point | fo the structurel analysis by ite elrrent ached » tt i§re pete — strep merenks fhe _vaniahi¢n Lof the displacement: - within the Chment: On Ko | basis the protien 4a be solved, phe | dis pla coment chew. needs 4 fe eee lin fe pre fad th ones a chien. Mo AN gonvenient_, way. fos enpror_polynorn adese (aa |e Uprestion- “Peraine pall polynomial. fodion ahd _continveas 5 — cifoes able. ae _ay Coueng inet criteria: a lt -2_convengence of He fn: He obment selation can be achieved, iff ta pollo wing tee Conditions one follies by OWsuropHiorm+ | tacthe dis placement fon ed ign —rovak be ; Win dhe el f; ; i | by Si a ‘ roi n Pil §) = yt AA AAG A Ot Op tessa at Sf aq dln) = Ont Unt yw 4 san ta, w | 1) te désplac ctien rout be _tepabke |}—-# aig id body displace oats Ue ehenat<— | tg @—consdant term used in _polynamied | _-_ Cag fo_a,) entune this condition + pe tft ii Be chgp) atemert Hon must Include Ke __ | Con Shenk styaina_ ‘tates of te clement = bs A element becomes —in foibedg—son. all, Straine/a |e Should be constant: in the element» Hence, He | espla cement fanchi on_Showld include terms fan ___ Deprereaking conseol__gtrain _stafer Bis placement shouldbe compatible _bettoeen elm eat s + Same indermaker Fmnsges a woakes] dis contingas | openings ] wen lop ping }—f ®2 | <> Geometric —invani ances pec | Disp lace_men £_shape should not chan get A a change —in local co-ordinate systern., his con [be achieved if polynemial is balanced in tabs lall_derms can pnét be completed + this balanced’ peprereatahion can he achieved __ wilh the help Poreal Ariangle in _tare of 2D pelynamial: the geametyicinvaniance tan be nbuned by | he “sekchion of Ke carrerpending —2rcb> of toma en_ejher _cids 4 ous 4 Sytn metry » 2) Yorcal niangle for $ trtaggl ehmart’ —»—Lonstanl ay —s—lineax C2) e > Buadrabie LY |03: neded doiang le: Cc-s-7) 2 Uy) 2 a5 4 a —=2 complete — - 2 Geomebric @sofr opie: __ o b- noded triangle. CL: $.T) IN ; 2 Ubyy at. srset Cit A. my tad of > =? _complefe - — > _ Geometric 2sotropic 0 1- noded Asiang ce CQ-S$-T) > com plete + _—>- Geamebric Bsoduapic: 12- neded trian gle C €u-$-7) . 3 “ DUCHY) agt 4 ayy cig ty + aay tayo ata ayyt = _ > 2n_complete. ph 5 6 > Geomelric 2s otropie»pace ery | Gi) Pascal nepretntabien— nectar —_ ble 6, val C p= Ant A, As Ay Yt Ag uy Dtempleée > feo mehyic_} soto pig. ___Se ES fuse © S- noded Re atangutan hernort P= Vo A> = 2tAZMY A My nrt ag yt Ag rey t Ag myh 422 Bo complete. Sate geometric Eso hapte. © 1R2- noded ne toagulan elementTS ———_ ee i$, the wen needs — ale the in fo, bala by both the ne § feomesate Be huge a | behavion,. then the VIC wyey 4H ape peat \To_cemplete 4 Ha Maan polabionn af Ke Py itis anumed as tat de nodad peinks ane lane atn.o duahed within he Otenoks 2 0+ Shown SSE Prim any Sects nelany bornal on oy he cy ho ded. the i flossing these nodes an bash, ail have forAion in we pcp): it: C8, G6.) G- Fay) SL (got) ch a Ghdee ample 2 ee “has Clagr onze) BLE) = EAE fs tangy + Fh /_ |. fit roe ape Gye Dre chegtt. N= é Qy= (€-€.\(n -,) 2 JL —1,) (§,-§.)Cn ny —" li-€)é-ny Ny 2 + C148) (1-n) Ny + (146) City Noe + (i= 8) C149)aes (ead fp Rencodipily- Element oe oT a |higher_ Bo wise wa Ses ee Fonof —}nredes, which de mot contribute fo, the_inten- —__|#lement connectivity» the _eliminati Mend Hose tam | he eliminated —by—Conden sali on procedure which reeds enh computations the elimina ‘00. f Here ins fennel pcdosShia pe fsrctin B 1E)S im portance: se Nf —— Shape lane. L/L chiens ane—lypically po lynomial at Ea ~teithin work Unite tlemenk_ — A_mesh. hey ane__constructed to Sativfy Specific “properties 72h as _eontinutly a or eleen enl-_in ferferer § enack re presentations Nets fhe field variable et _vanieus nods i \ ais Vebticos of yeteanen \ en py tance $$} fag nani? nthe ees | fe ‘ons v Flew}; iby. Enabling —the__a ppron imation 2 (atthin elements, he —atembly of global equ Lcrikteal for obtain ing i Ccnabe - the applicotians g te hovodany candi fiéns | eP pro per—formulahico § applicahion are anlod les alienstthe specific details af der vin qs h ope fonctions may — Van ay depending cn He—numenical ro ethed element ype es d_field _vorioble— being co nsidereds thenefere fo__descnihe hose. Shape forctions we hay following “ HL I Cyl) = one dosved by -abeye._preationed apprech. C-) ~are pot inmpostan + f syllabus./ ee ping. CAD ~ ban etement) [i+ —___ fen ven Fiomal approach: _ oe oil) Study these. men lion operates p the we Deplicahe *Co-0 ydinobe sytem. —Nerturat a ela Trail fon chiens Ex, en, eS ge-1 Gren n= Cy 4 Cx Ahem) = Cot Com Mlx2G)= Cot CE at Z=-t 4 ot £211, X= Cy ~ ¢ =7@). LM e654 6 -@ ME nfs tee fis ne this an a, Degelan mefbod, but hs co mop tenity en the higher _de ghee ferred> Senen depily approathe Bie ae eae Hem, mAh eae know that ge grt as ab ienode: =o at mea: N21 at ££ 2-1 Ny 20 at 221 A, = cfi-¢} aad re C Crery Ss ge-] jez tk heneste Lagpem Ze Js. 7, triable atl_sercndipity elements: ania otal a Gflae.g. e app ™ wh, Mem, Men, Fi Ge | forthe lagnange approach ther_is an an wae > fo ban chm enk~ ee ee cd say: 1 ¢xg] 4 Mosh Te an - fe eei pany oe le ——— mere fits “fatp12 the _ ‘ aif eo.metny is defi —~ 13 ed by sh, | for ebions Gerdes _ hij Pe ° ep edEatin.g the vaniMon_ displacement eats there he deme) me. ede" a se - i _ SA Aes nie , Ts > : de: , J | depending on the séconding nodal positian — = ee the Cera eak is dm_co' th in the Clement + Aye hk Generation of the Shape fonchian fo Spent | tossing ~ elements ang pict ___| a) Serenpidily elements. oe _ | i | b)_Jaguange Clements + Disk L o % 3" no delang le # & nodd triang le au nechoag le. + u-nodkd a uadritabere/ x Y- nods Guedrilaher ol.a4] 3- ned, ed tori Angle ~——————|censiden He pooling t em edhe = -02_Se meapi di ty te digits e qualions 4 he Ii nies 3 {_ ee {bv ei. ws 4: a fy —An bat : Li = iahler [er fa ee) 4J le Go 6° Ly |—L1L Aum & | Lee &L bisa 8, technique. §-& 5:7 §; cab eud abion » On