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Notes Age of Industrialization

The document provides information about the industrialization process in Europe and India in the 18th-19th centuries. It defines industrialization as the process of transitioning from an agricultural to manufacturing economy using machines rather than hand tools. It describes the early phase of proto-industrialization where goods were produced domestically by artisans and merchants controlled production. The document also discusses why some European industrialists initially preferred hand labor over machines and the miserable conditions faced by Indian weavers under the East India Company. Finally, it provides examples of early Indian entrepreneurs who helped industrialize India like Dwarakanath Tagore and Jamsetjee Tata.

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52 views3 pages

Notes Age of Industrialization

The document provides information about the industrialization process in Europe and India in the 18th-19th centuries. It defines industrialization as the process of transitioning from an agricultural to manufacturing economy using machines rather than hand tools. It describes the early phase of proto-industrialization where goods were produced domestically by artisans and merchants controlled production. The document also discusses why some European industrialists initially preferred hand labor over machines and the miserable conditions faced by Indian weavers under the East India Company. Finally, it provides examples of early Indian entrepreneurs who helped industrialize India like Dwarakanath Tagore and Jamsetjee Tata.

Uploaded by

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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Grade 10 Chapter 1

History The Age of Industrialisation


​
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Answer the following.
1. Define industrialisation
Ans: Industrialisation is a process by which an economy is transferred from
agriculture to manufacturing goods. It is the change in method of production from
man made to machine made.

2. Explain the features of proto industrialisation.

1) Even before the factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe,
there was a large scale industrial production for an international market.
2) This was made by artisans, craftsmen etc at domestic units.
3) This phase of industrialization in History is referred as
proto-industrialization.
4) The proto-industrial system was a network of commercial exchanges.
5) It was controlled by merchants.
6) Goods were produced by peasants who worked within their family and not
in factories.
7) The finished product passed through several stages and reached the markets
of London.
8) From London, the products were supplied to the international market.

3. Why did some mercantilists in the19th century Europe prefer hand labour
over machines?

Some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines


because:
→ Machines were costly, ineffective, difficult to repair, and needed huge capital
investments.
→ Labour was available at low wages at that period of time.
→ In seasonal industries only seasonal labour was required.
→ Market demands of a variety of designs and colour and specific type could not
be fulfilled by machine made clothes. Intricate designs and colours could be done
by human-skills only.
→ In the Victorian age, the aristocrats and other upper class people preferred
articles made by hand only.

4.Explain the miserable condition of Indian weavers during the East India
company’s regime in the 18th century.

● Collapse of local and foreign market​ - British machine-made goods


flooded the Indian market.
● Shortage of raw material​- The Civil War broke out in the US in the 1860s.
Due to that, the cotton supply from the US to Britain was cut off. Britain
began to export cotton from India. This led to a huge shortage of raw cotton
for weavers in India.
● Clash with gomasthas​- The East India Company established indirect
control over the weavers through their paid servants called 'gomasthas.'
● By the end of the nineteenth century, cotton factories began to come up in
India as well. This was the final blow for the traditional cotton textiles
industry in India.

5. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World
War?

● The First World War changed the situation.


● The British mills became busy in meeting the needs of the army.
● This resulted in the decline of imports to India.
● There was a vast home market to be catered by the Indian mills.
● The Indian mills were also asked to supply goods for the British army.
● This created a boom in industrial activities.
● All of this led to the growth of industry in India during this period.
6. Who were the early Indian entrepreneurs in the field of trade and industry
? Elaborate.
OR
Briefly discuss the role the early Indian entrepreneurs played in
industrialising India?
OR
How did Indian entrepreneurs accumulate capital for investment?

● Dwarakanath Tagore​ - Leading trader of Bengal. He set up six joint stock


companies in the 1830s and 40s.
● Dinshaw Petit​ - The founder of the first textile mill in India.
● ​Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata​ - Generally accepted as the “Father of
Indian industry.” He had accumulated his wealth partly from exports to
China and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
● Seth Hukumchand, ​a Marwari businessman - Set up the first Indian jute
mill in Calcutta in 1917.
● Father and Grandfather of​ G D Birla, ​the famous industrialist- Established a
business in a cotton dealership.

Additional Questions:

1. In the 17th century merchants from towns in Europe began employing


peasants and artisans within the villages. Analyse.
2. Why did women workers in Britain attack the spinning jenny?
3. Give reasons why British industries failed to recapture their old hold on the
Indian market after the First World War.
4. Who are Gomasthas?

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