Department of Education

National Capital Region

Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Monlimar Development Academy, Inc.
317 Manuel L. Quezon St. Lower Bicutan, Taguig City

General Biology 1
Grade Level : Grade 12
Quarter : 1st Quarter
Subject Code : GenBio1
School Year : 2022 - 2023
Instructor : Mr. Joshua Bong A. Bual

Office of the Academics – Curriculum I Instruction I Assessment

Guide Questions:

1. Why is it important to learn about life cycles?

EXCELLENCE I CHARACTER I SERVICE

Department of Education
National Capital Region
Division of Taguig City and Pateros
Monlimar Development Academy, Inc.
317 Manuel L. Quezon St. Lower Bicutan, Taguig City

Lesson 2
Distinguishing the Role of Cell Cycle:

• Mitosis
• Meiosis

Identifying Disorders and Diseases of

Cell Malfunction during Cell Cycle

Office of the Academics – Curriculum I Instruction I Assessment

 Lesson Objectives
1. Define the meaning and purpose of cell cycle.

2. Describe the phases of the Cell cycle and their control points including the
concept of mitosis and meiosis.

3. Demonstrate the process happen during mitosis and meiosis and how cell
malfunction influence cell cycle.

4. Compare and contrast the process of mitosis and meiosis and their role in the
cell division cycle.
 Distinguishing the
Role of Cell Cycle
Most cells in an organism go through a cycle of growth,
development, and division called the cell cycle. The cell cycle
makes it possible for organisms:

• to grow and develop

• to replace cells that are old or damaged, and
• to produce new cells.
The Cell Cycle:
• Cells follow definite stages of growth, duplication,
and division.
• The body is made up of about 100 trillion cells, all
from a single fertilized cell at the start of life.
• This cycle involves distinct and regular phases of
growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that are
needed to allow growth and repair.
• If this cellular cycle goes out of control, abnormal
cell growth can occur and it may manifest in the
body of the organism.
What are the Phases of the Cell
Cycle?
What are the
Phases of the Cell
Cycle?
There are two main
phases in the cell cycle:

• Interphase
• Mitotic phase
What Happen During
Interphase?
Three stages during interphase:

1. rapid growth and replication, or copying, of the

membrane-bound structures called organelles,
2. copying of DNA, the genetic information in a cell,
and
3. preparation for cell division.

• Interphase is the period of a cell’s growth and

development.
• A cell spends most of its life in interphase.
What Happen During
Mitotic Phases?
A cell reproduces during the mitotic phase.

The mitotic phase has two stages, as shown in the

diagram

1. During the first stage, the contents of the

nucleus divide.
2. During the second stage, the cell’s fluid, e,
the cell’s fluid, or cytoplasm, divides.

• The mitotic phase creates two new identical

cells.
 G1 Stage
• The first stage of interphase is the G1 stage. This
is a period of rapid growth. G1 is the longest stage
of the cell cycle.

• During G1, a and carries out its normal cell

functions. For excell grows ample, during G1 the
cells that line your stomach make enzymes that
help you digest your food.

• Most cells continue the cell cycle. However, some

cells stop the cell cycle at the G1 stage. Like, Mature
nerve cells in your brain remain in G1 and do not
divide again.
S Stage
• During the S stage, a cell grows
and copies its DNA.
S Stage
Strands of chromatin are copied, so there are
now two identical strands of DNA.

This is necessary because each new cell gets a

copy of the genetic information.

The new strands coil up and form

chromosomes.
A cell’s DNA is arranged as pairs. Each pair is
called a duplicated chromosome.

Two identical chromosomes called sister

chromatids make up a duplicated
chromosome.

The sister chromatids are held together by a

structure called a centromere.
S Stage
• During the S stage, a cell grows and copies its
DNA.
• Strands of chromatin are copied, so there are
now two identical strands of DNA.
• This is necessary because each new cell gets a
copy of the genetic information.
• The new strands coil up and form
chromosomes.
• A cell’s DNA is arranged as pairs.
• Each pair is called a duplicated chromosome.
• Two identical chromosomes called sister
chromatids make up a duplicated chromosome.
• The sister chromatids are held together by a
structure called a centromere.
 Centromeres and
Kinetochore
• The primary function of the centromere is to provide the
foundation for assembly of the kinetochore, which is a
protein complex essential to proper chromosomal
segregation during mitosis.

• In eukaryotes, the kinetochore is a proteinaceous multi-

subunit assembly whose main function is to generate
load-bearing attachments of sister chromatids (the
replicated chromosomes held together by
the protein complex cohesin) to spindle microtubules
during cell division (mitosis or meiosis)
 G2 Stage
• The last stage of interphase is the G2 stage. This
is another period of growth and the final
preparation for mitosis.

• A cell uses energy to copy DNA during the S

stage.
• During G2 , the cell stores energy that will be
used during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.
Exploring Mitosis in
an Animal Cells
Mitosis

• Is the kind of division that takes place in the

somatic or body cells.
G2 Interphase
• A nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus.
• The nucleus contains one or more nucleoli (singular,
nucleolus).
• Two centrosomes have formed by duplication of a single
centrosome. Centrosomes are regions in animal cells that
organize the microtubules of the spindle. Each
centrosome contains two centrioles.
• Chromosomes, duplicated during S phase, cannot be
seen individually because they have not yet condensed
Prophase
• The chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled, condensing
into discrete chromosomes observable with a light microscope.
• The nucleoli disappear.
• Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister
chromatids joined at their centromeres and, in some species, all
along their arms by cohesins (sister chromatid cohesion).
• The mitotic spindle (named for its shape) begins to form. It is
composed of the centrosomes and the microtubules that extend
from them. The radial arrays of shorter microtubules that extend
from the centrosomes are called asters (stars).
• The centrosomes move away from each other, propelled partly by
the lengthening microtubules between them.
Prometaphase
• The nuclear envelope fragments.
• The microtubules extending from each centrosome can
now invade the nuclear area.
• The chromosomes have become even more condensed.
• Each of the two chromatids of each chromosome now has
a kinetochore, a specialized protein structure at the
centromere.
• Some of the microtubules attach to the kinetochores,
becoming kinetochore microtubules, which jerk the
chromosomes back and forth.
• Nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those from the
opposite pole of the spindle.
Metaphase
• The centrosomes are now at opposite poles of the cell.
• The chromosomes convene at the metaphase plate, a
plane that is equidistant between the spindle s two poles.
The chromosomes centromeres lie at the metaphase plate.
• For each chromosome, the kinetochores of the sister
chromatids are attached to kinetochore microtubules
coming from opposite poles.
Anaphase
• Anaphase is the shortest stage of mitosis, often lasting only a few
minutes.
• Anaphase begins when the cohesion proteins are cleaved. This
allows the two sister chromatids of each pair to part suddenly. Each
chromatid thus becomes a full- edged chromosome.
• The two liberated daughter chromosomes begin moving toward
opposite ends of the cell as their kinetochore microtubules shorten.
Because these microtubules are attached at the centromere
region, the chromosomes move centromere first (at about 1
m/min).
• The cell elongates as the nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen.
• By the end of anaphase, the two ends of the cell have equivalent
and complete collections of chromosomes.
Telophase
• Two daughter nuclei form in the cell. Nuclear envelopes arise from
the fragments of the parent cell s nuclear envelope and other
portions of the endomembrane system.
• Nucleoli reappear.
• The chromosomes become less condensed.
• Any remaining spindle microtubules are depolymerized.
• Mitosis, the division of one nucleus into two genetically identical
nuclei, is now complete.
Cytokinesis
• The division of the cytoplasm is usually well under way by
late telophase, so the two daughter cells appear shortly after
the end of mitosis.
• In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of a
cleavage furrow, which pinches the cell in two.
Meiosis I
• Is a variation of cell division that produces the
gametes.
• This type of cell division reduces the number of
sets of chromosomes from two to one in the
gametes, counterbalancing the doubling that
occurs at fertilization.
• A result of meiosis, each human sperm and egg
is haploid (n = 23).
• Fertilization restores the diploid condition by
combining two haploid sets of chromosomes,
and the human life cycle is repeated, generation
after generation
Prophase I
• Centrosome movement, spindle formation, and nuclear envelope
breakdown occur as in mitosis. Chromosomes condense
progressively throughout prophase I.

• During early prophase I, before the stage shown above, each

chromosome pairs with its homolog, aligned gene by gene, and
crossing over occurs: The DNA molecules of non-sister chromatids are
broken (by proteins) and are rejoined to each other.

• Later in prophase I, after the stage shown above, microtubules from

one pole or the other will attach to the two kinetochores, one at the
centromere of each homolog. (The two kinetochores of a
homologous, not yet visible above, act as a single kinetochore.) The
homologous pairs will then move toward the metaphase plate.
Metaphase I

• Pairs of homologous chromosomes are now arranged at the

metaphase plate, with one chromosome in each pair facing
each pole.

• Both chromatids of one homolog are attached to

kinetochore microtubules from one pole; those of the other
homolog are attached to microtubules from the opposite
pole.
Anaphase I

• Breakdown of proteins that are responsible for sister

chromatid cohesion along chromatid arms allows homologs
to separate.
• The homologs move toward opposite poles, guided by the
spindle apparatus.
• Sister chromatid cohesion persists at the centromere,
causing chromatids to move as a unit toward the same pole
Telophase I and
Cytokinesis
• When telophase I begin, each half of the cell has a complete
haploid set of duplicated chromosomes. Each chromosome
is composed of two sister chromatids; one or both
chromatids include regions of non sister chromatid DNA.
• Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm) usually occurs
simultaneously with telophase I, forming two haploid
daughter cells.
• In animal cells like these, a cleavage furrow forms. (In plant
cells, a cell plate forms.)
• In some species, chromosomes decondense and nuclear
envelopes form.
• No chromosome duplication occurs between meiosis I and
meiosis II.
Meiosis II
• During meiosis II, the sister chromatids within
the two daughter cells separate, forming four
new haploid gametes.
Prophase II

• A spindle apparatus forms.

• In late prophase II (not shown here),
chromosomes, each still composed of two
chromatids associated at the centromere, move
toward the metaphase II plate.
Metaphase II
• The chromosomes are positioned at the
metaphase plate as in mitosis.
• Because of crossing over in meiosis I, the two
sister chromatids of each chromosome are not
genetically identical.
• The kinetochores of sister chromatids are
attached to microtubules extending from
opposite poles.
Anaphase II

• Breakdown of proteins holding the sister

chromatids together at the centromere allow
the chromatids to separate. The chromatids
move toward opposite poles as individual
chromosomes.
Telophase II and
Cytokinesis
• Nuclei form, the chromosomes begin
decondensing, and cytokinesis occurs.
• The meiotic division of one parent cell produces
four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of
(unduplicated) chromosomes.
• The four daughter cells are genetically distinct
from one another and from the parent cell.
Meiosis Process
GCSE Biology - Cell Types and Cell
Structure #1

Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCCp-Y_-7J0

 Enrichment Activity
Answer the following essential questions to assess the understanding
about the topic discussed.

1. Why is it important to understand and appreciate the biologists'

contribution to your knowledge about cells?

2. How useful is the cell type in classifying organisms?

 Evaluation/Assessment
Written Work No. 2
The Phases Of Cell Cycle
Directions: Draw and label the Phases of Mitosis and Meiosis with label
on an 8.5x11 size of bond paper.
 EXCELLENT GOOD FAIR POOR
10pts 8pts 5pts 2pts
The poster includes
All required All but 1 of the
all required Several required
Required elements are required elements is
elements as well as elements were
Elements included on the included on the
additional missing.
poster. poster.
information.
All items of Almost all items of Many items of
importance on the importance on the importance on the
Labels are too small
Labels
poster are clearly
labeled with labels
poster are clearly
labeled with labels
poster are clearly
labeled with labels
to view OR no Written Work No. 2
that can be read that can be read that can be read
important items
were labeled. The Phases Of Cell
from at least 3 feet from at least 3 feet from at least 3 feet
away. away. away. Cycle Rubric
All graphics are
All graphics are
related to the topic Graphics do not
related to the topic All graphics relate to
and most make it relate to the topic
and make it easier the topic. One or
Graphics - easier to OR several
to understand. two borrowed
Relevance understand. Some borrowed graphics
All borrowed graphics have a
borrowed graphics do not have a
graphics have a source citation.
have a source source citation.
source citation.
citation.
The poster is The poster is
The poster is The poster is
exceptionally distractingly messy
attractive in terms acceptably
Attractiveness attractive in terms or very poorly
of design, layout, attractive though it
of design, layout, designed. It is not
and neatness. may be a bit messy.
and neatness. attractive.
 Digital Poster Rubric
EXCELLENT GOOD FAIR POOR
10pts 8pts 5pts 2pts
The poster includes all All but 1 of the required
REQUIRED All required elements are Several required elements
required elements as well as elements is included on the
ELEMENTS additional information.
included on the poster.
poster.
were missing.

Almost all items of Many items of importance

All items of importance on
importance on the poster on the poster are clearly Labels are too small to view
the poster are clearly labeled
LABELS with labels that can be read
are clearly labeled with labeled with labels that can OR no important items were
labels that can be read from be read from at least 3 feet labeled.
from at least 3 feet away.
at least 3 feet away. away.
All graphics are related to All graphics are related to
All graphics relate to the Graphics do not relate to the
the topic and make it easier the topic and most make it
GRAPHICS - topic. One or two borrowed topic OR several borrowed
to understand. easier to understand. Some
RELEVANCE All borrowed graphics have a borrowed graphics have a
graphics have a source graphics do not have a
citation. source citation.
source citation. source citation.

The poster is exceptionally The poster is attractive in The poster is acceptably The poster is distractingly
ATTRACTIVEN
attractive in terms of design, terms of design, layout, and attractive though it may be messy or very poorly
ESS layout, and neatness. neatness. a bit messy. designed. It is not attractive.
Valuing
As a Monlimarian, what do you think is the
relevance of Cell cycle in our life? How does it
help you to better understand life cycle?
 Agreement
Write additional information to our topic through this website.

The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Tutorial:

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/cells3.html
 References
Title of the Book: Basic Concepts in Biology

Author: Penecilla, Formacion, Fandialan, Valmonte, Sandoval,

Esmeralda

Page/s: 35-37
 Instruction for Submission
Instructions: Submit your output every Friday. Follow the following
format:

Name:
Section:
Activity No.:
End of Lesson

Thank You and Keep Safe!