# POST GUPTA PEROID:

- 600 AD - 1200 AD.—

- aka early medieval period.

> after the decline of Gupta empire many other Empire emerged.

> between 600-750 AD such as:

• Pushyabhutis of Thaneswar

• Maukharis of Kannauj

• Pallavas of Kanchi
• Chalukyas of Badami

• Pandyas of Madurai

> between 750-1000 AD such as:

• Rashtrakutas in Deccan.

• Gujaraja Partiharas in north India

• Palas in East India

> during 850-1200 AD Cholas became powerful in south india.

> between 1000-1200 AD smaller Rajput kingdom such as:

• Chauhans (Chahamanas), Chandellas, Paramaras of Malwa etc.
- they fought and resisted the Turkish attack lead by Ghazi in 11-12 century.
> PUSHYABHUTIS:
- capital at Thanser (near Kurukshetra in Haryana)
- Feudatory (Samant) of Gupta empire.

> PRABHAKAR VARDHANA

- Founder of Pushyabhutis Dynasty. (he was 4th ruler of the dynasty).

- married to Yasomati (Malwa)

- had 3 Children:

• Rajya Shree - married to GrahaVarman of Maukhari dynasty (kannauj)

• Rajya Vardhana - successor of the Throne.

• Harsha Vardhana.

> RAJYA VARDHANA

- successor of Prabhakar Vardhana after his death.

- DevGupta (Ruler of Malwa) & Shashanka (ruler of Gauda/Bengal) killed

GrahaVarman (Maukhari) and imprisoned Rajya Shree (his sister).

- which angered Rajya Vardhana who defeated Malwa and killed DevGupta.
but Rajya Vardhana later got killed by Shashanka.
(Shashanka follows Shiavism, who cut the Bodhi tree).
> HARSHA VARDHANA
- 606 AD~647 AD.
- successor of his brother Rajya Vardhana after his death.

- he was 16 yr old at that time (606 AD)

- he marched toward Kannauj and rescued his sister Rajya Shree and killed
Shashank and occupied kannauj as well.

- defeated DhruvaSena 2 (Vallabhi King).

- but defeated by Pulkesin 2 (chalukyan king of badmi)

on Narmada river bank.

- capital = Thaneswar but later shifted to Kannauj.

- aka = SakalaUttarakhandPathanata (lord of the north) bestowed by Pulkesin 2.

- beginning of Feudalism in india during his reign.

- Chinese Pilgrim Hsuan Tsang was a good friend of Harsha.

- he mentioned Grand assembly of Kannauj in 643 AD.

- MahaMoksha Parishad festival at Prayagraj in every 5 years (he attained

6th edition) (ground root of kumbh festival)

- Harsha wrote 3 dramas = Priyadarshika, Ratnavli and Nagananda.

- 2 inscription as well = Madhuban and Banskhera (this one having its sign).
- Bana (court poet) wrote HarshaCharita.
- he was the Last Great Hindu ruler before Muslim invasion.
Satavahanas > Vakatakas > Chalukya of Badmi

> WESTERN CHALUKYA DYNASTY:

- capital at Vatapi or Badami (near Bijapur in KARNATAKA)

> PULKESHIN 1

- Founder of Chalukya Dynasty of Vatapi.

> PULKESHIN 2

- Most powerful and Famous ruler of Chalukya Dynasty of Vatapi.

- his eulogy mentioned in Jain Aihole inscription written by his poet Ravikirti.

- send an embassy to Persian king Khusro 2.

- Defeated HarshaVardhana on the banks of Narmada river.

- killed by Narshumhavarman 1 of Pallavas.

> KIRTIVARMAN 2

- Last ruler of Chalukya Dynasty of Vatapi.

- defeated in 757 AD by DantiDurga (founder of rashtakuta dynasty).

> EASTERN CHALUKYA DYNASTY:
- Pulakeshin 2 annexed Vengi from Pallavas of Kanchi
and made his brother VishnuVardhana as a governor.

- After the death of pulakeshin 2 by NarshimaVarman of Pallavas,

VishnuVardhana declared independence and created his own empire.

in 7th century.

- 1st capital at Vengi (ANDRA PRADESH)

later shifted to RajaMahendravaram (modern Rajamundry).

- after ruling over 3 century the dynasty collapsed due to political instability.

and became feudatories to Chola dynasty.

(which later succumbed by Hoysalas from cholas)

> CHALUKYA DYNASTY of LATA:

- feudatories of Western Chalukyas of Vaptapi.

But during 10th century the power of western Chalukyas starts diminishing.

Chalukyas of Lata declared independence.

- they later defeated by Chalukyas of Gujarat, i.e Solankis.
in 11th century.

- Barappa was the first prominent ruler of Chalukya of Lata.

he was the general of Western Chalukya ruler Tailapa 2.
> PALLAVAS:
- local tribe, established their authority in Tondaimandalam (land of creepers)
- once was Feudatories of Satavahana dynasty.

but after the decline of Satavahana they gained prominence.

- Founder = Sinha Vishnu
- capital at Kanchi (near Mahabalipuram in TN)

- Pallavas spreaded Indian culture in South-East Asia.

> MAHENDRA VARMAN 1

- composed MattaVilasa Prashasanam in Sanskrit.

- follows Jainism but took Shaivism under the influence of monk Appar.

- killed by Pulekshin 2 of Pallavas dynasty.

> NARSHIMHA VARMAN 1

- son of Mahendra Varman 1.

- conqureror Vatapi after killed Pulekshin 2 (Pallavas of vatapi)

in battle of Manimangalam and avenged his father death.

- and got the titles like:

• Vatapikond (Conqueror of Vatapi) & Mamalla (great wrestler/MahaBali)

- Mahabalipuram is also called MamallaPuram in honour of NarshimaVarnam 1.

- constructed the Rath Temples of Mahabalipuram.
- Chinese traveler Heiun Tsang visited Kanchi during his reign
> PARMESH VARMAN 1
- Built Ganesha Temple at Kanchi.

> NARSIMHA VARMAN 2 / RAJASIMHA

- Built Shore temple at Mahabalipuram.
- Kailashnathar temple aka Rajasimheshvara temple at Kanchi.

(which led the foundation of Dravidian Architecture)

> APARAJITA

- last ruler of Pallavas dynasty

- Defeated by Aditya 1 of Chola dynasty.
# TRIPARTITE KINGDOMS:
- after the end of Harsha reign political instability occur in Kannauj.
- so 3 major kingdom emerge to conquer Kannauj.

(1) PALAS
(2) RASHRTUKUTAS
(3) GUJARA PARTIHARAS

> PALAS of Bengal:

- one of the Tripartite empire.

- follows Buddhism, built universities & patronise Nalanda university as well.

- golden era of Bengal.

- islam first appear in Bengal during Pala rule.

> GO PALA

- Founder of Palas dynasty.

- built Odantapuri university.

> DHARAM PALA

- built VikramShila university and SomaPuri University.
- defeated by Dhruva of Rashtrakuta dynasty.

> at the end of 12th century Pala dynasty weaken and VijaySena of Sena
dynasty dethroned them.
> RASTRAKUTAS of Deccan:
- one of the Tripartite empire.
- during 8th Century to 10th century.

- Feudatory of Western Chalukya dynasty of vatapi.

- built cave temple of Ellora & Elephanta.
- allowed Islamic traders to built mosque.

[about these caves]

> DANTI DURGA

- Defeated last Western Chalukya dynasty of vatapi ruler, KirtiVarman 2,

and Founded Rastrakutas dynasty.

and performed Hiranya Garbha ritual.

- capture Malwa.

> KRISHNA 1

- defeated eastern Chalukyas of vengi and Gangas of Mysore.

- built monolithic rock cut Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora.

> GOVIND 3
- most powerful rastrakutas ruler.
- Defeated NagaBhatta 2 of Gujara-Partiharas and Dharampala of Palas

and capture Kannauj, according to Sajan inscription of Valsad.

> AMOGHA VASRHA
- built capital like IndraLok at ManyaKheda / Malkhed (near Sholapur in
Karnataka).

- wrote 1st Kannada poetic KaviRajaMarga.

- ruled for 64 years.
- follow Jainism.

- lost Malwa and Gangavadi regions.

> KRISHNA 3

- last great ruler of the dynasty.

- defeated Parantaka 1 of Chola dynasty at Takkolam.

- captured Tanjore (Capital of Cholas)

- set up victory of pillar and Rameshwaram.

- built Krishneshwara temple at Rameshwaram.
> GUJARA PRATIHAR :

• Empire root near Gujarat & South Rajasthan.

• During 8th to 10th century

• their hero was Lakshman (door keeper of Lord Ram)

• title = Door Keeper.

• Founder = Harichandra - Brahamana origin

> NAGA BHATTA 1

- defeated Arab army commander Junaid, during Caliphate campaign in India.

- Defeated by Dhruva of RashtraKuta Dynasty

> MIHIR BHOJA 1

- most successful and popular ruler of Pratihars.

- grandson of Naga Bhatta 2.

- capital at Kannauj aka Mahodaya.

- aka, King Juzr according to Sulaiman (Arab merchant of 9th century)

- aka, King Barua according to Al-Masudi (Arab traveller)

- worship Vishu, so got the title of Adivaraha

> CHOLA:
- Empire root near Kaveri river,
- During 9th to 13th century

- once Feudatory of the Pallavas at Urayur.

> VIJAYLAYA

- Founder of Chola empire.

- Capture Tanjore from Muttariyars (feudatory of pallavas)

- built goddess Durga (Nishumbhasudini) Temple at Tanjore.

> ADITIYA 1

- Son of Vijaylaya.
- helped Aparajita of Pallavas to defeat Pandyas at the battle of Shripurambiyan

- But A few years later:

he Caputured Tondaimadalam / Kanchi by killing Aparajita of Pallavas.

> PARANTAKA 1
- defeated RajaSimha 2 of Pandyas Dynasty and Captured Madurai,

- and took the title like:

• Madurantaka (destroyer of Madurai)
• MaduraiKonda (Conqueror of Madurai)
 • Great builders of temples.
- provided Vimana for Nataraja Temple at Chidambaram.

- defeated Combined army of Pandyas and Srilankan king at battle of Vellar.

- Defeated by Krishna 3 of Rasktrakutas dynasty at battle of Takkolam.

> RAJA RAJA 1
13

- greatest Chola ruler.

- aka:

JainKonda, Mummidi Chola, SivapadSekara.

- annexed Chera kingdom by defeating Bhaskara Ravi Varaman.

known as a naval attack of KandalurSalai.

- annexed Pandya's kingdom by defeating Amhara-Bhujanga.

- annexed Gangas (gandavadi) region of Mysore (Karnataka)

- annexed Northern Sri Lanka and named it MummadiChola Mandalma

by defeating Mahindra 5.

- naval expedition against Sailendra Dynasty in Malay Peninsula.

- captured territory up to Tungabhadra river from Western Chalukyas (Kalyani).

- defeated eastern Chalukyas of Vengi and made their Feudatory.

Later setup Matrimonial Alliance with SaktiVarman of Eastern Chalukyas(Vengi)

by giving his daughter Kundavai to marry Prince VimalAditiya.

- Captured Maldives (his last achievement).

- Constructed Brihadeshwara Temple at Tanjore.

aka Rajaraja temple, Rajarajeshwar temple.
- Constructed Buddhist Monastery at Nagapattinam.
> RAJENDRA 1
14

- Son of RajaRaja 1.
- Annexed whole Sri Lanka by defeating Mahindra 5.

- setup more Matrimonial Alliance with Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi

by giving his daughter AmmangaDevi to marry the Prince RajaRaja Narendra.

- annexed Bengal region by defeated Mahipala 1 of Palas Dynasty.

and got the Title of GangaiKondaChola.

- he established new capital named GangaiKondaCholaPuram at Kaveri,

and built a Shiva (brihadeshwar) temple,

and irrigation tank/lake named Cholagangam or Chodagarg.

- defeated Shailendra Dynasty of Sri Vijaya Empire.

and made them their Feudatory, for easy trade with china.

- during this he captured Kadaram.

and got the title of KadaramKondam.

- other title like MudiKondam, Pandita Cholan.

> RAJADHIRAJA
15

- got the title like:

• JayamKonda Chola. (because he led the army standing in front line)

• KalyanaPuramKonda & VijayaRajendra Chola.

(because he Sacked Kalyani Capital of Western Chalukyas)
- Planted JayStambha at Yadgir.

- died in the battle of Koppam against Someshwar 1 of western Chalukyas

got the title of Yanai-mel-thunjina Devar.

(king who died atop of his elephant)

> KOLLUTUNGA 1
- son of AmmangaDevi (queen of Vengi) and M.grandson of Rajendra 1.

- got the title of Shungam Tavirtta (because he abolished the tolls)

- Kamban was in his court (he wrote Ramayan in Tamil)

> later there were many weak rulers in the dynasty.

and till 13th century chola empire collapsed and became Feudatory of
Pandyas, who later became Feudatory of Western Chalukyas