Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research &

Developments (JMERD)
ISSN: 1024-1752 (Print)
DOI: http://doi.org/10.26480/jmerd.02.2019.58.66
CODEN: JERDFO

RESEARCH ARTICLE

ACCURATE CHARACTERIZATION OF CRACK IN BEAM-LIKE STRUCTURES USING

SQUARE OF CURVATURE MODE SHAPE: WITHOUT BASELINE DATA
L Ramesh1,2*, Putti Srinivasa Rao3

1Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India-522502
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru, Krishna (Dt), Andhra Pradesh, India.
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh, India-522502

* Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT

Article History: In this paper, a new modal parameters-based damage detection method has been proposed. This method is based
on accurately composition of undamaged mode profiles from the damaged mode profiles of beam structure. For that,
Received 01 February 2019 curve fitting (CF) analysis was used to extract the undamaged mode profiles from damaged ones. Curvature mode
Accepted 07 March 2019 shape method is presented to demonstrate proposed approach without use of base line data as a reference. To
Available online 20 March 2019 illustration of this method, numerical and experimental modal analysis is performed on two aluminum cantilever
beams containing single and double cracks to examine the location and quantification of different damage scenarios.
First five modal frequencies and mode profiles are employed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Moreover, to validate the accuracy of the proposed approach in damage identification, established results have been
balanced with another experimental based results. From the results, it can be seen that damage scenarios of the two
beams are quite different the chosen method is precisely identifying the location and quantification of the damage
in beam structures. It is concluded that composed mode profiles by the proposed approach can be conveniently used
as reference data for the damage identification purpose. Further, an influence of mode order on damage
identification also investigated in the present analysis.

KEYWORDS

Beam-like structure, mode profiles, Crack detection, Mode shape curvature, Experimental Modal Analysis, discrete
Wavelet Transform.

1. INTRODUCTION

The structural damage detection in civil, mechanical, marine, and structural frequency changes can be used to identify, locate and estimate
aerospace structures is plays essential role not only in the health analysis severity of the damages in the structures as a NDT technique. This method
and estimation of its life span but also estimating the eventual expenditure can be applied to any kind the structures without need to measured
and planning for overhaul appropriately. Structural Health Monitoring healthy structure data [1-2]. However, change in frequency itself may be
(SHM) is a non-destructive damage detection strategy of structures for provided information regarding the damage presented in the structure
analyzing its condition based on the structure’s response. Recent decades and not the location and quantification of damage. Pandey et al [3]
SHM plays essential role in assuring the structural integrity. In this suggested damage identification method based operational deflection
scenario, damage is defined as the changes in dynamic parameters of shapes and its curvatures that the absolute values of differences in
vibrational structure or boundary conditions of structure which curvatures of mode shapes are as significant damage indicators in their
suspiciously influence the working of structure. Damage is also defined as numerically analyzed structural beam. In the recent years an extensive
changes in the geometries which lead to inadmissible internal stresses, literature reviews have been published on various damage detection
excessive deflections or vibrations in the structural components/system. methods and health monitoring of structures based on vibrational
These instabilities are due to the internally generated cracks, corrosive dynamic parameters i.e. natural frequencies, modal displacements, and
spots, loosening of mated parts in a system, ageing of structure and fatigue, ratios of modal damping values, etc. [4-5].
etc. In past few years, many researchers have been developed
sophisticated dynamic damage identification methods, which the related Furthermore, the existence the damage in the structure not only leads to
literature is substantial. The basic idea of elemental or essential assertion change global dynamic characteristics but also locally around the area of
in the vibration based damage detection (VBDD) approaches is that the damage which causes to alter both global and local the strain energy of the
changes in the physical properties such as mass, damping, stiffness, etc. structure. Cornwell et al. [6] utilized the experimental and numerical
will causes the alteration of the structure’s dynamic responsive modal modal parameters to detect the damages in structural plate-like members
parameters such as modal frequencies, mode profiles or modal based on the strain energy change and developed strain energy-based
displacements, mode shape derivatives, modal strain energy changes, and damage index for structures characterized by one dimensional beam and
perturbations in the propagating waves, etc. have been found in the bidimensional plate –like structures. Energy based methods successfully
literature [1-13]. These changes contribute as ingredients to evaluating applied to identify location and quantification the damage in a storey steel
integrity of the structure. The methods using measurement of lower frame or truss structures by Shi et al [7-8]. To compute complex partial

Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.
 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

differential equations the differential quadrature method was used and First, the finite element analysis is considered to extract structural
the effectiveness of strain energy-based damage index was significantly response data i.e. modal frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of
affected by resolution of mesh grid, the visibility the location of the damaged actual 41 grids of beam structure. Resulting this, one-
damage increases with finer mesh grid [9-10]. Rucevskis et al [16-17] dimensional transverse displacement matrices are obtained for
proposed damage detection method based on mode shape curvatures in corresponding to kth mode shape of damaged beam structure as shown in
plate- like structures requiring mode shape data only from damaged Eq (1). Similarly, Eq (2) represents mode shape associated with healthy
structures. A node residual force vector based numerical technique to structure is obtained by using curve fitting analysis.
locate and estimate the degree of damage elements. Effectiveness of the
method investigated by module of MatLab [25] . New damage localization n
method for beam like structures by using mode shape data extracted from
moving vehicle response function He et al [18]. A continuous wavelet

j =1
k, j
d
=  k ,1d ,  k ,2 d ,........ k ,(1,n ) d (1)

transforms technique and mode shape curvature method autoregressive

used to identify damage in two carbon/epoxy composite beams with n
impact damage of different severities [19] . Dahak et al [20] presented a
new damage structural damage identification method using frequency  k, j
h
=  k ,1h ,  k ,2 h ,........ k ,(1,n ) h (2)
contour lines, obtained from various damaged conditions. Potential j=1
damage indicator and estimator to detect and evaluate the internal surface
cracks by designing the multiple orthogonal wavelet coefficients and
treated the boundary effects by using the biharmonic spline interpolation Where, k, jd and  k , j
h
are transverse displacements of
[21]. Pedram et al [22] developed frequency domain-based damage
detection method for the damage identification of plate and shells using 𝑗 (𝑗 = 1,2, … . . , 𝑛) measured grid or node of 𝑘 th mode shape of the
𝑡ℎ

power spectral density function. Three- stage algorithm proposed using a beam-structure as shown in Figure.1, whereas, “d” and “h” are denote
vector support machine based on several statistical parameters of damaged structures, respectively.
damaged and undamaged noise correlation function [23]. Presented a
compact rectangular phase piezoelectric transducer array-based damage
detection method for plate- like structure damage detection [24].
However, change in the natural frequencies or mode shapes and its mode
shape curvature from the first few operational deflections shapes of
structure may not be sensitive to the effect of small cracks in the structure.
Thus, an alternative to attempts to solve this problem is by using modern-
techniques such as damage identification in structures based on spatial
measures signal of the structure. The basic concept of this method is using
the higher differentials of measured signal or dynamic spatial signal of a
structure as to ascertaining specific characteristics of the structure.
Therefore, in recent decades many researchers have been attracted
towards the modern-type damage detection methods in structure because Figure 1: Basic beam structure with node or measured grid
this method provided simple and also feasible solution to the problems.
Another main advantage of this methods compared to traditional-type is Step 2. Generating mode shape curvatures
having cable to identify the tiny structural damages without base line data
as reference. In recent years, an applications of mode shape curvature Then, with one-dimensional transverse displacement vector, mode shape
theory were introduced to mode shape displacements for accurate curvature at jth measured grid or node corresponding to kth mode of
characterization of damage in beam and plate-like structures. Because damaged can be calculated using the central finite difference
differential of mode shape has an ability to examine the local and global approximation. The resulting equations for damaged and intact mode
damages in spatial signal with fine focus to furnish multiple levels of detail shape curvatures are presented in Eqs (3) and (4).
information of the signal.

Unfortunately, significant draw back of the all methods stated above is that
they required dynamic characteristics of the healthy structure as a base  k , j −1h − 2 k , j h +  k , j +1h (3)
line. It is increasing the experimental cost and consumed the huge amount
of time. Thus, in the view of above consideration, this research more effort
 k, j'' h

has been made to derive an approximately equivalent of healthy mode

l2
profiles from damaged mode profiles. The curve fitting (CF) analysis was
used to extract the healthy modes from damaged one. The accuracy of the (4)
healthy mode profiles is validated through numerically obtained mode
 k , j −1d − 2 k , j d +  k , j +1d
profiles of the damaged beam. Further, the effectiveness of the proposed
 k, j '' d

method such as mode shape curvature in detect the location and

l2
quantification of the damage demonstrated by operational mode shapes
extracted from numerical analysis carried on single and double cracked Where, , 𝑙 𝑖𝑠 distance between two adjacent grid points or nodes (length
aluminium cantilever beam. In addition, effect higher modes on damage in of the element) along x and y directions, respectively.
structural beams also analysed.
Step3: SMSC based damage index
2. THE PROPOSED DAMAGE INDICATOR FOR BEAM STRUCTURES
Then, Square of Mode Shape Curvature (SMSC) based damage indices
Different authors have used all the aforementioned methods in literature
to predict the presence of damage and its location in the structure. DI k , j are computed along x and y directions with help of Eq (5).
Generally, all above mode shape and derivatives of mode shape such as Damage index can be defined as the absolute difference between the
curvature-based method is originally formulated to identify the damage in square of mode shape curvature damaged and undamaged plate structure
structure that is characterized by intact and damaged one-dimensional either x or y direction.
beam-like structures. In this present work, proposed structural damage
detection technique based SMSC formulated to accurately predict the
location and size of the crack in one-dimensional beam-like structure

( ) − ( )
n
DI k , j =   ''k , j
2
using accurately composed healthy mode shaped from damaged structure. '' h
In this method requires only few structural mode shapes after damage. k, j ( 5)
i =1 j
Step1: Calculating mode shapes of beam structure

Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.
 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

Figure 4: Schematic Diagram of simulated Double cracked Beam: Damage

location at 0.25L and 0.75L.

4. Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) on Structural Beam:

Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) is conducted for damage detection in

structural beam using Portable Digital Vibrometer (PDV-100), non-
contact vibration measuring equipment. General experimental set-up
consists of 3-D Polytec PDV-100 optical scanning head with wide
frequency range 0 to 22kHz, highly sensitive vibrometer sensor (OFV-
Figure 2: Damage diagnosis methodology 550), VIB-E-220 junction box, OFV-5000 Modular Vibrometer controller,
and a computer system withVibSoft-20 data acquisition and analysis
3. Numerical analysis of a cantilever beam. software. The detailed experimental set-up is shown in Figure 5. A
structural beam of aluminium 6061 with the dimensions 0.75 × 0.025 ×
Numerical analysis is performed using commercially available FEA 0.01 mm3 is used in EMA. One end of the structural beam is clamped to
software i.e. ANSYS 15.0. Solid element (Brick 8 node 185) is used to model replicate cantilever (fixed-free) boundary conditions as shown in Fig. 5.
an aluminium cantilever structural beam having dimensions i.e. width B The beam is marked by 41 grid points along length wise with the element
=0.025m, height H= 0.001 and length L =0.75 m, with hexagonal mapped length of 0.02 m. Modal displacement data is collected from the
meshing of elements. The boundary conditions used in Finite Element measurements, which are further utilized to derive mode shape
Modal Analysis (FEMA) are as same as in EMA. Figure 14 shows that curvatures using central-difference approximation method. Two types of
frequency spectrum of first five vibration modes of healthy structural damage scenarios of beam are taken for the experimentation: single
beam. The comparison of first five natural frequencies obtained in EMA surface open crack at mid span of beam and two surface open cracks at 0.2
and FEMA are shown in Table 2. Damage has simulated as rectangular m, 0.6 m locations along beam’s length. The Schematic representation of
open transverse crack by reducing the stiffness of elements 10%, 20% and damaged beams shown in Figure 6 and 7. The cracks are formed using
30% of the beam height at location of damage. Material properties of the Electron Discharge Machining (EDM) with a depth of 1 mm in both the
beam aluminium beam 6061 is given in the Table.1. damaged cases. Same specifications of damages are taken for FEMA. The
accuracy of proposed methodology in surface characterization has been
Table 1: Material properties of double cracked beam validated by an experimental data acquired by a non-contact
measurement (scanning laser vibrometer with impact hammer). One of
Name of the property Magnitude Measured the main advantages of the Laser vibrometer is that it prevents mass
units loading of the test object, resulting in more accurate results than using
traditional contact vibration sensors such as accelerometers, which can
Young’s modulus 70x109 N/m2 change resonance frequencies and damping values. Second advantage is
Density 2700 Kg/m3 the possibility to record the response of individual locations or at many
locations in rather simple since it is not necessary to install a transducer
Poison ratio 0.3 ----
on every measured point and structures of nearly any size can be studied.

Figure 3: Schematic Diagram of simulated single cracked Beam: Damage

location at 0.5L

Figure 5: Schematic layout of Experimental set-up

Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.
 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

5. Results and discussions

In the present research work, mode shape-based damage identification

method such as curvature mode shape approach is investigated using the
composed undamaged mode profiles as a base line data. To assess the
effectiveness of proposed approach, numerical modal analysis is
Figure 6: Location of single crack in the beam employed on cantilever beam considering single and multi-damage
location with various crack depth such as 10%, 20% and 30% height of the
structural beam, experimental modal analysis on aluminum beam with
Fixed-Free boundary conditions is also carried out to balance with the
numerical results. First five the natural frequencies and mode shapes of
both numerical and experimental data with considering single and double
cracked listed in Table 1. It is observed that change in frequency of first
few fundamental frequencies almost negligible in this work, which
indicates that compared to low frequency modes higher modes are more
sensitive to damage [16-17]. In order to validate and evaluate the
performance of the proposed approach, results have been compared with
Figure 7: Location of Double cracks in the beam an effective previously proposed method that was verified based on
experimental results [12].

y=6.5e-06*x2 +0.0016*x-0.058
1.8 10% Crack
1.6 20% Crack
30% Crack
1.4 0% Crack
Displacement

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 100 200 300 400
Length of the beam

Figure 8: First five numerical displacement modes shapes

y= 5.7e-08*x.^3 +1.8e-05*x.^2-0.012*x+0.27 ;
10% Crack
2.0 20% Crack
30% Crack
1.5 0% Crack
Displacement

1.0

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5
0 100 200 300 400
Length of the beam

Figure 9: First Mode profiles of healthy and cracked beam

All above methods discussed in the literature are ascertaining location of varying crack depth from 0.1h to 0.3h are similar and even though crack
the damage by data calculated absolute difference between the mode depth increases mode shapes not exhibits any physical change in their
shapes of structure before and after the damage. To compute the data of mode profiles of different crack depths. Hence, damage cannot identify just
healthy state of structure is laborious work or sometimes even impossible. looking at the mode profile itself. Alternative solution to attempt this
To overcome this problem, curve fitting (CF) analysis is employed to problem is curvature mode shapes, which are more sensitive to damage is
obtain mode profiles of undamaged structure. The basic idea of this presented in next section.
originated from damaged mode profiles, which are not showing any
physical significant change in their deflected shapes before and after the 5.1 Curvature mode shape-based Damage identification method
damage of the structure. Figures 8 and 9 shows that operational mode
shapes of mode1 and mode2 of cracked and un-cracked beam, dotted line In this section, mode shape curvature-based damage (CMS) identification
indicates mode profile of healthy state of structure which is generated by method is presented, curvature is the derivative of the operational
using curve fitting analysis in MatlabR2015a, and cracked beam with deflection shape, which is more sensitive to damage to identify the

Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.
 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

location of the damage [12]. To illustrate characteristics the proposed of damage indexes of proposed method along the length of the beam
damage identification method the beam with different scenarios in terms structure. This method clearly identifies the location single crack, which
of single, multi-crack and single crack with various crack depths are simulated at the center of the beam structure as shown in Figure. 10. In
investigated. From Figure. 10, it can be seen that the damage index order to estimate the effectiveness of the proposed method in quantifying
obtained from CMS is successfully identified the location and the damage, the beam was simulated with different crack depths such as
quantification of single and multi-damages in beam. Damage index 10%, 20% and 30% height of the beam. From the plot Figure.11, one can
obtained from noise free mode shape clearly identified the location of be observed that this method is succeeded in identify the severity of the
crack by showing large peaks at the crack location. Furthermore, the damage by showing the different damage indexes such as 2e13, 5e13 and
effectiveness of proposed method also evaluated in quantify damage by 7e13 for the different crack depths 0.1H, 0.2H and 0.3H. It can be seen that
varying the crack depth from 0.1h to 0.3H, which succeeded in efficiently the damage index obtained from the mode shape of beam with crack
estimate the damage location and quantification in beam structure as location at 0.5L and depth 0.3h indicates the highest damage indices at
shown location of crack compared to other damage indices obtained from relative
crack depths such as 20% and 10% height of the beam. This happen due
5.1.1 Case study 1: Damage identification and quantification in Single to the loss of stiffness is higher with increase in crack depth.
cracked beam.

Results about position of single crack presented by showing distribution

Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.
 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

Figure 10: (a) Numerical and Experimental mode shapes (b) Numerical and experimental damage indicators with with single crack
single crack at0.5L at 0.5L

Figure 10: Single cracked cantilever beam (crack location at depth 0.5L; crack depth from 0.1H to 0.3H

5.1.2 Case study 2: Influence of mode order towards the damage compared to damage indexes corresponding to lower mode damage
indices. From Fig. 12, it can be concluded that higher modes are more
Further, the effect of higher modes on damage is investigated by using the sensitive to existence of the damage which means that modulus of the
first five numerical mode profiles. The damage index is computed from damage index is increases with higher mode order [17].
higher modes are showing highest peaks at location of the damage

Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.
 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

Mode 1
0.005 Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
0.004 Mode 5

CMS Damage Index

0.003

0.002

0.001

0.000

-0.001
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Location of the crack

Figure 12: Effect higher modes to damage in the beam (crack location at depth 0.5L)

Mode 3
Mode 4
0.014 Mode 5
0.012
CMS Damage Index

0.010

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0.000

-0.002
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Locatin of the crack

Figure 13: Double cracked cantilever beam with crack locations at 0.25L and 0.75L; depth 0.1H

5.1.3 Case study 3: Damage identification and quantification in Double values of higher modes, as show in Figure 12. Further, this method
cracked beam employed on fourth mode profile to identify the severity of damage in
double cracked cantilever beam with different crack depths such as 10%,
In this section, aluminum cantilever beam with multiple crack locations 20% and 30% height of the beam and cracked at 0.25L and 0.75L,
are studied. For illustration the proposed method a cantilever beam model corresponding results plot in Figure 13.
is simulated in the Ansys15.0 to extract the mode profile information with
considered Clapped-Free (CF) boundary conditions. Geometrical
dimension and appropriate crack locations are given in the Figure 7. The
dimensions of double cracked beam as follows: length L = 750 mm, height
H= 10 mm and width B=25mm. Two cracks in the beam are simulated in
same way as in case of single cracked beam such as depth 2mm and width
1 mm, located at 200mm measured from each end of the beam structure.
The beam uniformly divided into 400 elements with each element length
is 2mm. Material properties of double cracked aluminum cantilever beam
are selected same as for beam with a single cracked beam as given in the
Table 1. Again, first five natural frequencies and corresponding operation
deflection shapes for different damage scenarios in terms of multi-crack
with 1mm width and increase in crack depth 0.1H to 0.3H are extracted
for the analysis. This study also helps full to investigation damage in
different locations. Figure 13 which reveals that damaged elements near
the boundary are more influenced by the damage relatively damage
elements which are away from the fixed boundary and damage indices
obtained mode3, mode4, and mode 5 exhibits highest peak values at the Figure 14: Frequency spectrum of healthy structure from FEMA and
location of the crack. But this method is failed to identify the location of EMS.
the crack in case of double cracked beam with first and second mode
shape, this is happened may be insufficient quality of the signal. Otherwise,
peak value of damage indices of lower modes is invisible in front of peak

Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.
 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.
 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

Figure 15: (a) Numerical and Experimental mode shapes single crack (b) Numerical and experimental damage indicators with single crack at with
at 600mm 600mm

10% Crack
20% Crack
1.8E-03 30% Crack

1.6E-03
CMS Damage Index

1.4E-03
1.2E-03
1.0E-03
8.0E-04
6.0E-04
4.0E-04
2.0E-04
0.0E+00
-2.0E-04
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Location of the crack

Figure 16: Double cracked cantilever beam (crack location at depth 0.25L and 0.75L; crack depth from

Table 1: Natural Frequencies of different damage cases

After Damage After Damage

Before Damage (single crack) (multi-crack)
Mode.
No. (i)
EMA (Hz) FEMA (Hz) EMA (Hz) FEMA (Hz) EMA (Hz) FEMA (Hz)

16.2500 17.6250 15.6250 16.258 15.1250

1. 15.1119

34.2560 36.8750 31.2500 35.3040 30.5200

2. 31.2731

225.0000 230.2215 215.2250 227.2980 214.8750

3. 224.2126

332.0000 335.1240 328.3600 332.1200 325.0000

4. 321.3742

348.7500 353.4500 339.1150 349.6900 336.1500

5. 345.1318

6. CONCLUSION modes extracted from two aluminium cantilever beams containing single
and double-cracks at different locations and depths. The results of
This work mainly focuses on identification of location and quantification research lead to following conclusion:
of the damage in single and double-cracked aluminium cantilever beam by
using accurately composed undamaged mode profiles and measured o The damage index obtained based on curvature mode shape required
damaged ones. Dynamic parameter of vibrational structural beam the dynamic parameters of the vibrational structure before and after the
obtained from numerical and experimental modal analysis. It was damage to locate and quantify the damage.
proposed to use the curvature mode shape method with obtained mode
profiles as base line data and compared results with experimental results. o To reduce the time and experimental cost, mode shapes derived by the
The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated by first five proposed approach can be conveniently used as reference data for the
damage identification and estimation purpose.

Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.
 Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments (JMERD)42(2) (2019) 58-66

o Further, proposed method is also performed to detect the damage in a [10] Hu, H.-W., & Wu, C.B. 2008. Non-destructive Damage Detection of
single and multi-cracked beam. The main advantage of CMS based damage Two-Dimensional Plate Structures Using Modal Strain Energy Method.
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measured with a relatively high spatial resolution. This was overcome by structures: frequency-based method vs mode-shape-based method.
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peak value of damage index is also higher, which implies that higher mode damage detection in a beam structure with multiple damage locations.
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Worthy of noticeable point in the damage detection methods is that are [13] Yan, Y. J., Cheng, L., Wu, Z. Y., & Yam, L. H. 2007. Development in
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Cite The Article: L Ramesh, Putti Srinivasa Rao (2019). Accurate Characterization Of Cracks In Beam-Like Structures Using Square Of Curvature Mode Shape:
Without Baseline Data. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research & Developments, 42(2): 58-66.