(AlliedSignal AEROSPACE ELECTRONIC AND AVIONICS SYSTEMS MAINTENANCE MANUAL BENDIX/KING° KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM MANUAL NUMBER 006-15535-0000 REVISION 0, JULY, 1996WARNING Information subject to the export control laws. This document. which includes ‘any attachments and exhibits hereto, contains information subject to Interna- tional Traffic in Arms Regulation (TAR) or Export Administration Regulation (EAR) of 1879, which may not be exported, released or disclosed to foreign na- ‘ionals inside or outside the U.S. without first obtaining an export license. Viola tors of ITAR or EAR may be subject to a penalty of 10 years imprisonment and afine of $1,000,000 under 22 U.S.C. 2778 or Section 2410 of the Export Admin- istration Act of 1978. Include this notice with any reproduced portion ofthis doc- ument. COPYRIGHT NOTICE (©1996 AlliedSignal inc. Reproduction of this publication or any portion thereofby any means withoutthe express written permission of AlliedSignal Commercial Avionics Systems prohibited. For further information contact the Manager, Technical Publications, JiliedSignal Commercial Avionics Systems, 400 North Rogers Road, Olathe, Kansas 66062-1294. Telephone: (913) 782-0400BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION! GENERAL INFORMATION 1.2 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION ... TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS . UNITS AND ACCESSORIES Standard Asscas Optional Accessories . LICENSE REQUIREMENTS 1.6 SERVICE INFORMATION 1.7 WARRANTY INFORMATION SECTION Il INSTALLATION 2.1. GENERAL INFORMATION 2.2 UNPACKING AND INSPECTING .. ANTENNA .. VHF Antenna . GPS Antenna . 1 Intemal GPS Antenna 3 4.2.2 Extemal GPS Antennas 2.5 EXTERNAL GPS ANTENNA ADAPTER CABLE 2.6 | HEADPHONE/MICROPHONE ADAPTER 2.7 DC POWER ADAPTER CABLE ... 2.8 YOKE-MOUNT ADAPTER 2.9 PC INTERFACE CABLE MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96 Page iBENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) SECTION Ill OPERATION 3.1. INTRODUCTION .. 32 GENERAL 34 3.2.1. Unit Controls a1 38 OPERATION 37 SECTION IV THEORY OF OPERATION 41 GENERAL ....... at 4 KLX 100 Features « at 4. KLX 100 Electrical Design “1 42 BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT THEORY 42 42. Main Board . 42 4 Power Supplies . 42 ‘Bits bees ces Sh i : lighting Sup 4.2. 8 LCD Bas 42 42. CPU, RAM, and Fiash Memories 42 4.2. Bee amenese 42 42122 RAM. 43 4.2.1.2.3 Flash Memory . 43 42124 GPS ASIC, RS 282 Pols, 43 42125 FPGA 45 42.1'2.5.1 Address Decode 46 42:1.2'5.2CMD Block . 468 42:1.2.5.3LCD Block 47 42.1.2.5.4Keyboard Scan 47 42.1.2.5.5/0 Control 47 42.1.2.5.51/0 Connectors, 3/5 V Logic Level Interface . 48 42.2" COMM Board . 48 422.1 General .. 48 4222 COMM Architecture 43 4.2.2.2.1 Receiver . 49 42222 Transmitter . 49 42.2.2.3 Frequency Synthesizer . 49 42.2.2.4 Microcontroller interface - 4-10 4.3 DETAILED CIRCUIT THEORY 412 43.1 Main Board 442 43.1.1 Power Supplies 412 4:3.1.1.1 Low Voltage Power Supply 412 43.112 Backiighting Suppl - 4.13 43.1.1.3 LCD Bias ...... 444 43.1.2 Logic Level Power Switches 414 4.3.1.4 CPU, RAM, and Flash Memories . 415 Page ii MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDDX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) SECTION IV THEORY OF OPERATION (Cont'd) 4. 415 4. 415 4 ory 416 4 GPS ASIC . 416 4: RS 232 Ports 416 4 32 kHz Oscillator’. 416 43 Real-Time Clock ° i 416 4s FPGA: Address Decode, LCD Buffer, Keyboard Scan, i/O ‘Control | 417 43.1.7.1 Address Decode . 417 43.172 LOD Butter .. a7 3 Keybo: can 417 4:3.1.7.4 YO Control .. 418 43.1.8 — 0 Connectors, 3/SV Logic Level interface . 418 43.1.8. The 80-Pin Test Connector ..... 418 4.3.1.8.2 The 30 Pin COMM Board Connector - 418 43.1.8. The 20-Pin LCD Module Connector : 418 43.1.8.4 The 10-Pin PTT Key Connector’: 4-19 4.3.1.85 The 6-Pin RS 232 Connector ..... 419 4. 8.6 419 4. COMM Board 419 4 Receiver . 419 43 ‘Transmitter 4-25 43 Frequency Synthesizer 426 4 Microcontroller interface . 427 4 GPS RF Board .. : 4-29 4 Low-Noise Amplifiers/Antenna Selecti 4-29 4 Front-End L-Band Filtering 4-31 4. First Downconverter 431 4 First IF Filtering 4-32 4: Comparator . . 4-32 43 Phase-Locked Loop 4-33 43 ‘Temperature Sensing 4-34 433.9 Backlighting Noise Suppression 435 4.3.3.10 Power Requirements . 435 SECTION V MAINTENANCE 5.1 GENERAL INFORMATION . 51 5.1.1 Standard Test Signal Description 5-1 5.2 TESTAND ALIGNMENT . 51 5.2.1. Test Equipment 54 5.2.2 Test Procedure 53 5.2.2.1 Voltage/Temperature/Input Current . 53 MMKLX100KRY Page iii Rev 0 July/98BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) SECTION V MAINTENANCE (Cont'd) 5.2.2.2 VHF Transmitter . 5-3 5.2.2.3 VHF COMM Receiver 55 5.2.2.4FM Weather Receiver 56 5.2.2.5 GPS Receiver « 56 5.2.2.6Non-Volatile Memory 58 5.2.2.7 Pilot Interface . 58 5.2.2.8Voice Chip Test 58 5.2.2.9RS 282 Test 58 10 intemal Microphone Test 59 5.2.3 Test Data Sheet . 59 5.2.4 Alignment . 512 5.2.5.1 Receiver Alignment .. 512 5.2.5.2 Receiver RF Alignment . 512 5.2.5.3 Receiver IF Alignment 5-13 4 Transmitter Power/Modulation Settings . 54 5 Transmitter Sidetone 5-14 5-14 B15 5.3 OVERHAUL . 516 5.3.1 Visual Inspection . 516 5.3.2 Cleaning 5-18 5.3.3 Repair 518 5.3.3.1 Replacement of Components 5-22 5.3.4 KLX 100 Disassembly . 5.23 5.3.4.1 Initial Disassembly ...... 5-23 5.3.4.2 Battery Housing Removal 5:23 5.3.4.3COMM Board Removal 5:23 5.3.4.4GPS RF Board Removal . 5-24 5.3.4.5Main Board Removal .. 5-24 5.3.4.6 PTTNOL/SQL/ON-OFF Board Removal 5:24 5.3.4.7 Display Removal . 5-24 5.3.5 KLX 100 Assembly . 524 5.4 TROUBLESHOOTING .........20002000+ 5-25 Page iv MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDDVKING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) SECTION VI ILLUSTRATED PARTS LIST 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 PARTS LIST DESCRIPTION LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE 2-1 KLX 100 BATTERY INSERTION ... FIGURE 2-2, KLX 100 BATTERY COVER REMOVED . FIGURE 2-3 KLX 100 BATTERY COVER ALIGNMENT . FIGURE 2-4 KLX 100 BATTERY COVER CLOSED FIGURE 2-5 KLX 100 INTERNAL GPS ANTENNA O! FIGURE 2-6 KX 99 VHF ANTENNA ADAPTER INSTALLATION DRAWING FIGURE 2-7 KX 99 VHF ANTENNA ADAPTER ASSEMBLY . FIGURE 2-8 BNC TO 3.5MM PLUG ADAPTER CABLE .... FIGURE 2-9 KLX 100 REMOTE PASSIVE GPS ANTENNA . FIGURE 2-10 KA91 OUTLINE . FIGURE 2-11 KA 91 OUTLINE ANI FIGURE 2-12 KA 91 BACKPLATE OUTLINE FIGURE 2-13 KA 92 OUTLINE . FIGURE 2-14 KA 92 OUTLINE AND MOUNTING FIGURE 2-15 KA 92 BACKPLATE OUTLINE . FIGURE 2-16 GLOBAL-WULFSBERG LOW GAIN GPS ANTENNA . FIGURE 2-17 EXTERNAL GPS ANTENNA ADAPTER CABLE FIGURE 2-18 HEADPHONE/MICROPHONE ADAPTER CABLE FIGURE 2-19 KLX 100 YOKE MOUNT ADAPTER . FIGURE 2-20 KLX 100 RS-232 ADAPTER CABLE FIGURE 8-1 KLX 100 HAND-HELD GPS/COMM FIGURE 3-2 KLX 100 COMM CONTROLS ... FIGURE 3-3 KLX 100 EXTERNAL CONNECTORS . FIGURE 8-4 KLX 100 EXTERNAL /O PANEL FIGURE 3-5 RS-232 PORTS . FIGURE 3-6 KLX 100 KEYPAD AND SOFTKEYS FIGURE 4-1 GPS-XPRESS ASIC FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM FIGURE 4-2 GPS-XPRESS BASEBAND CHANNEL DIAGRAM . FIGURE 4-3 FPGA FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM FIGURE 4-4 KLX 100 BLOCK DIAGRAM .. FIGURE 5-1 MICROPHONE TEST CIRCUIT . FIGURE 5-2 LINEAR DETECTOR . FIGURE 5-3 KLX 100 EXTERNAL INTERFACE BLOCK DIAGRAM MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96 437 52 513 PagevBENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Cont’ FIGURE 6-1 TYPICAL PARTS LISTFINAL ASSEMBLY 67 FIGURE 6-2 FINAL ASSEMBLY 6-23 FIGURE 6-3 REAR ASSEMBLY 6-25 FIGURE 6-4 FRONT ASSEMBLY . 627 FIGURE 6-5 COMM BOARD 6-47 FIGURE 6-6 COMM BOARD 6-51 FIGURE 6-7 COMM BOARD .. 6-55 FIGURE 6-8 COMM BOARD SCHEMATIC . 6-59 FIGURE 6-9 COMM BOARD SCHEMATIC . 6-67 FIGURE 6-10 COMM BOARD SCHEMATIC FIGURE 6-11 MAIN BOARD . FIGURE 6-12 MAIN BOARD . FIGURE 6-13 MAIN BOARD . FIGURE 6-14 MAIN BOARD......... FIGURE 6-15 MAIN BOARD SCHEMATIC . FIGURE 6-16 MAIN BOARD SCHEMATIC FIGURE 6-17 PTT/VOL/SQL/ON-OFF BOARD . FIGURE 6-18 PTT/VOL/SQL/ON-OFF BOARD SCHEMATIC . FIGURE 6-19 GPS RF BOARD FIGURE 6-20 GPS RF BOARD FIGURE 6-21 GPS RF BOARD FIGURE 6-22 GPS RF BOARD SCHEMATIC FIGURE 6-23 GPS RF BOARD SCHEMATIC FIGURE 6-24 GPS RF BOARD SCHEMATIC: FIGURE 6-25 GPS RF BOARD SCHEMATIC LIST OF TABLES 46 TABLE 4-1 MEMORY MAP FOR GLU_IO FPGA MMKLX100KRY Deas a toot Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM SECTION I GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. INTRODUCTION This manual contains information relative to the physical, mechanical, and electrical characteristics of the Bendix/King KLX 100, hand-held GPS receiver and VHF communication transceiver. 1.2 EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION ‘The KLX 100 is a 760 channel, hand-held VHF aircraft communication transceiver with a 1.5 Watt transmitter output. The KLX 100 also receives VOR information (VOR monitor only), NOAA weather broadcasts on 10 channels (North America only), and processes GPS signals for navigational displays on an intemal LCD. 1.3. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS KLX 100 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS Compliance: FCC: Parts 2, 15, and 87 Physical Dimensions: Height: 7.8 in. (19.81 cm) Width: 2.8 in. (7.11 cm) Depth: 1.8 in, (4.57 cm) Weight: 1.88 Ibs. (.62 Kg) nominal Frequency Stability: 002% Operating Temperature Range: 10 °C to 455 °C Power Requirements: +12.0 VDC *0.5 VDC Unit Off: <10 mA Unit On (STANDBY): =245 mA. (GPS COMM mode, backlighting on speaker audio squelched) TX 2.5 Amax. BECEIVER Frequency Range: 108.00 to 117.975 MHz (VOR monitor) 118.00 to 136,975 MHz (VHF comm) 161.50 to 163.275 MHz (Weather) Sensitivity: ‘AM: 6dB (S+N)/N at 1 UV soft WX: 12 dB SINAD at 1 pV soft Adjacent Channel Rejection: ~40 4B (Comm) Channel Spacing: 25 kHz (118.000 to 196.975 MHz) '50 kHz (108,000 to 117.975 MHz) Selectivity: ~6 dB at + 26 kHz Spurious and Image Rejection: 55 dB MMKLX100KRY Page 1-1 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM “Audio Output Power and Distortion: TRANSMITTER Emission Mode: Transmitter Power: Modulation: Spurious Emissions: VSWR: Audio Distortion: Sensitivity (Acquisition & Track): Position Accuracy (Horizontal): Velocity Accuracy: Dynamics: Update Rate: Typical Acquisition Times: *Horizontal accuracy is subject to 100 meters RMS degradation when Selective Availability (SA) is active. Refer to the KLX 100 Operator's Guide, P/N 006-08782-0001, for more information. Page 1-2 >300 mW into 82, <15% distortion 1.5 Watts * .25 Watts (typical) Not less than 70% -50 dB or less Stable into 6:1 VSWR No damage into 30:1 VSWR 15% Maximum No damage continuously keyed. Intemal Electret or External 8 Parallel -133 dBm 25 meters RMS* #0.2 meters/second 800 knots, 3 Gs 1Hz Total Signal Loss 10 seconds Warm Start 30 seconds Cold Start 90 seconds Self Locate 10 minutes MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 1.4 UNITS AND ACCESSORIES 1.4.1 UNITS ‘The KLX 100 is available as a package, in three versions. All three packages include a database. KLX 100, P/N 070-01031-0000, includes an Americas Database. KLX 100, P/N 070-01031-0002, includes an Atlantic International Database, and KLX 100, P/N 070-01031-0003, includes an Pacific Intemational Database. 1.4.2 STANDARD ACCESSORIES All versions of the KLX 100 (P/N's 070-01031~0000/-0002/-0003) come standard with the following accessories: PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION -0000 -0002 -0003 (008-01179-0002 006-01180-0000 (006-01194-0000 006-01198-0001 006-08782-0001 006-11004-0000 006-18009-0001 015-00104-0001 057-05808-0001 (057-05808-0003 057-05808-0004 071-00049-0000 071-00107-0000 071-00110-0001 071-01441-0001 090-00988-0002 KLX 100 EXCHANGE FORM KLX 100 WARRANTY REGISTRATION FCC FORM 207 KLX 100 BATTERY SHEET KLX 100 OPERATOR'S GUIDE Swo2 FCC FORMS AND STATION LICENSING INFO KLX 100 QUICK REFERENCE AA ALKALINE BATTERY AMERICAS DBASE KLX 100 ATLANTIC INTL DBASE KLX 100 PACIFIC INTL DBASE KLX 100 HEADPHONE/MICROPHONE ADAPTER PROTECTIVE CASE PASSIVE REMOTE GPS ANTENNA RUBBER VHF ANTENNA -40/.50 DIA BUNDLE TIE 1 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96 Page 1-3BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 1.4.8 OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES The following units are available as optional accessories for the KLX 100. PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION 015-00261-0000 AC (ALTERNATING CURRENT) POWER ADAPTER (050-03376-0000 PC (PERSONAL COMPUTER) INTERFACE CABLE 071-00049-0000 HEADPHONE/MICROPHONE ADAPTER 071-00107-0000 PROTECTIVE CASE 071-00108-0000 11-33 VOLT AUTOMOBILE/AIRCRAFT CIGAR LIGHTER ADAPTER 071-00110-0001 REMOTE GPS ANTENNA 071-00110-0002 MAGNET FOR REMOTE GPS ANTENNA. 071-00110-0004 SUCTION CUP FOR REMOTE GPS ANTENNA 071-00118-0000 YOKE-MOUNT ADAPTER 071-00127-0000 EXTERNAL GPS ANTENNA ADAPTER CABLE 071-01443-0001 ANTENNA ADAPTER W/CABLE 071-00092-0000 CLIP-ON SPEAKER/MICROPHONE 071-00039-0080 EARPHONE 1.5 LICENSE REQUIREMENTS Ifthe KLX 100 COMM transceiver is to be utilized in an aircraft which already has a station license, no additional radio station license is required. Ifthe transceiver is to be used as a ground station, then a Ground Station Authorization is required. Call the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) at 1-800-322-1117, or use the included FCC Form 207, to order FCC Form 406, “Application for Ground Station Authorization in the Aviation Services”. You may also use the FCC's FAX form service by calling 1-202-418-0177. This equipment has been accepted by the FCC and entered into their list of Type Accepted Equipment as AlliedSignal Avionics, Inc. Model KLX 100 (ASYKLX100). ‘The KLX 100 owner/operator accepts all responsibilty for obtaining the proper licensing before using the transmitter, 1.6 SERVICE INFORMATION Ifyou have questions regarding service, you may contact the factory Product Repair Department at the address below: AlliedSignal Commercial Avionics Systems, Inc. 400 North Rogers Road Olathe, Kansas 66062-1294 (913) 782-0400 (800) 257-0726 Page 1-4 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDDYKING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 1.7 WARRANTY INFORMATION The KLX 100 carries a standard two (2) year warranty, including parts and labor. MMKLX100KRY Page 1-5 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM SECTION I INSTALLATION 2.1 GENERAL INFORMATION This section contains suggestions and factors to consider before using the KLX 100 transceiver. Close adherence to these suggestions will assure more satisfactory performance from the equipment. 2.2 UNPACKING AND INSPECTING Exercise extreme care when unpacking the unit and accessories. Make a visual inspection of the unit for evidence of damage incurred during shipment. If a claim for damage is to be made, save the shipping container to substantiate the claim. When all equipment has been unpacked, return all packing material to the container for future use in storing or shipping the radio. 2.3 BATTERIES ‘The KLX 100 includes eight (8) alkaline AA cell batteries. Battery life depends on the amount and type of usage. The table below lists the typical battery life during some typical usage profiles. USE PROFILE GPS COMM GPS/ ONLY ONLY comm ‘GPS ONLY Mode 18:00 —- | — ‘8% TX, 70% RX, 25% STBY" 15 1X 5:15 Tot 20% TX, 20% RX, 60% STBY? 2:15 TX* 4:15 Tot SOS Beacon every 3 minutes? — 2:00 TX? (40 cycles) NOTES: 1. This example use profile means thal out of every average rrinute, the KLX 100 COMM transmits for 3 seconds, reosives for audio for 42 seconds, and is standing by for 18 seconds. 2, This example use profile means that out of every average minute, the KLX 100 COMM transmits for 12 seconds, receives audio for 12 seconds, and is standing by for 36 seconds. 3, This example use profile utlizes the SOS Beacon feature, starting with fresh batteries. The REPEAT RATE for this example was set to 3 MIN on the SOS Setup page. In this case, the KLX 100 transmits the ‘SOS message for approximately 30 seconds, then waits 2.5 minutes before it stats transmitting the SOS ‘message again. Use of a longer REPEAT RATE will prolong the ife, but probably won’ increase the number of cycles, 4. When Alkaline betteties are used in the KLX 100 and you are using the COMM transmitter, the KLX 100 will continue to operate for quite some time after the batteries drop below the level necessary to transmit. For this reason, two times are specified: the time until the COMM loses the abilty to transmit (TX), and. the total time until the KLX 100 unit shuts off (Tot) All times listed in the above table are in hours and minutes (hours:minutes). Times are based on having the back-light, tones and 1/O ports turned off, mid-level volume adjustment, and the MMKLX100KRY Page 2-1 Rev0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM batteries at room temperature. NiCad batteries have a shorter life than Alkalines since most NiCads have inherently less capacity. 2.3.1 BATTERY INSTALLATION AND REMOVAL To install batteries into the KLX 100: 1. Slide the bottom cover off to the side, and remove the cover. 2. Insert the batteries (Refer to the KLX 100 Operator's Guide, P/N 006-08782~0001,, for further details) as shown in Figure 2-1. FIGURE 2-1 KLX 100 BATTERY INSERTION NOTE Observe the small pictures below the battery holes that display the direction of the positive or negative terminals. Refer to Figure 2-2. MMKLX100KRY Page 2-2 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM FIGURE 2-2 KLX 100 BATTERY COVER REMOVED 3. Replace the bottom cover by lining up arrows on the bottom cover and the case of the KLX 100 as shown in Figure 2-3. Slide the bottom cover to the side until it stops. FIGURE 2-3 KLX 100 BATTERY COVER ALIGNMENT 4. Itis recommended to turn on the KLX100 briefly following battery replacement, so that the internal clock and calendar are updated. NOTE The message “CHECK DATE AND TIME ON GPS INIT PAGE” will probably be displayed. Ifthe KLX 100 is not turned on within ten (10) minutes of battery replacement, it is recommended to reset the time and date on the GPS Initialize page. ‘To remove batteries from the KLX 100: FIGURE 2-4 KLX 100 BATTERY COVER CLOSED 1. Slide the bottom cover off to the side, and remove the cover. Refer to Figure 2-4. MMKLX100KRY Page 2-3 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 2. Remove the batteries. 3. Replace the bottom cover by lining up arrows on the bottom cover and the case of the KLX 100. Slide the bottom cover to the side until it stops (Refer to Figure 2-3). 2.3.2 BATTERY TYPES ‘The KLX 100 may use eight (8) Alkaline, rechargeable Alkaline, or rechargeable Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) AA cell batteries. If NiCads are used, itis recommended to purchase high-quality NiCads with a rating of at least 600 mAh (milliamp-hours). Alkaline cells are recommended. Refer to the KLX 100 Operator’s Guide, P/N 006-08782-0001, for further details. NOTE If using NiCad batteries, the battery level shown on the Operation Setup page will not indicate full battery level, even ifthe batteries are fully charged. This is due to the fact that NiCad batteries are typically 1.2 volts cells, compared to the 1.5 volt Alkaline cell. 2.4 ANTENNA 2.4.1. VHF ANTENNA The flexible rubber antenna (P/N 071-01441-0001) that is included with the KLX 100 is very convenient and may be used for both communications and VOR(Weather monitoring purposes. ‘Amore efficient antenna may be required for some applications, particularly when used inside an aircraft, automobile, or other metal enclosure. The “BNC” type connector is standard for aircraft Use, therefore litle dificutty should be encountered when connecting to an existing aircraft antenna. The VOR ratio signals are received best by a horizontal antenna, and communications signals are best received by a vertical antenna. Thisis a good point to keep in mind when trying to receive weak signals. When using the flexible antenna in a cockpit or an automobile, try to place the antenna in the center of a window toward the station you are trying to receive. Remember, ifthe received station is weak and noisy, that station is not likely to hear your transmitter. Try to obtain the best received signal before attempting to call the station. ‘An optional KX 99 VHF Antenna Adapter, P/N 071-01443-0001, is available. The antenna adapter allows the KLX 100 to be used with an existing outside aircraft antenna. The antenna adapter can be permanently installed in the aircraft, and it is connected between the outside aircraft communications or navigation antenna and an existing COMM or NAV receiver. A VHF ‘Antenna Adapter Cable, P/N 155-02477-0000, is required to connect the KLX 100 to the KX 99 VHF Antenna Adapter. When the cable is plugged into the antenna adapter, the existing COMM or NAV receiver will be disconnected from the outside aircraft antenna, and the antenna will now be connected to the KLX 100. When the adapter cable is not plugged in, the existing COMM or NAV receiver will be connected to the outside antenna. Refer to Figures 2-6 through 2-8. NOTE The KLX 100 should not be used as a transceiver when it is connected to an external navigation antenna. This may result in damage to the unit. NOTE Use of an external navigation antenna with the KLX 100 is for VOR monitor purposes only. Page 2-4 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. 2.42 GPS ANTENNA 2.4.2.1 Internal GPS Antenna The KLX 100 has an internal GPS antenna, located at the top of the unit, directly beneath the Bendix/King logo. For best GPS reception using the internal antenna, hold the KLX 100 angled at approximately 25° from horizontal, with the Bendix/King logo facing the sky, as shown in Figure 2-5. FIGURE 2-5 KLX 100 INTERNAL GPS ANTENNA ORIENTATION 2.4.2.2 External GPS Antennas 2.4.2.2.1 Remote Passive GPS Antenna ‘The remote GPS antenna should be used when the KLX 100 cannot be oriented so the internal GPS antenna can “see” satellites. The remote GPS antenna, P/N 071-00110-0001, includes a 5-foot coaxial cable, a suction cup adapter, and a magnetic mount adapter. It may be placed on the glare shield of an aircraft, or the dashboard of an automobile. It should always be oriented so that the top (the side with the AlliedSignal logo) is facing straight up. The suction cup mount swivels so that it may be mounted on glass or plastic surfaces, at any angle, and still allow the GPS antenna to be oriented to maintain good visibility of the satellites in the sky. The magnetic mount slides in underneath the GPS antenna, and will adhere to most metallic surfaces. Again, an upward antenna orientation should be maintained. The antenna cable plugs into the ANT ‘connector on the right side of the KLX 100. Refer to Figure 2-9. 2.4.2.2.2 Aircraft Mounted GPS Antenna The BENDIX/KING KAQ91 and KA92 GPS active antennas, P/N 071-01545-0200 and 071-01553-0200 respectively, may be used with the KLX 100. The Global-Wulfsberg Low Gain GPS Antenna, P/N 121-017686-01, may also be used with the KLX 100. ‘The antenna should be mounted on top of the fuselage near the cockpit. Avoid mounting the antenna near any projections, the propeller, and the T-tail of the aircraft, where shadows could MMKLX100KRY Page 2-5 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM occur. It is recommended that there be a separation of at least 3 ft between the GPS antenna and any VHF Comm antenna on the aircraft. Antenna baseplate must be level within 5" in both axes when the aircraft is level (level is defined as the aircraft attitude required when weighing the aircraft for weight and balance). If the antennais tilted more than + 5° or is mounted close to other objects that shadow it, loss of some of the satellites will occur and system performance may be degraded. 2.4.2.2.3. External GPS Antenna Installation ‘To maintain good performance from the antenna system, do not wax or paint the antenna. ‘A. Using the correct template for the antenna chosen, mark the mounting holes on the aircraft fuselage. B. Drill and/or punch the required holes. C. Use a piece of fine sandpaper or emery cloth to sand the area on the fuselage skin on which the doubler plate for the antenna is to be mounted, and on the aircraft skin under where the antenna will be mounted. D. Apply Alumiprep No. 33, P/N 016-01127-0000, to both the inside and outside areas of the fuselage and to the back of the doubler plate. Follow the directions on the container to cleanse the metal of any left over residue. E. Apply Alodine, P/N 016-01128-0000, to both locations following the directions on the container. This is used to ensure good bonding of the antenna and to prevent oxidation. F. Refer to Figures 2-10 through 2-16 for the installation drawings, and mount the antenna as shown. First rivet the doubler plate in place. It is important that the doubler plate make a good electrical bond with the inside of the aircraft skin and that the antenna itself be well bonded to the aircraft (less than 10 m® to aircraft ground). G. When installing the BENDIX/KING KA 91/92 antenna do not exceed 50 inch-Ibs of torque on the antenna mounting screws. H. Apply a bead of white RTV sealant, P/N 016-01129-0000 or equivalent, around the base of the installed antenna, and also fill the four antenna mounting screw holes with RTV. 2.5 EXTERNAL GPS ANTENNA ADAPTER CABLE When using an aircraft mounted external GPS antenna, it is necessary to use an External GPS Antenna Adapter Cable, P/N 071-00127-0000, to connect the KLX 100 tothe GPS antenna. The ‘antenna cable plugs into the ANT connector on the right side of the KLX 100. Refer to Figure 2-17. 2.6 HEADPHONE/MICROPHONE ADAPTER External headphone (PHONE) and microphone (MIC) jacks are located on top of the KLX 100. The supplied headphone/microphone adapter, P/N 071-00049-0000, allows standard aircraft headphones and microphones to be used with the KLX 100. The clip on the adapter should be ‘connected to the protruding attached point on the right side of the unit, to provide strain relief for the adapter. If a headset with a boom microphone is used, the PTT button on the side of the KLX Page 2-6 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDDX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 100 may be used to key the transmitter. A separate push-to-talk switch may also be used with the headphone/microphone adapter. 2.7. DC POWER ADAPTER CABLE ‘The KLX 100 may also utilize an optional 11-33 VDC Automobile/Alrcraft Cigar Lighter Adapter, PIN 071-00108-0000, to provide the necessary DC power to the unit. This adapter plugs into the DC IN jack located on the right side of the KLX 100. The opposite end of the cable plugs into an automobile/aircraft cigar lighter plug. Refer to Section 3.2.1, of this manual, for detailed instructions regarding the operation of the DC IN jack. 2.8 YOKE-MOUNT ADAPTER ‘The optional yoke-mount adapter, P/N 071-00118-0000, is used to hold the KLX 100 in place on your aircraft's control yoke. ‘The yoke-mount clamp may be rotated to attach to conventional control-yoke shafts. Refer to Figure 2-20. 2.9 PC INTERFACE CABLE ‘The PC Interface Cable, available by ordering the Data Loader Kit, P/N 050-03376-0000, is used to connect the KLX 100 RS 232 port to an “IBM compatible” personal computer, for the purpose of updating the database or software, or connecting to the GPS serial data for driving a map. The PC interface Cable plugs into the RS 232 port located on the right side of the KLX 100. Refer to Figure 2-21. MMKLX100KRY Page 2-7 Rev 0 July/96EXISTING COMM BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM COMM ANT RCVR \1/ 1 OR 2 SEE NOTE 2 4 | + RADIO ANT q Kx 99 COMM OPERAT ION ae °©0O SEE NOTE 2 TWN: NOTES! 2 ‘071-1443-O1 CONTAINS ONE EACH OF 071-1443-00 AND 155-2477-00. INCLUDED WITH 071-1443-00 ARE ONE EACH OF BLUGSED NTO THe ADAPTER FIGURE 2-6 KX 99 VHF ANTENNA ADAPTER INSTALLATION DRAWING MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96 Dwg. No. 155-05709-0000, RO Page 2-9 071-1443-00 — 155-2477-00 EXISTING NAV RCVRS NAV ANT NAV SPLITTER ANTENNA SEE NOTE 2 NAV OPERAT ION RADIO ANT KX 99 +328 ¢.005 DIA AIRCRAFT. PANEL, +500 #010 1.000 +010 +141 2.005 DIA 2 HOLES FOR #4 SCREW 98g HOLE LOCATIONS, FOR BEHIND PANEL MOUNTBENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 057-3512-00 ea 030-0278-00 12) SEE NOTE 1° SEE NOTE 1 @ 047-8554-03 NOTCHES OPPTIONAL RADIO ANT SCHEMATIC FIGURE 2-7 KX 99 VHF ANTENNA ADAPTER ASSEMBLY Dwg. No. 300-04612-0000, R1 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-11 Rev 0 July/96 NOTES «CONNECT TERMINALS WITH KPN 026-0027-00 AND SOLDER. 2.SOLDER TO THE INSIDE OF CAN, B.ASSEMBLE 047-8553-01 INTO 047-8554-02 AND SOLDER 2 PLACES, AT NOTCHES. -BEND_TERMINALS OF _033-0108-00 TO PROVIDE SHORTEST CONNECTION TO BNC CONNECTOR AND CAN. SOME JACKS MAY VARY DUE TO VENDOR DESIGN. REF. 071-1443-00 |BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. Inches Dinenstons = 178 Coax 72.00 2 1.00 ondector cit poe al ‘ Braid oes | rex o3e-coto-00 eon anew 2 (ont Bit Comectay-or egey.) KPN_026-00013-0000 (BG-178,KC-174 or equivalent 50 ohm Coaxial cable) FIGURE 2-8 BNC TO 3.5MM PLUG ADAPTER CABLE ‘Dwg. No. 155-02477-0000, R3 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-13 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM Dimensions: Inch Ref. Artwork 903-99844-2000, 1562 Sa. tena Assembly 671-68118-6003 62.98 22.9 eee 1-5881- 18 ele -——— 2.88 Notes: ‘Abs. Sleeve, {8-32 x 7/8 Pan Hd PHH, 1, Electrical Performance: }~32_Cap Nut with insr. for ref. only Frequency: 1,575 WHz £3 MHz Suction Cup 518 th Bracket 971-98118-2004 FIGURE 2-9 KLX 100 REMOTE PASSIVE GPS ANTENNA Dwg. No. 071-00110-0001, R1 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-15 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. et Dimensio MAX i +70 Inch(MM) 1.00 RAD aLeKoQ x 1800 4 SE 22s 26 Ra 2.90 Gy | AREA 2x 800 ececccccad 211 OA cere THRU HOLE auenn © 2.00 RAD, 4x Cleese . 030 & ee 200 Hears x 1.47 RAD — DEEP, 4x Sik oop SLEND a 911 TNC Connector \ | : a T 094 RAD BLEND x 7 1.00 RAD BLEND, 2x j 20.00 SURFACE RAD FIGURE 2-10 KA 91 OUTLINE Dwg. No. 071-01545-0200, R-4 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-17 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. = a 4x 089-08808-0012 +10-32 PHP SCREW {i2.70] CONDUCTIVE GASKET (047-10130-0002 ae ] ve ae [6-10] a rt 10000000 — -_—---—- —-. ae eee eee | a y— [19.36] (p3.62] | a Hare Ti cp i fp | ] a I : a) .030-00134-0000 Tes 1,600. 73.08) ANTENNA [40.64] a ee MOUNTING PATTERN NOTE: 1, REMOVE PAINT IN AREA OF ANTENNA INSTALLATION. 2, DIMENSIONS IN INCHES [ MILLIMETERS 1 3. FOR BEST PERFORMANCE, BOND BETWEEN AIRCRAFT AND ANTENNA TO BE 10 MILLIOHNS RESISTANCE OF LESS. 4. UNIT WEIGHT .5 LBS .227 KG. ) 5. FILL MOUNTING SCREW HOLES WITH RTV SEALANT. APBLY WHITE RTV SEALANT AROUND BASE OF INSTALLED ANTENNA. KPN’016-01129-0000 OR EQUIVALENT. 6. ANTENNA SHOULD BE MOUNTED +5* WITH AIRCRAFT AT LEVEL FLIGHT ATTITUDE. 7. 0 NOT PAINT ANTENNA. 8. AIRSPEED RATING 600 KTS MAX TAS. 155059990000-. FIGURE 2-11 KA 91 OUTLINE AND MOUNTING Dwg. No. 155-05999-0000, R-5 MMKLX100KRY Page 219 Rev 0 July/96 |BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 4X Q .250 + .001 S1S.07 OASIS) S1F.C1O@IA fe rae eee: NOTES: 1. MATERIAL 1S ALUMINUM SHEET 3003 H'i4 +062 THK. 2. DEBURR AND REMOVE SHARP EDGES 70 <010°R MAX. -------------- +--+ --------------------- 4 ALTERNATE VIEW FIGURE 2-12 KA 91 BACKPLATE OUTLINE Dwg. No. 047-10130-0000/0002, R-2 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-21 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 6.60 R [ Gena} 238 {élend) \1Nne conn Female 4.30 Mox. 1.750 ‘$75 Dia. Conn —s0—|- 1.000) ~Besrnee oe Aedratt 5 32 R 1.D.PLATE 175 Dia. They Hole, Bore Forside io. 1.620 / a Bces . FIGURE 2-13 KA 92 OUTLINE Dwg. No. 071-01553-0200, R-1 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-23, Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. a 7.3) Te QBE FBT ee Y oe a I a [es.4] - _ 4 she : tea 6 bm —- —B- ) [62.5] 071 -01553-0200- oe ‘TNC CONNECTOR BACKING PLATE 187-01831 -o009: MOUNTING PATTERN CONDUCTIVE GASKET (AIRCRAFT SKIND NOTES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: 1. REMOVE PAINT IN AREA OF ANTENNA INSTALLATION. 21 DIMENSION IN INCHES 1 MILLIMETERS } 3. FOR BEST PERFORWANCE, SCND BETWEEN AIRCRAFT AND ANTENNA TO BE 10 MILLIONS RESISTANCE OR LESS. 4. UNIT WEIGHT IS .27 LBS. 12 KG 2 5. APPLY WHITE RTV SEALANT AROUND BASE OF INSTALLED ANTENNA. FILL MOUNTING SCREW HOLES WITH RTV SEALANT. (KPN 016-01128-0000 OR EQUIVALENT) 6. ANTENNA SHOULD BE MOUNTED LEVEL #5* WITH AIRCRAFT AT LEVEL FLIGHT ATTITUDE. 7. DO NOT PAINT ANTENNA. 8. AIRSPEED RATING GOOKTS MAX TAS. ) FIGURE 2-14 KA 92 OUTLINE AND MOUNTING Dwg. No. 155-06019-0000, R-2 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-25 Rev 0 July/96 “9BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM }e—_— 3.00 The 4x B .219 +,002 1.500}/—+ @[¢ .030@/aAlBIC || (.060) [GB .014WIA — ¥ L — 1.000 $19 .o3@]aAlBIC pe - 5.00 1.750 eon NOTES UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: ZX MATERIAL 1S ALUMINUM 2024-73 1.750 QQ-A-250/4, «063 STOCK THICK A\ FINISH 1S GOLD IRIDITE MIL-C-5541 CLASS 1A i 3 DEBURR AND REMOVE SHARP EDGES ce 201R MAX “— 4X RADIUS OR CHAMFER .O8MAX — [.688 1.625 = 047107350000-0002--01.prt FIGURE 2-15 KA 92 BACKPLATE OUTLINE Dwg. No. 047-10735-0000/0002, R-1 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-27 Rev 0 July/96BENDDX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM Amtenna Outline (2.50 Dia) 4 Holes 218 Dia 223 Mounting Holes To Accept No. 10-32 Mounting AIRCRAFT MOUNTING Hardware 4 PL. PATTERN (TOP VIEW) 0.57 (1.44) i f "\ “anc FEMALE CONNECTOR 0.56 (1.42) NOTE: 1. Dimensions are in inches (Centimeters). ZX 1.00” diameter clearance bole in aircraft skin to clear connector. FIGURE 2-16 GLOBAL-WULFSBERG LOW GAIN GPS ANTENNA OUTLINE AND MOUNTING P/N 121-017686-01 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-29 Rev 0 Julyi96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM Dimensions: Inches (mm) OSX cable plug crimp ottochment CAS P/N CAS P/N 030-20468-2001 030-00469-0001 or equivalent or equivalent, 750, CAS P/N 19.0} 626-0001 1-000 Min or equivalent Duol wall shrink a P/N CAS Max 150-90096-0001 ‘or equivalent 18.00.20" 457.2 £5.imm FIGURE 2-17 EXTERNAL GPS ANTENNA ADAPTER CABLE Dwg. No. 155-02858-0000, R2 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-31 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 2 ams a TELAT rat ES a FIGURE 2-18 HEADPHONE/MICROPHONE ADAPTER CABLE Dwg. No. 071-00049-0000, R1 MMKLX100KRY Page 2-33 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM FIGURE 2-19 KLX 100 YOKE MOUNT ADAPTER Dwg. No. 300-05656-0003, R2 |!) || ||BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 35 MIN. = 0 | o ee ea @ PIN FEMALE D-SUB WITH JACK SCREWS MOLEX 70450 9 PIN FEMALE D-SUB FIGURE 2-20 KLX 100 RS-232 ADAPTER CABLE Dwg. No. 155-02843-0000, RO MMKLX100KRY Page 2-37 Rev 0 July/o6BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM SECTION II OPERATION 3.1. INTRODUCTION This section contains basic information regarding the operation and controls of the KLX 100. Detailed information of operation are available in the KLX 100 Operator's Guide, P/N 006-08782~0001. 3.2 GENERAL When using a hand-held radio, itis best to be as high, and as away from obstructions, as possible. fa received station is weak and noisy, itis not likely that they will hear you transmission, Try to get a more favorable location before attempting to transmit. When the KLX 100 is used as navigation receiver (VOR monitor), the audio should be used to Position the radio for best noise-free reception. If an extemal aircraft antenna is used, the KLX 100 may be positioned for convenient viewing. An external navigation antenna will work poorly for communication purposes and is not recommended. For best GPS performance, ensure the GPS antenna (intemal or external) has a clear view of the sky. 8.2.1 UNIT CONTROLS ‘The KLX 100 controls are located in two distinct areas. The Power and COMM controls are located ‘on the control console, on the left side of the unit (refer to Figure 3-2), and the remainder of the controls are situated on the 20-key keypad, on the front of the unit (refer to Figure 3-6). ‘A. Push-to-Talk (PTT) The push-to-talk (PTT) button is the large oval button on the top of the COMM controls panel. Pressing the PTT button allows the unit to transmit on the selected frequency, if it is a valid communications channel. B. Power/Backlight On/Off Press the ON/OFF/LIGHT button, located immediately below the PTT button, once to tum the unit on, and press and hold the switch for three (3) seconds to turn off power to the KLX 100. Pressing the ON/OFF/LIGHT button once will turn the backlighting on at its highest level. To decrease the level of intensity of the backlighting, press the ON/OFF/LIGHT button again. There are three settings of backlighting (besides off). To tun off the unit backlighting, press the ON/OFF/LIGHT button while the lighting control is at the lowest level. NOTE If no keys are pressed for a certain length of time, the display backlighting will tum off (time-out), to conserve battery life. If the display times out, pressing any key will retum the backlighting. The backlighting time-out is adjustable on the Operation Setup page under Main Menu. MMKLX100KRY Page 3-1 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. Internal Microphone FIGURE 3-1 KLX 100 HAND-HELD GPS/COMM Page 3-2 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDIXVKING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM Push To Talk) Power! Backiight | |{{ PTT On/Of ‘Squelcn)_|l| Volume’ Up | Up ‘Squelch) [Y=] (Volume Down Down’ FIGURE 3-2 KLX 100 COMM CONTROLS ©. Squelch (SQL) Adjustment ‘The squelch sensitivity adjustment (SQL) is located on the left side of the COMM controls panel, immediately below the ON/OFF/LIGHT button. Pressing the top button of the squelch (SQL) control will increase the level of squelch. Pressing the bottom button of the squelch (SQL) control will decrease the level of squelch. In the case of the squelch (SQL) control, pressing the bottom button of the contro! increases the received signal that is required to actually hear the received audio. When the squelch control (SQL) is adjusted to the top of the range, the squelch is completely ‘open and receiver noise can be heard through the speaker. Reducing the squelch level until the receiver noise is just eliminated from the speaker will cause only received transmissions to be heard over the speaker. The squelch control (SQL) must be set to tune out the receiver noise for the scanning functions to be operational. The squelch control (SQL) should be adjusted to the highest possible setting for weather (WX) channel operation. NOTE During normal operation, the KLX 100 displays two “pie graphs" at the top of the display. The volume level graph is located on the left, ‘andthe squelch level graph is located onthe right. The more the pie is filed in, the higher the level D. Volume (VOL) Adjustment The volume (VOL) control is similar in function to the squelch control. tis located on the right side of the COMM controls panel, immediately below the ON/OFF/LIGHT bution. Pressing the top button of the volume (VOL) control increases the volume of the received signal. Pressing the bottom button of the volume (VOL) control will decrease the volume of the received signal. MMKLX100KRY Page 3-3 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM FIGURE 3-3 KLX 100 EXTERNAL CONNECTORS E. Antenna BNC Connector ‘The flexible rubber antenna included with the KLX 100, or an external VHF antenna, is connected to this connector. F. Microphone (MIC) Jack When a headset having a boom microphone is used, or an external microphone is used, the microphone connector of the headphone/microphone adapter is plugged into the MIC jack, located on the top of the unit. Also, a microphone having a 3.5 millimeter, 3 conductor plug, with the tip of the connector connected to the mic key line, and the ring connected to the mic audio line, may be plugged directly into this jack. The internal microphone is disabled when this jack is being used. G. Headphone (PHONE) Jack When a headphone is used, the headphone connector of the headphone/microphone adapter is plugged into the PHONE jack, located on the top of the unit. Also, an earphone or an external speaker having a 2.5 millimeter, 2 conductor plug may be plugged directly into this jack. The internal speaker is disabled when this jack is being used. H. GPS Antenna (ANT) Connector ‘An external GPS antenna may be used with the KLX 100 when the internal antenna cannot be oriented to provide adequate GPS signals. The external GPS antenna cable plugs into the ANT jack located on the right side of the KLX 100. Page 3-4 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM FIGURE 3-4 KLX 100 EXTERNAL 1/0 PANEL 1. DEIN Connector ‘The KLX 100 can use extemal DC sources to power the unit. Either an AC-to-DC converter, or an 11-83 V cigarette lighter adapter may be used. Both of these adapters Plug into the DC IN jack located on the right side of the KLX 100. NOTE The DC IN jack, while providing an extemal source of power for the Unit, will not trickle—charge the batteries in the KLX 100. (CAUTION: USE ONLY THE PROPER KLX 100 ACCESSORIES TO PROVIDE EXTERNAL DC POWER. USE OF OTHER DEVICES (SUCH AS THE KX 99 CIGAR LIGHTER ADAPTER) MAY DAMAGE THE UNIT, J. _RS-232 Connector This connector has been provided as a means of transmitting and receiving RS-232 information to/from the KLX 100. The RS-232 jack, located on the right side of the unit, has two serial ports available on the six pin connector. These ports provide the means of connecting the KLX 100 to a personal computer (PC) via an optional interface cable, or to interface with airborne moving map produets. MMKLX100KRY Page 3-5 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. sont spscave port: ransutte 6 etorouo wocomectte p e-fronrReceNe fe vor eau FIGURE 3-5 RS-232 PORTS K. Keypad The keypad of the KLX 100 is composed of four (4) “softkeys", ten (10) alphanumeric “phonepad’ keys, and six (6) other miscellaneous keys. A brief description of these keys appears below. Refer to the KLX 100 Operator's Guide for detailed information regarding their function and usage. 1) Soft Keys There are four (4) unlabeled keys directly below the LCD display on the KLX 100 which are known as ‘softkeys”. The softkeys are multipurpose in that their function changes depending on the page which is displayed and the operation which is being performed. 2) Alphanumeric Keys ‘There are ten (10) alphanumeric keys on the KLX 100 keypad. These “phonepad” keys are used to enter data into the KLX 100 such as user frequencies, waypoints, or other information requiring letters or numbers. 3) Miscellaneous Keys ‘There are six (6) miscellaneous keys on the KLX 100 keypad. These keys are used ‘to perform various functions, ‘such as: a. (PAGE) key - Changes the page type between navigation (NAV), communication (COM), fiight plan (FPL), and menu (MENU). b. (CRSA) key - Toggles the cursor (an area of reverse video where data is entered or selected) on or off. c. (<->) key ~ Initiates the Direct To operation of the KLX 100. A press of this key is followed by entry of the desired Direct To waypoint. d. (SAVE) key - Saves the present position as a user-defined waypoint, for later use. The KLX 100 will give you a default name for the new waypoint, or you may give it a name of your own. Page 3-6 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDDVKING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. FIGURE 3-6 KLX 100 KEYPAD AND SOFTKEYS @. (NRST) key - Gives you a list of the nearest airports, VOR’s, NDB's, intersections, user waypoints, or SUA's relative to your present position. (HELP) key - An on-line help feature which gives you help for the page you were on when the key was pressed, and allows you to look through ‘2 topical help index for tidbits of knowledge. Also used for viewing messages. 3.3 OPERATION Refer to the KLX 100 Operator's Guide, P/N 006-08782-0001, for detailed information regarding ‘operation of the unit. MMKLX100KRY Page 3-7 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM SECTION IV THEORY OF OPERATION 4.1. GENERAL 4.1.1 KLX 100 FEATURES ‘The KLX 100 is a hand-held VHF communications transceiver and GPS receiver. The functional capabilities of the KLX 100 are: ‘A. A microprocessor controlled VHF communication transceiver which operates from 118.00 MHz to 136.975 MHz, in 25 kHz increments, providing 760 channels with scanning feattires, and transmitting with 1.5 watts = .25 watts, B. A microprocessor controlled navigation receiver (VOR monitor only) for VOR signals from 108.00 MHz to 117.975 MHz. C. Amicroprocessor controlled weather receiver for FM weather broadcasts (North ‘American only) in the range of 161.50 MHz to 163.275 MHz, providing 10 channels. D. A microprocessor controlled advanced parallel GPS receiver which can track up to eight satellites simultaneously, E. Digital LCD dot-matrix display of: 1. Moving map graphics for enhanced situational awareness. ‘Support for moving map fight data, or up to thirteen lines of text, ‘A“mini-HS!" feature which provides fight path indication and deviation. Current frequency. Range zooming in 12 scales, from .2 NM to 400 NM. Present position. Nearest airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections, SUAS, and user waypoints. Flight plan. ‘Track history. F. Non-volatile memory storage of all operating data. 4.1.2 KLX 100 ELECTRICAL DESIGN ‘The KLX 100 consists of three primary sections: © Prnearon ‘A. Main Board ~ contains the power supplies, CPU, RAM, flash memories, address decode, LCD buffer, keyboard scan, I/O control, I/O connectors and 3/ V logic level interface. B Comm Board - contains the receiver, transmitter, and frequency synthesizer. MMKLX100KRY Page 4-1 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM C. GPS RF Board - contains the GPS RF downconverter, without the antenna. 4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM CIRCUIT THEORY 4.2.1. MAIN BOARD 424.4 Power Supplies 4.2.1.1.1 LowVoltage Power Supply ‘The main system power supply produces the following power outputs: 5V_MAIN: Main system 5 volt supply. 3.5V_MAIN: Main system 3.3 volt supply. Flash_Vpp: FLASH memory program voltage. 5 volt supply for the GPS Board. 3.3 volt supply for the GPS Board. ‘COMM Board positive supply. COMM Board transmitter final-stage collector supply. Post-filtered 5 volt for the COMM Board. Power supply ground. GND: Shield ground GND: Digital ground. GPS_GND: GPS Receiver Board ground. COM_GND: COMM Board ground. 42.1.1.2 Backlighting Supply ‘The EL backlighting supply produces a high voltage AC excitation signal that is appliedto the LCD EL panel. The phosphorin the panel glows when excited, similar in mechanism to CRT phosphor, providing a uniform display luminance, The keyboard backlighting is provided by a bank of LED's. 4211.3 LCD Bias Variable LCD bias is provided for user adjustable display contrast. 4242 CPU, RAM, and Flash Memories 421.21 CPU ‘The KLX 100 utilizes only one CPU for both the GPS and user interface processing. The CPU is a Motorola® MC68330. It utilizes a CPUS2 core, four programmable chip-select lines (FPGA is Used to do further address decoding), an internal timer and watchdog, two 8-bit discrete /O ports (eharing wit interrupt pins), and is capable of running at 16 MHz with a3.3 volt supply. Atthe CPU Jevel, one chip-select line is assigned to each of the following: flash (also as power up default), RAM, GPS ASIC, and FPGA. Four IRQ lines are used: IRQ6 forthe GPS baseband 1 ms interrupt, IRQ 3 and IRQ 4 for the two RS 282 channels; end IRQ 1 for FPGA functions (LCD and keyboard). The remaining four bits in port b, es well as the 8 bits in port a, are used as discrete /O lines. Port alines control various power supply switches, while port blines control a speech chip on the COMM Board, and ‘selection of GPS antenna input. Page 4-2 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 42122 RAM ‘The RAM chips used on the KLX 100 are two 128 kbyte static RAMs. The RAMs operate at 3.3 volts, and provide 100 ns read/write access times in an 8-bit configuration. There are two chip select lines, and one is connected to master reset in order to prevent any access before power rail has stabilized during the power up sequence. The two lines are used in “parallel” to provide 2 16-bit configuration. Their Vcc supply is obtained through a power management and monitoring IC. As long es power remains connected, the RAMs will be safe. Power interruption of less than one second is tolerable, although the current software will invalidate the RAM, unless proper power down sequences are followed, 42123 FlashMemory The flash memory used in the KLX 100 is the Intel© 28F016 “flash-file” series, or the 28F800/400/200 “boot-block” series, operating at 3.3 volts, with 16-bit data I/O capability. ‘Currently, one 28F016SA70 is used per unit, giving a 120 ns access time. These memory chips have software block and hardware protection override features. Because of compatibility concerns, the chip-select lines are routed through the FPGA. The current 28F016 flash requires 12 volts Vp in order to be programmed. 4.2.1.2.4 GPS ASIC, RS 232 Ports, 32 kHz Oscillator, Real-Time Clock ‘The GPS ASIC has two power planes, one for main power (as used in GPS signal processing), and another forthe battery backup low current oscillator. The ASIC has three IRQ lines connected tothe CPU: IRQ 6 for 1 ms GPS processing interrupt (this signal is valid only when the 44 MHz REF_CLK signal is active), IRQ 3 for RS 232 channel one, and IRQ 4 for RS 232 channel two. Os from the two channels are then routed to a 3/5 level shifter/buffer and subsequent TTL RS 232 translator. The GPS baseband ASIC is part of the AlliedSignal multi-channel GPS-XPRESS receiver ‘engine. It is used in conjunction with @ microprocessor and the AlliedSignal developed GPS RF MMIC to facilitate: ‘Acquiring GPS and proposed WADGPS Satellite Vehicle Signals. Demodulating Navigation data from the carrier, (including proposed WADGPS). Obtaining measurements used for pseudo-ranges. Estimating the Carrier/Noise ratio. Providing GPS Clock corrected 1 PPS timing output. Differential Corrections Serial communication channels, (LADGPS). Master/Slave interface for designs using muttiple baseband ASIC's. Individual Channel Clock disable controls for Low Power Applications. Hardware Carrier Aiding, Multipath Fittering, Normalization and Narrowband Correlation. j. Non-volatile GPS (Z)Clock. ‘The BaseBand ASIC is composed of two distinct sections, as shown in figure (12). The first section is the systems block. It is composed of two programmable interrupt timers, (One millisecond and ‘One second), a non-volatile Real Time Clock, (Z-clock), a DUART, (Dual channel Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter), and a Clock interface. This section supports the GPS-XPRESS microprocessor in performing Real Time processing of GPS signals and communications with the system itis imbedded in. The other section is the DSP section. It uses ryespaoop MMKLX100KRY Page 4-3 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM. 8 separate channels for acquisition and tracking of GPS C/A coded signals and a common IF interface block. The IF interface samples the MMIC’s 12 MHz IF In-phase and Quadrature rents with the 44 Mhz reference clock. Itthen fiters the sampled IF to a 10 Mhz bandwidth and presents 2 bit, (Magnitude and Sign), | and Q samples at the final IF of 1.115 Mhz. The DSP channels are composed of five distinct sections as shown in figure (1b). Each channel consists of: (1) G1/G2 Linear Feedback Shift Registers, (LFSR's), for generating the selected SV C/A code ‘and phase. Also included is an Early-Late Code generator with variable window settings in 0.2 of a chip and a fine Bit-Phase adjustment for correcting cycle slips. This feature allows Code Phase tracking to within one carrier cycle, (20 cm). (2) 24 bit NCO for generating the final IF frequency, corrected for Doppler. (8) Hardware carrier-aiding and clock correction circuitry for deriving the corrected 1.023 Mhz Gode clock plus Doppler for the G1/G2 LFSR's. This feature allows the baseband software to update the Code tracking loop only for cycle slip corrections, since the code rate is automatically adjusted for Doppler and phase corrections made in the NCO hardware. (4) Prompt and Early-Late Mixers for correlation detection of the sampled IF. (6) Prompt and Early-Late In-Phase (|) and Quadrature (Q) Integrators. These integrators count the number of correlation pulses, (+1, 0, 1), which occur during the programmed integration period. The integration period may reference either the local one millisecond timer or the SV Code epoch from the Code generator. They can also be programmed to integrate over multiple periods, (narrow-band correlation). The block diagrams in Figures 4-1 and 4-2 describe the basic overall structure of the GPS-XPRESS ASIC. asia su FIGURE 4-1 GPS-XPRESS ASIC FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM MMKLX100KRY Pe a4 toot Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 1.0 Prompt Integrators GE5E P Code Generator Contrat — LO Early Late Integrators FIGURE 4-2 GPS-XPRESS BASEBAND CHANNEL DIAGRAM ‘The 82 kHz crystal oscillator provides the necessary clock signal to the real-time clock chip, and to the CPU when the main 3.3 volt line power is up. The real-time clock utilizes serial I/O, and is controlled by the FPGA for read/write operations. 4.2125 FPGA ‘The FPGA provides a flexible solution as “glue logic’ in the KLX 100. It performs a multitude of functions including address decoding, LCD buffering, keyboard scan, /O control to the COMM Board, and an on-board real-time clock. The KLX100 Field Programmable Gate Array is part of the AlliedSignal KLX100 handheld GPS/COMM product. Itis usedto interface the microprocessor with the various peripheral devices on the Main and Comm boards. It specifically interfaces to the following: HITACHI HD66108 LCD controller on the LCD display assembly. Main board keypad and Push to Talk (PTT) board assembly. Main board Serial Real Time Clock. Various serial devices on the Comm board which includes the following: Speech Play/Recorder AD poop Synthesizer/Tuner DIA Digital Potentiometers @. Discrete I/O control to and from the Comm Board. The chip is composed of four distinct sections, as shown in figure (1). The CMD block, the LCD block, the KEYBD block and SERIAL_IO block. The CMD block contains all the circuitry to indirectly address all the on board control registers in the other sections. It also contains a status register for monitoring interrupts and other discrete inputs. The other blocks contain local control ‘and deta registers for communications with each peripheral. Each block is discussed in further detail in the next section. MMKLX100KRY Page 4-5 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM ‘The general block diagram in Figure 4-3 describes the overall structure of the FPGA. FIGURE 4-3 FPGA FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM 4.2.1.2.5.1 Address Decode ‘Address decoding is provided in order to relieve the shortage of chip-select lines in the CPU, and to facilitate testing. CS 0, from the CPU, is further decoded into two signals, CSROM 0 and CSROM 1, depending on the level of a board-jumpered address line. These two signals are used to select flash memory chips. There is also a control line (TST_INH) which, when grounded, will tri-state CSROM 0 and CSROM 1, so that they can be driven from the test setup providing an alternate source for the flash. 4.2.1.2.5.2 CMD Block This block provides the basic interface logic to facilitate communications with the microprocessor. Itincludes a data bus, (D{7:0)), an address bus, (A[1:0]), and a control interface. Please note that {A[1:0] are connected to Addr[2:1] on the processor address bus on the main board. The following map refiects this arrangement. The microprocessor pesses commands to the CMD register set to control and communicate with the other blocks. The interrupt output, IRQ, is controlled through individual masking of interrupt sources and acknowledge commands within the chip. The address space of the FPGA is defined as follows: [REGISTER NAME IDENT |BASELOCATION |SIZE BOW ‘Control Register 0 ‘CRO ‘0x0 Oxi Ww Control Register 1 CRI 0x2 ‘Oxt Ww ‘Control Register 2 (CR2 0x4 (xt RW ‘Status Register ‘SRO ‘0x0 ‘Oxt R KeyBd Data Register |KDR 0x2 ‘Oxt R Serial Data Register [SDR 0x6 Oxi R ‘TABLE 4-1 MEMORY MAP FOR GLU_IO FPGA Page 4-6 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM Except for direct LCD data transfers, all commands take the following format: ‘Step 1: write a data byte to CR2 (omit for [ACK commands where there is no data) ‘Step 2: write a command byte to CRO to indicate what action to take with the data sent ‘Step 3: (needed only for reading from FPGA) read data byte from KDR/SDR ‘The command byte written to CRO is referred to as the indirect address in this document. This structure enables the FPGA to use only two address lines while having up to 256 different commands. However, the steps must be atomic, Le. in software, interrupts must be blocked while executing these commands to prevent data contention and corruption. Control register 0 facilitates the transfer of data through indirect addressing and the ‘acknowledgment of interrupt requests from various sources. 42.1253 LCD Block The LCD controller chip can be modeled as an I/O port with an indirect address scheme and only one address line (RS). The CPU sends commands to this port, and fils the internal memory on the controller. The controller takes whatis in its memory, and performs all the scanning and display chores. This relieves the CPU of display scanning, and other tedious tasks. However, the interface VO cycle is 2 us et 3.3 volts, and is out of range of the CPU, which can configured to up to three wait states. Moreover, when the controller receives a command, it often needs additional processing time before it can accept another task. An 8-bit latch was added in the FPGA and reconstructed I/O signals. The CPU will see this port as @ zero wait state, and an interrupt will trigger the subsequent data write. ‘The FPGA also provides necessary signals for controlling the negative bias voltage of -7 volts to 13 volts, the EL backlighting driver circuit, and the LED keyboard backlight control. 42.12.54 Keyboard Scan ‘The KLX 100 has a full telephone” style keyboard, and a six key PTT/Volume/Squelch/On-Off keyboard, for a total of 26 keys. In addition, the unit can accept an externally keyed microphone. ‘All keys are scanned by the FPGA, with a minor exception of the ON/OFF key. The ON/OFF key is connected directly to the power supply circuitry. Itis also scanned, butthe scanning will not start until the circuit is powered up. ‘The FPGA performs the scanning in orderto relieve the CPU from this task, thus providing forless demand on the CPU. It scans a 5x5 matrix, for 25 keys, at a selectable frequency. It can be programmed to set a flag, or generate an interrupt ( and also set a flag), when it detects that akey has been pressed. It willthen output the scanned matrix a 5-byte array, with the ON/OFF key and extemal microphone key attached to byte 0. It will resume scanning after an |ACK command is received. After scanning the entire keyboard once without detecting a key press, it will set a flag indicating this condition. This makes it possible to detect the release of a key. 4.2.1.2.5.5 1/0 Control ‘There ere approximately 15 discrete digital ines going from the Main Board to the COMM Board for various controlling functions. Except for 3 lines controlling the sound chip, all lines are controlied by the FPGA. These lines include all the device select lines, serial data input, output, serial clock signal, and a pulse-width detection line (SYN_LOCK). The FPGA also controls /O lines to the real-time clock chip since itis serial in nature. MMKLX100KRY Page 4-7 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 4.2.1.2.5.5 JO Connectors, 3/5 V Logic Level Interface ‘The KLX 100 incorporates several I/O connectors that provide communication between the Main Board and other boards. They are as follows: 4. An 80-pin test connector which has all address, data, CPU /O control signals, BDM ‘signals, boundry scan signals, some FPGA control lines, and a wealth of power supply and voltage sensing lines. 2. A30-pin Comm. board connector which has allthe FPGA and CPU comm |/O controllines, ‘some power supply lines, temperature and battery monitor lines. 8. A20-pin LCD connector which is connected to the FPGA LCD control lines, 3.3 volt Voc, negative bias voltage, and two high voltage AC EL lines. 4. A10-pin PTT keyboard connector which connects to the six key PTT keyboard. 5. A6-pin RS 282 connector which has two RS 282 channels, a ground, and an ON/OFF sensing line whichis the same as the ON/OFF switch. If this line is taken to logic high (must be <5 V), the unit will be turned on (if it is off), or it will start the countdown sequence for shutdown (if the unit is on). 6. A20-pin connector to the GPS RF Board which has several GPS signal lines, power supplies, a44 MHz clock line, temperature sensing line, and three antenna select/sensing lines. 4.2.2 COMM BOARD 4.2.21 General ‘The following information pertains to the COMM portion of the KLX 100. The COMM receiver tunes three bands, listed below: A. NAV band: 108.00 MHz to 117.95 MHz in 50 kHz steps. B, COMM band: 118.000 MHz to 196.975 MHz in 25 kHz steps. ©. WX band: 10 channels, 1 through 10, as follows: CH1 162,550MHz CH6 162.500 MHz CH2 162.400MHz CH7 — 162.525 MHz CHS = 162.475MHz = CH8 —161.650 MHz CH4 = 162.425MHz = CH9-—161.775 MHz CHS = 162.450MHz 9 CH10-—163.275 MHz The COMM transmitter operates in the band from 118.000 MHz to 196.975 MHz in 25 kHz steps. ‘The operation of the receiver and transmitter is controlled from the keypad of the KLX 100. 42.2.2 COMM Architecture ‘The KLX 100 transceiver consists of primarily four sections, the receiver, transmitter, @ frequency synthesizer, and a microcontroller interface. Page 4-8 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM ) 4.2.2.21 Receiver ‘The KLX 100 receiver consists of the following blocks. Each of these blocks will be discussed in detail later in this manual. 4. Antenna 1st Preselector RF Amplifier 2nd Preselector RF Dto A Converter Preselector Tuning Circuit 1st Mixer {1st IF Filter and Matching Networks 1st IF Amplifier and AGC Network oxen rnaon 2nd IF Amplifier and AGC Network 10. 3rd IF Amplifier and AGC Network 11. IF D to A Converter Matching Network Tuning Circuit 12. AM Detector ) 13. AGC Amplifier 14. FM IF Amplifier and Detector 15. AM and FM Signal Matching Network 16. Audio Amplifier 42.222 — Transmitter ‘The KLX 100 transmitter consists of the following blocks. Each of these blocks will be discussed in detail later in this manual. 1, Transmitter MIC KEY Circuit 2, Transmitter Modulation Amplifier Circuit 3, Transmitter Modulation Leveling Circuit 4. Transmitter Power Amplifier 5. Transmitter Harmonic Filter 42.223 Frequency Synthesizer ‘The KLX 100 frequency synthesizer consists of the following blocks. Each of these blocks will be ) discussed in detail later in this manual. MMKLX100KRY Page 4.9 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM 1. VCO Circuit 2. VCO Buffers 3, Synthesizer Chip 4.2.2.2.4 Microcontroller interface ‘The KLX 100 microcontroller interface consists of the following blocks. Each of these blocks will be discussed in detail later in this manual. 1. 8.3 Vto 5.0 V Logic Level Translators 2. Demuttiplexer Circuit 3. Ato D Signal Level Monitor Circuits 42.3 GPS RF BOARD There are three basic purposes of the GPS RF Board: 1. Frequency Conversion 2, Reference Clock Generation 3. Temperature Sensing First, the GPS RF Board receives the 1575.42 MHz GPS RF signal from orbiting satellites via a microstrip patch antenna, amplifies and frequency converts those signals to usable levels for the digital baseband processor. To achieve this, a dual downconverter is implemented to convert the frequency from 1575.42 MHz to 12.012 MHZ, while attaining approximately 100 dB of downconversion gain. There is an RF connector on the board which exits out the side of the KLX 100, to accommodate an external patch antenna, if desired. This external patch antenna can be either passive (DC shorted), or active (+5 VDC). Ifno external antennaiis used, the unit will power up using an intemal patch antenna. Secondly, a 43.428 MHz clock signal is generated and delivered to the baseband processor's ASIC. This signal is tapped from the board's phase-locked oscillator loop, and then amplified before being sent over to the baseband processor's ASIC. Finally, an analog voltage corresponding to the ambient unit temperature is generated with an on-board temperature sensor, and delivered to an A to D converter on the COMM Board. This temperature information is used to predict the GPS crystal offset frequency, for quick signal lock—on. Itis also used to automatically adjust the LCD's contrast over temperature. ‘The GPS RF Board requires a +3.3 VDC and +5.0 VDC for its operation, which it receives from the Main Board's power supply via the J2 pins. 4.2.3.1 Low-Noise Amplifiers ‘The purpose of the low-noise amplifiers (LNA) Q34 and Q35, is to establish a low system noise figure, and thus the ultimate signal-to-noise ratio capability of the unit. if the unit is using the buitt-in patch antenna, then itwill detect this andthe Q35 LNA will be biasedin the on condition via U25-C. The gain and noise figure of G35 is chosen such that the system's noise figure, and the resulting ultimate signal-to-noise ratio, is acceptable to the digital baseband processor. The Page 4-10 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM output of Q35 is connected to one port (R158) of a power combiner (R134, R157, and R158), and the signal then goes through another gain stage, U33, and the front-end noise spectrum is then defined by FL1. Similarly, if the unit is using an external antenna, Q35 is biased off, and Q34 is biased on via U25-A. The GPS signalthen gets amplified in the same manner, except, itis inputto the other port of the power combiner at R157. The signal path is common for the internal or ‘extemal patch antenna after the resistive power combiner. 4.2.3.2 Downconverter ‘There are two frequency conversions which take place on the GPS RF Board. The first frequency conversion takes place in the U7 MMIC, and converts the incoming GPS frequency of 1575.42 MHz to 185.72 MHz. The second conversion occurs in the U11 MMIC, and converts the first IF frequency of 185.72 MHz to 12.012 MHz. The first converter, U7, serves a dual purpose. First it contains a Gilbert-Cell type double-balanced mixer, and serves to perform the frequency conversionto the first IF. Second, it contains the L-Band oscillator transistor, that together with an extemal varactor and inductor, is used to generate the first local oscillator frequency of 1389.7 MHz. Therefore, U7 is the active part of the L-Band voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). 42.3.3 RF and IF Filtering ‘The GPS RF Board contains four stages of RF/IF filtering on the board. First, there is an L-Band dielectric iter, FL, that is used to define the front end noise spectrum at 1575.42 MHz. Second, there is a capacitively coupled LC bandpass fitter, centered at 185.72 MHz, placed between the U7 ‘and U11 downconverters. Third, there is a 12.012 MHz IF LC impedance matching filter placed between U11, pins 5 and 7. Finally, there is an LC tank following U11, pin 13, that is resonant at 12.012MHz, The composite system 3 dB bandwidth is approximately 7 MHz, and no adjustments to center frequency or bandwidth are required. 4234 Comparator The Main Board's baseband processor ASIC requires two 180° out-of-phase GPS signals from the GPS RF Board so it can derive the signals magnitude and sign (— or +). To generate these two signals, transformer T1 converts the single-ended signal from U11, pin 13, into two out-of-phase signals, at its secondary winding. One of the signals is fed into one of the U21 comparators, while the other is fed to the other comparator. Since each signal goes into each comparator's non-inverting terminal, U21-A\s output will be a logic low whenever U21-B's output is at logic high, and vice versa. That is, since the comparator's inputs are 180° out-of-phase, so too are their outputs. The U21 comparator output signals are thus defined as MAG_SGN+ and MAG_SGN~. 42.35 Phase-Locked Loop ‘The purpose of the phase-locked loop is twofold. First, it provides the two local oscillator signals required to performthe two frequency downconversions. Oneis at 1389.7 MHz, and the other is at 173,712 MHz. Second, it provides the Main Board's baseband processor ASIC with a reference clock at 43.428 MHz, from which the GPS system timing is derived. All of these signals are phase and frequency locked to a 10.857 MHz reference crystal oscillator defined by Q13, Y1, and their associated Hartley Oscillator circuitry. The reference port ofthe U14 phase/frequency detector therefore receives this 10.857 MHz signal, and uses it to lock the L-Band VCO at the proper 1889.7 MHz frequency. ‘The L-Band VCO signal at 1389.7 MHz is generated by the U7 MMIC and its associated varactor, CRI, and an inductor printed onto the circuit board. This signals used directly in U7 to performthe MMKLX100KRY Page 4-11 Rev 0 July/96BENDD/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM first frequeney downconversion, but some of the power is coupled back o the PLL loop where itis divided in frequency by the appropriate factor, using discrete prescalers defined by U19, U12, US ‘and US. The output of the US prescaler is deliveredito the variable port of the phase detector, U14, Where the phase detector output voltage will either pump up or down, toforce the L-Band VCO to lock to ts proper 1389.7 MHz frequency. At appropriate points in the loop, the 178.712 MHz and the 43.428 MHz signals are tapped and fed back to the second downconverter, and the Main Board's baseband ASIC, respectively. 42.36 Temperature Sensing and Crystal Frequency Tracking Since there are no hardware adjustments on the board to tune the crystal oscillator to exactly 10.857 MHz, it is required to track the temperature (with U29) of the crystal, Y1, so that its frequency offset error can be found in a ROM look-up table on the Main Board. That is, the frequency offset versus temperature curve shape of each crystal should be fairly similar even though the absolute frequency offset for a given temperature will vary from crystal to crystal. ‘Therefore, after the frequency offset is found at 25 °C at system checkout, a calibration factor can be applied to the ROM look-up table at each temperature of interest. A given temperature will imply an associated crystal frequency offset for that unt, and the baseband processor can quickly lock on to the GPS signal at any temperature. ‘A second function of the temperature sensor is to automatically adjust the LCD display's contrast over the full operating temperature range, so that it does not darken or wash out. 42.8.7 ‘Antenna Configuration ‘The GPS RF Board was designed to accept GPS signals from either a built-in microstrip patch ‘antenna, or an external microstrip active or passive antenna. Since the KLX 100 is for airborne tse, most often the standard extemal passive patch antenna, anincluded accessory, willbe used. ‘The antenna is attached to the inside of the aircraft's windshield using the suction-cup mount provided with the antenna, for best GPS reception. The KLX 100 will automatically sense 0” Pigernel antenna plugged into the uni, and will switch signal paths to accept the appropriate GPS Signal, The proviso is that the extemal passive patch antenna must have @ DC short circuit to enable the KLX 100 to detect the short circuit, and that the active antenna must be powered from +5 VOC at <25 mA. 4238 Power Requirements The GPS RF Boardis powered from the +5 VDC and the +3.3 VDC lines. The current draw onthe 45 VDC line is typically 30 mA, while the +3.3 VDC line typically draws 60 mA. 43 DETAILED CIRCUIT THEORY 4.3.1. MAIN BOARD 4344 Power Supplies 4.8.1.1.1 Low Voltage Power Supply Extemal power is supplied to J6, the extemal DCjack. The circuitry associated with 34 and G55 protect the unit from extemal DC input voltages in excess of approximately 15 VDC. When the erternalinput voltage levelis belowthe the CR1 4 zener voltage, Q34 is biased on via R174. In this oxic the LVPS is electrically connected to the extemal source. When the external input voltage Gyeoeds the CR14 zener voltage, 35 conducts and Q 34 is immediately shut off. 12 MMKLX100KRY foamed Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM ‘The battery is connected at E1 and E4. When no extemal DC source is plugged into J6, CR11 is |, connecting the negative battery line to the power supply ground. When external power is plugged into J6, CR11 is put in series with the negative (—) battery line, preventing reverse current from fiowing through the battery. Ifthe external DC voltage is reduced such that the voltage at the cathode of CR17 reaches the value of the internal battery voltage less a diode drop, the intemal battery will take over and maintain the internal voltage at that level. CR17 prevents the battery from supplying current to the external DC supply. U16 is 23.3 V/5 V dual output buck switching power supply controller. In addition to converter control, it provides two non-dedicated comparators for extemal use. It controls DC-DC conversion at a switching frequency of 300 kHz at heavy loads, and reverts to pulse frequency modulation at lighter loads, Dual PFET Q9 operates as the buck switch, while dual NFET Q10 operates as a synchronous rectifier for inductor fiywheel current conduction. L1 and L2 are the power inductors used forthe conversion. The differential voltages across R1 and R&4 represent the current flowing in the inductors, and provide current level feedback to the controller. This differential voltage is used in conjunction with the single-ended voltages at the output side of the resistors, to regulate the output voltages. ‘The two on-board comparators of U16 have weak current source outputs that can be pulled high or low extemally. Comparator 1 is used as a flip-flop for unit ON/OFF control. When the unitis off, the output of Q1 is in the low state, pulling the shutdown input low. Since Q1 is connected to the D1 input, a given output state of the comparator is maintained until forced into the other state, When the external ON button is pressed, D1 is pulled high through CR6. When the output of Q1 transitions tothe high state, itil latch in that state andthe ON/OFF button can be released without effect. The ON/OFF button state is also passed to the CPU via Q17. The CPU controls the unit shutdown via Q16. When Q16 conducts, D1 will be pulled low as soon as the ON/OFF button is released. The comparator then latches into the low state and the converter is shut down. U15 functions as the low-voltage CPU reset and memory backup supply controller. R19 and C251 sense, rectify, and filter the 3.3 V converter switching waveform for use as a battery level detection signal when the unit is operating. The circuit doesnot load the battery when the unit is off. ‘The circuitry associated with U17 comprise the 12 V power supply. It can produce 12 V or simply pass the battery voltage through. The battery s passed through (less a schottky diode drop) when Q24-2is tumed on and 12 Vis produced when, in addition, CONV_SWis pulled low. The mode of operation is determined by the CPU. Theres also an auniliary control function that, if programmed by the placement of R219, allows a different output voltage to be produced when Vpp is turned on. Q15 switches COM_V+ and FLASH_Vpp via CPU control. Q24~1 switches GPS_3.3V via CPU control. 4.3.1.1.2 _ Backlighting Supply Q18, 219, Q26, L10, CRS, C124, R137, R90, RBB, R86, R124, R125, R115, R122, andthesecond comparator of U16 generate the high voltage for the EL backlighting drive circuit. The circuit is a boost switching converter operating at 82 kHz. It produces an unloaded voltage of around 120V. ‘The output level is limited to this value by applying a divided-down version of the output to the comparator in U16. Comparator output Q2 disables the converter when this voltage is exceeded. ‘The limiting voltage level is typically not attained under actual dynamic loading. MMKLX100KRY Page 4-13 Rev 0 July/96BENDIX/KING KLX 100 HANDHELD GPS/COMM Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q28, CRI, CR10, R139, R145, R142, R146, R116, R143, R140, and R147 comprise a bridged-output EL panel driver. R138 functions as a current limiter. Its outputs are switched between ground and the HV supply level at a 450 Hz rate. The transient capacitive loading causes the output waveform to take on exponential rise and fall characteristics. Typical panel loading is less than 5 mA. Q30 and Q29 switch on DS1 - DS4 (LEDs) under CPU control to backlight the main keyboard. 4.3.1.1.3 LOD Bias ‘The negative (-) bias supply forthe LCD panelis generated by the circuitry associated with U18-A and U18-B, VLCD_PWMis a pulse width modulated digital-level signal. The circuitry of U18—A integrates this signal, iriverts it, andlevel shifts the result by ~7.5V. Inthis way, 0% to 100% range in pulse width corresponds to a bias signal range of -7.5V to -13V. Controlled bythe CPU, U18-B tums the bias signal on or off via Q31. C103, C128, C158, CR12, and CR18 generate the negative supply for U18 by referencing an external diode-capacitor DC restoration stage to the RS 232 IC (U2) negative supply charge pump output. The DC restoration is driven by the 3.3V converter switching waveform, 4.3.1.2 Logic Level Power Switches ‘The power supply circuits are controlled by the CPU through discrete logic lines. These control lines include (net names: descriptions): The lines controlled from port A of the CPU (U18) are: 3.3V_MAIN_SW: to switch off the main 3.3V supply to the entire Main Board GPS_RF_S' to switch on and off the 3.3V supply to the GPS RF Board 12V_MAIN_SW: to switch input power to 12V converter (U11, MAX771) CONV_SW: to activate the 12V converter FLASH_Vpp_SW: to enable 12V/5V Gumper selected) output to the flash Vpp line COM_5V_SW: to enable SV output to the COMM Board ‘The lines controlled by the FPGA (U24) are: LED_ON: to switch on and off backlighting LEDs on the keyboard EL_BASE, LCD_BKLITE: _ signals used in the EL power circuit to generate 100Vrms 400 Hz lines VLCD_PWM: pulse-width modulation signal for controlling LCD negative bias Other lines are: ON_BUTTON: to control the tuming on of the 3.3V and 5V main powers ON_HI: 5V reference output, used to short to ON_BUTTON only oct DC power input, can take 7V to 12V LeD_v. -9V negative bias input for LCD biasing circuit 43.1.3 Power Monitoring “The input power monitoring is accomplished in several ways. U15 (MAX704) monitors the 3.3V main rail. Ifit drops to lower than 3.1V, ereset will be issued by pulling the reset line low. This chip Page 4-14 MMKLX100KRY Rev 0 July/96