GENDER FAIR LANGUAGE How to be more gender fair in our language:

● Be respectful, do not trivialize or diminish

Why is gender fair language important? stature of people of other genders
● Language is a powerful tool ○ Use gender-neutral terms rather than
○ Reflects prevailing norms but also tool diminutive feminine suffixes
for change ○ Use gender-neutral terms for
○ Can reinforce or challenge existing professions, occupations or roles,
power structure avoid gratuitous and patronizing
● Not just about being politically correct sex-linked modifiers
○ Understanding of ourselves and world ○ Stop gender-linked adjectives or
around us modifiers that have pejorative
○ Creating more just and equitable connotations
society ○ Stop using outdated forms of address
and honorifics
● Gender equality ● Do not disparage and marginalize people of
● Anti-ethnocentrism, biases other genders
● Cultural diversity ○ Stop using language that perpetuates
● Inclusivity generalization
○ Use non-oppressive terms
Inclusive Language Guidelines
Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming (TGNC)
Gender-exclusive language ➢ Refers to people whose:
➢ Terms that lump all people under masculine ○ Gender identity does not match their
language or within gender binary (man or sex assigned at birth
woman) ○ Gender expression does not match their
gender identity
Gender-inclusive language
➢ Terms used to be more gender equitable Deadnaming
➢ Being called by one’s legal name
Misgendering PUTTING CIVIL SOCIETY IN CONTEXT: OVERVIEW OF
➢ Being called by pronouns or titles that do ANTHROPOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT
not affirm their gender
DEVELOPMENT AND ITS MEANING
Basic Guidelines:
● Ask for name, pronouns and titles, regardless “The classic aim of development, modernisation or
of transgender status catching up is in question because modernisation is
● Use lived name, pronouns and titles no longer an obvious ambition… Everything that
development used to represent appears to be in
question, in crisis.” - Pieterse, 2010

“Development is a complex, contradictory and

powerful term that takes on particular meanings in
the context of specific intellectual, institutional
and political moments.” - Lawson, 2005

“Development is… reflective of the best human

aspirations and exactly for this reason, subject to
the most intense manipulation.”
- Peet and Hartwick, 2009

“If development means good change, questions arise

about what is good and what sort of change matters…
any development agenda is value-laden.” - CHambbers
in Summer and Tribe, 2009
“Since development depends on values and
alternative conceptions of the good life, there is
no uniform or unique answer.” - Kanbur, 2006
DEVELOPMENT AS A CONTESTED CONCEPT MODERNIZATION – THE BEGINNING OF MODERN DEVELOPMENT
ERA
● Ambiguous
● Value-laden ● Making benefits of our scientific advances
● Contradicting notions and industrial progress available for
● Provisional improvement and growth of underdeveloped
● Fallible areas (US President Truman’s Inaugural
● Complex Address, 1949)
● Development is about making sure that most
DEVELOPMENT THEORIES – A SURVEY basic things we take for granted can also be
taken for granted by everyone else in the
● Conventional Theories of Development world (Wroe and Doney in The Rough Guide to a
○ Emphasis on economic growth Better World, 2005)
○ Modernizing, linear (from classical and ● Total transformation of a traditional or
neo-classical to Keynesian and pre-modern society into types of technology
neoliberal) and associated social organization that
● Critical Modernism characterize “advanced” economically
○ Alternative, more well-rounded prosperous and politically stable nations of
development Western world (Moor in Social Change, 1963)
● Non-conventional, Critical Theories of
Development “Underdevelopment began, then, on January 20, 1949.
○ Marxism and socialism On that day, two billion people became
○ Post-structuralism underdeveloped. In a real sense, from that time on,
○ Post–colonialism they ceased being what they were, in all their
○ Post-developmentalism diversity and were transmogrified into an inverted
○ Feminist critique of development mirror of others’ reality: a mirror that belittles
them and sense them off to the end of the queue, a
mirror that defines their identity, which is really
that of a heterogenous and diverse majority, simply
in terms of a homogenizing and narrow minority.” - seeing and doing” (Arturo Escobar, Imagining
Gustavo Esteva a Post-Development Era)
● “Linked with the idea of ethnocentrism and
CRITICAL MODERNISM racism within development thinking rooted in
colonialism whether implicit or explicit”
● Rethink development project rather than (William Easterly, White Man’s Burden, 2006)
discard it ● “The idea of progress eventually became a
● Recapture meaning in modernity and powerful ideology of disenfranchisement and
development often generated remarkable acts of cruelty,
● Development should be understood beyond accepted as ‘insignificant in the long term’
economic growth to include social and and therefore permissible” (Theodor Shanin,
democratic progress The Idea of Progress)

POST-DEVELOPMENTALISM Development as Discourse

● Role of power in creation of knowledge
● Critique of standard assumptions about ● How western narratives are enforced over
progress global south and over local/indigenous agenda
● Critical of how standard views of development
categorize populations and countries in Development as Orientalism
overgeneralized and deprecating ways ● Infantilisation of south and legitimation of
● Emphasis on diversity, context and western rule and intervention
alternative voices, away from “grand
narratives” or “meta-theories” Development as Governmentality
● Role of governmentality in ehancing western
● “Development is not simply an instrument of dominance over south, including power of
economic control – it is the primary development agencies
mechanism through which the “Third World” has ● Reinforcing state power over local
been imagined and imagined itself, thus communities
marginalizing or precluding other ways of
Deconstructing Development (Derrida) FEMINIST CRITIQUE OF DEVELOPMENT
● Be mistrustful of positivistic approaches to
development ● Modernization is based on often idealized
● No to discursive violence, no to imposition version of masculine modernity
of meta-theory ● Development as mastery over and
● There is no single perfect end state of transformation of nature, centering social
development as is suggested by meta-theories struggles around productive activity,
excluding struggles for equal gender
“To think about ‘alternatives to development’ relations
requires a theoretical and practical transformation ● Public-private dichotomy
in existing notions of development, modernity and
the economy – importance of social movements” ● Gender gaps: incomes, labor participation,
(Arturo Escobar, Imagining a Post-Development Era) political paticipation
● In several areas, women’s quality of life has
REFLECTION ON POST-DEVELOPMENTALISM worsened
● Women disproportionately bear care work
“At some point we refused to go on building a responsibilities
strategy around a catalogue of ‘problems’ and ● Gender-based violence
‘needs.’ The government continues to bet on
democracy and development; we respond by BHUTAN
emphasizing cultural autonomy and the right to be
who we are and have our own life project. To “Gross National Happiness is more important than
recognize the need to be different, to build an Gross National Product” - His Majesty Jigme Singye
identity, are difficult tasks that demand Wangchuk, the Fourth King of Bhutan
persistent work among our communities, taking their
very heterogeneity as a point of departure.” - Four Pillars:
Libia Grueso, Leyla Arroyo and Carlos Rosero, the ● Good Governance → determines conditions in
Organisation of Black Communities of the Pacific which Bhutanese thrive
Coast of Colombia, January 1994 ● Sustainable socio-economic development →
valuing social and economic contributions of
 households and families, free time and GNH Screening Tool
leisure ● Used by GNH Commission to assess/review all
● Preservation and promotion of culture → draft policies, programs and projects through
cultural resilience GNH lens
● Environmental conservation → aesthetic and ○ E.g. GNH screening tool used to assess
other stimulus healing to people proposal for Bhutan to join World Trade
Organization
Gross National Happiness ■ Initially 19 of 24 GNH
● Alternative framework of development secretariat voted in favor
● With indicators to sectors to guide ■ After screening, 19 officers
development voted against
● Allocates resources in accordance with
targets and GNH screening tools “The world we wish to bring forth is linked to what
● Measures progress over time we mean by development…” - Robert Chambers,
● Compares progress across country Reflecting Forwards, 2004

GNH Index → measuring people’s happiness and The same is true for civil society and
well-being anthropologists and the role they play in
development
● Psychological well-being
● Health “The trouble with life isn’t that there’s no
● Time Use answer, it’s that there are so many answers” - Ruth
● Education Benedict
● Cultural Diversity and Resilience
● Good Governance
● Community Vitality
● Ecological Diversity and Resilience
● Living Standards
ANTHROPOLOGY OF CIVIL SOCIETY societies with participant culture
(civic culture)
THE IDEA OF CIVIL SOCIETY: ORIGINS, DEFINITIONS ○ Jurgen Habermas:
■ civil society is made up of
● Civil society is an intractable concept spontaneously created
○ Has come to mean different things to associations, organizations and
different people movements which
○ Necessary and necessarily contested ■ find, take up, condense and
concept amplify resonance of social
problems in private life and
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW ■ pass it on to political realm or
public sphere
● Greek and Roman ideas of political community ○ Antonio Gramsci:
and civilized society ■ three-way distinction between
● Essentially intellectual product of 18th economy (market), state
century Europe (government) and civil society
○ John Locke Alexis de Tocqueville: which are inextricably
democratic association in everyday life intertwined
as based for functioning polity ■ civil society acts as both agent
○ Friedrich Hegel: tense inter-dependent of hegemonic forces that control
relationship between state and civil state
society ■ as well as arena of creativity
○ Adam Ferguson: state of social order, where counter-hegemonic forces
encompassing both realM of uncoerced develop alternatives to hegemonic
collective action and sometimes ideologies and practices
coercive realm of organized state ● First half of 20th century was one of
● 20th century ideas on civil society liveliest and most varied periods in civil
○ Gabriel Abraham Almond and Sidney society evolution
Verba: democracy is more stable in ● Formal recognition – Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC), UN, 1947
 ● Rise of civil society and CSOs/NGOs in the CIVIL SOCIETY ADVANCING COMMON INTERESTS
mid-to-late 20th century ● Has many different definitions and little
○ Increase in number of NGOs agreement on its precise meaning; but can
○ Work on human and citizens’ rights, identify core conceptual components: state
disarmament, environment, poverty and power, politics, individual freedom, social
inequality capital and cohesion, advancement of common
○ Rediscovery of idea of civil society in interests (Dictionary of Civil Society,
struggle for social change, Philanthropy and Non-Profit Sector, 2005)
anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism ● Non-state actors whose aims are neither to
(e.g. Latin America, Eastern Europe) generate profits nor to seek governing power;
○ As a result of and in response to CSOs unite people to advance shared goals and
neoliberalism interests (Asian Development Bank Civil
Society Organization Sourcebook: A Staff
CIVIL SOCIETY AS THIRD SECTOR Guide to Cooperation with Civil Society
● Refers to set of institutions, organizations Organizations, 2008)
and behaviors situated between state,
business world and family (Dictionary of CIVIL SOCIETY AS INHERENTLY GOOD
Civil Society, Philanthropy and Non-Profit ● Not-for-profit organizations and special
Sector, 2005) interest groups, either formal or informal,
● Set of institutions which is strong enough to working to improve lives of their
counterbalance the state and whilst not constituents (World Bank, The World Bank’s
preventing state from fulfilling its role of Partnership, with Civil Society, 2000)
keeper of peace and arbitrator between major ● What makes idea of civil society so
interests, can nevertheless prevent state attractive to so many social thinkers is its
from dominating and atomizing rest of society assumed synthesis of private and public good,
(Ernest Gellner, Dictionary of Civil Society, idea of civil society thus embodies for many
Philanthropy and Non-Profit Sector, 2005) ethical ideal of social order (Adam Seligman,
The Idea of a Civil Society, 1992)
CIVIL SOCIETY ACCORDING TO EUROPEAN UNION definition. Therefore, civil society is changing
● “All non-state, not-for-profit structures, both conceptually and empirically all the time.” -
non-partisan and non-violent, through which Liv Egholm, Civil Society: Between Concept and
people organize to pursue shared objectives Empirical Grounds, 2021
and ideals, whether political, cultural,
social or economic… they include CIVIL SOCIETY IN PRACTICE
membership-based, cause-based and
service-oriented CSOs. Among them, TYPES OF CSOs/NGOs
community-based organizations,
non-governmental organizations, faith-based ● Cooperatives
organizations, foundations, research ● People’s organizations, community-based
institutions, gender and LGBT organizations, organizations, membership organizations
cooperatives, professional and business ● Development NGOs
associations, and not-for-profit media. Trade ● Civic organizations
unions and employer’s organizations, the ● Research institutions
so-called social partners, constitute ● Social movements
specific category of CSOs” (In WEF, 2013) ● Funding organizations
● Humanitarian organization
“In the world of ideas, civil society is hot ● Coalitions and networks
(Zakaria). I define it as new spaces for ● Professional organizations
communication and discussion over which the state ● Trade unions
has no control. …I define it as including only ● charitable organizations
those groups, organizations and personalities that ● faith-based organizations
pursue freedom, justice and the rights of ● Policy advocacy organizations
citizenship against authoritarian states.” -
Celestin Monga, The Anthropology of Anger: Civil ● NGOs → non-profit organizations and civil
Society and Democracy in Africa, 2023 society organizations (CSOs) have organized
structure or activity, and typically
“Civil society is an ideological concept. The registered entities and groups
political struggle is centered around its
 ● Online groups and activities including social ● Capacity building
media communities that can be “organized” but ● Humanitarian response
do not necessarily have physical, legal or ● Social functions
financial structures]
● Social movements of collective action and/or Size and structure
identity which can be online or physical ● Small informal groups
● Religious leaders, faith communities and ● Large formal agencies
faith-based organizations ● Ad hoc groups
● Labor unions and labor organizations ● Bureaucratic or flexible
representing workers ● Forms of membership
● Social entrepreneurs employing innovative
and/or market-oriented approaches for social Resources
and environmental outcomes ● Externally funded
● Grassroots associations and activities at ● Dependent on locally mobilize resources
local level ● Well-funded or resource-constrained
● Cooperatives owned and democratically
controlled by their members DOMAINS OF ENGAGEMENT

Levels of operations Spaces and platforms

● Community level (village) ● Social media
● Sub-national (province, region) ● Arts
● Urban areas ● Urbanization
● National ● Legal mobilization
● Regional
● Global, international Politics
● Regime change
Functions ● Democratization and autocratization
● Service delivery ● Beyond nation-state
● Representation
● Advocacy,, policy work
Resources and tactics and security; implementing disaster
● Financing civil society management, preparedness and emergency
● Civil society leadership response
● Violence ● Expert
○ Bringing unique knowledge and
Identity formation and claims experience to shape policy and
● Gender strategy, and identifying and building
● Indigenous groups solutions
● Religion ● Capacity builder
○ Prvoding education, training and other
Advocacy capacity building
● Labo ● Incubator
● Business associations ○ Developing solutions that may require
● Human rights long gestation or payback period
● Environment ● Representative
● Energy ○ Giving power to voice of marguinalized
● Migration or underrepresented
● Citizen champion
ROLES ○ Encouraging citizen engagement and
● Watchdog supporting rights of citizens
○ Holding institutions to account, ● Solidarity supporter
promoting transparency and ○ Promoting fundamental ad universal
accountability values
● Advocate ● Definer of standards
○ Raising awareness of societal issues ○ Creating norms that shape market and
and challenges and advocatinf for state activity
change
● Service provider GLOBAL CIVIL SOCIETY
○ Delivering services to meet societal ● Became popular theoretical category in 1980s
needs such as education, health, food at same historical moment as collapse of
 Soviet-style communism, ascendancy of ○ Article XIII, Section 15: “The State
post-modernism in political circles and rise shall respect the role of independent
of neoliberalism people’s organizations to enable the
● In absence of widespread support for grand people to pursue and protect, within
projects of social renewal or state-roganized the democratic framework, their
attempts to counteract market impulses, legitimate and collective interests and
theorists embraced local voluntarism of aspirations through peaceful and lawful
“global civil society” (John Ehrenber, Civil means.”
Society, the Critical History of an Idea ○ Article XIII, Section 16: “The right of
2017) the people and their organizations to
effective and reasonable participation
CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE PHILIPPINES at all levels of social, political and
economic decision-making shall not be
HISTORICAL OVERVIEW abridged. The State shall, by law,
● Ideas of pakikipagkapwa, kapwa (shared inner facilitate the establishment of ade
self), pagtutulungan, kawanggawa, bayanihan quate consultation mechanisms.” (Asian
● Long history Development Bank, Civil Society Briefs:
● Intolerance of progressive, advocacy groups Philippines, 2013)
during martial law ● Recognition in 1991 Local Government Code
● Key role of civil society in people power ○ Providing representation of CSOs/NGOs
revolution and post-EDSA in special local government bodies
● Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act of
LEGAL FRAMEWORK 1997
● Enshrined in 1987 Constitution ○ 14 basic sector representatives
○ Article II, Section 33: “The State
shall encourage non-governmental, THE FUTURE OF CIVIL SOCIETY
community-based or sector organizations
that promote the welfare of the CRITIQUE
nation.” ● Civil society tends to be framed as though
naturally inclined towards liberalism
 ● Neither exclusively pro-democracy nor ● Addressing conundrum of CSOs/NGOs as being
pro-human rights: groups from across both empowering and disempowering
ideological spectrum may occupy, thinly or ● Harness power and influence of civil society
densely, the space of civil society to create trust and enable action across
● Not only does civil society ‘not always equal sectors
democratization’, CSOs may actually thrive ● Civil society as glue that binds public and
under non-democratic rule; some CSOs may private together
prefer to remain apolitical (Routledge ● Civil society actors need to retaine core
Handbook of Civil and Uncivil Society in missions and integrity
Southeast Asia, 2023) ● Shifting definitions as opportunities to
● Skepticism about value-added and comparative re-imagine solutions to social problems
advantage of CSOs
● Increasing frustration about willingness of NGOs/CSOs AND ANTHROPOLOGY
northern NGOs to be authentic partners with ● Anthropology is uniquely positioned to
their southern counterparts (Alan Fowler, The confront unstable category of “NGO”; much
Oxford Handbook of Civil Society, 2011) work has been focused, however, on
deconstructive theorizing and studies of NGOs
CHALLENGES within anthropology seem to continue to be of
● Changing context marginal importance to the discipline
○ International conflict ● Three potential areas
○ Openness and technology ○ Methodological challenges: multi-site,
○ Low growth combined with low multi-layer ethnography; researcher
institutional trust access and positionality (for and/or
○ Shifting role of corporate sector with)
○ Resourcing ○ NGOs as sites for engaged anthropology
○ NGO research that can inform theory
FUTURE IMPERATIVES ● Two trajectories for future
● More theoretically informed research, ○ NGOs should assume higher profile and
anthropological engagement visibility in anthropological research
○ Anthropologsists should reflect further CIVIL SOCIETY, STATES, AND MARKETS
upon limited impact they have had on
larger academic and policy UNDERSTANDING STATES
conversations
STATE
● Montevideo Convention of 1933
○ Defined territory
○ Permanent population
○ Government
○ Capacity to enter into relations with
other states
● Peace of Westphalia in 1648, after Thirty
Years War in Europe
○ State sovereignity
○ Whose rule, whose religion
● Nation-state – nationalizing sovereign state
○ State is a territorial political unit
○ Nation is people sharing particular
identity, regardless of political
arrangements

SOVEREIGNITY
● Modern international system has juridical
sovereignity as its ordering principle
● Defined as supreme right to exercise
exclusive authority (law-making and
law-enforcing) over territory and people
● There is quality between sovereign units
BALANCE OF POWER ● Guarantee rights, security, rule of law;
● This concept, central to realist thinking, agreeing and implementing rules and policies;
refers to equilibrium of power whereby voice, right to vote
capabilities of one state or combination of ● Ensure social and economic stability;
states are balanced and checked by taxation and spending
capabilities of others ● Arbitrate in disputes between individuals and
groups
TYPES OF STATES ● Regulate, develop, upgrade economy; create
● Weak state jobs
● Strong state ● Defense of national territory
● Fragile state ● Eseential source of identity
● Effective state ● Physical security of population, including
protection against disasters
DEVELOPING COUNTRY STATES ● Possible positive role in development
● Developmental states
○ Focused on growth with effective STATE AS SYSTEMS
centralized state apparatus, quality of ● Tortured and often bloody process of
growth varies evolution of modern states; social contract
● Patrimonial states ○ China was first to create recognizably
○ Deeply inefficient with high levels of modern state (3rd century BC)
patronage and corruption ○ Modern states emerged in Europe 2000
● Fragile/conflict affected states years later
○ Barely control territory, wracked by ● Expansion in remit and size, arising from
conflict and violence various critical junctures and existential
threats, shocks, evolutionary pressures
EVOLVING ROLES OF STATE ● Balance between three pillars
● Provide services, health, education, water ○ Effective central administration
and sanitation ○ Rule of law
○ Accountability mechanisms
STATES AS COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS MARKETS
● States exemplify challenges of complexity ● Markets as laces to buy and sell: place
● Interactions, alliances and disputes between (physical or virtual) where there is
politicians and civil servants, between one reasonable expectation of finding both buyers
ministry and another or between different and sellers for same product or service
tiers of government, and how each of them in ● Markets as institutions: institution that
turn respond to citizen demand and other facilitates economic interactions among
external pressures, provide political buyers and sellers (institutions understood
landscape upon which decisions are made as ways of structuring human activities based
● Learning to ‘dance with the system’ – on customs, habits and laws)
understanding how state in question evolved, ● Market as economic system: market economy
how its decisions are made, how formal and understood to be one that relies on markets
informal power is distributed within it and (as social institutions) to conduct economic
how that disbtribution shifts over time – are activities; source and arena of debate
essential tasks for any activist intent on
making change happen (How Change Happens, PRO-MARKET OR ANTI-MARKET
Duncan Green, 2016) ● Markets inevitably hurt the poor and
therefore should be regulated or markets
UNDERSTANDING MARKETS should be left alone, completely separate
from the state
● Ironies: those who abhor poverty, espouse
policies that would entrench it; those who
esteem markets, advocate system that would
trigger their collapse
● Need for pragmatic approach to market – not
alwayys right nor fundamentally evil; market
system is not end in itself but imperfect
means to raise living standards; markets have
impressive achievements but can also work
badly
MARKETS AND GROWTH ● This, if government puts cap on house rents,
● Logic of infinite growth – limitless and landlords will lose incentive to maintain
boundless growth their properties or build new ones
○ Banking on increased demand for one’s ● Or, if government restricts kinds of
goods and services financial products that can be sold, two
○ Transform nature and social relations contracting parties may both have benefited
into commodities from innovative transactions that fulfill
○ Launch new products in hope that they their idiosyncratic needs cannot reap
will become necessities (innovation and potential gains of free contract
productivity gains) ● People must be left ‘free to choose’, as
○ Exploit profitable ‘niches’ where every title of free-market visionary Milton
extravagance is permissible Friedman’s famous book goes
● Growth obligation is not to be criticitized
only because it entails greater inequality What they don’t tell you
and creeping commodification of nature and ● Free market doesn’t exist
social life; limitless growth is simply ● Every market has some rules and boundaries
impossible that restrict freedom of choice
○ Draws upon non-renewable resources ● Market looks free only because we so
unconditionally accept its underlying
THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS FREE MARKET!!! restrictions that we fail to see them
● How ‘free’ market is cannot be objectively
What they tell you defined; it is political definition
● Markets need to be free ● Usual claim bby free-market economists that
● When government interferes to dictate what they are trying to defend market from
market participants can or cannot do, politically motivated interference by
resources cannot flow to their most efficient government is false
use ● Government is always involved and those
● If people cannot do things that they find free-marketeers are as politically motivated
most profitable, they lose incentive to as anyone
invest and innovate
 ● Overcoming myth that ther is such thing as risk; shifting costs and risks down supply
objectively defined free market is the first chain)
step towards understanding capitalism ● Bailing corporate greed with taxpayer money
● Influencing policy responses in favor of
DISASTER CAPITALISM corporates
● Shock doctrine: in times of crises or major
disasters, powerful interests exploit chaos STATES, MARKETS AND CIVIL SOCIETY
to impose radical free-market policies on
countries reeling from such crises or Dagnino – The institutional participation of civil
disasters society: promises of new relation between state and
● Neoliberalism: disaster capitalism promotes society
spread of neoliberalism → ideology that ● Participatory democracy, experiments in
prioritizes limited government intervention, Brazil
deregulation and privatization, often at ○ Participatory budgeting
expense of social welfare ○ Public policy management councils
● Globalizarion and corporatism: multinational ● Insitutional participation of civil society
corporations and allies exploit crisis and became largely accepted in many parts of
disaster situations to dismantle public world as principle to ensure deepening
institutions, sell off public assets and democratic construction
resources to private companies at bargain ○ Varying formats, degrees of
prices, exploit resources and consolidate formalization, scope, resources, etc.
wealth and power, leading to concentration of ○ Institutional participation has
control and potential erosion of democracy consequences fro civil society – need
to acquire new capacities, risk of
PROFTS IN TIME OF COVID ‘co-optation’ (e.g. instrumentalization
● Rich getting richer (shareholders recover by political parties)
while workers still suffer)
● Profits before people (paying shareholders Biong – Confronting neoliberalism: emergence of
while receiving government bailouts or laying global conscience
off workers; putting employees’ health at
 ● Hegemony of neoliberalism resisted and Gyawali and Thompson – Restoring the Dharma,
confronted not only modern leftwing Kicking the Habit
liberalism but also rising civil society ● Collapse of Soviet Union and ascendancy of
movement in last 50 years neoliberalism – redefining development as
● Despite attempts by neoliberalism to co-opt something could best be done by market
civil society, latter’s role has evolved into ● Need for more pluralistic framing: triad of
role of nurturing ‘global conscience’ public, private and civic engagement
○ Example: Paris Agreement (2015) ○ Procedural coercive power of state
illustrate role of civil society in ○ Persuasive power of market seduction
forging new politics of climate change ○ Ethical power exercised through moral
that business and governments were critique by truly civic movements
previously unable to agree on
Social movements for positive change
Philippines ● Rights, basic needs and services,
● Long history of civil society organizations socio-economic, cultural and political arena
in PH ● Continuum of forms of struggle – cooperation
● More recently significant role in people and conflict, linking different levels and
power revolution spaces
● Formalized participation – the 1987 ● Importance of trust and legitimacy
Constitution, Local Government, Code 1991
partylist system Risks
● Current – expansive role – from girls’ and ● Shrinking space for civil society discourse
women’s rights to labor issues, to and action
reproductive health, energy transition, ● Co-optation, challenge of resource
humanitarian issues – from service delivery constraints
to capacity development to policy advocacy ● Challenge to legitimacy and impact
● Diminishing creativity, innovation and
imagination
CIVIL SOCIETY AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE “The pieces of global governance are the
cooperative problem-solving arrangements and
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE – WHY? activities that state and other actors have put
● Globalization into place to deal with various issues and
● Complex problems that cross national borders problems.”
(e.g. climate change, security and
protection, migration, etc.) “...the sum of the many ways individuals and
● Global public goods (benefits affect all institutions, public and private, manage their
citizens of world - IMF) common affairs… a continuing process through which
● Development goals (Sustainable Development conflicting or diverse interests may be
Goals) accommodated or cooperative action may be taken…
includes formal… as well as informal arrangements
SIGNIFICANT SHIFTS that people and institutions have agreed to or
● Two big global power shifts: perceive to be in their interest.” - Commission on
○ Power transition – from west to east Global Governance (1995)
○ Power diffusion – from states to
non-state actors “The goal of global governance is not the creation
of world government, but of an additional layer of
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE – WHAT? international decision making, multi-sectoral,
democratically accountable, and inclusive of civil
“...there is a need for some kind of a global society actors in the shared management of the
system or mechanism that allows humankind to deal troubled and fragile world order.” - Ramesh Thakur,
with these kinds of issues and challenges.” Enhancing Global Governance: Towards a New
- Thomas Weiss Diplomacy

“...refers to the collective efforts to identify, “Governance is not government – it is the framework
understand, or address worldwide problems that go of rules, institutions, and practices that set
beyond the capacities of individual states to limits on the behavior of individuals,
solve…” - Thomas Weiss organizations and companies.” - UN Human
Development Report, 1999
“The alternative to global democracy is not absence part of international consortium
of global governance, but hidden governance by the incorporated in several countries
few, the self-appointed and the unnacountable.” - ■ Private sector
George Monbiot, The Age of Consent ● International Rules and Laws
○ International Law
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE – HOW? ■ In general, they are binding
(demand compliance)
● International Structures and Mechanisms ■ Five sources of international law
(Formal, Non-formal) ● Treaties or conventions
○ Inter-governmental Organizations ● Customary practice
■ Include at least three states ● Writings of legal scholars
among membership, have activities ● Judicial decisions
in several states and created ● General principles of law
through formal intergovernmental ■ They apply only to states, except
agreement for war crimes
■ Formally-structured arrangements ● International Norms or Laws
for coordinating decision-making ○ Shared expectations or understanding
among states, have permanent regarding standards of appropriate
headquarters, secretariat and behavior for various actors,
specific constitutions (or particularly states
foundation laws) and rules, ○ Many international legal conventions
budgets, operate in more than one set forth non-binding obligations for
country states that are in fact norms (soft
○ Non-governmental Organizations law)
■ Private voluntary organizations ■ E.g. human rights, global
whose members are individuals or commons/high seas, sustainable
associations that come together development
for common purpose ● Global Conferences
■ Incorporated in one state but ● Ad Hoc Groups
operate in many and others are
 ○ Examples: UN Conferences, G groupings – CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT WITH GLOBAL GOVERNANCE –
G7, G8, G20, G77 HOW?
● Private and Hybrid Public-Private Governance
○ In areas where states have not acted, ● United Nations
or have chosen not to exercise ○ 6,100 NGOs have consultative status
authority or where states have with UN ECOSOC (United Nations Economic
themselves been ineffective in exercise and Social Council)
of authority ○ United Nations Framework Convention on
■ Examples: international Climate Change (UNFCCC)
accounting standards, cyberspace ● International financial institutions (IFIs):
governance, intellectual property World Bank, International Monetary Fund,
rights Asian Development Bank
● World Trade Organization
CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT WITH GLOBAL GOVERNANCE – ● Regional associations (e.g. ASEAN)
WHY? ● Multistakeholder initiatives (e.g. Extractive
Industry Transparency Initiative)
“As global institutions have gained more importance
in regulating contemporary society, civil society ● Highlight democratic gaps of global
associations have, not surprisingly, turned more governance arrangements; make global
attention to these regimes. Modern political theory governance institutions more transparent and
has generally conceived of civil society as the more consultative
counterpart of the state. State-centric conceptions ● Provide channels of voice and influence for
of governance must now be adjusted to reflect affected people, including constituencies
altered circumstances where civil society actors (e.g. indigenous peoples and sexual
also substantially engage with global (and minorities) that tend otherwise to be
regional) regulatory processes…” silenced in global politics
● Promote learning and debate about global
issues and their regulation, so that people
can undertake more informed and empowered
actions
● Serve as watchdogs who scrutinize global ● Resistance
governance ○ Street protests, media stunts
● Demand redress for harmed people when global ○ Disruption of official proceedings
regulatory agencies have caused damage
● Urge progressive redistribution of world Inside strategies and tactics → outside strategies
resources, to create more level playing field and tactics
in global politics
● Improve technical performance CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT WITH GLOBAL GOVERNANCE –
● Providing valuable information, insights, IMPACTS
methods, and advice
● Challenging established policies, provoke Five dimensions of civil society impact on global
global governance agency to sharpen its governance:
thinking and improve its instruments ● Institutions: creation or reshaping of global
institutions and regulations (ICC was result
● Direct participation of major civil society campaign in 1990s)
○ Formal participation, accreditation or ● Agendas: influencing what should be on table
formal invitation for discussions in different global
○ Access to spaces and deliberations governance platforms (UNFCCC)
○ Members of government delegations ● Decisions: contributions to actual decisions
○ Policy consultations taken, especially around human rights,
climate change, women issues (TAC)
● Indirect involvement ● Discourses: steering the overarching
○ Via government positions concepts, language and analytical framings of
○ Parliamentary actions, parliamentary political discussions (e.g. climate change)
advocacy ● Deeper structures: addressing underlying
○ Engage with sub-state authorities (e.g. infrastructue of global governance (e.g. from
cities) statism to poly-centrism)
○ Other non-official channels (e.g.
media) “...some elements of civil society seek
deliberately to deligitimize authority beyond the
state. So-called anti-globalization movements have On part of global governance agencies
opposed particular global governance institutions ● Tokenistic approach to consultation
or indeed the very principle of suprastate ● Attitudes of arrogance, inflexibility,
authority. These challenges are not by definition reluctance and secrecy
“left-wing” or “right-wing”, but they have come
from various positions on the political spectrum… On part of civil society
Such movements amply demonstrate that civil society ● Quality of information and analysis
does not inherently support global authority and, ● Capacity to engage
on the contrary, can in some cases be a significant
force for its de-legitimation…” ● Raise capacities for meaningful interaction
● Better coordination of campaigns to increase
CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT WITH GLOBAL GOVERNANCE – impact
CRITIQUES ● Deliberate and sustained efforts to increase
voice and influence for geographically and
Positions regarding potential of CSOs/NGOs to socially marginalized groups
improve democratic qualities of global governance: ● Resist cooptation and reinforce their role as
● Dismissive position: international critical watchdogs of global governance
organizations do not have powers that ● More rigorous attention to their own
national governments have, thus international accountabilities: “When you point a finger,
organizations cannot ever become democratic, you need to do it with a clan hand.”
regardless of level of CSO participation (Scholte)
● Confident position: possible to strengthen
the democratic quality of international CHALLENGES
organizations; CSOs may bring new items and ● Rightwing populism
voices onto political agenda ● Shrinking spaces for civil society
● Sceptic position: strengthening democracy in ● Ascendancy of corporates, assimilating civil
global governance is possible but this society tactics and ways of working
potential is hampered by current practices
CIVIL SOCIETY AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND HUMANITARIAN Aid or Official Development Assistance (ODA) – PH
ARCHITECTURE DEFINITION
● Republic Act 8182 - ODA Act of 1996
THE INTERNATIONAL AID SYSTEM ○ Loan or grant administered to promote
sustainable social and economic
BACKDROP – THE ORIGINS OF AID development and welfare of PH
○ ODA resources must be contracted with
● Colonial context – British 1929 Colonial Act; governments of foreign countries with
1940 Colonial Development and Welfare Acts; whom PH has diplomatic, trade relations
voluntary associations, World COuncil of or bilateral agreements or which are
Churches members of UN, their agencies and
● 1940s – roots of thinking about development international or multilateral lending
aid as an institutional activity institutions
(international organizations, ILO, United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation What is not ODA?
Administration); reconstruction of Europe ● Does not include aid from donors that are not
(Marshall Plan, 1948); Oxfam, Care, Save the members of the Development Assistance
Children) Committee (DAC) of the OECD such as China,
● 1950s-1960s – institutionalization of ODA Saudi Arabia
● Does not include money given by public tto
Aid or Official Development Assistance (ODA) various organizations, mainly NGOs
● Government aid that promotes and specifically ● Military aid and promotion of donor’s
targets economic development and welfare of military interests
developing countries ● Transactions have primarily commercial
● “Gold standard” of foreign aid objective (e.g. export credits)
● Remains main source of financing for
development aid SOURCES
● ODA data is collected, verified and made ● Bilateral: from single donor country
publicly available by Organization for ● Multilateral: from many donor countries,
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) coursed through multilateral institutions
 such as World Bank, European Commission or UN services from donor countries (e.g.
agencies foreign consultants)
● Cultural ties and soft power
FORMS ○ Shared language, colonial history (e.g.
● Bilateral Aid Netherlands and Indonesia, UK and
○ Grant – transfers in cash or in kind Anglophone Africa)
which no legal debt incurred by ○ To increase country’s prestige
recipient
○ Concessional loans – transfers in cash CURRENT AID PICTURE
or in kind for which recipient incurs ● Aid levels for most developed members have
legal debt (have at least 25% grant atrophied or stagnated
component) ● Aid is highly concentrated and affected by
five large donors: France, Germany, Japan, UK
COMMITMENTS and US
● In 1970 – the world’s richest countries ● Over past decade, quality of ODA has been
agreed to give 0.7% of their GNI as ODA undermined by donor incoherence
annually
MECHANISMS
DRIVERS ● Bilateral or multilateral ODA agencies
● Geopolitical interest ● International NGOs
○ US leaders and policy makers view ● National Actors
foreign assistance as “essential ○ Governments
instrument of US foreign policy” to ○ National and sub-national NGOs
gain or maintain allies
● Economic and commercial interests PHILANTHROPIES AND PRIVATE GIVING
○ To open markets to multinational ● Modes of Private Giving (Gift Economy)
corporations ○ Web-based personal giving
○ Tied aid – when donor country binds its ○ Public fundraising
aid to procurement of goods and ○ Private philanthropic donors
APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGICAL LENS ● By receiving more money from official donors,
● Interconnectedness — understanding the system NGOs become less “independent”
● Understanding of culture – practices, values, ● Gradual “depoliticization” of their
assumptions approaches to poverty reduction
○ Who holds the power? ● Negative impact on grassroots organizationall
○ Who decides? work as donors are often reluctant to support
○ Aid for what, for whom, by whom? longer time horizons
○ What values are upheld? ● The kind of thinking which…
○ Whose voices are included/excluded? ○ Revels in lists
○ Insists upon logical frameworks,
NGOs AND THE AID SYSTEM quantitative analysis and reporting,
boxes, compartments, tables
MECHANISMS OF NGO FUNDING ○ Tendency towards reduction of
● Grants – NGOs propose programmes and projects complexity and nuance and contradiction
and receive funding from donors to lowest common denominators of facts
● Contracts – NGOs are engaged by donors to and numbers which can be perused and
undertake specific roles and tasks in assessed in quickest possible time with
particular contexts, within donors’ or least amount of effort
governments’ own programmes and projects ○ Uncertainty, ambiguity, nuance,
complexity – all these to be avoided,
NGOs AS ACTORS WITHIN AID SYSTEM demand high levels of emotional and
● Three advantages of NGOs: thinking ability and don’t easily bring
○ Less tied to geopolitical interests in money
than states
○ Could engage more effectively than IMPACT OF NGOs ON DONORS
governments with citizens in developing ● Contributing to changes within donor agendas
world (e.g. development discourse, rights-based
○ Offer citizens in North opportunity to development, gender and women’s rights,
engage with poverty and social justice criticism of phantom aid)
IMPACT OF DONORS ON NGOs
 ● Contributing to changes in ideas and ● Exposure
practices within international aid (e.g. ○ likelihood/probability to be hit by
participatory approach, locally led hazard due to location
development, partnerships) ● Hazards
○ triggering event (affected by climate
IMPORTANCE OF NGOs AS DEVELOPMENT ACTORS change, extreme weather events)
● Potential to play active and potentially ● Vulnerability
reformist roles within aid system ○ socioeconomic conditions, high poverty
● Challenge complacency and improve rate, governance and politics
effectiveness
DISASTERS ARE NOT GENDER NEUTRAL!!!
NGOs OUTSIDE AID SYSTEM
● Many NGOs choose to operate outside formal HUMANITARIAN PRINCIPLES
aid system – voluntary labor to staff, ● Humanity
contributions from local or international ○ Prevent and alleviate suffering
community, earning their own income (e.g. whenever it may be found
social enterprise) ● Neutrality
● Some NGOs restrict proportion of official ○ Abstain from taking sides in
funding they receive to maintain independence hostilities; refrain from engagement in
and flexibility political, religious, racial or
NGOs IN THE HUMANITARIAN SECTOR ideological debates and controversies
● Impartiality
HUMANITARIAN ACTION: PH CONTEXT ○ Humanitarian action without
discrimination, priority to most ugent
PH is highly vulnerable country cases of distress
● Independence
Exposure + Hazards + Vulnerability ○ Independent from political, economic,
Capacity military or other non-humanitarian
= objectives
DISASTER
HUMANITARIAN PRINCIPLES – BACKGROUND ● Assumption: only international aid workers
● Neutrality: legacy of Swiss political can be neutral, this deligitimizes local
ideology of political neutrality which became organizations
signature value of modern Swiss ○ Narrative comes from both warring
internationalism parties and global humanitarian
● Adopted by Red Cross and Red Crescent agencies alike
Movement in 1965 ○ Warring parties: it is an excuse to
● Addopted by UN in 1992 alongside creation of obstruct or attack humanitarian aid in
UN agency on Humanitarian Affairs – now enemy areas for not being neutral
called Office for Coordination of Human ○ Global humanitarian agencies: it is an
Affairs (OCHA) excuse to guard their space which is
under threat from shrinking donor funds
CRITIQUE ON NEUTRALITY and push for locally driven aid
● Not legally required under international ● May not be ethically desirable
humanitarian law ○ Is it reasonable to expect Palestinian
○ Geneva conventions recognize range of aid worker to be neutral while her
relief providers, not all of whom community is being bombed? Is it moral
politically neutral (e.g. military for humanitarians to stay neutral in
medics) face of injustice or genocide?
○ What law requires is for relief to be ○ Bosnian Muslims to international
impartial; support greatest human need; humanitarian organizations in 1990s:
and not give “definite military “we have no need of you, we need arms
advantage” to one side to defend ourselves, your food aid and
● Not operationally feasible – it takes time, medicines only allow us to die in good
money and networks to engage neutrally across health”
conflict the way ICRC aims to do ○ Aid worker in Myanmar: “Of course, it’s
○ Applying this standard will exclude easy to remain neutral when act of
many humanitarians – especially local injustice doesn’t affect you.” And
organizations who are underresourced urged international agencies to support
grassroot NGOs working to protect civil
 and political rights of citizens in save lives and courageous enough to do
Myanmar so.”

TENSIONS AROUND HUMANITARIAN PRINCIPLES RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO HUMANITARIANISM

● Relief was increasingly understood as not ● From needs to rights
politically neutral ● From victims to active participants
● NGOs risked becoming Western policy tool ● From charitable giving to supporting
(globalization of welfare, “ladles in global survivors in their rights-claiming
soup kitchen”) ● From being gender blind/neutral to gender
● Addressing vulnerability to disasters means transformative
addressing root causes of crises
● Distinctions between emergency relief and CENTRALITY OF PROTECTION
development became strongly question ● “Simply providing aid is not enough. All
parts of humanitarian system need to work
ALTERNATIVE TO NEUTRAL HUMANITARIANISM together for greater protection of
● Original form of humanitarianism civillians, using all resources and channels
○ Before WWII, Red Cross and Red Crescent available… including:
Movement national societies were deeply ○ Advocate for improved compliance with
patriotic and identified with their international humanitarian law
country’s military cause ○ Increased investment in community-based
○ NGOs and relief wings of revolutionary protection (CBP) programmes
movements provided aid to and during ○ Acting to prevent and respond to
Cold War (e.g. in Ethiopia and Sudan) violence and abuse, including
● Ethical and lawful gender-based violence.”
○ “In today's wars, when access is so
contested and big aid agencies are so SHIFTING THE POWER
concerned about their own security, it ● Less than 2% of global humanitarian aid for
is often non-neutral community-based NGOs goes to local actors
humanitarianism that is best placed to ● Localization:
 ○ Re-thinking humanitarian sector from
ground up – recognizing overwhelming
majority of humanitarian assistance
already provided by local actors
○ Increasing international investment and
respect for role of local actors, with
goal of increasing reach, effectiveness
and accountability of humanitarian
action

DOUBLE STANDARDS APPLIED TO HUMANITARIAN SITUATIONS

● Syrian refugee: “I know what it feels like to
having to leave your home and family behind
to escape war, and I want to help Ukrainians
going through this now. But I also want to
know why us refugees not from Europe had to
freeze in the forest.” (The New Humanitarian)
● Israelis reported “killed”, Palestinians
reported as having “died” (BBC reporting)