MUTHAMIL PUBLIC SCHOOL

Ambai Road,Muneerpallam, Tirunelveli-627356

AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT REPORT ON
EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS ON MICROORGANISMS
Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirement For
Higher Secondary Projects (CBSE)
2023-2024

SUBMITTED BY
HABEEB UR RAHMAN,
ROLL NO:
CLASS- XII
January 2024

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr.DANIEL RAJAN
Department of Biology
Muthamil Public School
Ambai Road, Muneerpallam, Tirunelveli-627356
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master/Miss HABEEB UR RAHMAN of

Class XII (Roll No: ) has prepared an investigatory

project report entitled “EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS ON

MICRO ORGANISMS” Further this is a bonafide project work,

done under the guidance of the subject teacher. This bonafide

project work is the result of the student’s individual efforts and

endeavour. The report is worthy of acceptance as final project

report for the subject biology of class XII. And it has been

prepared as per the guidelines issued by CBSE.

SIGNATURE OF PRINCIPAL SIGNATURE OF TEACHER

 MUTHAMIL PUBLIC SCHOOL
Ambai Road, Muneerpallam, Tirunelveli-627356
CERTIFICATE

This project entitled “EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS ON

MICRO ORGANISMS”, prepared by Mr.HABEEB UR

RAHMAN of Class XII with the Roll No:

has been submitted for the CBSE Senior Secondary

practical Examination for the subject Biology at

Muthamil Public School, Ambai Road, Muneerpallam

Tirunelveli-627356. And the same has been examined on

SIGNATURE OF THE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 MUTHAMIL PUBLIC SCHOOL
Ambai Road, Muneerpallam, Tirunelveli-627356
DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “EFFECTS

OF ANTIBIOTICS ON MICRO ORGANISMS” , submitted

to Department of Biology, Muthamil Public School is

prepared by me. All the information, analysis and

observations are the result of my personal efforts and my

indebtedness to the related publications, project works

and references, if any, have been duly acknowledged.

HABEEB UR RAHMAN
Roll No:
CLASS XII
 INDEX

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 ANTIBIOTICS 2
3 CLASSIFICATION 3
4 AZITHROMYCIN 4
5 EFFECTS ON 5
BACTERIA
6 INFERENCE AND 6
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is

the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections,
and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of
such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A
limited number of antibiotics also possess antiprotozoal activity. Antibiotics are
not effective against viruses such as the common cold or influenza drugs which
inhibit growth of viruses are termed antiviral drugs or antivirals rather than
antibiotics. They are also not effective against fungi; drugs which inhibit
growth of fungi are called antifungal drugs.
Antibiotics have been used since ancient times. Many civilizations used topical
application of moldy bread, with many references to its beneficial effects
arising from ancient Egypt, Nubia, China, Serbia, Greece, and Rome. The first
person to directly document the use of molds to treat infections was John
Parkinson (1567–1650). Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th
century. Alexander Fleming (1881–1955) discovered modern day penicillin in
1928, the widespread use of which proved significantly beneficial during
wartime. However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also
led to their overuse and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them.

1
ANTIOBIOTICS

The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French
bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon
exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in
1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an
airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs
were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American
microbiologist, in 1947.Antibiotics are used to treat or prevent bacterial
infections, and sometimes protozoan infections. (Metronidazole is effective
against a number of parasitic diseases). When an infection is suspected of being
responsible for an illness but the responsible pathogen has not been identified,
an empiric therapy is adopted. This involves the administration of a broad-
spectrum antibiotic based on the signs and symptoms presented and is initiated
pending laboratory results that can take several days. Antibiotic consumption
varies widely between countries.

2
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTIC

Antibiotics can be categorized by their spectrum of activity—namely,

whether they are narrow-, broad-, or extended-spectrum agents.

Narrow-spectrum agents (e.g., penicillin G) affect primarily gram-

positive bacteria. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as tetracyclines

and chloramphenicol, affect both gram-positive and some gram-

negative bacteria. An extended-spectrum antibiotic is one that, as a

result of chemical modification, affects additional types of bacteria,

usually those that are gram-negative. (The terms gram-

positive and gram-negative are used to distinguish between bacteria

that have cell walls consisting of a thick meshwork of peptidoglycan [a

peptide-sugar polymer] and bacteria that have cell walls with only a thin

peptidoglycan layer, respectively.)

3
AZITHROMYCIN

Azithromycin, sold under the brand names Zithromax (in oral form)
and Azasite (as an eye drop), is
an antibiotic medication used for the
treatment of a number of bacterial
infections. This includes middle ear
infections, strep
throat, pneumonia, traveler's diarrhea,
and certain other intestinal infections. Along with other medications, it may
also be used for malaria. It can be taken by mouth or intravenously.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and upset
stomach. An allergic reaction, such as anaphylaxis, QT prolongation, or a type
of diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile is possible. No harm has been found
with its use during pregnancy. Its safety during breastfeeding is not confirmed,
but it is likely safe. Azithromycin is an azalide, a type of macrolide antibiotic. It
works by decreasing the production of protein, thereby stopping bacterial
growth.
Azithromycin has relatively broad but shallow antibacterial activity. It inhibits
some Gram-positive bacteria, some Gram-negative bacteria, and many
atypical bacteria.
A strain of gonorrhea reported to be highly resistant to azithromycin was
found in the population in 2015. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is normally
susceptible to azithromycin, but the drug is not widely used as monotherapy
due to a low barrier to resistance development. Extensive use of azithromycin
has resulted in growing Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance.

AZITHROMYCIN’S EFFECT ON BACTERIA

4
Azithromycin has good activity against staphylococci, streptococci,

Moraxella catarrhalis and other rapidly growing pyogenic bacteria. The

good activity of azithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae (MIC90 0.5

mg/l) is particularly important as erythromycin has only marginal activity

against this organism.

Azithromycin prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with

their protein synthesis. It binds to the 50S subunit of the

bacterial ribosome, thus inhibiting translation of mRNA. Nucleic acid

synthesis is not affected.

CONCLUSION AND INFERENCE

5
 In conclusion, azithromycin is effective

in the treatment of community-acquired

pneumonia in patients who are

candidates for treatment with oral

antibiotics. A 5-day course of

azithromycin offers equivalent efficacy to 7- to 10-day, multiple daily dose

treatment with other oral antimicrobial agents.Azithromycin represents a

significant improvement in the treatment of selected community-acquired

infections. Although this agent may revolutionize the treatment of sexually

transmitted diseases caused by chlamydia, it also impacts the management of

respiratory tract and skin and skin-structure infections. Because of its unique

pharmacokinetics and excellent adverse-effect profile, patient compliance

should be greatly enhanced compared with other commonly used oral

antimicrobials. Azithromycin's primary role in the near future will be in the

community setting. Although its use in the hospital may be limited, this drug

will be a convenient therapeutic option to have on hand in the emergency

room and outpatient clinic. Azithromycin may also be used in the future to

treat opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients.