WEEK 1-2 SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE; SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Science
➢ Latin sciencia, meaning ‘KNOWLEDGE’
➢ A systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe
behaves through observation and experimentation, or both
➢ Learning and discovering new facts.
➢ Intellectual/practical activity of observing and experimenting.
➢ the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world.
➢ Methodical way of acquiring knowledge and solving problems
➢ It is the systematic activity of building and organizing knowledge.

How does SCIENCE CONTRIBUTE to TECHNOLOGY?

1. New knowledge which serves as a direct source of ideas for new technological possibilities
2. Source of tools and techniques for more efficient engineering design and a knowledge base for evaluation of feasibility
of designs
3. Research instrumentation, lab techniques, and analytical methods used in research that eventually find their way into
design and industrial practices
4. Practice of research as a source for development and assimilation of new human skills and capabilities eventually
useful for technology
5. Creation of a knowledge base that becomes increasingly important in the assessment of technology in terms of its
wider social and environmental impacts
6. Knowledge base that enables more efficient strategies of applied research, development, and refinement of new
technologies

TECHNOLOGY
➢ Greek root word techne, meaning, ‘ART, SKILL, or CUNNING of the HAND’
➢ APPLICATION of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and
machines aimed at solving real-world problems.
➢ refers to the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes or applications
➢ creating and inventing things
➢ It applies scientific knowledge and understanding of laws and principles for practical purposes and
to solve practical problems/ It is the application of understanding of natural laws to the solution of
practical problems.
➢ It refers to a collection of systematic knowledge regarding our surrounding and how best we can
make use of them for ourselves as well as all for all living beings.

How does TECHNOLOGY give back to SCIENCE?

1. Providing a fertile source of novel scientific questions and thereby also helping to justify the
allocation of resources needed to address these questions in an efficient and timely manner,
extending the agenda of science.
2. Source of otherwise unavailable instrumentation and techniques needed to address novel and
more difficult scientific questions more efficiently
Science, Technology and Society
➢ A relatively young field or academic discipline
➢ It is an interdisciplinary field (not conflicting) of Science, Technology, and Society which examines
the ways in which society influences the creation of scientific knowledge and technological
development.
➢ It is the study of how society, politics and culture affect scientific research and technological
innovation and vice-versa.
➢ It deals with the historical development of Science and Technology, including their philosophical
underpinnings.
➢ The study of STS primarily concerns non-Science students as much as those in the Science and
Technology programs

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
➢ mathematical and experimental technique employed in the sciences
➢ the technique used in the construction and testing of a scientific hypothesis
➢ defined as controlled, systematic investigations that are rooted in objective reality and that aim to
develop general knowledge about natural phenomena

CHARACTERISTICS of a SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

➢ They are orderly & systematic processes.
➢ Control external factors
➢ Their findings are based on the empirical evidences.

THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD SEQUENCE:

1. Observation – you observe a topic that can generate questions for further research
✓ a tool that is used by many different types of scientists and researchers as a way of
gathering information
✓ where SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY begins
2. Define the Problem or Objectives – state the problem or question or objectives
✓ MEASURES a VARIABLE in an experiment.
3. Formulate a Hypothesis – make an educated guess
✓ a scientific explanation that is conditional and requires more investigation
4. Test the Hypothesis - experimentation
5. Results Interpretation – gather-analyze-interpret data
6. Conclusion – Do your data and observations/results support your hypothesis?
7. Communicate results – report the results of your experiment

2 Types of OBSERVATIONS in the SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

1. QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION
✓ It describes properties or occurrences in ways that RELY on numbers.
✓ Are measurements, which by definition consist of both a number and a unit.
✓ employs mathematical models and relies on the scientist to collect information based on
numbers (e.g. How many apples fell from a tree or balcony?)
✓ common in physics, biology and the natural sciences.
 2. QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION
✓ It describes properties or occurrences in ways that DO NOT RELY on numbers.
✓ quality of what has happened in an experiment (e.g. ‘What are the shapes of the apples that fell
from a balcony or tree?’ Or, ‘What happened to them when they fell?’)
✓ can be very important in experiments that require interpretation

Qualitative measurement
➢ focuses on collecting information that is not numerical. You can remember this by thinking of the
word 'quality. ' Quality is not something that you measure with numbers. You don't say that dinner
was 3 qualities, or that park bench is only 1 quality. Likewise, qualitative data is not numerical.
➢ Examples:
✓ hair colors of players on a football team
✓ color of cars in a parking lot
✓ the letter grades of students in a classroom
✓ the types of coins in a jar
✓ the shape of candies in a variety pack
✓ Color of a sample
✓ Texture of a surface
✓ Coarseness of a powder
✓ Aroma of a reaction
✓ Malleability of a metal
➢ These types of measurements are called Intensive
Quantitative measurement
➢ is measurement of data that can be put into numbers. The goal of quantitative measurement is to
run statistical analysis, so data has to be in numerical form. In Carrie's case, her data is already
quantitative; so is data like blood pressure, height, or age
➢ Examples:
✓ Mass of as sample
✓ Length of a piece of wire
✓ Molecules in a mole
✓ Volume of a gas
✓ Temperature of a sample
➢ These types of measurements are called Extensive.

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 WEEK 3-4 SUMMARY
PART 1: HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY in the WORLD
HISTORY of S & T

➢ focuses on how it has evolved over time

➢ explores the impact of scientific and technological innovations on the prevailing social, cultural,
political and economic contexts throughout history
➢ pays attention to the conditions that shaped S & T
➢ knowledge of the History of S & T
✓ useful in appraising the innovations today
✓ important in understanding how previous generations INFLUENCED and WERE INFLUENCED
by developments in S & T today

PARADIGM SHIFTS

➢ an important change that happens when the usual (traditional) way of thinking about or doing
something is replaced by a new and/or different way:
worldview…concepts/ideas…practices…events…)

ANTECEDENT

➢ defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS

➢ are factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated scientific and
technological innovations today

Examples:

ANCIENT PERIOD MIDDLE AGES MODERN AGES

Ancient wheel: potter’s wheel
Heavy plough (plow) - Europe Compound microscope
(Sumerians)
Paper: papyrus-material similar to
Gunpowder (black powder) - Chinese Telescope
thick paper (Egyptians)
Shadoof: early tool invented and use
Paper Money - Chinese Jacquard Loom
d for irrigation (Egyptian)
Antikythera Mechanism: similar
to a mantel clock; oldest known
Mechanical clock Engine-Powered Airplane
antecedents of modern clockwork
(Greeks)
Aeolipile: ‘Hero’s engine’; ancient
Spinning Wheel - Indians Television
precursor of the steam engine
Cuneiform: system of writing which Native copper, wheel, Baghdad batter -
utilized word pictures carved on clay
Mesopotamians
(Sumerians)
smelting copper, pyramids, plow -
Egyptians
Great Wall, abacus, paper, mechanical
clock, compass - Chinese
 Roman roads, aqueducts, clock, water
wheel - Romans

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS in S & T

➢ factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced & sophisticated, scientific & technological
innovations today

IMPORTANCE of the HISTORY of S & T

➢ useful in the appraisal of innovations today

➢ By understanding how previous generations influenced and were influenced by developments in S
& T, today’s generation can fully and properly apply S & T to their daily lives

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

➢ The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in Science & Technology
✓ allowed civilizations to flourish

HOW DID CIVILIZATIONS FLOURISH?

Finding better ways of:

▪ Communication
▪ Transportation
▪ Self-organization
▪ Ways of living (in general)

HISTORY of S & T in the WORLD…divided into 3 ages:

1. ANCIENT AGE
2. MIDDLE AGE
RENAISSANCE – period between Middle and Modern Age
3. MODERN AGE

ANCIENT TIMES
➢ The use of early tools improved by flaking pieces off a core to create distinctive shapes with a single
cutting edge happened during the Ancient Age
➢ Discoveries and inventions during the STONE…BRONZE…IRON Ages became the basis of our present
technology.

S & T in the ANCIENT TIMES (through 599 BCE)

3 PERIODS:

1. Stone Age
▪ Paleolithic – OLD STONE or EARLY STONE AGE (500,000 BC-10,000 BC)
✓ Characterized by FOOD-HUNTING and GATHERING
✓ Hand axe, scraper, chopper, grinder, hammer, arrow heads, flakes
✓ Clothes made of leaves, tree barks, animal skin
✓ STONE TOOLS: Said to be the 1st recognized technology (or craft)
 ▪ Mesolithic – MIDDLE STONE AGE (10,000 BC-7,000 BC)
✓ Domestication of animals
✓ Sewed skin cloth
✓ Houses made out of branches and grass
✓ Cave paintings
✓ Used bones and ivory
✓ Blade, core, knives, chisels, triangles, burin, dagger, points
▪ Neolithic – NEW STONE AGE (7,000 BC-2,500 BC)
✓ Polished tools: harpoon, plough, axes, arrowheads…
✓ Mud and stone dwellings
✓ Village life
✓ Started social organization/communities
▪ Major technological developments:
✓ Fire
✓ Stone tools and weapons
✓ clothing
2. Bronze Age
▪ marked the start of the NEOLITHIC Revolution
▪ urbanization of Stone Age
▪ Use of COPPER and BRONZE
▪ The BRONZE metal was used by the Egyptians to manufacture weapons and instruments. It
is a combination of copper and tin
▪ Major technological developments:
✓ agricultural technology (land cultivation)
✓ animal domestication – cattle, sheep, goat)
✓ permanent settlements – houses of stone, mud
3. Iron Age
▪ Major Technological development:
✓ Iron smelting technology replaced Bronze

MIDDLE AGES (Medieval Period, 500 AD - 1500 AD) – Anno Domini latin for in the year of the Lord
CRADLE of CIVILIZATION: The Fertile Crescent

➢ Boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East that was home to some of the earliest human
civilization:
1. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
➢ Historical region of Western Area situated withing the TIGRIS-EUPHRATES River System

2. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

➢ the most significant contribution of the Sumerian civilization to human history: The development of
cuneiform writing

3. BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

➢ Contributions to S & T:
✓ Babylonian Astrology: represented the melding of Science and Religion
 ✓ Babylonian Astronomy: making temporal predictions and decisions based on the
movements of celestial bodies
✓ Mathematics: Ancient Babylonian Number system
✓ Cartography (Map-making): Babylonian Map of the World
✓ Jewelry-making
✓ Calendar System: Babylonian Lunisolar Calendar

4. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

➢ developed along the NILE RIVER (NE Africa) in large part because the river's annual flooding
ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops.
➢ the Nile River: provided, FOOD, SOIL, WATER and TRANSPORTATION for the Egyptians
➢ was one of the greatest and most powerful civilizations in the history of the world
➢ lasted over 3000 yrs. – almost 30 centuries (3150 BC – 30 BC) – BC – Before Christ
➢ Paper: papyrus-material similar to thick paper (Egyptians)
➢ Shadoof: early tool invented and use d for IRRIGATION (Egyptian)
➢ Hieroglyphics: Egyptian writing system that uses pictograms and alphabet-like characters
certain sounds
➢ Temple of Luxor
➢ Great Pyramids of Giza
➢ Ancient Egyptian MEDICINE: intimately tied to MAGIC
➢ Mummification: practiced by Ancient Egyptians to preserve the body so that the soul could
recognize it in the afterlife
➢ Handheld mirrors
➢ Ancient Egyptian toothbrush
➢ Egyptian Astronomy: for spiritual and practical purposes (Star Clock, Merkhet)

5. GREEK CIVILIZATION: S & T in ANTIQUITY (600 – 529 BCE)

➢ GREEKS first to believe that humans could understand the universe using REASON alone
rather than through MYTHOLOGY or RELIGION (philosophers)
➢ Significantly influenced later Western Culture in Politics, Philosophy and the Arts
➢ Undervalued OBSERVATION; were in favor of the DEDUCTIVE PROCESS
➢ Developed institutions: LYCEUM, ACADEMY, MUSEUM
➢ Parthenon, Antikythera Mechanism, Water Mill
➢ Famous personalities during the GREEK civilization:
✓ Plato
o believed all substances to be composed of AIR, EARTH, FIRE and WATER
o believed in a spherical earth
o invented a theory of vision involving three streams of light
✓ Pythagoras of Samos
o credited with mathematical and scientific discoveries (numerical system,
Pythagorean theorem, sphericity of the earth’ identity of the morning and
evening star as the planet Venus
o founded a sect fusing Greek philosophy, religion, art and mysticism together
✓ Hippocrates: founder of modern medicine
✓ Aristotle: known for his Book on Classification of Animals; Binomial Nomenclature
 6. ROMAN CIVILIZATION:

➢ Characterized by war between SCIENCE and RELIGION (DARK AGES)

➢ DECLINE of SCIENCE in EUROPE
▪ BLACK DEATH (depletion of the population of EUROPE)
▪ period of time in Europe when Science was characterized by poverty, war, piracy, famine,
and epidemic
▪ Use of currency replaced BARTER
▪ Trade ceased entirely
➢ Fall of the ROMAN EMPIRE
▪ major contribution to the fall of the Roman Empire: rise of a new religion, Christianity.
✓ When Christianity became the state religion, the Church reduced the state resources
by acquiring large pieces of land and keeping the income for itself.
▪ politicians and rulers of Rome became more and more corrupt
▪ so much civil unrest: infighting and civil wars within the Empire
▪ attacks from barbarian tribes (Visigoths, Huns, Franks, and Vandals) outside of the empire
➢ Chinese philosophy developed theories on matter and living things.

S & T in the MIDDLE AGES (530 - 1452)

Revival of Western Science started during the last centuries of the 1 st millennium

➢ AGE of DISCOVERY: TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION took place

▪ saw major technological advances, including the invention of vertical windmills, spectacles,
mechanical clocks
▪ vast improvements in communication ang transportation

15th CENTURY: Rise of the Intellectual Revolution

➢ 1453: Ottoman Turks overrun Constantinople

➢ Roman fled west into Europe and took books with them
➢ Most people cannot read or write and generally believe whatever the Bible and other
trusted sources said about the world
➢ END of the MIDDLE AGES and the start of the Renaissance

RENAISSANCE AGE and the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1453 AD – 1659 AD)

➢ RENAISSANCE: period which promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature, and
art
➢ development of ARTS, SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY
▪ Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo (Arts)
➢ MATHEMATICS introduced into universities (became basis of the arts and technology)
➢ time of COLONIZATION, ADVENTURE and EXPLORATION
➢ TECHNOLOGY became fully accepted

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: (1550-1700)

➢ Emergence of modern science (physics, astronomy, biology, chemistry, mathematics)

➢ SCIENTIFIC METHOD: Measurement and Communication (1660-1734)
 ▪ Newton’s PRINCIPIA became the basis of the scientific method used in the study of natural
phenomena (explained by mathematical laws)

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1735 – 1819/18th Century)

➢ characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought
through mechanization
➢ emphasizing REASONING and ORDER
➢ critical evaluation of previous beliefs in the light of rationalism
➢ profound change in philosophical thinking
➢ emergence of TWO (2) approaches:
▪ EMPIRICISM – knowledge comes from experience
▪ RATIONALISM – knowledge come from reasoning
➢ development of machines that would make work faster or more efficient

S & T in the 19th CENTURY (1820 – 1894)

➢ relationship between SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION and TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS became fully

understood
➢ TECHNICAL SCHOOLS were founded

MODERN S & T (1895 – 1973)

➢ Large number of scientists

➢ Science became highly successful in explaining the nature of matter, mechanisms of chemical
reactions, fundamental processes of life, and the general structure of the universe
➢ Technology became an important part of everyday life
➢ Science became BIG and it changed SOCIETY

INFORMATION AGE (1973 – Present)

➢ a defining characteristic of the Information Age: widespread use of computers and digital technology
➢ Over the past decades, there have been tremendous shifts in the ways people live, work and play.
The main players in the promotion of these improvements are technological advancement and
entrepreneurship.

POSITIVE IMPACT of INFORMATION & GLOBALIZATION

1. Communication worldwide became cheap (with new phone systems and Internet)
2. Changed the way people work
✓ Information-based work
✓ Business trends
✓ Global banking
✓ Scientific enterprise/research
NEGATIVE IMPACT of INFORMATION AGE

1. Infringement of personal privacy

2. Excessive use of computers in teaching young children may impoverish the development
of intellectual capabilities
✓ “Knowledge” is replaced by mere “data”
✓ Ideas contain data, but data contain no ideas
ALAN TURING: an English Mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and
theoretical biologist

➢ Highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science (formalization of the

concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine (a model of a general-purpose
computer)
➢ Broke the NAZI CODE with the use of the ENIGMA (a type of enciphering machine used by the
German forces to send messages secretly)
➢ Father of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

END

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PART 2: HISTORY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

The EARLY YEARS

1869 – 1898: The SPANISH PERIOD

▪ 1869: Opening of Suez Canal: shortened route from the Phils. to Europe

Advantages of opening the SUEZ CANAL

o provides a shorter route for ships traveling between Europe and Asia, which can save time and
reduce fuel costs.
o facilitates the movement of goods between Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, helping to increase
trade and economic growth.
o enables naval forces to move between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and it is a vital link
for countries dependent on foreign oil imports.
▪ Filipino scientists mostly interested in animal & plant systems
▪ Galleon Trade: chief economic activity (Spanish officials focused more on TRADE (huge profits)

1898 – 1941: The AMERICAN OCCUPATION

▪ SCHURMAN Commission
✓ replaced military government with a civil government
✓ established FREE PUBLIC EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM in the country

FREE PUBLIC EDUCATION

▪ the most significant contribution of American regime that shaped the Philippine
culture in terms of science and technology
▪ TAFT COMMISSION
✓ started gradual FILIPINIZATION of the government (preparation for self-government)
▪ 1905: Bureau of Government Laboratories reorganized to Bureau of Science
▪ 1906: Philippine Journal of Science (created to produce QUALITY RESEARCH works
: International Standards of Weights & Measurements (ISWM): Bureau of Science was made
custodian
▪ 1908: UP was established; College of Agriculture (LB) followed
 ▪ JONES LAW: the Philippine Autonomy Act (replaced the Phil. Commission with all-Filipino members
of the House of Representatives
▪ Bureau of Science had new functions
✓ Main thrust during the early years was on public health and nutrition
▪ College of Agriculture: focused efforts on improving the breed of basic crops, livestock and
poultry
▪ 1930: world recession caused further losses to the Bureau
✓ Caused retrenchment
✓ Loss of several divisions
✓ Reduced budget
✓ Brain-drain
▪ 1933-1934: General Reorganization
✓ DANR became Department of Agriculture and Commerce (DAC)
✓ Bureau of Agriculture split in two (2)
1. Bureau of Plants
2. Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)
✓ Division of Mineral Resources converted to Bureau of Mines (BM)
▪ BUREAU of Science
✓ lost some of its divisions
✓ main thrust: PUBLIC HEALTH & NUTRITION
▪ College of Agriculture
✓ Focused efforts on improving the breed of basic crops, livestock and poultry

1941 – 1945: THE WAR YEARS

▪ Pres. Manuel L. Quezon: president during war between Japan & US (1941)
✓ Very poor economy
✓ Unproductive period in the research life of the Bureau of Science (fear & hunger prevailed)
✓ Food processing: TOYO & VINEGAR produced; coconut converted to coco jam & cooking oil
▪ Pres. Manuel Roxas: became 1st President of the REPUBLIC
✓ laid down his policies to rebuild the economy
✓ BELL Trade Relations Act: provided for FREE TRADE RELATIONS between Phils & US until
1954
- gave Americans the right to dispose of, exploit, develop, utilize all agricultural,
timber, & mineral lands of the country

1945 – 1948: The REHABILITATION & RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD

▪ Bureau of Science converted to INSTITUTE of SCIENCE (under President’s Office)

▪ Filipino Scientists directed efforts in seeking solutions to the country’s problems and needs
▪ gradual FILIPINIZATION of the government resulted in several NEGATIVE effects to the
development of Science in the country
✓ reorganization led to loss of records
✓ rampant graft & corruption; inefficiency due to unqualified officials
✓ low budget given to Bureau of Science
1948 – 1953: POST-WAR Philippine S & T: The Quirino Administration

▪ Pres. Elpidio Quirino: desperately sought the help of the US

✓ BELL MISSION: proposed by President Harry Truman ($250M-aid from US)
✓ Institute of Science: renamed INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
▪ Philippine economy flourished

1953 – 1957: POST-WAR Philippine S & T: The Magsaysay Administration

▪ Pres. Ramon Magsaysay: directed all efforts to the upliftment of the rural people
▪ Magsaysay extended DUTY-FREE TRADE under the Bell Trade Act
▪ Highest number of scientists and scientific works (1956)

1957 – 1961: POST-WAR Philippine S & T: The Garcia Administration

▪ Pres. Carlos Garcia: adopted the ‘FILIPINO FIRST POLICY”

▪ National Science Development Board (NSDB) replaced the National Science Board
✓ department level with its own budget
▪ 1959: the “CROP YEAR”

1961 – 1965: POST-WAR Philippine S & T: The Macapagal Administration

▪ President Diosdado Macapagal instituted the full decontrol program which lifted all government
controls on foreign exchange
▪ NSDB was mandated in 1963 to undertake research in all fields through:
✓ NIST – National Institute of Science and Technology
✓ PAEC – Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
▪ SID – Scientific Instrumentation Division: added to NSDB
▪ 1960: IRRI – International Rice Research Institute was established

1965 – 1971: PRE-MARTIAL LAW YEARS: The Marcos Era

▪ President Ferdinand Marcos’ national goals emphasized economic and rural developments

1981 – 1985: POST MARTIAL LAW YEARS: The Marcos Era

▪ President Marcos issued Proclamation 2045: lifted Martial Law

▪ NSDB: reorganized to National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)
▪ The following AGENCIES were created:
✓ PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resource Research and Development
✓ NRCP - National Research Council of the Philippines
✓ PCHRD - Philippine Council for Health Research and Development
✓ PCIERD - Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development

1986 – PRESENT: POST EDSA REVOLUTION: The Corazon Aquino Administration

▪ President Corazon Aquino inherited a serious economic crisis

▪ PCGG – Philippine Commission on Good Governance was created
▪ CHR – Commission on Human Rights was created
▪ NSTA: reorganized to DOST – Department of Science & Technology
▪ PAGASA: was transferred to DOST from the DNR – Department of National Defense
▪ 1989: TASK FORCE on Science & Technology Development was created
1986 – PRESENT: POST EDSA REVOLUTION: The Fidel Ramos Administration

▪ President Fidel Ramos envisioned the Philippines “to be a country where all are provided a better
life…”
▪ DOST refocused its efforts on the 15 “leading edges”, sectors that have substantial contribution to
GNP:
agriculture, aquaculture and marine fisheries,
forest and natural resources,
metals and engineering,
textile industry,
mining and minerals,
process industry,
food and food industry,
energy,
transportation,
construction industry,
information technology,
electronics,
instrumentation and control,
emerging technologies, and
pharmaceutical industry

END

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PART 3: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

➢ May 29, 1453: Ottoman Turks overrun Constantinople (capital of the Byzantine Empire)
o Roman fled west into Europe and took books with them
o Most people cannot read or write and generally believe whatever the Bible and other
trusted sources said about the world
o END of the MIDDLE AGES and the beginning of the 15th-century Renaissance

15th CENTURY: Rise of the Intellectual Revolution

➢ In the 15th and 16th centuries, Europe experienced an intellectual and economic revival,
conventionally called the Renaissance, that laid the foundation for the subsequent expansion of
European culture throughout the world.
➢ The period where paradigm shifts occurred: when advancements of S & T changed people’s
perceptions and beliefs: PERIOD of ENLIGHTENMENT
➢ Where scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people were
challenged and opposed
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

➢ refers to the Greek speculation about the ‘nature’ in the period before SOCRATES (~600-400 BCE)
➢ showed how society was transformed by science and technology
COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

➢ 15th Century Astronomy

✓ Earth is a stationary sphere, whose habitable surface is a flat circle
✓ Stars and planets were made of a perfect substance (Ether), a 5 th heavenly element
✓ Moon, sun and stars held in place by invisible crystalline spheres
➢ beginning of MODERN ASTRONOMY
➢ described 3 models of the earth:
1) Geocentric Model
✓ supported the belief that Earth was at the CENTER of the UNIVERSE
✓ this belief followed Aristotle’s (Greek philosopher) teaching
2) Ptolemaic Model
✓ Claudius Ptolemy (Greek philosopher & astronomer)
✓ Earth was in the CENTER of the UNIVERSE, but the moons of the planets
rotated in circles as they went around the earth
3) Copernican Model (Heliocentric Model)
✓ Nicholas Copernicus (Polish Mathematician & Astronomer)
• a mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe
that the sun is stationary in the center of the universe and the earth
revolves around it
✓ COPERNICAN model: SUN-CENTERED UNIVERSE (explained the daily and
yearly motion of the sun & stars in the universe)
✓ Started the birth of
▪ modern astronomy
▪ scientific revolution
▪ transformation of society’s thoughts and beliefs
➢ WHY BELIEVE COPERNICAN MODEL?
✓ Was aesthetically more pleasing
✓ Was simpler (one element: the sun)
✓ Explained observed complex motions as naturally-occurring
➢ The shift from Geocentric to Heliocentric slowly happened through the contributions of different
persons:
✓ Tycho Brahe’s careful observation of the star Cassiopeia
✓ Johannes Kepler’s theory that all planets move in elliptical orbits, with the sun at the center
✓ Galileo Galilei developed his own TELESCOPE and observed Venus

o Italian mathematician and philosopher was first to study the sky with a telescope
o Was accused of being a HERETIC, because he published a book stating that a
‘HELIOCENTRIC UNIVERSE is correct’
o Galileo’s discoveries:
• Sunspots on the sun
• Venus had phases which means it orbited the sun
• The moon was mountainous and pitted
 ✓ Sir Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation
DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

➢ Charles Robert Darwin, English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his evolution by
natural selection (formulated in his book “On the Origin of Species”, 1859)
✓ concluded that creatures adapted themselves to different ways of life based on the
environment and the fittest of them survived and procreated.
✓ Such NATURAL SELECTION explained the process of EVOLUTION
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

➢ Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the term “psychoanalysis’
➢ FREUDIAN BEHAVIOR
✓ Human behavior is the result of the interactions among 3 component parts of the mind: ID,
EGO, SUPEREGO

3 COMPONENT PARTS of the MIND

➢ the only component of personality that • “I want to do that NOW!”
is present from BIRTH • “I want it now!”
➢ driven by PLEASURE PRINCIPLE which • Hungry baby cried until it was fed.
strives for immediate gratification
ID ➢ the raw instincts unconscious part of
the mind (seeks to bring us pleasure)
➢ the part of the psyche that contains
our instinctual DESIRES, DRIVES and
WANTS
➢ the manager of the ID that sublimes • “Maybe we can compromise?”
the instincts • “Let’s figure out a way to work together.”
➢ conscious part of the mind (RATIONAL • “I need to do a bit of planning to get it.”
EGO SELF) • Beth wanted to borrow her mom’s necklace
but knew her mom would get mad if she took
➢ deals with reality that our ID must be
it without asking. So, she asked her mom if
socially responsible
she could do it.
➢ REALITY PRINCIPLE
➢ the CONSCIENCE that manages the • “It’s NOT RIGHT to do that!”
EGO according to social standards and • “Good people don’t think about those things.”
morality • “You can’t have it. It’s NOT right.”
➢ based on MORALS and JUDGEMENT • Ben knew he could take home office supplies
SUPEREGO without anybody knowing it. He knew stealing
➢ sense of RIGHT and WRONG
wrong. So, he decided not to do it even
though he knew that she, probably, wouldn’t
get caught.

Example:

The SUPEREGO can make a person feel GUILTY if rules are not followed.

When there is a conflict between the goals of the ID and SUPEREGO, the EGO acts as a referee and
mediate this conflict.

The EGO can deploy various DEFENSE MECHANISMS (repression, denial, projection….) to prevent it from
becoming overwhelmed by anxiety.

If the conflict between ID and the EGO is unresolved, one may experience unhappiness or mental
distress.

In order to understand motivation, one must understand what is in your unconscious memory. Such is
the basis for PSYCHOANALYSIS

FREUDIAN DEFENSE MECHANISMS

➢ trying to make up for areas in which a • Al is not good in athletics so he
Compensation
(substitution)
lack is perceived by becoming superior channels his energies into becoming
in some other areas an academic scholar
➢ refusal to recognize or acknowledge a • Ben is an alcoholic; he denies being
Denial
threatening situation an alcoholic
➢ expressing feelings that would be • Ana gets reprimanded by her
Displacement threatening if directed at the real target supervisor and goes home to angrily
onto a less threatening substitute target pick a fight with her siblings
➢ trying to become like someone else to • Jen really admires Sue, the most
Identification deal with one’s anxiety popular girl in class; Jen tries to copy
her behavior and fashion style
➢ placing one’s own unacceptable • Donna is secretly attracted to her
thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts brother-in-law and believes he does,
Projection
belonged to them and not to oneself too.
• “I’m not jealous, you are.”
➢ making up acceptable excuses for • “If I miss breakfast, I can eat cake
Rationalization
unacceptable behavior without hurting my diet.”
➢ forming an emotional reaction or • Bob is unconsciously attracted to Rex
Reaction attitude that is the opposite of one’s but outwardly voices an extreme
formation threatening or unacceptable actual hatred of homosexuals
thoughts
➢ falling back on childlike patterns as a • 8-yr. old Axel starts wetting his bed
Regression way of coping with stressful situations after his parents brought home a new
baby
➢ ‘pushing’ threatening or conflicting • Jane was sexually-abused as a child
Repression events or situations out of conscious but cannot remember the abuse at all
memory
➢ turning socially unacceptable urges into • Allen, who is very aggressive,
Sublimation
socially acceptable behavior becomes a professional hockey player

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 WEEK 5-6 SUMMARY
S & T and NATION BUILDING
AMBISYON NATIN 2040

▪ A document adopted by the Philippine government as a guide for development planning.

▪ It contains the results of the survey on the collective long-term vision and aspirations of the
Filipino people (the many dimensions of well-being that Filipinos value the most)
▪ Describes the kind of life that people want to live and how the country will be by 2040
➢ Matatag (stable life; strong family & community ties),
➢ Maginhawa (comfortable/convenient life) at
➢ panatag na buhay (assured/secured life) para sa lahat
▪ the vision that guides the future
▪ an anchor for the country’s development

NEDA: National Economic Development Authority

▪ 2015: began the visioning process (Ambisyon Natin 2040) in collaboration with 300 participants in
the focus group discussions

PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (PDP) 2023-2028

• This is a 6-year plan consisting of the policies, directions, and strategies of the elected
administration that embraces Ambisyon Natin 2040.
• BEST described as the country’s overall blueprint in development planning in the next 6 years.
• Overall goals:
➢ Reinvigorate job creations
➢ Accelerate poverty reduction
• Pres. Ferdinand R. Marcos, Jr.’s SOCIOECONOMIC AGENDA
• GOALS & TARGETS
1. Maintain annual economic growth rate between 6.0 to 7.0 percent in 2023 and between 6.5
to 8.0 percent from 2024 to 2028.
2. Create more, better, and more resilient jobs.
3. Keep food and overall prices low and stable.
4. Enforce fiscal discipline.
5. Transform the production sectors through innovation
6. Reduce poverty incidence from 18 percent in 2021 to between 8 to 9 percent by 2028
• KEY APPROACHES
1. Economic or Production Sector
a. Modernize agriculture and agri-business
b. Revitalize industry
c. Reinvigorate service
2. Social & Human Development Sector
a. Promote and improve lifelong learning and education
b. Boost health
c. Establish livable communities
d. Ensure food security and proper nutrition
e. Strengthen the social protection system
f. Increase income-earning ability of the workforce
 • 6 CROSS-CUTTING STRATEGIES
1. Public-Private Partnerships
2. Digitalization
3. Servicification
4. Dynamic innovation ecosystem.
5. Enhanced connectivity
6. Greater collaboration between local and national government
• PDP EXPECTATIONS
1. Business Sector
➢ Strengthen and facilitate PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP (PPP)
➢ Upgrade country’s energy, logistics, transportation, telecommunications, and water
infrastructure
➢ lower transactions costs, a healthy regulatory environment, and protection from
anti-competitive practices
2. International Community
➢ amendments to the Foreign Investment Act, Retail Trade Liberalization Act, and
Public Service Act
➢ passage of the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises Law
➢ the Philippines will be open for business to regain its position among the most
dynamic economies in Asia and the world
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (DOST)
▪ Philippine government agency mandated by law to provide central direction, leadership and
coordination of the scientific and technological efforts in the country
▪ Dr. Renato Umali Solidum, Jr.(2022): current Secretary of the DOST
▪ AGENCIES under DOST:
1. National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP),
2. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and
Development (PCAARRD),
3. Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD),
4. Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology (PCIEERD)
5. Office of the Undersecretary for Scientific and Technical Services/PAGASA/PHIVOLCS
– Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (DRR/CCA) Unit,
3 PILLARS CONNECTING the HNRDA 2022-2028 to Ambisyon Natin 204

1. MALASAKIT (enhancing the social fabric)

2. PAGBABAGO (reducing inequality)
3. KAUNLARAN (increasing potential growth)

HNRDA - HARMONIZED NATIONAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT AGENDA (2022-2028)

• July 15, 2022: NEDA has reviewed and found the KNRDA 22-23 in order
• prepared in consultation with government and private research and development institutions,
the academe, industry and other concerned agencies.
• articulates the national priorities and serves as guide for public investment in R&D while ensuring
a cohesive convergence and integration of R&D efforts towards the shared goal of inclusive socio-
economic growth and a better life for Filipinos.
 ▪ ensures that "results of science, technology and innovation endeavors are geared towards and are
utilized in areas of maximum economic and social benefit for the people."

5 SECTORS organized under the HNRDA

1. NIBRA – National Integrated Basic Research Agenda

NRCP
2. AANR – Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources
PCAARRD
3. HEALTH
PCHRD
4. IEET – Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology
✓ Renewable energy and energy storage solutions
✓ Intelligent transportation solutions
PCIEERD
5. DRR/CCA – Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation
✓ hazards, vulnerability and risk assessment
✓ technology development and application for disaster risk management
✓ warning and risk communication
PAGASA
PHIVOLCS

ACRONYMS:
PCAARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and

Development

PCIEERD - Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and

Development

PCHRD - Philippine Council for Health Research and Development

• mandated as the national coordinating body for health research in the country

PAGASA - Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology

NRCP – National Research Council of the Philippines

RANKING in the 2022 GLOBAL INNOVATION INDEX: 59TH

DIWATA-1: the first microsatellite owned by the Philippine government that is intended to observe Earth,
monitor climate changes, and develop human resources

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 WEEK 7-8 SUMMARY
S & T and the HUMAN CONDITION
Key Words/Terms:
Arete – Greek term, meaning, “excellence of any kind’; moral virtue
Aristotle – ancient Greek philosopher and scientist known for Nichomachean Ethics; he was a
student of Plato (a student of Socrates)
Eudaimonia – said to be the ULTIMATE end of human action; the ULTIMATE GOOD
Good – it is that which ALL THINGS AIM
Happiness – means living well and doing well
Virtue – the constant practice of ding good, and excellence of character;
- is what makes one function well

2 TYPES of VIRTUE (Aristotle)

1. INTELLECTUAL VIRTUE
• virtue of thought
• achieved through education, time and experience
• acquired through self-taught knowledge and skills
• Key Intellectual virtues:
➢ Wisdom: guides ethical behavior
➢ Understanding: gained from scientific endeavors and contemplation
2. MORAL VIRTUE
• virtue of character
• achieved through habitual practice; it is like a SKILL
• Key moral virtues:
➢ Generosity: developed by repeatedly being unselfish
➢ Temperance: by repeatedly resisting and forgoing every inviting opportunity
➢ Courage: repeatedly exhibiting proper action & emotional response in the face of
danger

*** Aristotle explained that although the capacity for intellectual virtue is innate, it is brought
into completion only by practice.

*** Both intellectual and moral virtue should be in accordance with reason to achieve
eudaimonia.

HUMAN FLOURISHING

➢ an effort to achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within the context of a larger community of
individuals, each with the right to pursue his or her own such efforts

➢ a moral accomplishment and a fulfillment of human capacities

➢ also known as personal flourishing

HUMAN FLOURISHING in SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY

➢ The progress in human civilizations throughout history mirrors the development of S & T.

➢ The human person, as both bearer and the beneficiary of S & T, flourishes, and finds meaning in the
world that he/she builds.

WHAT is TECHNOLOGY then?

➢ It is more than the tools we use > this alone cannot provide a sufficient answer to what really is
technology.

➢ Because of this, we can say that technology is not only instrumental, it is also anthropological
because of how human use technology across history.

➢ Therefore, we can safely say that TECHNOLOGY is a means to an end (instrumental) and human
activity (anthropological).

TECHNOLOGY: Why question technology?

✓ TRUTH is revealed

✓ Its PURPOSE is seen

✓ Its ESSENCE is made known

EUDAIMONIA (by ARISTOTLE)

✓ It is the “good” life.

✓ It is marked by happiness and excellence.

✓ It is the highest human good.

ARISTOTLE’s VIEWS on MORAL LEARNING

➢ VIRTUES can be acquired through HABIT

➢ NOT ALL are CAPABLE of truly successful moral learning

➢ KNOWLEDGE OF, and MOTIVATION TO DO, what is right grow together.

➢ NICHOMACHEAN ETHICS (Virtue Ethics)

✓ is a philosophical inquiry into the nature of the GOOD LIFE for a human being.
Every human activity aims at some end that we consider GOOD (Aristotle defines this GOOD
as HAPPINESS)
✓ Virtue Ethics/Nichomachean ethics: based on the character of human beings
• courage
• temperance
• generosity
• magnificence
• magnanimity
• right ambition
• good temper
• friendliness
 • truthfulness
• wit, and
• justice

➢ Bridging the GAP between Aristotle’s Science and Ethics

✓ If man is virtuous, this his scientific discoveries and inventions will also aim in the
attainment of GOOD LIFE and HAPPINES
▪ Hence, in order for one to be a moral person, one NEEDS to develop or cultivate his
virtues.
▪ By doing so, one manages to FLOURISH as a human being.
▪ When one flourishes (as a human being), one becomes a MORALLY GOOD
PERSON.

MARTIN HEIDEGGER’S POINT of VIEW:

➢ German philosopher
➢ Heidegger's portrayal of the beginnings of the modern technology…transforming, storing,
distributing, and switching about are ways of revealing

➢ characterizes MODERN TECHNOLOGY as

✓ challenging and very aggressive in activity

✓ it challenges nature

✓ a mode of revealing

✓ age of switches

➢ Heidegger’s point of view:

Meditative thinking: a way of thinking where you let nature reveal itself without forcing it.

➢ “Technology as a Way of Revealing”

Heidegger says that technology is a mode of revealing: “Technology comes to presence in the
realm where revealing and unconcealment take place, where alētheia, truth, happens.” 4 Thus,
technology reveals the Truth of the world, and revealing is something that gives or shows itself.

JASON HICKEL’S VIEW on DE-DEVELOPMENT:

➢ sharing what we have fairly and evenly distribute resources, without plundering the Earth’s vital
resources

➢ shortening work weeks without increasing unemployment, that allows scaling down unnecessary
economic activity

➢ establishing basic income to provide enough to cover cost of living that would help provide financial
security

➢ Introduced the concept of DE-DEVELOPMENT

✓ the idea that rich countries should slow down in their consumption so that poor nations can
‘catch up’
 ✓ forget ‘developing poor countries’, it’s time to ‘de-develop rich countries

“Instead of pushing poor countries to 'catch up' with rich ones, we should be getting rich
countries to 'catch down.”
CS LEWIS: SCIENCE AND MAGIC explained

➢ Science as power is the most dangerous aspect of science's similarity to magic, which threatens the
future of civilization itself.

➢ Science and magic both have the ability to function as an alternative to religion.

➢ Science and credulity (a tendency to be too ready to believe that something is real or true).

✓ Science discourages skepticism (generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or

more instances of knowledge which are asserted to be mere belief) and encourages
gullibility (a tendency to be easily persuaded that something is real or true; credulity).

BILL JOY
➢ a co-founder of Sun Microsystems, is one of the most influential computer programmers of all
time
➢ his MAJOR CONCERN in developing technologies: provide a much greater danger to humanity
than any technology before has ever presented. In particular, he focuses on engineering,
nanotechnology and robotics

For SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY to be GOOD…

✓ Develop ways and methods in harnessing earth’s resources that are attuned with nature.

✓ Equip members of society with scientific knowledge in understanding how science works.

✓ Develop scientific attitude and values that enable us to become better members of society.

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