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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
277 views328 pagesELEMENTARY SURVEYING Juny Pilapil La Putt PDF (1) 1
Uploaded by
milimofdemonlordCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 328
Blementary Surveying
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_BUILIPPIE COPYRIGHT, 1881, 1983, 1957 by
‘hoy Ppt La Pat
Tad Edition
2010 Reprin
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All righ reserved
No part of his bok may be
repraduced n any form or by
tay mets, ene bref qucctlons
foraresiew, without permission
“in wring rom the bar
(Cover Desig by
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Prine by
(Catho Hermanos, Ine.
Pinet cor. Union St
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"Bi ook dante he om det omen
my ife my wifey tre de mother,
Sy foc aren 7 amon my mate, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
bhesoleseene otticea agencies, and seany indiviguais we
Seen cesta ane tran at Can goverauent of the” Uniged
SERS OE'AatrTot for tavsay avarded ae two roabriehtcfage
fcant. “het Hae gant in 978 ueee scat shien
Pestana Mareny in" bt attownd oe to doin the “univetslor
SE RSET SE Bfond data TiCintentedeer ane oweter
Tnternatlonal “Exchange of Scholars. (Uina) and the 'Pbi2ip-
iptssqatlntd sauces Sta reunaation (OAHE) the CIES and
EAGP ters thu ive apenclee Sivectiy xergergibie for verKing
SUT wis" GELAtTD sftp Spasceastey “tetven, avinend, and
S05 sctnty in the stata’ oe'taine ase ¢ nomen. 1 acknowledge
tee Gar meets ap thanatch tapteh ama tuteElek ow
Fespottlde Seats. spel aafens ehedle-aGogdnray Ann Lounaba™
Bipgeations’ Sed Sch Guring the preperation of the sane
Seer ees nanagemsnt and statl of "the. Universtty. of
Hoods, “Bartictisr!y Plees"seinaio'é. Souetsts for sllov-
TAgTAR’ePyursoe this tenearen protect
etic baht arte” eth, Men utes
tndezsone correct ios shangee, gpalces "insorte, and odie
Boriano. These two ladies typed the manuscript expertly
SLPS: Dott Gr ie oman omen i St
SS
Mghelghitans Say RARE aay
mee aieticuit to avaia typographical and clerical
arcote; “the author will constger ie a Eavor Lf Re is hotly
SHed°CE any’ such fears in shie book. Since many errors of
EM eeaistion: and comission are inevitable, it will be
Geeply' appreciated If suggeations, and eriticlama, are
widuaie “tno “have aiceaty nesona
WEI" Gocepe the author's sineesect
Sneeielen efforts,
Por the many kind inai~
‘sincerest appreciation sor enety
ere Enel at sg hs
bette Se selene (atayng aetna tl
Klong. Ste, enzicetion ano printing of this bosx “eostapye Elementary
SURVEYING
8rd Edition
Dany Pilapil La Putt, msee, ace, ms PREFACE
‘the course of instruction presented in this book is CONTENTS ”
ecigned “prinactiy sor stadence purssing a "general" Gnain
Tease acitea eae stagents of architectore, forestry, | PMBPACE AND AcNommoMENTS «2. ly
Busts hidineaeiner sheep)“ *
Rotate ren TEL MG EIR ok over :
iNTRopuerron
GE insefuction in surveying handlea and directed. pers
aus
Concentrated on the primary operations of surveying which “ES#0N 21 Surveying Measurenahts-” the weter, inter
SEU thbeartbvat of dletinctes aisecelone, and df ederens pation” Sree’ at Uhiee (or) auto of
SRtveying instrumente ate iinewise ciecessed. She book lel sesgoy 3, SELSMEE sy sciccice! “esccesise’ susad 2
Sreaerte ieee eee ee erecta ag totes re Fae alton “eee aE tat
Hees UP tneteedteter"Sars"ncae ois S2GeESy"anoner for "re of Srzore,” feturech and'beeciion. thesty
Sos ge oiaant tog Bete er Lome tas,
camel eodictaeenyhazton poles orazented vg begn oree” I usgon ss feniyas obabie’ itor, laiveinirde)
feel" Aiptogeiogh tpg dlacunpiong stercomietay Siegitiet | sea sumenmnr on
WMiuetestions “and labelee sketches, “Illustrative problens | VOR TZONTAL preTrances
student Stang tagoctantpetnetpies | casson ¢z nensurenent of Distance. pistance sy
Sith reterence only to Si unite. Ten unit examinations are | Raclog, (Oistaiee by’ taping. Distance by
Jevel of comprehension. ‘To provide the student enough prec Bhoraticed netnods. Distance by Hechontoat
aio !facliftate the work of the surveying ineteactor™ Gowogsition of taping Pariy! ine broceaure *™
sue exiarce ua rorr] ' SleeeeBiSls eziied "ee: Hoes tiptoe,
1s agen, 1967 fncortect tape Length. Siivstiative Prod
Baguio City, Pitippines Hee aea itd aes ee eee ie ccmumas sisson 1 REESEAEEGing, “gine vet
somos; ERE oes dn BURer ute tye tite
a oe RTT oc | cece soc ere reer ae
sass a+ eles incttind ives ain ages? En STB Comat etnias Ot a
wpagumpueys on ANGE ES AES Phmcrrons |
fearon 121 Lyetines_ etinition, ‘of rerme, taveling Ernamet esprit geet Arty foal, |
SO SIE Sy tne ay ene arama ratte ties
kesgow 13: Sources of Error” in ‘Leveling. ‘common Attraction. Magnetic Dip. Compass Surve;
Biche to Eitiaae SRUe, DOR feet tietarsee Seite, |
ase sos SOS gt aaa ae Berceattndm ite fea! |
Fase we thei ei fiona sentir Tas,
ERvRLiNG mernoDe Be
iasrat 17. pitegretueh, ering, maibion at FREES! SEB" feopon res
Hee teeta oe teint tat
aise an; fells Meaty ease of nee eligi cat Sent
“Profile Level Notes. Plotting 4 Principle of the Vernser. Transit Ver~
Rise” and Pall method of iavei Manso 2 eens javlng OLE. angies, Reastring
Wertioai Angles. fodex ‘Correction. T=
Tnsbeative problems. es ect e gees
‘Mesdow 32: Measuring Angles ‘acpatition.” “eco”
Tonging a a¥eaighe Lines Betablishing
ar"Boint™ af intersection, | neagucing on
fer. “estabtisning Parallel Lines. 1110
‘eason 33: Adjustment of the transit
Aijuctmenter Tig tmeodeitte. "Fyre
Teodelites. Setting Up the Theodolite,
Filestintive .peeniems. yr site ae +e
Part. virr
TRAVERSING AND
TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
lnsoor 242 nestor Ante traverse, ettec
asso 151 hngie' tS! tes “Right. feaversseAsinith
Bleeees. "Tana Seeioe AeRitees 2 g
txsoon ns EEvGEEC’ congatetonns tal itoae! Sed
Pisbaten ce ee a
tasson a7: filters RSbortimie’ “aitzaty’ beinos,
Exagoe™ goles Rajuseegvuepethe aed
tasnon a0; Resell ine, Maat. “opuces nos,
lumasoh 39: Graphical” Method. Rectangular coorai-
Bee tsintks nethoas itiastsative
‘OMITTED, MEASUREMENTS
tussou 40: omitted weasuronents © lasing Date tn
- | Adjoining Sides, Illustrative Problems
20
os
AREA COMPUTATIONS
son 421 Hethods of Onternining Azea. area ny tei
Biolees “Aces by doorSinstes, 15Stetlefive
bizsow 44: Double Rerlaiah Distance.” bojbie piratiel “*t
Bpb nothse. Fizebexat ive bees
tnsson 45: rea™“by Otteete From a Seraiane Line, 72
‘Bspesolaat Ruler "si2peon's“Ooe-th
Iassow 46: The. Planineter. “Ares by" Graphical" ne 7
ative “Erastiag revere savaren: g2tme~
PARTITION OF LAND
tusson 47: sunétvision of Land. vivieing An Ares Into
Be arts" by 6 tine seaeee Mot Shanes
3,2elatsin's Given Direction. Titastrative
undson 48: To cat oft 3 “Ragaied ixea” by’ 3 ‘tine “87
Through Given"FEint™ fertut bees Ae
Hiccctson:‘iaidetistite foobar Tt ayy
go. 34 probtom ant muvee ones ss oe ss gat
wo. ‘Mumber thre ena ae,
te tomer reer 2221
ss: Bee Bee ae
i he: femer Mines 222001 aE
am wo. as gee 2 Elementar
eee SURVEYING
8rd Edition INT ROD C TION
SURVEYING
Part I: Lesson Nos. 1 Thru 5 INTRODUCTION
ff. geFIITIOW'OF siRvErIG
1-3. PLUME Mo deoverre suveva¥
21 Genletie Senveying
14. OPES oF sumveys
Lesson 1
PERS me 3, Ask. SURVEYING.
one of the olden atte piacticed by man is surveying. Fco8
boundaries and divide tracts of Land. through the centric
Efe” uses of surveying have expanied uch that toasy it. ta
gutcicolt fe Gaiettate Gay" eyee or engineering congtractien
Gesign. are based. on the results of surveys, and conserucs
Sion Conetelina’ by cueveying: teatene\onats in he Ohh”
Sheet STU ASGGéy ity ale" inine’ of pabnnlog aa enacting
Surveys cover” a vide range in scope and, complexity,
dhe! soctet, {Mocking adtes)" deainage and Teeigation eys™
Eke construction of ships and aizplenes, az well os'{h the
the moon and the planets RCT hrhe sae
Etally "se it tater in practice. tt ia'one" catres which
Gesiranie ersies und habits Bacause the pature of the “sub”
Sect" vith. ite relates ie naasacensnts ta noch that “ie
Wit givelop habits oF sccatacyy ingustry, ond reltabitiey
he Eelative importance vf Searurenents, Ne ie trained. te
CaleWiations,“measursmntes, okt ‘sbagrestionss AIT’ chees
Sieg = thet of delineating a postion of the sarth'o surface
Sace'by aitierent authors, ‘and the following are 1istear
an ;
ee
1, citvaying is the art oF determining the poeseione
entnts Inthe three elenents of spacey. nanciy, distance,
2, Mbarveying’ “ia tha act 2¢ senwtcing teritanta: ang
verticar distances becwesn obiestey "ef. aeasoring “anoles
SSbteta sine ot" geternining the icection gf titan; Mand
Seo ""Gurveying is’ the art of nating auch" neasurenents
Glai teatuves may be exnibited in their correct “nerizone' 2
Sura deltnettig, Eh, helg:on‘paper.t= webgeeee
or to eatabiiah Suc’ polots." = Breed) Hosmer, ahd
ve" spozitions of points abivey on, of benesth the
The decade have ‘mly been Limited to sirveye on or near the
Estion “and In tne napping of exteatecressrial podien euch
az the ason, "nate, and’ in the near future the other plet
ets, stars, and ovher neavenly bgaies in the universe.
sow smuch’ wider and complex in extents “and ceeis Tae iE
shouja) be “redetines mere appropriately as, the rt and
Science "of determining angular and linear neasurenants "to
Setabiten’ ‘che! “Houn, extent, sna “telative sposition OF
Uhomatics” Gna’ tne use of specialized ‘savipnent and’ Cock=
Surveys aze divides into two general classifications, plane
dha geodetic
41, Pane Surveying - iz that typeof surveying in whick seachrastamineauaatina tr iariths eat
Sa plane aaskee G Lars
caecent tient te shade cert tte Ts
Epa Mader inept taba
Feat, abteniac tciar pee eek;
estes st tlee IG anearinet icp oe
Tecate Sie SG sesnfeapie vee oe
Tenedaeta sencet itn et Retti hettegele
Tasdhecebet she Se satarlngieanne tt nee
fd in terns of vertical distances
Srinrthay ieltasta bythe noel ce “theodpiitesy "tapesy and
Sieerat glen eoretl open ahs tial’ cd
Therein! ‘surveying systems. these. sophisticated systene Set
Of the different types of surveys the folloving axe the
fore’ commonly executed
1, cadastral surveys ~ are usually closed suzveys hich)
Se Pie
country ang’ areas. tose surveys are alto nade to ¢ix the
Beundorles of municipalities, femme, and peovincial deciee
dictions :
a. city tor the purpose of planting expansions, or” taprove’
ents, Locating property linea, fixing reterunce, montnenve,
Getechining the physica! featares and configuration ot the
ungeztaken sts contraction site to provide date regerdins
Concgtn to engineere, architects, and builders. Wa
iMrorestey "Surveys, =” type of survey “exacutes in
S.iaydcographie Surveye "refer to'aurveying stréans,
shoes Teaetvatiay,“ natbgea,_ccconey apd otter diene!
Sources,” Hood contioly, izrigetion, “production of hyaro-
‘rag either from airplanes of ground stations. weasvre
fo ate obtained. fom the photegrapne which ace used. in
ConSunetion with Iinited ground surveys
‘Se Route” Surveys "= “involves. the’ determination al
faiand avtificlal objects in connection ‘vith the planning,
‘toigny apd construction ef highways, ralizoade,” pipelines:
ie: "ropogtaphic Surveyt “are those eurveys made for
determining’ the shape of the seaund, and the’ location aed
{eatiter shown inciuas such matecal sOjecte’ ar eiite® moar’
Veins, tlvers, lekes, relief of the ground surface, etcy
Mans G8 Ring "OSch, ap rostey bultdinae, porte, Comms, INTRODUCTION
TO SURVEYING
Pot SIEVING NesSuRESENTS
Lesson Z
Wee 2-2. sURVETIMG MmASUERORITS-
1A oeasuredent ie the process of deteralning, the extent,
Se ee nieresctd fp etcenying, mecguroments are sevslly
concentrated on angie, finn, iines, areas,
Boye, {site sueveyor's role le” primarily to desis
CHENEY. Shen puans out Ont extcustan ane tyoey.eneenty and
EEneE°"SSeafned ace thon evaludted and aagusted to obtain
the GevEnrveying avararenent is alvaye. subject to the inv
pornyisar "Ze" eneinsteunant used. and the Giféerent er
Pere" Tntetane’ dn the, process oF abeaining the erasurenant,
Meeks, Shact’a'turveyor whtse’ enaes are euldieiently er
TES MUSES aaa, “ane prystest eanseencnte acquired are
Sofcece‘onty fants cortaln Unite because exrors can be
oteiDYsurveyia, neasurenonte may,be page gisectly oF, 1a-
GLetetl¥, chy it in important for the stoteat to understand
Wilsons. Te isa" gact thug the bert tueveyer is, Sot he Obe
Appropriate degree of precision.
sj utca of Ehe Meacared cuatt lez vith auaetity "of eae
ara nts. When it is not possible to
Suse ie aerate er emai hy
Heute nse eae ately snes Stee
ITE og leech en et cantante
Sits SEGRE aT ah ten
ae rs
optained since Lt makes use of optical systens for relat
aitahore Known Tengen fo th angie tt auvtengy at the Sint
rere are nonarous indirect mearcremente made in aus
Gnd etucente of surveying to havea goed working nowieage
St eeigonaseesy and seonstey,
the tntesnations! unit of Linear measuse tx the nater: this
hoped. to estab:ish a afsten suitable for all times and all.
eblee, “ana witch Cn5id"be aaed upon germanene, pated
1/40;000,600 of the eatth's necidionsi guage
‘na "growing. one of the"neter Sed fo" Gemahde for an
standardization of its defined length: Several conferences
‘Convenes by the Franch goverment for this pervicelae
Surope, "4 from the American continent, end 1 fron the
oe Weights ap) Neasures. hea Sizect reauit of this treaty,
Getined as the distance Between two lines engraved. across
he Mitceaca.'Totae the eng] ok ctor” “with oo” ¥-thuped
SERUTEGGLIG,” hen’ he"tGmporatuce of the bor io'0 degrees
the International Bucsau ia fevees, sear Barley rances The
Bates! took care Of the, prototype’ slandesde of the “meter
brate™ Ene orinary, stgucards. of the. pacvichpatiog coustri
Sieilea"on cGaentch to improve the standasds and nethade of
smiAii though the following yeare the, metric standards
eventually" be based upen the natural standards of even
Tdess were conceived to adopt a natural standard in lieu of
the previous. man-made physical standard. Such @ "etal dera
woiia” have. the advantage of Being eeprsducibie” and
amine £9 posatbie anage By acciaent’ or by hosel
Ta Betober 1960, the meter was redetined ‘ko 1,650,762.72 wavelength of the orange-red Light pro-
Aiceg’by Sorning the eienrnt tiypten, (with an atenie wefan
mew ‘definition will enable nations few osing the interna
Sonal, ayetem of units to'nane more sccurace ‘meastrenente
ith the aeter, tr vil} deep thom from having to. check and
Ealinrate thgie metel bate sosinee,the international proton
Gin’ be roprouced with gloat aevoraey in 2” well-equipped
2-2. Innggnartowas, stoven oF unres (31).
A wovenent is now underway e standardize and) simplity
‘Taeeenations! System of Unite, geaeeaity knows 2 31) The
Hloaie “fact, airice, andar Asie, The United states oF
leet lve fanoaty fy" 1963 the Boatign syaten, vec ott
etrid opaten yas allow’ to bevased, “wetele conversion or
tee Of the ineernat ional, ystem of Unite, (st). ae etablish=
Grey‘ eheolneral Goetecence on Gesaits and Measures and as
waifind by the locai neceic system Beare to suit. PHSTIP-
coy for Linens acenzer" Eiectauarg eater (og a crm) Eee
Sion” ore tot, pert of st but ave. stil “wiasly urea
Aeests thajis ansds Degeees, minutes, and seconde. are
UiSsStceptable fer plane angio: measused inst
dtd Tinear meadcenentss When tring 1, ai Linear messuce=
their” nance: ere spened by adsine peecives, Ja $1 fetal
Sa wt
prefixes are added to basic ngpes.
1-000 099." cents = 0,01
oo tone) fatto: Zane
Asay fod Ge meme v2 Stati tbok ge
: 3a Rano=) = @2pue. 260001
: aa s
zqzineate, Stay and Volume wasoreseats. Using the
Pretiies, ‘the folloving Tinear unite see abetocd:
rete possi
iigme: (i) DERE Haeie
PRGMTIatt my} ESE MEE nae
¢ do atliineeers:
cone HE EOF OREN aro he Rijneeey ser,
tele, of Gbtbres he idee! Er oeg Pt" chsnctts
fe, Menecaeat-ot siete thn’ae Meh aiaets onset ctet
ESAENCTA Gta” lanes Sf dotealng fige, tetocee,
ssbteer fhe tate Mataeba™ BME Ecce fibers
Seu alate toca feattderion len yssarossyeit fat
iv amuabcgnang Tob eae Ceges"of iad seetr ay “He eet
ver casende lems fu th appropriatstaiean amgtorote:
Ke =/1 000 900 sqm or 100 hectares. Senne eeu aee
ih ssn “Ted the tole oFeshgen cect meee
iciehoceseed angen sn mga feadey ih Zobyciatee, snare
‘eheggd gta emeiay Wesco gard Tesi eee
vats sagan "wanteasae’” she SPUE'G5 Wy seectra:
(ah Ste t's Chtleshaving STengttagtn tine nesses
FROGS I? ‘and 0.0745 rad = 1 deg.
47 nin 44,9 ec or $9-2950 20g, “and 0.01748 rad = 3
Geertea) ead, od ain = (2edaieyi0000) 22a, anda sec =
(S.are/e4no00}. 20.
‘The “aeeraaien. is, the supplementary weit of a solid
Yasee trey celaat tetToegen agent te tse stadioe’ oc ot
SIGE cot angutar neasuce ante because of thelr’ practical
Ynportance and our familiarity with ie.
Maste equaas 60 seconds, Divisions of seconde are given in
sere yy contasiaal Units - many countries in Europe and the
vigate Sast ene the centectial syetem where the grad 16 Ehe
{Seo eg) ig eiviges into. 400 grade, he Ored te, “divided
Gxample, 94" a8" oF Se expressed az 194.458 2 grads.
set im wats Bac oatuiaee oe’ atgniicant figures: By gerne
chitee pe emee oh coors eesti se meee ae
‘Tarbier 124 tine ie measures with s scale graduated in
bee Gee eigniticane. figures the 3 thit ie certain and the
veeeattneante iE the’ sane Tine. is ogein measured vith &
efagcteat places. "becinal places say have
eted'tS suunfain the correct sumer Of s\ont#ieant
2. tho Significant Pigeren.
2 0.020 0.0024
3. Tree significant Figures,
a6 a ate 0.000243 .
Bo iba scene
31.25 isroa see0
12348 200.00 46.000
genoral rates regarding eignitioant
to the” right of the decimal ‘are “not. “signiticant, Shey
Sight" alow! the poelvion of the atcinal auch stn “the
0.00325, 0.000468, and 0.0220. Se taker he areata
tala, |ji= teres placed a¢ che end of decina?_nusbere
thiee values eli have five significant tlaures: cay
froeus UE DEaneteaseee ctr Geet GOR
Elaures,“auring computations wich Team fore” tinal ceault
couadht tbe "nore: peeetee shan tne precision of the least
nenta ace’ cecarded with the coreest number St clgnieisese
Eigurest. Tea staniticent’tigere te dropped in recorsing
Slateh Us'cgated, "af data are recorded eith’nece: fiaere
Ih até veylng measurements the proper number of signiti- iy odicated,” For example, Tt 2 tength te
Sy. Zecoreing {© ee 5,0, the implication is that the dia
Ar oF cited cates Sneselston. oF retineasnt
aonoyed. in’ the observation.” tobe consistant," with the
SISOS a°tath the copsect nunber oF significant. figure
Sehdne® final States go chat the value containa "ony "che
2Gunding” oft’ valges are genersiny accepree?
eae ay eer i eclie Teteeetee
si ints Sant E ace cet
Hi ese, Medea Gras cheng
eerie santa irae ancy
alee Stopped is equal tos sch
Shortas, ctheze' inveciahly “use the next Lover” bundredeh
lea scompueer eale® in rounding off
Salues' should net to applied to measiied’ guanticies. the
20 writ
INTRODUCTION
TO SURVEYING
‘Stuvenr FUEL pecrice
SURVEYING FLELO woTES
THE FIELD HoTEBOOK
"WPES OF wares
1, Stetohes 4. Computations
2. Tabulations 5 Cimblnation 06
5. Explancou Noces The Above
3-5. INFORMATION Fou Iu FTELO HoTEBodKS
1 Tidte ofvthe Fletd Wok ot Mane of Project
2. Tine of Day and Date
3. weather Conditions
4+ Names of Graip Members and Theix Designations
5. List of Cquiment :
THE FIELD SRVEY PAsry
Techies of Paxcy ea Tape
By, Aaséstant Chg of Panty 9. Flagnon
3, Tnatumentean 0s ease
4, Techniolan 11, Paces
5. Commuter. 18. Ayemtn/ Lineman
i Recoden Tae
7. Wad Tpenen 14. ueititgmen
Lesson 3 5 3-1, rupewt prec practice.
Uniti “extent of field practice:
Se oedloary Ge28 chaz Counsntneny ies ie expectecr however,
$52e ‘Zhe Shares will give the student 4 vorking "knoviedge
cE coxvering inaevunenty’ and) tneir sees: Tn. elcnentary sue
we ae hoct turvey problana. ara teken up which in prac
ice sight, Become parte of extended surveys ‘
vantera "oe the svedent Zleia'gertice sue éron” tine
Etential “sot "the knowledge of pow. to manipulate "the
ieletene Mecruwentos the uae of zucveying” insteinents
fegelse not omy = thorough wraerstanding woe the! basi
2-2, SURVEYING FIELD wovES
aurveying field notes constitute the only. rellable, and
Sermvent record of sctusl work done” in the fled. 14 the
BOGS Shtnioe ail of the time, monty, end effort tn the ga
She ing of terre day ceyienenta ae tase, “the. curved
‘ot “recorées, or" f'thevneaning of any cecozsea ata “Ig
seaying ghould real ioe Chae the gusliey of nis Field voH
TUelacted cdisectiy in the nanner he Keeps hie
rsautvey ie made, the seceseary dats to
STi such requized data ned.
recone the sfeicial
ESsson thet fetes mint be cokotete
ined peacties.
Sibid, notes axe Usually or
eee See tat eee
Sthertise nate use oiprevious surveys may be required "t
or tblated prosect. gn such abe It would be post" Togie
that Eke ole’ dieid sotes will be the omy avaliable coke
2 ens
sea
sade conpietely, clearly, and systematically.” 0 be co
sand Ohebe valve vial, depend 1
1y upon the com
‘of tefarred to by office personae) vio ave nas seea
Ps
the Gata but those Which mey fuatonably be expected fo
ise at come future time.” A completed record witten ins
‘ ‘standacas, "and pretecences
in dapat tne
oe offi
Especial conditions.” Alehough
Fonatjnes modified’ to
‘aided by methodical apportionment
lace cf one wo te hot inthe fiaid af the tine’ the
nezed aa
tglact high standarea aod. save time. ‘The star
ta an veil ae in Grafting and preparation of menocanas
Uined: in executive or professional davies
Inter “from manory of copied trom
,""Bie Phey tee pot He1a’ notes. atedenes
rucict 25, is on scrap sheets of paper fér later trans-
Elce” defeats the purpose 9¢ 2 surveying #1eid work comsrey,
‘wnith Sa.to provide experience in taking nover anger actdal
Jeb. conattsSna.
ih court, “Field, notes nay be eed az evidence. orisinat
gopens aie, those Hakenenle senastensnte are ovine mde.
SELL be cead, Sna the comrect entry if made waite aetl} tn
In practice the f1el¢ notebook should be of good quality
‘ace "available which will shed fain; sone of th
by “engiiieering “supply conpanies for oarticuiae
Notes, ' auch as cross-sections for earthvork. for" general
naeebock fag, “Eve! [righthand page “divided Into” smal
tn Teveling, has both pages ruied in coluans and has’ vider
Teveibook.
thei
14 notenook my be bound Ja any ef three ways:
ithe hap ‘the asvancage, over the Conventional
Gan be folded ‘back against egch other: Looseleaf notaboake
bond paper” instead of sleld natabacla shen peapacing Sad
tithe petebooks aside” tron ite Seing cheaer
0 ras
soveady bog: A B008 sketen itt beso Go convey
feales but"In’ moce cases thay are mace aprrceineceistaee
‘They ar@ drawn freehand and of liberal size. “Many
may be readily shown by cénvent ional. ri
smo 'may be tenpeed toy che’ fareieniar
of risbe "the. student ahocid’ tote thats
Srouted With unnecessary date 2 aise Senta tay,
4, iieBubulattons, 1. seria oe numerical valuas obese?
Bolated form of wots Keeping conveys fhe requires, ingore:
allow: eaay' checking, saves tine, nalen the coleciatice ict
Giplereo"athere, and Staptitios the wert ofthe porter heck
ihe gata may be of such varying character that they. cannot
be aevencageotriy tabulated, "Rot must Be sheen n'a Sines
oF Segeage
‘laced wnere
of simple a thestical fobe. and trigononetsic functions
In one “Iatancen, gpaphical solutions using, accareceh
Bosled dcawinge sb. Blectsonic,hand-helaCeleaiatorey
Values. The portrayel of ealcviations shevié te
ce, i adusesedodtteanawment fn Stor tha” tens wut
the ‘cdeputationss Sues
‘Combination Of the Above. The practice used in
pet eutengive surveys 2 ctnotnation of the avove tgp
notea, The sueveyor ehoula be abla to deteraine for Yh
Af Milch ype OF Combination wold be most logical to" one
In portraying the type ef data sachared in the kicia
eit 2 ple asovey, euch as one for mensring
Runerical Valugs and sketches are used.” Wherever there may
evan Subt ccerning fina colton, "a Stick etat
Tine forwata"ang.brekgweds "a entelation ploteeasente ceed
in columns ts adequate. the notes tor most leveling epers
fe a2, ‘the location of a refa!
cA sheet airmine de ne ela ese ee “Hence point my be Glesieult to identity without a sxetehy
oe of explanation ‘are. ensugh. Bsneh
acer ear Barks and other reference points sd uruaily described te
‘bany.angles snd distances ate ara
red team
bo" hopeaeeely complicated’ For this teason tho angiee ane
Gletances. axe “recorded Ih tabiaar fore, Using these’ aes
Plitica “and. the ‘ieid work undeftaken becente perfectly
Spparent Go one who has «f knoviedge. ef. surveying
3-5. ‘TagoRaTION FOUND IH FIELD KOTEBOOKS.
Tt is desirable enkt che fortowing basic Information be
= eeeteed aie iesteetre ae peeespion ghee sat eae citer Se
leat aes siden praeatreneers ee agree?
See Si staged sae Sabia tack 2 bata oe eto
seictn hia Petes eed, Set Se eeGs
Pete eggs ee kd
rove tater gra tas cecPeetepne ote Petes
ier seep ater Se etree et
ie erate ors ees
Succi eee ae elas Genus reat
Tees Bb et iataate ales eane ath aseeeetea helecesapeees
SIS Teipa ‘che cacy Se pinpetatad aning the survey busty
ve sind oigal Tegal? Sis “Sree asst
CieRstlans SE oehe pareiseiar'atsagusse Giia-aiae ty Se
ating ertors in boge caste. a
If a1 the, stove Listed information are known, nistivee:
*eommi sted) tn'thy’ field’ and which are not discovered. uneti>
+ was 22, fie. Held work 16 conpletes could be easier determines.
Often the wlatake ‘can be traced to weather, condicions of
Sanionent which are cut of adjustment, and'a corsection can
SEsUEp" belmade without having to sods the whole field Worx
bie “of contents at the Seginting of the field notebeor ‘to
ailov’ sssy referencing Of desired date: this ie sévipabic
Covering aifferent Survey projects.
3-8, TE FIELD suvaY PARTY,
The/folloving is a list of peszons vho nay compose field
survey party. Their duties snd responsibilities are” given
Hints’ primarily designed tor large scale surveys which is
taps EoTinaeieate £icia suvers covering days ot” wake
party, the principle of flexibility mist be adapted" The
GutiGE and Uensponsibiiitise of nemotea of» Survey. pasty
SuIE rovailing work rogsitenents and conaitions; ‘provlens
in 181d operations, and the avellebility and Usage’ of sur=
vering “eauipment. ‘Hence, for amatier scale sutveys and
Where’ conventional surveving equipnent are’ stilizes, the
iven, conposition shoula be reduced to_wnet {a deemed ore”
Eerubic or uitabie. the compesltion, davies and resyonei-
2. chief of Party tne person who 1s responsible
fox, the ovteatl aucectloy, auperViston, and” Opesational
Gogisticai ‘ana’ technieel feguirenante, ‘an preblens of a
Uleia survey operation. Prisr to the txecation eta eusvey,
prodect, he Consults’ of confers with seperices, reserdiey
Ehe project ‘to be undertaken. fe is Eeaponsible for seats
Eng! survey reports ano records, and suse to it thee. these
seevcomplete, accurate and adheres Yo preserines technteat
standards” and specifications, ie prepares, cost
(Of survey projects, and receives and Slaburees. 11 cache
hi Seseription of land and other surveying asttes:
uty “ie'to assist the chief of party in the atconplleheant
GE the task qusigned to the sucvey party. He takes ever the
a
the stare of a survey work:
fee Se ateloyntt of Sheteyieg,taupasie™ te ang
and office raperts and survey plane for subalgsion to aie
wey, Jevels and operate eorveying’Inatronenes atcha” Et
Eegnelty ‘sdgitecs‘s level, theodolite, sextant, prane catte
tea, “invasirvey operat lon are in sont Swathi trttate be
snd in proper eGjustnent. He alzo ausiats the cocmeetan et
Egggtses “Talked supervision over personne! doing, tense
Aistant atationa or Long sutvey dines are inosiven Oo"
clone CE survey Gata and wasn sue aeeeceees Sagat
tational checks required in a Zield werk operations’ Sen te
Sonputeriied serveying systens or eauigaemts ” Peratien OF
a ty Reorder =” the ferson whose ety" ty to kéep a te
Hons "taken OE needed core flola work nsession? aoeeeet
fable of schedules of a2i phases of work and the “tantere
fasts related’ fo" sueveyiog in tne office’ aca" unsetoett
HinSee cat btgeapaic Jobe
aceuragy and speed of a11 linger aeasurenmnes with cope, Re
ntazntteg” and Siresty the marking of
nd Compares tapes for’ standard Teagch peter eft ent ts
Injaeteltdarorstione ana’ cespone ible fer etisinaving "st
4."Rear Tapenan. ~ the’ person whose Guy tno aa
int the Bead" eSpenan urine Egping operations ’and 16° other
3. Wlagman the perogn whose duty te to noid tne
Haspeie, OF range pole at selgcted pointe aa 'aivectas “Sy
istcunentnan, ‘tte helps the tapenan in making mossusey
ripen 28, Hy Spe ety ais omar eeer heute
HOS categiaarsigtivae Gh Ess
11, Paces = tne person, whose duty Is to check att
neat" aeasstencnts” mds oy the eauenan:) te aesisce the
28ofeion"the pace’ any'aleo pectorm she Jop Se = todnan.
25 is woodes county, fe ie’ also reeponetble for ‘the
Tie abbey sites de axenan ia urusliy provided not only
Sddition, ne may be designeted as an assistant instrunent~
or other’ forms’ ot aasistance needed by the survey OaIty OF
Stafrocted by the Sheff patty. where's survey “vblele
INTRODUCTION
TO SURVEYING 2
fe emo
2. Misra
4-3, TVPES oF esnoxs
1. systematic Errors
2 Aecidentat Exons
4-4. SOURCES OF ERnoRs
1. Tastumentat Exxon
2. acura Eaxors
5. Porsonal Exons
45. ACCURACY AKO PRECISION
46. THEORY OF ProgastLETY
4-7. HOST PROBABLE VALE
4-6. ILLUSTRATIVE Paonucus
1. West Probate vatue ;
2. Host Peete Vatu
Se Host Peabebte Vatue
4. owe Probab, Vadue
Lesson 4
ri —— 31, 1, ion
an oxror 6 de€ined as che iteerence between the troe
ia! and whe measured value of a goumetty, “Et ie a devias
tion, “ot “on obwervation er s esteviation fiom “the. tree
Yelle and 1s" often beyond the'contzal of the ong performing
EheTogecselons Since the sce valse of”. auantley can pover
Cype of Sguipment sed or by the vay in'wtten the euuibnent
Ti aagtoyads' 16 key adso bx. crawed or the invert fycions cE
Tatural Gauges, “he eefects cf ervore cemmot be ent ively
Sliniteceds they can, Sovever, "be sisimised by caxetul week
ferent Kinde of erfor, “their sources and behavior, magni=
Srssit"peStoet hey tausily areao atjo in magnitude” sean
Eigures, reading: 5 soq1e brchvess, sispiacing a decinal
SE1SSs ofMRotbete inceseaclays ‘ote for elqsoie, a tapmaas
toy Ted aSnnet of the tapt a‘ e'ine' se Mould “acteay
follows: 243.85 m, 249-68 m, 234, A ey eee
Te ial be notda thee the ehira vaue Gleagress. signifi
ae FH
TE "careful attention te gin to che enacstion of any
tesreyins aration, "alstaee™ cas be avoided. the sartous
vared.” thelr datection ‘can be mada by systenstic enccticg
SEU oH," making 4 comton Sonae eztinrte and’ acolgeioy
Undwtected nistates my produce very ette
the, finad ‘renult 96 & atrvey such thae’ehe surveyor a
Wen nistakes ars discovered, corccations enasid ionesiets:
vibe made” Te ie Gauily sevisabie to fepest a wtescrenere
Se’"othes naagurchente of the ates" guancicy “ase fameeE
fied “which Closely “agree, "the widely divergent sescies
‘outa be 'atscaz eS. "Mlatahes have pS" place’ it engineesing
bus “they const be entirely eliminates, whereae” nistates
fe Ee'Sign and’ hagnitudey” and the ‘Sondition nec eet esos
craton recor Fuld Conlin seas Gog
yu ae have the same sign and magnitude as long. «
sie! Ele eaeeltfeal:Giorethcveseecnaag:, for smn
totes sottil sSiptnittng GoE seat Se gattiey eaareee
Sino called a cunuistive eerers, For inotenetey of mektegts
tape: Tengen tateeed aig cameashepeabe, fe sree, Tea. tail
{iG teense aactee et Se arenes
tn the tae et anseeoseneh ay‘ ttauePing Bret, fectugoee
an Mgueveviogy eyetematic trtore occur due to" instr une
Eagular effects In the performance sta curece ona
eideniet™ in character, The eccurrence of auch cerory Soy
wie 33 natters of chancs as they are Likely to be positive or
Beal nette nek ct probability: “there is no absolute way
SF cdetefmining or elipinating then sidce the seer for
Shecsvatlgn”"GE Santity se not. iifelfeto be’ the rane
Accidental “ercore= are chusee by factors, beyond the
wndictmeste. "aby timin adter eistekes’ and systenstac
Soohelinfoated. An exanole o€ ach an aEtar tp
‘a pull. beyond: that which iz required, and some:
Faun mat ig required, Aagther granyle in 10 ere
Ednnét tend. ie 'perfectiy, there would be tines when ne
Would. read a\ valve which ts tos “iazge and in snether
see llstaliy. oF ainot depnitance in dueveying. operation
the final resuite, Although the total error increases a2
Stuer “propertlenaligiiess when conpared vith the number of
Imeasucemenes, ang the accuracy Secomes greater ae the 1a
4-4, sounces oF wenoes.
Eectlons "iq the instrusante sed, either from ¢autts ig
Shee construction or fren ieorene’ sfJantnente between
Screncnte “vithin’ certain sllewble limite” of preciatong
Peeeeeeo] determining the Gifference in elevation betwee
two points with an iestrament wnese Line of signe 48 not ii
Sedustmene
Hae
a) sighting 0 a rod whieh is warped.
Gravity, "ang curvacure ef the earth. “hatural ersors st
Beyond’ ine control of mine Newavers”‘in'avaet es'toes os
‘he, "surveyor May aot be able to totally renove the
Siagnepts Comon exanples are; ns na MME soe
int Sajitexor in tha'gesaurentet of @ horizontai distance
2. Personal Errors. these ersora arise principliy from
accurate, this type of fellibility differs fron one indivi
Seah TES" anotis andmay"vary due to certain “clveuastances
Vig eliminated sy enploying appropriate checking of proc”
Ei'Rreor in'ehe meardienant of a vertical angie when
. ACeURACE AND eRe used in surveying, however, their correct meanings are
peeclotons the tue’ should net be clea" fnverehunseasiy. see
Surveyse should always attengt to obtain measurenents vhich
Ste not only accurate bot sino preci.
Aecurary indicates how close a giveh asasirenent i to
tthe Sbeoiute or true walae of the quantity measured: Tt tee
Plies ‘the closeness betwsen related meascenente. and thelr
Eropecat ina.“ She"diftereice betveen the measured” vatee of
in fhe measurenent. As, the measured value agproaches the
acuuat! value, he magnitude ofthe error becomes. omallar
Greased, the scearacy of the measurement increates, There
fore, measurement te terned lees accurate If it deviates
SyissutnlFlcast™aoone #fon- ics expected vate, and ft fs
‘me folioving sxanple Liiustrateg the seaming of scow
100,003 m and the second Ig'99.295'm, the First measurenent
is “asia Go be nore accurate han tho second. mensucomant
pared Eo that of the second masurensnt waich te. €.005 a."
sistency vith whlch ary physicn! msasucensnt ie uadey 12°
portrayee by “the” closeness to one ancther of a cet of
fs""eata fo have Bean abeained with high’ precision,
Pate of the cbasrvor of fo the capasiiie‘as of tne, taneeet
‘neen conditions employing the best techaiguen:
Eigres given ehow poseibie groupings of
