# [ Data Visualization and Interpretation ] {CheatSheet}

1. Basic Plotting with Matplotlib

● Line Plot: plt.plot(x, y)

● Scatter Plot: plt.scatter(x, y)
● Bar Chart: plt.bar(x, height)
● Histogram: plt.hist(data)
● Pie Chart: plt.pie(sizes, labels=labels)
● Boxplot: plt.boxplot(data)
● Subplots: fig, ax = plt.subplots()
● Error Bars: plt.errorbar(x, y, yerr=error)

2. Plot Customization

● Title and Labels: plt.title('Title'); plt.xlabel('X Label');

plt.ylabel('Y Label')
● Legend: plt.legend(['label1', 'label2'])
● Axis Limits: plt.xlim([xmin, xmax]); plt.ylim([ymin, ymax])
● Color and Style: plt.plot(x, y, color='blue', linestyle='--',
marker='o')
● Custom Ticks: plt.xticks([ticks], [labels]); plt.yticks([ticks],
[labels])
● Gridlines: plt.grid(True)
● Text Annotations: plt.text(x, y, 'annotation')

3. Plotting with Seaborn

● Density Plot: sns.kdeplot(data)

● Pair Plot: sns.pairplot(df)
● Heatmap: sns.heatmap(data)
● Violin Plot: sns.violinplot(x='x', y='y', data=df)
● Facet Grid: g = sns.FacetGrid(df, col='col'); g.map(plt.hist,
'target')
● Count Plot: sns.countplot(x='x', data=df)
● Joint Plot: sns.jointplot(x='x', y='y', data=df)

By: Waleed Mousa

4. Time Series Visualization

● Time Series Line Plot: plt.plot(date, values)

● Seasonal Decompose Plot: from statsmodels.tsa.seasonal import
seasonal_decompose; decomposition = seasonal_decompose(ts);
decomposition.plot()
● Autocorrelation Plot: pd.plotting.autocorrelation_plot(series)

5. Geospatial Data Visualization

● Basic Map with Folium: import folium; m = folium.Map(location=[lat,

long]); m
● Choropleth Maps: folium.Choropleth(geo_data=geo_json,
data=df).add_to(m)
● Geopandas Basic Plot: gdf.plot(column='column')

6. Advanced Plotting Techniques

● 3D Plotting with Matplotlib: from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import

Axes3D; fig = plt.figure(); ax = fig.add_subplot(111,
projection='3d')
● Parallel Coordinates: pd.plotting.parallel_coordinates(df,
'class_column')
● Radar/Spider Chart: from math import pi; N = len(categories);
angles = [n / float(N) * 2 * pi for n in range(N)]; ax =
plt.subplot(111, polar=True)

7. Plotting with Pandas

● DataFrame Line Plot: df.plot()

● DataFrame Bar Plot: df.plot.bar()
● DataFrame Histogram: df.hist()
● Area Plot: df.plot.area()
● Scatter Matrix: pd.plotting.scatter_matrix(df)

8. Interactive Visualizations

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● Interactive Plot with Plotly: import plotly.express as px; fig =
px.line(df, x='x', y='y'); fig.show()
● Bokeh Line Plot: from bokeh.plotting import figure, show; p =
figure(); p.line(x, y); show(p)
● Streamlit for Web Apps: import streamlit as st; st.line_chart(df)

9. Visualization Customization and Aesthetics

● Seaborn Themes: sns.set_style('whitegrid')

● Matplotlib Colormap: plt.scatter(x, y, c=z, cmap='viridis')
● Seaborn Palette: sns.set_palette('pastel')
● Customizing with Matplotlib rcParams:
plt.rcParams.update({'font.size': 12, 'figure.figsize': (10, 8)})

10. Statistical Data Visualization

● Distribution Plot: sns.distplot(data)

● Boxplot with Outliers: sns.boxplot(x='x', y='y', data=df)
● Swarm Plot: sns.swarmplot(x='x', y='y', data=df)
● Violin Plot with Split: sns.violinplot(x='x', y='y', data=df,
split=True)

11. Advanced Seaborn Plots

● Regplot for Regression: sns.regplot(x='x', y='y', data=df)

● LM Plot for Linear Models: sns.lmplot(x='x', y='y', data=df)
● Cluster Map: sns.clustermap(data)
● PairGrid Customization: g = sns.PairGrid(df);
g.map_upper(plt.scatter); g.map_lower(sns.kdeplot);
g.map_diag(sns.histplot)

12. Multi-plot Grids and Layouts

● Subplots in Matplotlib: fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2)

● Facet Grid in Seaborn: g = sns.FacetGrid(df, col='col');
g.map(plt.hist, 'target')
● PairGrid in Seaborn: g = sns.PairGrid(df); g.map(plt.scatter)

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● JointGrid in Seaborn: g = sns.JointGrid(x='x', y='y', data=df);
g.plot(sns.regplot, sns.histplot)

13. Text and Annotation

● Adding Text Annotation: plt.text(x, y, 'Text')

● Annotating with Arrows: plt.annotate('Text', xy=(x, y), xytext=(x2,
y2), arrowprops=dict(facecolor='black'))
● Styling Text: plt.text(x, y, 'Styled text', style='italic',
fontsize=12)

14. Saving and Exporting Plots

● Save Plot as Image File: plt.savefig('filename.png')

● Save Plotly Figure: fig.write_image('filename.png')
● Export Plot to HTML with Bokeh: from bokeh.io import output_file;
output_file('plot.html')

15. Specialized Plots

● Hexbin Plot for Density: plt.hexbin(x, y, gridsize=30,

cmap='Blues')
● Treemap with Squarify: import squarify; squarify.plot(sizes,
label=labels, color=colors)
● Bubble Chart: plt.scatter(x, y, s=size)

16. Plotting with Plotly

● Interactive Scatter Plot with Plotly: fig = px.scatter(df, x='x',

y='y', color='color')
● 3D Surface Plot with Plotly: fig = px.surface(df, x='x', y='y',
z='z')
● Candlestick Chart for Financial Data: fig =
go.Figure(data=[go.Candlestick(x=df['date'], open=df['open'],
high=df['high'], low=df['low'], close=df['close'])])

17. Plotting with Bokeh

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● Bokeh Scatter Plot: p = figure(); p.scatter(x, y, size=10,
fill_color='color')
● Bokeh Time Series Plot: p = figure(x_axis_type='datetime');
p.line(df['date'], df['value'])
● Adding Hover Tool in Bokeh: from bokeh.models import HoverTool;
hover = HoverTool(tooltips=[('X-value', '@x'), ('Y-value', '@y')]);
p.add_tools(hover)

18. Dashboard and Reporting

● Creating Dashboards with Dash: import dash; import

dash_core_components as dcc; import dash_html_components as html;
app = dash.Dash(); app.layout = html.Div([dcc.Graph(figure=fig)])
● Automated Reporting with Jupyter Notebook: !jupyter nbconvert --to
html notebook.ipynb

19. Advanced Customization

● Creating a Custom Matplotlib Style:

plt.style.use({'figure.facecolor': 'white', 'axes.facecolor':
'lightgray'})
● Customizing Seaborn Context: sns.set_context('talk',
font_scale=1.2)

20. Data Interpretation Techniques

● Analyzing Trends in Time Series: Identify patterns and trends using

moving averages or smoothing techniques
● Interpreting Correlation Matrices: Use heatmaps or corrplot to
assess relationships between variables
● Identifying Outliers and Anomalies: Use boxplots or scatter plots
to spot outliers in data
● Comparing Groups or Categories: Employ bar charts or violin plots
for comparison between different groups
● Understanding Distribution of Data: Utilize histograms, density
plots, or Q-Q plots to explore data distribution
● Analyzing Impact of a Variable: Use bar charts, line graphs, or
area plots to understand how changes in one variable affect another

By: Waleed Mousa

21. Interactive Dashboard Tools

● Building Dashboards with Tableau or Power BI: Use business

intelligence tools for creating interactive and business-focused
dashboards
● Interactive Web Dashboards with Plotly Dash: Create web
applications with interactive Plotly graphs using Dash framework
● Real-time Data Visualization with Bokeh Server: Deploy live data
streams in visualizations using Bokeh server applications

22. Advanced Graphical Techniques

● Network Graphs with NetworkX or Gephi: Visualize complex

relationships and network structures
● Creating Geographical Maps with GeoPandas: Use GeoPandas along
with Matplotlib or Bokeh for plotting geographical data
● 3D Visualizations with Plotly or Mayavi: Develop 3D plots for more
complex data representations

23. Data Storytelling

● Narrative Visualization with Sequential Panels: Combine multiple

plots with annotations to tell a story
● Interactive Storytelling with Jupyter Widgets: Use Jupyter widgets
to create an interactive narrative around the data
● Combining Visuals and Text in Reports: Integrate visualizations
with descriptive text for comprehensive reports

24. Visualization for Machine Learning

● Feature Importance Plot: Visualize model's feature importances to

interpret which features contribute most to the prediction
● Confusion Matrix Visualization: Graphically represent the
performance of a classification model
● ROC Curve Plotting: Plot ROC curves to assess the performance of
binary classifiers

25. Performance and Scalability in Visualization

By: Waleed Mousa

 ● Optimizing Plot Performance in Matplotlib: Use Matplotlib's
interactive mode wisely for large datasets
● Handling Large Datasets with Datashader: Render massive datasets
as images with Datashader
● Efficient Plotting with HDF5 or Parquet Files: Utilize HDF5 or
Parquet formats for efficient loading and plotting of large data

26. Custom Visualization Tools and Libraries

● Using D3.js for Custom Web Visualizations: Leverage D3.js for

intricate and interactive web visualizations
● Highcharts or Echarts for Interactive Charts: Use JavaScript
libraries like Highcharts or Echarts for rich, interactive charts
● Creating Custom Plots with ggplot2 in R: For R users, utilize
ggplot2 for creating sophisticated and layered graphics

27. Scientific and Statistical Visualization

● Visualizing Statistical Models with Seaborn or Statsmodels: Plot

statistical estimates using Seaborn's advanced plots or
Statsmodels' graphics
● Scientific Visualization with SciPy or Matplotlib: Use SciPy and
Matplotlib for detailed scientific plots, such as spectrograms or
advanced histograms

By: Waleed Mousa