CHOPPER

BY: PROF. PRAJAKTA DESHBHRATAR

 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Types Of Chopper
3. Types Of Dc Chopper
4. Step Down Chopper
5. Step Up Chopper
6. Types Of Chopper Circuit
7. Type A
8. Type B
9. Type C
10.Type D
11.Type E
 1. INTRODUCTION
- Many industrial applications require power from DC voltage sources.

-several of these applications perform better in case these are fed from
variable DC voltage sources.

Example: subway cars, trolley buses, battery-operated vehicles,

Battery-charging etc.
 2. TYPES OF CHOPPER
There are two types of DC – DC converter (fixed voltage to variable voltage)

a. AC Link Chopper
b. DC Chopper

a. AC Link Chopper:
b. DC Chopper:

- This device can be represented by a switch SW with an arrow in the dotted line.
 3. TYPES OF DC CHOPPER

- As we have discussed, a chopper is DC equivalent to an AC transformer

having continue variable turns ratio.

- Like a transformer, a chopper can be used to step down or step up the

fixed DC input voltage.

- Types of DC Chopper
a. Step Down DC Chopper (BUCK CONVERTER)
Vs > Vo

b. Step Up DC Chopper (BOOST CONVERTER)

Vs < Vo

Where, Vs – Source voltage

Vo – Output Voltage
 4. STEP DOWN DC CHOPPER

Where,
Vs – source voltage (input Voltage)
SW- DC chopper
D – Diode
L- Inductor
Vo – Load voltage (output voltage)
MODE 1

In mode 1;
Chopper (SW) is in ON condition
Flow of current:
Vs – SW- L – Vo – Vs

Inductor will charge at time Ton

MODE 2

In mode 2;
Chopper (SW) is in OFF condition
Flow of current:
D - L – Vo – D

Inductor will discharge at time Toff

Thus the load voltage can be controlled by varying α
And load voltage is independent on load current.
CONTROL STRATEGIES

-The average value of output voltage Vo can be controlled through α by

opening and closing the semiconductor devices periodically.

-The control strategies for varying duty cycle α are as follows:

1. Constant frequency system

in this scheme, the Ton is varied but the chopping frequency (f) has
kept constant. Variation of Ton means adjustment of pulse width, so this scheme
is also known as Pulse-width-modulation scheme. Also known as Time-ratio
control (TRC).
2. Variable Frequency system
In this system, chopper frequency (f) can be varied by keeping either on time(Ton) or
off time (Toff) is kept constant.

This method of controlling duty cycle (α) is called frequency – modulation system.
 5. STEP UP DC CHOPPER

MODE 1

MODE 2
By applying KCL at mode II, we got, VL-Vo + Vs = 0,
VL = Vo – Vs
Where, VL = voltage across Inductor
Vo = Output voltage
Vs = Source voltage
Energy input to inductor from the source, during the period Ton is,
 6. TYPES OF CHOPPER CIRCUIT

• A chopper can operate in any of the four quadrant by an appropriate

arrangement of semiconductor devices.

• On the basis of the characteristics of output voltage(Vo) and direction of

output current (Io), the classifications are as follows: Vo

1. Class A Chopper II I
2. Class B Chopper
3. Class C Chopper Io
4. Class D Chopper
5. Class E Chopper III IV

Many authors describe above classification as type A, type B, etc.

 7. CLASS A CHOPPER

Where,
Vs – source voltage (input Voltage)
DC chopper
FWD –Free Wheeling Diode
Vo – Load voltage (output voltage)
Io –output current

Class A chopper can also called as step down chopper and 1st
quadrant chopper
MODE 1

In mode 1;
Chopper (SW) is in ON condition
Flow of current:
Vs – SW- – Vo – Vs

Vo = Vs, Io flows in positive direction

MODE 2

In mode 2;
Chopper (SW) is in OFF condition
Flow of current:
D – Vo – D
Vo=0, Io is in positive direction
Vo
Vs

Vs

Ton Toff
t

Io

t
CH on CH off
 8. CLASS B CHOPPER

Where,
Vs – source voltage (input Voltage)
DC chopper
D2 –Diode
Vo – Load voltage (output voltage)
Io –output current
E = battery/ dc motor

Class B chopper can also called as step up chopper and 2st

quadrant chopper
 MODE 1
When Chopper CH is on, Vo = 0,
E – Chopper – L – E
Inductor L stores the energy

Vo = 0, Io is in opposite direction

MODE 2

When Chopper CH is off, Vo = E+L(di/dt),

L – D2 –Vs –E -L
InductorL discharged the stored energy

Vo = E + L(di/dt),
Io is in opposite direction
Vo
Vs

Vs

Toff Ton
t

Io t

CH on CH off
D2 off D2 on
 9. CLASS C CHOPPER

Where,
Vs – source voltage (input Voltage)
CH1 & CH2 - DC chopper
D2 –Diode
FD –Free wheeling Diode
Vo – Load voltage (output voltage)
Io –output current
E –battery/dc motor
L -Inductor
Class C chopper can also called as two quadrant type A chopper
 Charging of Inductor

+ -

Mode1, (CH1 or FD will turn on)

Vs- CH1 –L –E –Vs

Inductor L will store energy,

Vo is positive, and Io flows in positive direction.

its acts as a Type A chopper in 1st quadrant
 discharging of Inductor

- +

Mode 2 (FD on)

When CH1 has turned OFF, FD starts conducting, then for discharging the
energy which has been stored in inductor L, (inductor changes its polarity)

L –E –FD –L

Vo is positive, Io flows in positive direction

 Charging of Inductor

- +

Mode 3, CH2 ON
Consider CH2 is ON
E –L –CH2 –E
Inductor L will store the energy,

Vo is positive, Io flows in opposite direction, this mode lies in 2nd quadrant

 discharging of Inductor

+ -

Mode 4 D2 ON
When CH2 has turned OFF and D2 starts conducting, then for discharging the
energy which has been stored in inductor L, (inductor changes its polarity)

L – D2 -Vs –E –L

Vo is positive, Io flows in opposite direction

 10. CLASS D CHOPPER

Where,
Vs – source voltage (input Voltage)
CH1 & CH2 - DC chopper
D1& D2 –Diode
Vo – Load voltage (output voltage)
Io –output current
E –battery/dc motor

Class D chopper can also called as two quadrant type B chopper

 Charging of Inductor

+ _

Mode 1, CH1 & CH2 both ON

Vs –CH1 –R –L –E –CH2 –Vs

Vo = Positive, Io is flows in positive direction

Vo = Vs
 disCharging of Inductor

- +

Mode 2, D1 & D2 both ON

L –E –D2 –Vs –D1-R –L
Vo = negative, Io is flows in positive direction
Vo

CH1, CH2

Io
D1, D2
 11. CLASS E CHOPPER

Class E chopper is a four quadrant chopper,

Means it lies in all 1st , 2nd, 3rd & 4th quadrant
It is the parallel combination of two class C Chopper
 Vo
MODE 1 (CH1 & CH4 ON)
Inductor L starts charging with polarity (+ L -)
Flow of current Vs –CH1 –L –E –CH4 –Vs CH1 & CH4
Io is flowing in the same direction so it is positive
Output voltage Vo is also positive
So it is in 1st quadrant Io
MODE 2 (D2 & D3 ON) Vo
Inductor L starts Discharging with changing the polarity (- L +)
Flow of current L (+) –E –D3 –Vs –D2 –L(-)
Io
Io is flowing in the same direction so it is positive
But Output voltage Vo is negative
So it is in 4th quadrant
D2 & D3 ON
MODE 3 (CH2 & CH3 ON) Vo
Inductor L starts charging with changing the polarity (- L +)
Flow of current
Vs –CH3 –E –L –CH2 –Vs Io
Io is flowing in the opposite direction so it is negative
and Output voltage Vo is negative
So it is in 3rd quadrant
CH2 & CH3 ON
 Vo
MODE 4 (D1 & D4 ON)
Inductor L starts Discharging with changing the polarity (+ L -)
Flow of current L (+) –D1 –Vs –D4 –E –L(-) D1 & D4 ON
Io is flowing in the opposite direction so it is negative
But Output voltage Vo is positive
So it is in 2nd quadrant
Io
 Ig1 CH1,CH4 D2,D3 CH1,CH4 D2,D3

Ig2 CH2,CH3 D1,D4 CH2,CH3 D1,D4

Vo

Io