USER'S MANUAL

ELECTROFISHING BOATS
for all SRI H and EH Model Electrofishing Boats
USER'S MANUAL
ELECTROFISHING BOATS

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION/BOAT GPP ELECTROFISHER

Overview......................................................................1 Electrofisher Control Panel..........................................16
Receiving Your New Boat.............................................2 Engine Maintenance...................................................19
Batteries and Charging.................................................3 Winterize....................................................................20
Generator Raw Water Filter..........................................4 Specifications..............................................................22

CONSOLE Trouble Shooting........................................................23

Control Panel Items......................................................5

GPP Controls................................................................6 BOATING SAFETY
GPP Patch Panel...........................................................7 Standard Rules............................................................31

GPP Patch Panel Configurations...................................8 Right of Way..............................................................33

Auxiliary Foot Switch....................................................9 Lightning Protection...................................................35

COMPONENTS & ISLAND LAYOUT ELECTROFISHING SAFETY

Pre-Launch.................................................................11 Electrofishing..............................................................40
Launching...................................................................12 Preventing Electrical Shock.........................................42
Underway Operation................................................................. 13 Electrofishing Boat Safety...........................................43
Fuel Systems...............................................................14 Electrofishing Principles...............................................44
Reference and Training Materials................................47

Items manufactured by companies other than Smith-Root carry the original manufacturer’s warranty. Please contact
product manufacturer for return instructions.
All Smith-Root, Inc. manufactured products are covered by a one-year warranty.
Credit & Refund Policy: Customers returning equipment - in new condition - will be given a refund within five days from the date of the return. A return
authorization must accompany returns. Valid equipment returns include, but are not limited to, ordering incorrect equipment, funding deficits and defective
equipment returned for reimbursement. All returns are subject to a restocking fee and applicable shipping charges. The restocking fee is figured at 10% of
the purchase price but not less than $20.00. Customers receiving equipment in damaged condition will be referred to the shipping company for insurance
reimbursement.

© 2007 Smith-Root, Inc. Vancouver, WA - USA

 USER's MANUAL

ELECTROFISHER BOAT MANUAL

OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION
All Smith-Root boats are heavy-­duty electrofishing
work boats designed to provide safe and stable
working conditions. They provide the fisheries
researcher with the utmost in electrofishing
efficiency and equipment reliability. The quality
workmanship and attention to detail that go
into every Smith-Root electrofishing boat are
demonstrated by our ever-growing number of
satisfied customers.
The modular design of our boats provide flexibility
in use. The forward work deck provides a safe
area for netting and other sampling operations.
The gunwale top is smooth to prevent abrasion
and net snags. Forward work lights illuminate the
entire front area of the boat. Stern lights provide
illumination to the rear of the boat.

BOAT HULL
The hulls are constructed of a rugged aluminum alloy that gives superior impact strength and excellent resistance to water and
weather corrosion. The fabrication features all-welded seams. H models feature hard machine-rivets at all critical rib support
points. Seams are double welded at the bottom-to-gunwale sections, providing extreme impact strength. The forward work
decking is anti-skid Dri-Dek® mat and the walkways are aluminum treadplate.
Smith-Root H and EH model boats are heavy-duty electrofishing work boats designed to provide the fisheries researcher with
the utmost in electrofishing efficiency and equipment reliability.
H model boats feature a sled-style hull, available from 14' to 18' in length, perfect for shallow water fishing operations. For
rough water conditions, our EH models offer our rugged modified "V" hull available in 18' to 21' lengths.
All Smith-Root boats come equipped with an extra heavy-duty transom. Transoms are 20”, 25" or 27" high and are built with
a double H-frame-style reinforcing. This transom is highly resistant to damage on or off the trailer. Side heights are 24" for the
H-series and 30" for the EH-series boats.

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ELECTROFISHING

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RECEIVING & INSPECTION
Before using your new electrofishing boat, please 6. Inspect the center
read and perform the following procedures. console. Remove
the top mounting
During shipping it is possible for damage to occur. Phillips screw from
Also, nuts, bolts, or screws may have vibrated loose. the outboard throttle
and gear shift control
1. Give your boat a good visual inspection for box. Remove the
possible shipping damage. 1/4-20 bolt in front of
the outboard control
PILOT DECK box on the side of
the console. Remove
the two 1/4-20 bolts
on the other side of

the console (Phillips

screwdriver and 7/16"
wrench are required).

2. Make sure battery selector switch is OFF. 7. Rotate the console

forward, resting
3. Remove the six 1/4-20 bolts holding the pilot deck it on the top of
cover on. The pilot deck is located between the the fish tank lids.
Console and the Generator housing (7/16" wrench Make sure your Battery Selector Switch, located on the
required). port side of steering & control console, is in the "OFF"
position.

TS-5 8. Check all the screws on the terminal strips, used and not used, for
tightness. Check all instrument mounting screws and electrical
connections. Check all the hardware mounting screws and boat
ground buss bar screws (Phillips and flat-blade screwdrivers,
5/16", 3/8", 7/16" and 1/2" wrenches are required).

9. Rotate the console back to its upright position. Re-secure the

Remove the pilot deck cover revealing the TS-5 console fasteners.
terminal strip and pump compartment. Remove
protective cover over terminal strip. 10. Open the access hatch on the front of the console (the circuit
breaker and patch panel compartment). Visually inspect
4. Check all of the screws on the TS-5 terminal all the breaker holders for tightness. Close and latch the
strip, pump bases, and boat ground buss bar compartment.
to make sure that none have vibrated loose
(Phillips screwdriver required). 11. Check tightness of all mounting bolts around the fish holding
tank, battery compartment, console, pilot deck and generator
5. After thorough inspection of this area, replace housing (7/16" wrench is required).
the pilot deck cover and tighten bolts.
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 USER's MANUAL
CONTROL CONSOLE

The Control Console is mounted on the central island

structure. The electrofisher control panel is mounted at the top
of the consoles within comfortable reach of the boat operator.
An adjustable audio tone and the high voltage indicator lamp
are activated whenever electrofisher output is present. The
console also contains a GPP Patch Panel allowing complete
selection of anode/cathode boom configurations. Consoles
hinge forward to provide easy access to all steering controls,
switches, circuit breakers, and wiring terminals for the entire
electrical system. All wiring terminals are clearly labeled
for easy identification and servicing. A schematic diagram is
provided which shows all wiring and terminal designations
for the entire boat. Two spare switches and 2 accessory
plugs are provided on the console for additional electrical
equipment.
Outboard controls are mounted on the right side of the control
console.
BATTERY AND CHARGING SYSTEMS
All models of boats come with three marine batteries housed
in chemical resistant enclosures (two in main compartment,
one in enclosure at stern). A 40 amp charging system utilizes

Work-Up Lights and 12V Accessory plug Outboard cranking battery in stowed
position at stern
Console Cover provides complete weather protection to the
steering and control console. Constructed of heavy duty
canvas with reinforced corners. (not shown)

Work-Up Lights are provided on the front of the console,

(pictured above). The lights are recessed and aimed to light up
the fish tank and not shine in crew member's eyes.

Batteries are housed under fire

extinguisher/storage compartment

power from the GPP generator. Charging from the outboard

motor is also incorporated in the charging system.

The battery compartment provides space for two marine

batteries. The Storage compartment above the batteries
provide space for a marine fire extinguisher and miscellaneous
small items. There is a separate cranking battery for the
outboard motor.

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ELECTROFISHING

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CONTROL CONSOLE
BATTERY MAINTENANCE CHARGER
The Battery/Charging system includes a charger that connects to a 110V
service (via its receptacle, shown at right) when the boat is not in use for
extended periods of time. It automatically brings the battery's level to a full
charge and maintains it. LEDs indicate battery charging status (inset).

BATTERY SELECTOR SWITCH

The Battery Selector Switch is located on the left side of the control
console. It allows you to switch between the two separate main batteries,
run on both simultaneously or to shut both batteries off when boat is not in
use. Switch should be in 'BOTH' position when charging.
110V inlet on
GENERATOR RAW WATER FILTRATION console lower front;
LED indicators on
The Generator requires raw water for coolant purposes. The Raw Water console side (right)
Filter located on left side of control console must be inspected daily and
any potential obstruction removed in order to prevent damage to the intake
system. Bowl is translucent to facilitate inspection.

Battery Selector Switch

Battery
Selector Sw.

Battery Charger

Raw Water Filtration

Generator Raw Water Filter

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 USER's MANUAL
CONTROL CONSOLE

UPPER PANEL ITEMS

1. VENTILATION FAN -cools and clears vapors from generator 5. FUEL GAUGE - indicates fuel level of selected tank. Outboard powered.
compartment. Button must be pressed while starting the generator.
6. GENERATOR OFF - kills generator engine with key in “on” position
2. DEPTH FINDER - indicates water depth below boat
7. GENERATOR LOW OIL - comes on if oil pressure is low
3. TILT & TRIM - outboard tilt and trim indicator (optional, not shown)
8. GENERATOR START - ignition and 12V accessory power
4. VOLTMETER - expanded voltmeter 12V system

1 2 7
3 4
5 6

9 8
10 11
12
13 14
18 19
20
15 21
16 17 22

23 24
25
26

27
28

29
30 31

MAIN PANEL CONTROLS

9. HEADLIGHTS - illuminates water forward. 12V, generator not 17. OUTBOARD HOURS - records outboard total hours
required
18. BILGE PUMP - switches bilge pump from auto to manual
10. WORK LIGHTS - illuminates water around front work deck.
Generator powered 19. DASH LIGHTS - illuminates dash panel.
11. TANK PUMP - fills livewell and provides flow through water 20. NAVIGATION LIGHTS - operates Coast Guard approved
system navigation lights
12. BACKUP LIGHTS - illuminates behind boat 21. FUEL GAUGE SWITCH - toggles between port and starboard
tank sender unit. Outboard powered.
13. TANK LIGHTS - illuminates fish holding tank
22. DECK LIGHTS - illuminates walkways and workdeck
14. RECIRCULATION PUMP - water for aeration, can be used on
trailer 23. GENERATOR HOURS - records total generator hours
15. HORN - operates loud marine horn 24. SPARE #2 - for wiring an accessory under the pilot deck
16. SPARE #1 - For wiring an additonal console accessory 25. WORKDECK FOOT SWITCH - allows for and/or operation of foot
switches
LOWER PANEL ITEMS
26. BATTERY CHARGER INPUT -For connecting 110V service to 29. FUEL GAUGE FUSE - 5 amp
battery maintenance-charger when not in use
30. IGNITION PROTECTION - 15 amp
27. DEPTH FINDER FUSE - 1 amp
31. 12V ACCESSORY PLUG - For additional electrical equipment
28. OUTBOARD HOURS METER FUSE - 5 amp

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ELECTROFISHING

BOATS
GPP CONTROLS
Inset: Range switch as seen on a 7.5 or 9.0 GPP.

3 4
1 5
2

6 7 8 9

ELECTROFISHER CONTROLS
1. RANGE SWITCH: Selects the output voltage 5. MODE: Selects the type of output pulses,
range between high and low or switches AC or DC (Caution!: The position of this
the output to OFF (Caution!: The position switch should not be changed when
of this switch should not be changed current is flowing, i.e. foot switches
when current is flowing, i.e. foot switches engaged!).
engaged!). 6. PERCENT OF RANGE: Adjusts the output
2. TIME IN SECONDS: Records the actual pulses to a percent of the selected range, i.e.
shocking time. It counts only when high high/low. Pulse width is also automatically
voltage is applied. adjusted between 6 and 1 millisecond pulse
3. EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN: Provides a local duration.
override of remote foot switches. 7. ENUNCIATOR VOLUME*: Controls volume of
4. OUTPUT CURRENT METER: Shows the output of warning tone.
current flowing between the anode and 8. HIGH VOLTAGE: Red indicator lamp shows
cathode in amps and indicates when the when voltage is present on output power
RANGE switch should be moved to the LOW terminals.
position. For 7.5 and 9.0 GPPs, follow the 9. PULSES PER SECOND: Selects the number
output table. of pulses in the output wave form.

*Enunciator Volume: The Audio Alarm warning tone indicates an output voltage. The control adjusts the volume of the Audio
Alarm or turns the Audio Alarm off.
Note: Switch the Range switch to the OFF position when the GPP is not in use. The Audio Alarm warning tone will sound if the
generator is running without the electrodes in the water and the switch is not OFF.

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 USER's MANUAL
GPP PATCH PANEL

On the front of the console is a hinged lid, with corner

cutouts for the optional foot switch cables, that houses the
GPP Patch Panel. Inside, the GPP Patch Panel consist of four
parts:The patch panel, main panel with circuit breakers and
auxiliary foot switch/command center.
Work-up lights can be seen above patch panel door.

Breaker panel light

Work-up light switch

(Above) Work-Up Lights

and Patch Panel Light
Switches
(Left) Aux. Foot Switch/
Command Center Switch.

Open door view of Patch Panel and Circuit Breakers.

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ELECTROFISHING

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GPP PATCH PANEL
CONFIGURATIONS
PATCH PANEL CONFIGURATIONS STARTING WITH THE MOST COMMONLY USED.

Port and starboard booms as

anodes - boat and insulated
cathode array as cathode (most
common arrangement).

Port and starboard arrays as

anodes - insulated cathode array
as cathode. Boat ground isolated,
required in California and BC.

Port boom as anode - starboard

boom as cathode - boat hull and
cathode array isolated.

Starboard boom as anode - port

boom as cathode - boat hull and
cathode array isolated.

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 USER's MANUAL
FOOT SWITCH OPERATION

WORK DECK FOOT SWITCH SETTINGS

The Both and Separate foot switch position switch is located on the lower starboard side of the console.
The switch controls the function of the work deck foot switches. In the separate position, each foot
switch controls the output. In the Both position, the two foot switches must be pushed simultaneously
to activate output. The Command Center foot switch is located on the aft side of the console and is
operated by the helmsman.

Left to Right - Both and Separate work deck switch on console front; Command Center Foot Switch; Work
deck foot switches.

COMMAND CENTER & AUXILIARY FOOT SWITCH SETTINGS

The Patch Panel cables have been unplugged in the following pictures so the Auxiliary Foot
Switch & Control panel can be seen.

Note:The Both/Separate switch only affects the work deck foot switches and has
no effect on the Auxiliary or Command Center foot switches.
1. Auxiliary foot switch inactive/command center foot switch inactive
- (not required, no foot switch plug needed to operate normally).
Note: one or both work deck switches must be operated.

2. Operation of command center foot switch required. Operation of

auxiliary foot switches not required. Note: one or both work deck
switches must be operated. The Command Center (Pilot) foot
switch or Auxiliary foot switches will not activate the shocker
alone. One of the work deck foot switches must be pushed
(separate position).

3. When using an auxiliary

foot switch, the toggle
switch must be in the active
position. Electrofisher will
not operate without auxiliary
foot switches depressed.
Note: one or both work deck
switches must be operated. Auxiliary Foot Switch
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ELECTROFISHING

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COMPONENTS & ISLAND LAYOUT

Hinged Battery/Storage Storage Compartment

Compartment Lid with
Fire Extinguisher attached Pilot Deck & Pump Compartment
GPP Generator Housing

Battery Compartment Battery On/Off Switch

Fish holding tank Control console

Above - Profile of typical boat, showing arrangement of major components.

Muffler Generator
System Raw Water
Generator Exhaust Pipe Recirc.
Pump Filter
Generator Test Water Drain
Livewell Drain Pipe
Heat Exchanger Winterizing Drain
Generator Winterizing Drain Fish Holding Tank
(Livewell)
Livewell Winterizing Drain
Generator Oil Drain

Raw Water
Generator Intake (Gen. & Steering Battery
System Livewell fill) Console Compartment

Above - Arrangement below island super-structure showing

Generator, Battery compartment, pumps, Livewell plumbing
and winterizing/maintenance drains.

E Right - Drain manifold details:

C A- Generator Test Water ; B- Heat Exchanger Winterize Drain;

A B C-Generator Winterize Drain ; D- Livewell Winterize Drain; E-
D
Generator Oil Drain.

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 USER's MANUAL
PRE-LAUNCH CHECKLIST

8. Check boat for required equipment:

• Life jackets for all personnel on board, plus one extra
• Rubber coats, rubber boots, and rain gear
• Rubber gloves
• Dip nets
• Tools
• Spare bilge plug

9. Be sure to store all personal gear before launching the

boat.

10. Locate the bilge plug and install before launching.

11. Give everything one final visual inspection before

1. Check your batteries. launching.
Note: If the batteries need to be charged, use built in
charger.

2. Turn the battery selector switch and boat ignition "On"

to test the electrical system.
Note: DO NOT run pumps without water. The
impellers will become damaged very quickly.

3. Check the generator oil level. See Electrofisher section;

Generator Owner's Manual for details.

4. Check the outboard oil. See Motor Section - Outboard

Owner's Manual for details.

5. Check the generator and outboard motor fuel supply.

6. Check the fire extinguishers. (The gauge should be in the

green).

7. Check the fish holding tank for stand-pipes and

cleanliness.

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ELECTROFISHING

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LAUNCHING INSTRUCTIONS

1. Don’t forget to install the Bilge Plug. by looking for a steady stream of water coming out to
(Oh yes, you will, we all have!) the water pump indicator.

2. Remove Tie-down strap. Disconnect the trailer lights. 7. After warming up, shift the outboard into forward to
hold the boat firmly against the bow receiver. Now have
3. DO NOT disconnect your winch line or safety chain a crewmember unhook the safety chain and winch line.
until the boat is in the water and outboard is warmed-up. Once the bow is unhooked, shift into reverse and back
off the trailer.
4. Back the boat into the water.
“Caution” If your tow-vehicle has an automatic 8. Loading and unloading your boat at the boat launch can
transmission, after starting down the launch, shift your be a tricky situation. Wind and current affect launch
transmission to neutral, and use the weight of the tow- conditions severely. It is better to load and unload
vehicle to launch your boat. Your transmission’s pulling without additional crewmembers on board. Additional
backward may cancel out your rear brakes. On a steep, weight and crewmembers moving about in the boat will
sandy, or slippery launch, your front brakes may be drastically change low speed maneuverability of the
inadequate to stop at the desired launch position. boat.

5. Launch Position. Do not over-launch your boat. Don’t 9. Either beach or dock the boat to load your
back the trailer in over the top of the fenders. crewmembers. Before leaving the dock or beach, make
sure all hands have put on their personal flotation
6. Start the outboard and let it warm up on the trailer. devices (life jackets). Now you are ready to get
While it is warming up, check the Bilge Plug for underway.
leakage. Verify outboard motor water pump operation

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 USER's MANUAL

UNDERWAY
UNDERWAY OPERATING and electrofishing preparation

UNDERWAY OPERATING TIPS: PREPARING THE BOAT FOR

ELECTROFISHING
1. Before starting your outboard engine, read the information
in the “Motor” section for fuel mixture ratio and break-in 1. Raise and inspect the booms, boom extensions, and
procedures. Prior to getting underway, run the outboard arrays to see that they are in good working order. When
at a fast idle for the first 1 1/2 to 2 minutes. This will attaching the arrays, connect the safety line first, then
allow engine to be completely warmed up and will ensure attach the quick connector. Do not unfold your arrays at
all working parts are well lubricated. this time.
2. During this warm up time, have a crew member move the 2. Loosen clutches and lift the booms from the underway
booms from the lower trailering positions to the upper position. Swing booms forward to about 45 from
o

underway position. When attaching the arrays, attach the forward. Tighten boom clutch assemblies to hold booms
safety line first, then connect the quick connector . Do not in position. Adjust anode depth with chain adjustments,
unfold your arrays at this time. elements extended about 2ft. into the water.
3. Check your trim. Trim your bow up or down to suit your
boat load and water conditions. If your boat wants to 3. After the booms are adjusted, start the generator and
porpoise, trim your bow down. For more information, allow it to warm up for a minute or two. Check to see if
see “Motor” section. cooling water is being discharged with the exhaust.

4. When you reach the job site, throttle-down slowly. 4. See “Electrofisher” section to operate electrofisher.
Throttling-down slowly will prevent chill-shocking the
outboard power head and prolongs engine life.

Work deck safety rail

ion
ens
m ext
Chain support Boo

Stretch cord

Boom support
chain
Bow Upper underway position
Boom holder
Boom support
chain
Stretch cord
Head & Boom clutch
work assembly
lights Lower trailering position
Boom holder
Boom extension

Boom
base

Navigation light

Boat hull area

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ELECTROFISHING

BOATS
FUEL SYSTEM
Smith-Root boats come with a water separator fuel filter and
generator fuel pump.
Always use outboard manufacturer's recommended fuel.
Starboard Tank Fuel Filter Port Tank
MAINTENANCE Shut Off Water Seperator Shut Off

Check fuel filter viewing chamber for signs of water daily.

Refer to your OEM Manual.
TO RE-PRIME YOUR OUTBOARD FUEL To Outboard Motor
SYSTEM
First plug the auxiliary fuel hose to the auxiliary fuel tank
(the tank that comes with the outboard motor). Then open To Generator Water Seperator Aux. Fuel Tank
the port tank shut off valve and pump the priming bulb 18 Viewing Chamber Shut Off

or 20 times. Then close the port tank valve and open the
starboard tank valve. Now pump priming bulb 5 or 6 times.
Now close Starboard tank valve and pump priming bulb
until it becomes firm. Your fuel filter, generator fuel pump,
outboard fuel pump and carburetors are now primed. Now
remove auxiliary fuel tank hose from tank and adjust shut
off valves to suit your needs.

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 USER's MANUAL
GPP OPERATION

Gas Powered Pulsator

smith-root.com 15
ELECTROFISHING

BOATS

    

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ELECTROFISHER CONTROLS

1 - RANGE: Selects the output voltage range between high and low or switches the output to OFF
(Caution!: The position of this switch should not be changed when current is flowing i.e. foot switches
engaged!)
2 - TIME IN SECONDS: Records the actual shocking time. It counts only when high voltage is applied.
3 - EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN: Provides a local override of remote foot switches.
4 - OUTPUT CURRENT: Shows the current flowing between the anode and cathode in amps.
Low range indicates that the RANGE switch should be moved to the LOW position. For 7.5 and 9.0
GPPs, follow the output table.
5 - MODE: Selects the type of output pulses, AC, DC or OFF (Caution!: The position of this switch should
not be changed when current is flowing i.e. foot switches engaged!).
6 - PERCENT OF RANGE: Adjusts the output pulses to a percent of the selected range, i.e. high/low. Pulse
width is also automatically adjusted between 6 and 1 millisecond pulse duration.
7 -ENUNCIATOR VOLUME: The Audio Alarm warning tone indicates an output voltage. The control adjusts
the volume of the Audio Alarm or turns the Audio Alarm off*.
8 - HIGH VOLTAGE: Red indicator lamp shows when voltage is present on output power terminals.
9 - PULSES PER SECOND: Selects the number of pulses in the output wave form.

*Note: Switch the Mode and Range switches to the OFF position when the GPP is not in use. The Audio
Alarm warning tone will sound if the generator is running without the electrodes in the water and the
switches are not OFF.

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 USER's MANUAL
GPP OPERATION

Power Supply Controls Electrofisher Controls

GENERATOR. Your GPP is powered by a specially MODE The large switch (located at top right of control
manufactured gas-powered generator. The generator is panel) selects the type of output pulses, AC, DC or OFF
wound so that the output voltages are taken directly from the (Caution: The position of this switch should not be changed
generator, eliminating the need for a transformer or voltage- when current is flowing, i.e. foot switches engaged). The
doubler. The generator has a self-excited, revolving field. small switch labeled PULSES PER SECOND selects the
This rotor connects directly to the engine crankshaft with a number of pulses in the output wave form 120, 60, 30, 15,
tapered fit. The stationary armature has a separate excitation 7.5 Hz. This switch selection may be changed at any time.
winding, and multiple windings to supply AC power. However, it must be in the 120 position for AC output (gives
60 Hz. AC out).
Two 12 VAC windings on the generator provide up to 500
watts of 12 volts AC power. They will run the 12 volt work Outputs on all selections are fast-rising slow-falling pulses (a
lights and will recharge batteries. filtered DC output option is available).

ENGINE. This instruction section covers the electrofisher and RANGE selects the output voltage range between high and
the generator, but not the engine. Please read instructions in low or switches the output to OFF. (Caution: The position of
the engine manufacturer’s section. The engine manufacturer this switch should not be changed when current is flowing,
has established an excellent worldwide service organization. i.e. foot switches engaged).
Engine service is usually available from an authorized engine
dealer near you: Check your Yellow Pages or contact Smith- PERCENT OF RANGE adjusts the output pulses to a
Root, Inc. for a dealer near you. percent of the selected range, i.e. high/low. Pulse width is
also automatically adjusted between 6 and 1 millisecond
ENGINE GOVERNOR. The engine must be run at 3600 pulse duration.
rpm to supply the power it was designed to produce. The
governor on the engine holds the speed as nearly constant HIGH VOLTAGE red indicator lamp shows when voltage is
as possible. The governor is set at the proper speed in the present on output power terminals.
factory. Do not adjust the governor without proper tools.
ENUNCIATOR VOLUME The Audio Alarm warning tone
VOLTAGE VARIATION. All engines slow down when a indicates an output voltage. The control adjusts the volume of
load is applied. When the electrical load on the generator the Audio Alarm or turns the Audio Alarm off.
is increased, the engine speed drops. This results in a lower
voltage when the generator is loaded to its full capacity than Note: Switch the Mode and Range switches to the OFF
when unloaded. position when the GPP is not in use. The Audio Alarm
warning tone will sound if the generator is running without
FREQUENCY VARIATION. The AC frequency is around the electrodes in the water and the switches are not OFF.
60 cycles per second. The inevitable variations in engine
speed produce slight variations in the AC frequency. This has OUTPUT CURRENT this meter shows the current flowing
no noticeable effect on the operation of motors, lights, and between the anode and cathode in amps. LOW RANGE
your GPP electrofisher. However, clocks and other timing indicates that the RANGE switch should be moved to the
devices will not keep perfect time when used on generators. LOW position. For 7.5 and 9.0 GPPs, follow the output
table.
MODIFICATIONS to the power supply that are not
authorized may impair the function and safety of the unit. TIME IN SECONDS records the actual shocking time. It
counts only when high voltage is applied. The timer helps
evaluate capture effectiveness. The counter can be reset to
zero by pushing the small red button on front panel.

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ELECTROFISHING

BOATS

EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN provides a local override of If this selector switch is in the “INACTIVE” position, the
remote foot switches. pilot deck foot switch has no effect. Also located in the
Circuit Breaker panel compartment are the “AUXILIARY
ELECTROFISHER OUTPUT PATCH PANEL: Located FOOT SWITCH & CONTROL” switch and plug. If you
in a locking compartment in the forward section of the are using an auxiliary foot switch, plug it into the 4 pin
steering and control console with the Circuit Breaker panel. socket and switch the “CONTROL” switch to “ACTIVE.”
This compartment should never be opened with the GPP This puts your auxiliary foot switch into the control circuit.
Electrofisher in operation. When not using an auxiliary foot switch, make sure that the
“CONTROL” switch is in the “INACTIVE” position.
The patch panel consists of four large “banana jacks” and
Four cables terminated with large “banana plugs”. 1. Set Emergency Shutdown Switch to OFF.

Using the patch panel, it is possible to easily change the 2. Place the anode and cathode in the water.
output configuration of your boat to optimize it for various (not touching each other).
conditions that are encountered. Configurations supported
are: boat as cathode one or two booms as anode, one boom as 3. Check engine oil level; if low, fill with type recommended
anode second boom as cathode, cathode array (if equipped) in engine operating manual for your operating
as cathode and one or two booms as anode. environment. The low oil light on boat operator panel
will illuminate under low oil conditions.
Power is supplied from the banana jacks to the boat
component designated by the plug wire connected. 4. Open fuel tank shut-off valves (if so equipped) if using an
auxiliary tank prime system with squeeze bulb.
When not actually being used, plugs may be left unconnected;
however, the normal configuration is port and starboard 5. Turn to the start position (full clockwise), release to
booms patched as anodes and boat and/or cathode array the run or ignition on position when engine reaches full
patched as cathodes. operating RPMs.

ELECTROFISHER SAFETY SWITCH 6. On the Electrofisher, set the MODE selector switch to the
OPERATION: desired mode. If you are not sure which mode you desire,
Adjust foot switch system to desired configuration. On the start with 120 pps DC (this will put the maximum amount
lower right-hand corner of the Console Control Panel is a of power in the water at the selected voltage).
foot switches control switch. In the “BOTH” position both
7. Set the PERCENT OF RANGE to the minimum.
work deck foot switches and the boat operator's foot switch
must be engaged simultaneously to activate the GPP. In the 8. Set the RANGE selector switch to LOW.
“SEPARATE” position only one (either one) work deck switch
and boat operator's switch needs to be engaged to activate the 9. Set EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN switch to ON.
GPP. The function of the boat operators foot switch (pilot
deck switch) is selected by a switch located in the Circuit 10. Set the ENUNCIATOR VOLUME to mid-range.
Breaker panel compartment marked “COMMAND CENTER
FOOT SWITCH”. If this switch is in the “ACTIVE” position, 11. Activate the remote control switch (foot switch). The high
the boat operator foot switch must be pushed for the GPP to voltage indicator lamp and audio alarm should both come
work. on and the ammeter will deflect.

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 USER's MANUAL
GPP OPERATION

12. Adjust the PERCENT OF RANGE switch to achieve ENGINE & GENERATOR MAINTENANCE
optimum response by the fish. Deactivate the shutdown Before cleaning or inspecting, make certain all moving
switch when switching to HIGH RANGE. Damage to parts have stopped and cooled down. Do not put hands, feet,
the range selector switch may result from switching tools or other objects near rotating parts. Always wear eye
under load. Experimentation will be required to learn protection.
what mode and voltage settings are best for various water
conditions and types of fish. See charts below: 1. CHANGE ENGINE OIL after first five hours of operation.
Thereafter, refer to the OEM maintenance schedule which
can be found in the Generator's OEM Manual.
13. If the ammeter shows LOW RANGE and the RANGE
To drain the engine oil; place one end of a 3/8" dia.
selector is in the HIGH position, switch to the LOW
hose on the oil drain and thread the other end through
the transom drain hole. Place the end of the hose onto a
Maximum GPP Amperage (2.5 - 5.0) Maximum GPP Amperage (7.5 - 9.0)
container. Turn the handle on the shut-off valve and let
the oil drain into the container. (Be sure to dispose of the
Model High Low Model AC DC Amperage
2.5 4 Amps 8 Amps 7.5 120 V 170 V 62.5 A
5.0 8 Amps 16 Amps 240 V 340 V 31.3 A oil properly). Refill the engine with new oil. Check dip
360 V
720 V
500 V
1000 V
20.8 A
10.4 A
stick for proper oil level.
9.0 60 V 85 V 150 A
120 V 170 V 75 A
2. SPARK PLUG. Clean and reset gap to specs found in
OEM Manual every 100 hours of operation.
240 V 340 V 37.5 A
GPP Amperages by Model 480 V 680 V 18.8 A

position. The low voltage windings on the generator are 3. FUEL. Every 250 hours replace the in-line fuel filter or
capable of delivering more current than the high voltage clean the bowl.
windings. If erratic operation occurs in the high range,
switch to the low range. Do not operate the generator 4. CHECK GUARDS. Operate the generator engine only
above the power ranges indicated on the meter, or possible with the guards and shields in place and working correctly.
engine and generator damage may occur. If rotating parts are left exposed they are hazardous.

13. If you have been working your GPP hard, run it for 5. INSPECT GENERATOR BRUSHES after every 100
another five minutes under no load before shutting the hours of operation and replace when worn to 3/8 inch
generator down. This allows the electrical components to (1cm) or less. Consult Generator's OEM Manual.
cool down slowly, extending their life considerably.

14. Turn the fuel valves to the OFF position when the boat is
transported over long distances or on rough roads.

15. Turn the battery switches to OFF when not in use, except
when charging the batteries.

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ELECTROFISHING

BOATS
winterization
OUTBOARD
1. Disconnect or shut off fuel.
2. Run engine to eliminate fuel from carburetors (until
engine quits).
Note: Do not run engine without water; use hose adapter
recommended by outboard manufacturer. E
Note: Do not run engine tilted up.
3. Remove spark plugs. C
4. Spray fogging oil in each cylinder. B
A D
5. Cycle the engine (manually or electrically).
6. Spray each cylinder again and replace the spark plugs.
Note: Do not connect plug wires. 10. Drain water strainer located on side of console.
7. Spray fogging oil into carburetor air intakes. 11. Open cover from generator water pump and lubricate
8. Cycle the engine (manually or electrically). impeller with silicone grease.
9. Replace plug wires.
BATTERIES
10. Replace engine shroud. Connect Automatic Battery Charger with maintenance
11. Store boat with outboard tilted down, if possible. float feature to the connector labeled "Battery Charger"
12. Check owner's manual for additional advice. on the Console.

GENERATOR
1. Leave fuel valves turned off. Start engine to drain carburetor FUEL SYSTEM
bowl. 1. When you fill up the onboard fuel tanks for the last trip
2. Remove spark plug and spray fogging oil into cylinders. of the year, add a fuel stabilizer to it.
3. Cycle engine (manually or electrically). 2. After returning from the last field trip, top off the fuel
tanks with fuel and conditioner.
4. Spray cylinders again and replace spark plugs.
3. With fuel shut-off valves turned off, remove and discard
Do not reconnect plug wires.
the old fuel filter.
5. Cycle engine again.
4. Install a new fuel filter per manufacturer's instructions.
6. Now replace the plug wires.
5. Do not re-prime the fuel filter at this time.
7. Change the oil and filter:
6. Leave fuel shut-off valves turned off.
a. Connect hose to 3/8" pipe fitting marked "Oil Drain"
7. Note: Leaving your fuel tanks full will minimize
located behind Generator Housing.
condensation build-up inside the fuel tank.
b. Route Oil Drain Hose through Stern Drain in
Transom. FISH TANK DRAINING
8. Open Winterizing Drain Valve (behind Gen. Housing) to 1. Locate Livewell Winterizing Drain valve. Open valves to
drain raw water from Generator. drain any water into bilge.
9. Drain the water from the generator cooling hose by
removing the cap from the "T" fitting located inside the
generator compartment, below the compartment light.
Replace the cap and tighten by hand.
20 2007
 USER's MANUAL
winterization

BOAT WINTERIZING CHECK OFF LIST

OUTBOARD COMPLETED BY
1. Run carburetor.............................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

2. Fog engine...................................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

3. Re-Install plugs and wires...........................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

4. Check owners manual..................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

GENERATOR
1. Run carburetor/s dry....................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

2. Fog engine...................................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

3. Re-Install plugs & wires..............................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

4. Change oil and oil filter...............................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

5. Drain raw cooling water from Gen..............................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

6. Check owner's manual.................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

BATTERIES
1. Connect Maintenance/Float Charger...........................❏ _ ____________________________________________________
PUMPS
1. Remove and store impellors........................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________
FUEL SYSTEM
1. Add fuel stabilizer......................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

2. Shut off fuel valve/s.....................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

3. Install new fuel filter....................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

LIVEWELL TANK
1. Drain Tank...................................................................❏ _ ____________________________________________________

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ELECTROFISHING

BOATS

SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
5.0 GPP 7.5 GPP 9.0 GPP
Conductivity Range 10 to 5,500 microsiemens/cm 3
10 to 11,000 microsiemens/cm 3
100 to 25,000 microsiemens/cm3
Rated Output Power 5,000 W 7,500 W 9,000 W
Rated Output 16 A 62 A 150 A
Max. Current
12 VAC Auxiliary Power* 2 @ 500 W 42 A 2 @ 500 W 42 A 2 @ 500 W 42 A
Output Pulse Modes Pulsed AC & DC Pulsed AC & DC Pulsed DC
DC Output Peak 0 to 500 V Low 0 to 1000 V in 4 steps 0 to 680 V in 4 steps
0 to 1000 V High
AC Output RMS 0 to 350 V Low 0 to 700 V in 4 steps N/A
0 to 700 V High
Output Pulse Frequency 7.5, 15, 30, 60& 120 Hz 7.5, 15, 30, 60 & 120 Hz 7.5, 15, 30, 60 & 120 Hz
Output Current Metering AC & DC 0 to 25 A AC & DC 0 to 199 A DC 0 to 199 A
High Voltage Output Indicator Panel Lamp & Audio Tone Panel Lamp & Audio Tone Panel Lamp & Audio Tone
Output and Safety Control Foot Switch & Panel Switch Foot Switch & Panel Switch Foot Switch & Panel Switch
Seconds Timer LCD Display 0 to 999,999 0 to 999,999 0 to 999,999
Cooling Method Convection Convection Fan Cooled
Output Connectors CPC with 15” Cable CPC with 15” Cable POS. CAM CONN. 15” Cable
Engine Size 11 HP 16 HP 16 HP
Generator Weight 210 lb 228 lb 238 lb
Pulsator Weight 20 lb 30 lb 35 lb
Generator Dimensions 28” L x 21.5” W x 20” H 28” L x 21.5” W x 20” H 28” L x 21.5” W x 20” H
Pulsator Dimensions 17.5” L x 17.5” W x 13” H 20” L x 15” W x 16” H 20” L x 15” W x 16” H
* Note: 12 VAC auxiliary power subtracts from Electrofisher power available.
Specification subject to change without notice.

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 USER's MANUAL
GPP TROUBLESHOOTING

PROCEDURE #1:
CHECK GENERATOR AC VOLTAGES INSIDE
CONSOLE.
TS-1
Test 12 Volt AC Output* 1
GPP Grnd. 1 Gen Grnd.

GPP Contlr. 2 Relay

Board

A. Set GPP Voltage Range Switch to “off”. Start Buss Bar 3 12 Vac

Generator. Set engine speed to 3600 RPMs. 4

W/L Brkr 4 12 Vac

B. Check the VAC on TS-1 using a voltmeter (fig.

GPP Contlr. 5 Relay
Board

1.1) pairs: (1&4 and 6&7). They should read

6 12 Vac

14.5V, 60Hz. If 14.5-Volts AC are not present, go

Board
Buss Bar 3 12 Vac
W/L Brkr

to C or D. If Voltages are okay, go to Procedure 4 12 Vac

2. GPP Contlr. 5 Relay

Board

C. Flash Generator. 6 6 12 Vac

7
Batt. Chrgr. 7 12 Vac

Restart Procedure 1.
8 Dash Lights

9 Anode

r Power &
nal Strip
OLTAGE
10 Anode

D. Test Battery Charger Circuit. Pull out on center Figure 1.1 Cathode

button of the circuit breaker (Fig. 1.2, 1.3). If

14.5 volts are present, Battery charging circuit is Standard Model:
shorted and needs to be repaired. Circuit Breaker panel inside

E. If still no 14.5 Volts AC, shut off generator and

Patch Panel compartment.

then remove wire pairs (1&4 and 6&7) from

generator to TS-1 (fig. 1.1). Retest for 14.5 volts
connected directly to each pair (black/black,
white/white).

If 14.5 volts are now present, a short circuit Figure 1.2

exists inside the console. Economy Model:
Top center of Dash Panel.
F. Check each wire pair to the boat ground.
Measurements should be greater than 500 ohms.
If resistance is low, wire insulation may be
damaged and shorting to ground.

Go to Procedure 3.
Figure 1.3

! ! *High voltage is present inside the console while the generator! !

is running. Only qualified personnel should attempt high voltage
measurements.

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ELECTROFISHING

BOATS

PROCEDURE #2:
TEST HIGH VOLTAGE AC OUTPUT INSIDE CONSOLE*

A. Set Voltage Selector Switch to “OFF”.

TS-0
B. Check each of the high voltage terminal
1
pairs on TS-0 for 120 Volts AC * (fig.
120VAC

2.1) Pairs: 1&2, 3&4, 5&6, 7&8, 9&10, 2 120VAC

and 11&12. 3 120VAC
1&2

Generator Power to GPP Terminal Strip

C. If voltage measures 120 Volts AC for
4
each pair, go to E.
120VAC

DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE

3&4
D. If voltage measures low, check terminals 5 120VAC

1-12 to boat ground. All terminals should 5&6 6 120VAC

show open or high resistance (Greater
7
than 500 Ohms). If resistance is low,
120VAC
7&8
wire insulation may be damaged and 8 120VAC
shorting to ground. 9&10 9 120VAC

10 120VAC
Go to Procedure 3. 11&12
11 120VAC

12 120VAC
E. Switch GPP Voltage Range Switch to
“LOW”. Retest all of Procedure 2. If low 13 Foot Sw.
voltages are found, one or more windings
GPP Control Strip

14 Foot Sw.
may be out of phase.
15
F. Switch GPP Voltage Range Switch to
Foot Sw.

“HIGH”.
* Figure 2.1
! WARNING
Retest all of Procedure 2. High voltage is present inside the console
while the generator is running.
Only qualified personnel should attempt
G. Measure voltages on TS-0, pins 1 to 12. high voltage measurements.

They should read 720 VAC RMS.

! WARNING
If Voltage Is Okay, go to Procedure 6 High voltage is present inside the console

If voltage NOT Okay, contact SRI.

while the generator is running.
Only qualified personnel should attempt
high voltage measurements.

24 2007
 USER's MANUAL
GPP TROUBLESHOOTING

PROCEDURE #3: TEST GPP BOX

CONTROL CIRCUIT
A. Turn Generator off.
B. Connect a jumper wire across the foot switch connection
(PINS 13 & 15) on TS0 to bypass the foot switches. (Fig. GPP Control Strip
15
3.1)

GPP

GPP
C. Connect console “Patch Panel” as shown. (Fig. 3.2) 13
D. Connect test load to boom and cathode (See Procedure 6).

#15 Foot Sw.

#14 Foot Sw.

#13 Foot Sw.

#12

#11 120
Warning - Keep all personnel clear of booms and the test
load while the generator is running.

120
VAC
TS-0
E. Switch mode switch to 120 PPS.
F. Turn Percent of Range Control to 50%. Fig.3.1
G. Switch output voltage selector switch to low range.
H. Switch the Emergency Shutdown Switch to OFF position
(Caution: this is now the only on/off control for the GPP
control box).(Fig. 3.3)
I. Start the Generator.
J. Switch the Emergency Shutdown Switch to the ON
Fig.3.2
position.
K. The red light on the front panel should now be illuminated
and the amp meter should indicate amperage.
L. If the red light is not illuminated and the amp meter indicates
no amperage:
Fig.3.3

a. Generator off.
b. Check the light bulb.
c. Check the fuse on the GPP main circuit board.
d. Replace fuse if blown (Fig. 3.4). A blown fuse may
indicate a short circuit in power to Work Lights or
Audio Alarm.
Fig.3.4 5 Amp
Fast-Blow
e. Disconnect Audio Alarm from GPP control box. Fuse

f. Test Booms individually for shorts due to damage M. If Red light and amp meter indicate output, go to
to insulation of cables using a Hi-pot tester. Procedure 4.
N. If no output indication then return GPP control box
Return to start of Procedure 3. to Smith-Root, Inc. for service.

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ELECTROFISHING

BOATS

PROCEDURE #4:
TEST THE GPP'S OUTPUT

WARNING – KEEP ALL PERSONNEL CLEAR OF

BOOMS AND TEST LOAD WHILE GENERATOR
RUNNING.

F. Adjusting the percent of range (2) up to 100

A. Maintain GPP settings from procedure #3. percent will increase the amperage shown on
B. Start Generator. the front panel meter.
C. Switch the Emergency Shutdown Switch (1) to G. Set the percent of range at 50 percent.
the ON position. a. Switch the Mode switch (3) from
2 1 3 120 PPS to 60 PPS. The amperage
should drop by 1/2.
b. Switch the Mode switch from 60
PPS to 30 PPS. The amperage
should drop again by 1/2.
c. Switch the Mode switch from 30
Fig. 4.1 PPS to 15 PPS. The amperage
should drop again by 1/2.
D. When the red light is on, the current meter d. Switch the Mode switch from 15
should show amperage and the seconds counter PPS to 7.5 PPS. The amperage
should be counting. should drop again by 1/2.
E. If there is no display in the seconds counter, H. Switch the Emergency Shutdown Switch to the
replace the “N” cell batteries in the counter OFF position.
I. Switch the voltage switch to the high range.
J. Return to C and retest settings in the High
Range.
+

+ IF NO OUTPUT, RETURN CONTROL BOX TO

SRI.
Fig. 4.2

(the batteries should be replaced every 5 years).

(Figure 4.2)

26 2007
 USER's MANUAL
GPP TROUBLESHOOTING

PROCEDURE #5: TEST BOAT FOOTSWITCH CIRCUITS

A. Turn Generator off.

B. Remove foot switch jumper from Procedure 3 from GPP Control Strip
15
TS-0 (pins 13 & 15). (Fig. 5.1).

GPP

GPP
C. Set foot switch control to “Separate”(Fig. 5.2). 13
D. Switch to “inactive”, the Command Center foot switch
and the Auxiliary foot switch from inside the front

#15 Foot Sw.

#14 Foot Sw.

#13 Foot Sw.

#12

#11 120
compartment of the console (Fig. 5.3).

120
VAC
E. Start Generator.

TS-0
F. Close each work deck foot switch circuit (push on
switch). Fig. 5.1

G. The red light should turn on.

H. Set the foot switch control to “BOTH”.
I. Close both of the bow foot switches at the same time.
J. The red light should turn on.
K. Switch the Command Center foot switch to
“ACTIVE.”
L. Close both of the Work Deck foot switches and the Fig. 5.2
Command Center foot switch.
M. The red light should turn on.

Foot switch problems can be caused by:

1. Misadjusted switch (try pushing on the switch directly

with your finger).
2. Broken wire (this will need to be traced with an Fig. 5.3
Ohmmeter).
3. Broken switch (try a jumper across the switch).
4. Incorrect Switch settings.

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ELECTROFISHING

BOATS

PROCEDURE #6:
CONSTRUCT A TEST LOAD

! ! Warning! – Keep all personnel clear of booms and test load ! !

while generator is running!

1. Construct a test load using a plastic bucket with

the metal handle removed (Fig. 1.1).
From Cathode From Anode

2. Connect the test load to the boat as shown (Figs. Aluminum Plate
1.2-1.3).
3. Add tap water to the bucket.
4. Set the “Mode Switch” on the GPP control box to
AC & 120 PPS/ 60 AC. Plastic Bucket

5. Start the generator.

Water

6. Control the GPP output with the Emergency Shut

Down switch or Footswitch.
7. By turning the percent of range control up to Fig. 6.1 Figure 1.1
100% and checking the amp meter on the GPP
control box, the correct load can be determined. See Boom

below
Maximum GPP Amperage (2.5 - 5.0) Maximum GPP Amperage (7.5 - 9.0)
Model High Low Model AC DC Amperage Anode
2.5 4 Amps 8 Amps 7.5 120 V 170 V 62.5 A
5.0 8 Amps 16 Amps 240 V 340 V 31.3 A
360 V 500 V 20.8 A
720 V 1000 V 10.4 A
9.0 60 V 85 V 150 A
120 V 170 V 75 A Fig. 6.2
240 V 340 V 37.5 A
480 V 680 V 18.8 A
Figure 1.2

8. The amp meter will increase to the maximum as

you turn up the Percent of Range.
9. The load may be increased by slowly adding table
salt to the water in the bucket. Cathode
10. If the load is too great for the range selected, the
GPP will operate erratically.
11. If the amp meter starts to show a decrease in
amps or is erratic as the percent of range nears
100%, the generator is overloading. The water may
need to be changed, or decrease the portions of
Fig. 6.3
electrodes immersed in the water . Figure 1.3

Danger!
! High voltage is present during test load procedure.
! ! !
Every effort should be made to keep all personnel away from test load bucket and booms.
It may be necessary to form a barricade around testing area and post
appropriate signs warning of high voltage.

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 USER's MANUAL
GPP TROUBLESHOOTING

Boat Generator Stator Wiring Diagram:

5.0 and 7.5 GPP

TS-0
1 120VAC
2 120VAC
Generator Power to GPP Terminal Strip

3 120VAC
DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE

These wires white 14 ga.

4 120VAC

5 120VAC

6 120VAC

7 120VAC

8 120VAC

9 120VAC

10 120VAC

11 120VAC

12 120VAC 5 6 7 8
4 9
3 10
GPP Control Strip

13 Foot Sw.

14 Foot Sw.
2 11
1 12
15 Foot Sw.

TS-1
GPP Grnd. 1 Gen Grnd.

GPP Contlr. 2 Relay Board

Buss Bar 3 12 Vac

W/L Brkr
4 12 Vac

GPP Contlr. 5 Relay Board

6 12 Vac

Batt. Chrgr.
7 12 Vac

Black 14
8 Dash Lights
Black 10
Frame Ground
GPP Power, Generator Power &
GPP Acc. Items Terminal Strip

9 Anode Black 10
DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE

White 10
10 Anode White 10
11 Cathode
12 Cathode

13 Strb. Boom
14 Port Boom
15 Cathode
Array Stator end with end cover removed

Generator Terminals Output @ Binding Posts

1 - 2 = 115 Volts @ 1250 VA Black wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
Respectively through White wires 12 Volts @ 500 VA
11 - 12 = 115 Volts @ 1250 VA

(Pairings of Odd # on Left & Even # on Right.)

smith-root.com 29
ELECTROFISHING BOATs
Standard Boating Rules
ELECTROFISHING

BOATS

Standards Boating Rules Contents:

Right-Of-Way..................................................................................................................................33
Buoys and Other Markers................................................................................................................34
Lightning and Thunderstorm Protection..........................................................................................35
Guide to Personal Thunderstorm Protection....................................................................................38

32 2007
 USER's MANUAL
Standard BOAting Rules

RIGHT-OF-WAY
Meeting: If you are meeting another power vessel head on, Crossing: When two power driven vessels are crossing each
and are close enough to run the risk of collision, neither of other's path close enough to run the risk of collision, the vessel
you has the right-of-way! Both of you should alter course which has the other on the starboard (right) side must keep out
to avoid an accident. You should keep the other vessel on of the way of the other. If the other vessel is on your right,
your port (left) side. This rule doesn't apply if both of you you must keep out of its way; you are the Give-Way vessel.
will clear one another if you continue on your set course and If the other vessel is on your port (left) side, remember that
speed. you should maintain course and direction, provided the other
vessel gives you the right-of-way as it should.

Overtaking: If you are passing another vessel, you are

the "Give-Way" vessel. This means that the other vessel is
expected to maintain its course and speed. You must stay out
of its way until you are clear of it. Likewise, if another vessel
is passing you, you should maintain your speed and direction
so that the other vessel can steer itself around you.

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ELECTROFISHING

BOATS

OTHER SPECIAL SITUATIONS Fishing vessel right-of-way: All vessels which are fishing
with nets, lines or trawls are considered to be "fishing
There are three other rules you need to know when driving
vessels" under the International Rules. Vessels with trolling
your boat around other vessels.
lines are not considered fishing vessels. Fishing vessels
Narrow channels and bends: When navigating in narrow have the right-of-way regardless of position. Fishing vessels
channels, you should keep to the right when it is safe and cannot, however, impede the passage of other vessels in
practical to do so. If the operator of a power-driven vessel is narrow channels.
preparing to go around a bend that may obstruct the view of
Sailing vessel right-of-way: Sailing vessels should
other water vessels, the operator should sound a prolonged
normally be given the right-of-way. The exceptions to this
blast on the whistle (4 to 6 seconds). If another vessel is
are:
around the bend, it too should sound the whistle. Even if
no reply is heard, however, the vessel should still proceed 1. When the sailing vessel is overtaking the power-driven
around the bend with caution. If you navigate such waters vessel, the power-driven vessel has the right-of-way.
with your boat, you must carry a portable air horn available 2. Sailing vessels should keep clear of any fishing vessel.
from local marine supply stores.
3. In a narrow channel, a sailing vessel should not hamper
the safe passage of a power-driven vessel which can
navigate only in such a channel.
Reading buoys and other markers: The waters of the
United States are marked for safe navigation by the lateral
system of buoyage. Simply put, buoys and markers have
an arrangement of shapes, colors, numbers and lights to
show which side of the buoy a boater should pass on when
navigating in a particular direction. The markings on these
buoys are oriented from the perspective of being entered
from seaward (the boater is going towards the port). This
means red buoys are passed on the starboard (right) side
when proceeding from open water into port, and black buoys
are to the port (left) side. When navigating out of port, your
position with respect to the buoys should be reversed; red
buoys should be to port and black buoys to starboard.
Many bodies of water used by boaters are entirely within
the boundaries of a particular state. The Uniform State
Waterway Marking System has been devised for these
waters. This system uses buoys and signs with distinctive
shapes and colors to show regulatory or advisory
information. These markers are white with black letters and
orange boarders. They signify speed zones, restricted areas,
danger areas, and general information.
Remember, markings may vary by geographic location.
Always consult local boating authorities before driving your
boat in unfamiliar waters.

34 2007
 USER's MANUAL
Lightning protection

LIGHTNING AND THUNDERSTORM

PROTECTION FOR SAILBOATS, POWER
BOATS, SMALL BOATS AND SHIPS.
1. General Principles
Successful protection of persons and watercraft from conductor at least equal to no. 8 AWG copper should be
lightning is dependent upon a combination of proper design provided at all places where they are likely to occur. Large
and maintenance of equipment, and on crew behavior. metallic objects that are not part of the electrical system of
Proper design is covered in this and following sections. the boat and that are not already grounded due to their own
Maintenance of equipment and personnel behavior is also functional or other requirements may be grounded to the
covered. In view of the wide variation in structural design ground plate, provided that it is not practical to interconnect
of boats, specific recommendations cannot be made for all with the lightning conductor or bonding systems.
cases. However, basic guidelines should be considered Lightning protection provisions are quite likely to receive
and used in designing and installing a lightning protection scant attention after installation and therefore their
system for any given craft. composition and assembly should be strong and materials
A grounded conductor or lightning protective mast will used should be highly resistant to corrosion.
generally divert itself to direct hits which might otherwise
2 Installation Recommendations
fall within a cone-shaped space, the apex of which is the top
of the conductor or lightning protective mast and the base is Lightning Protective Mast. A lightning protective mast
a circle at the surface of the water having a radius related to should be of adequate height and should be mechanically
the height. For a mast height not exceeding 50 ft., (15 m) strong in order to withstand exposure to use and weather.
above the water, this radius is approximately equal to the If the mast is of nonconducting material, the associated
mast height. lightning or grounded conductor should be essentially
straight, securely fastened to the mast, should extend at least
To provide an adequately grounded conductor or lightning
6 in. (150 mm) above the mast, should preferably terminate
protective mast, the entire circuit from the top of the mast
in a receiving point, should be led as directly as practical to
to the ground should have a conductivity not less than that
the grounding connection.
of a No.8 AWG copper conductor and the path to ground
followed by the conductor should be essentially straight. Radio Antenna. A radio antenna may serve as a lightning
To remove all known risk of melting the conductor while protective mast provided it has conductivity equivalent to
carrying lightning current, conductivity equal to No.6 AWG No. 8 AWG copper and is equipped with lightning arresters,
or no. 4 AWG copper would be necessary. However, the risk lightning protective gaps, or means for grounding during
in using No.8 AWG is considered adequately small in the electrical storms. The grounding of metal rod-type radio
applications under consideration, and in many cases will be antennas constitutes sufficient protection for wooden boats,
mitigated by the presence of electrically paralleling stays. without masts or spars, provided the following conditions
This statement should not be interpreted as permitting the are met:
use of conductors of conductivity less than that of No. 8 The antenna and all conductors in the grounding circuit of
AWG copper. the antenna have a conductivity equivalent to No.8 AWG
If there are metal objects of considerable size within copper.
a few feet of the grounding conductor, there will be a The top of the antenna is not more than 50 ft. (15m) above
strong tendency for sparks or sideflashes to jump from the the water, and a line drawn from the top of the antenna
grounding conductor to the metal object at the closest point. downward toward the water at an angle of 45 degrees to the
To prevent damage from such sideflashes, an interconnecting vertical does not intercept any part of the boat.

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Because a loading coil presents a high impedance to the of any copper ribbon or strip should not be less than No. 20
flow of lightning current, the portion of an antenna above AWG. Where other materials are used, the gauge should be
the bottom of a loading coil is not effective as a lightning such as to give conductivity equal to or greater than No. 8
protective mast unless the coil is provided with a suitable AWG stranded copper cable.
protective device for bypassing the lightning current. Joints. Joints should be mechanically strong and should
Nonconducting antenna masts with spirally wrapped be so made that they have an electrical resistance not in
conductors are not considered excess of that of 2 ft (0.6 m) of
suitable for lightning protection conductor.
purposes.
4. Interconnection
3 Materials of Metallic Masses
The materials used in the making Metallic masses aboard boats
of a protective system should be that are a permanent part of
resistant to corrosion. The use of the boat or are permanently
combinations of metals that form installed within or about it and
galvanic or electrolytic couples whose function would not be
should be avoided. seriously affected by grounding
should, with exception of
In those cases where it is impractical
those of comparatively small
to avoid a junction of dissimilar
size, be made a part of the
metals, the corrosion effects can
lightning conductor system by
reduce the use of suitable platings
interconnection with it.
or special connectors, available
for such purposes. Except for the The object of interconnecting
use of conducting materials that the metal parts of a boat with
are otherwise part of the structure the conductor is to prevent
of the boat, only copper should be damage from sideflashes,
used as the conductor. Where copper especially in the case of many
is used, it should be of the grade metal objects that are nearby.
ordinarily required for commercial The main principle to be
electrical work, generally designated observed in the prevention
as being 98 percent conductivity when annealed. of such damage is to identify on a boat the places where
sideflashes are most likely to occur and to provide metallic
Figure 2. Diagrams the zone of protection provided by
paths for them.
a grounded mast or antenna not more than 50 ft (15 m)
above the water. This protective zone is largely immune To minimize flow of lightning discharge current through
to direct strokes of lightning. No part of the vessel to be engine bearings, it may be preferable to bond engine blocks
protected should extend outside the zone of protection. directly to the ground plate rather than to an intermediate
Thus in the cabin cruiser illustrated, adequate lightning point on the lightning conductor.
protection is afforded only by the grounded antenna Exterior bodies of metal
equipped with a lightning arrester or gap on the coil.
Metal situated wholly on the exterior of boats should be
Copper Conductor. Copper cable conductors should be of electrically connected to the grounding conductor.
a diameter not less than No.8 AWG. The size of any strand
of cable should be not less than No. 17 AWG. The thickness Exterior metal bodies on boats include any large masses such

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Lightning protection

as horizontal handrails on cabin tops, smoke stacks from Protection of Sailboats (Nonmetallic)
galley stoves, davits, or metal signal masts.
Sailboats. Sailboats with metallic standing rigging will be
Interior bodies of Metal adequately protected provided that all rigging is grounded,
so that the mast and rigging meet the recommendations of
Metal situated wholly in the interior of boats and which at
Sections 2 and 3.
any point comes within 6 ft (1.8 m) of a lightning conductor
should be electrically interconnected with this lightning Open Day-Sailors. Open sailboats will be adequately
conductor. protected if any shrouds, backstays, or preventors, and
any continuous metallic track on the mast and boom are
Interior bodies of metal include engines, water and gasoline
grounded. These should be electrically connected at the
tanks, and control rods for steering gear or reversing gear. It
lower or forward end and grounded to a copper plate on the
is not intended that small metal objects such as compasses,
hull or to a metal rudder, centerboard, or keel.
clocks, galley stoves, medicine chests, and other parts of the
boat’s hardware be grounded. Cruising Sailboats. All stays and all sail tracks should
be grounded on cruising sailboats since it is assumed that
Metal that projects through cabin tops, decks or sides of
persons will be in proximity of fore-stays as well as after-
boats above the sheer should be bonded to the nearest
stays. Grounding of other objects on cruising boats should
lightning conductor at the point where the metal emerges
be in accordance with the foregoing subsections.
from the boat and should be grounded at its lower or extreme
end within the boat. Protection of Power Boats
Radio transmitter antennas should be (a) equipped with
(Nonmetallic)
means for grounding during electrical storms or (b) Power boats may be adequately protected by a grounded
transmitters and antennas should be protected by lightning radio antenna and other suitable grounded lightning
arresters or lightning protective gaps. protective mast provided the height of the mast meets the
recommendations for the zone of protection in Figure 2.
Ground Connection. A ground connection for a boat may
Interconnection and grounding of metallic masses should be
consist of any metal surface that is normally submerged in
in accordance with previous materials.
the water and that has an area of 1 square foot (0.093 m2).
Propellers and metallic rudder surfaces may be used for Where the size of the boat is such as to render the use of a
this purpose. The ground plate as required by the Federal single mast impractical, additional lightning protective masts
Communications Commission for radio transmitters should should be erected to form overlapping zones of protection.
be considered adequate. A metal hull itself constitutes an Protection of Small Boats. Small boats may be protected
adequate ground. by means of a temporary lightning protective mast which
Vessels with Metal Hulls. If there is an electrical may be erected when lightning conditions are observed in
contact between metal hulls and metal masts or other the distance. Grounding provisions may be made by means
metallic superstructure of adequate height to meet the of flexible copper wire and a submerged ground plate of at
recommendations of Section 2, no further protection least 1 sq ft (0.093 m2) in area.
against lightning is necessary. Boats with ungrounded or
Protection of Ships
nonconducting objects projecting above the metal masts
or superstructure should have these objects grounded or Ships almost invariably are constructed with steel masts,
protected with a grounded conductor, respectively, in order spars, superstructures, hulls, smokestacks, and shrouds
to protect them. and the array of masts, stacks, and radio antennas usually
provide the zones of protection recommended in Figure
2. Therefore, ships and personnel aboard them are usually
inherently protected against the effects of lightning. In those
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cases where adequate zones of protection are lacking, they Guide for personal Safety During
should be corrected, if accomplished by changes in number Thunderstorms
or height of masts, or by shielding wires suspended between 1. The purpose of this information is to furnish a guide for
masts. personal safety during thunderstorms.
Fiberglass or wooden hulled sailing ships should be Personal Conduct
protected in accordance with Section 1, except that
grounding and bonding conductors should have conductivity Do not go out-of-doors or remain out during thunderstorms
not less than that of No.4 AWG copper wire, and the copper unless it is necessary. Seek shelter as follows:
grounding plate below the light water line should have an (a) Dwellings or other buildings that are protected against
lightning
area not less than 36 square feet (3.3m2).
(b) Underground shelters such as subways, tunnels, caves.
Precautions for Personnel
(c) Large metal-frame buildings
Inasmuch as the basic purpose of protection against lightning (d) Large unprotected buildings
is to ensure the safety of personnel, it is appropriate that the
(e) Enclosed automobiles, buses, and other vehicles with
following precautions and suggestions be listed in addition to metal tops and bodies
all applicable recommendations already covered. (f) Enclosed metal trains and street cars.
One should remain inside a closed boat, as far as practical, (g) Enclosed metal boats or ships
during a lightning storm, and should not dangle arms or legs (h) Boats that are protected against lightning.
in the water.
(i) City streets that may be shielded by nearby buildings
To the extent consistent with safe handling and navigation of
the boat during a lightning storm, one should avoid making If possible, avoid the following places, which offer little or
contact with any items connected to a lightning protection no protection from lightning:
system and especially in such a way as to bridge between (a) small, unprotected buildings, barns, sheds, etc.
these items. For example, it is undesirable that an operator
(b) Tents and temporary shelters
be in contact with reversing gear levers and spotlight control
(c) Automobiles (nonmetal top or open)
handle at once.
(d) Trailers (nonmetal or open)
No one should be in the water during a lightning storm.
Maintenance suggestions Certain locations are extremely hazardous during
One should not have a whip-type radio antenna tied down thunderstorms and should be avoided if at all possible.
Approaching thunderstorms should be anticipated and
during a lightning storm if it has been designed as part of the following locations avoided when storms are in the
the lightning protective system. immediate vicinity:
If a boat has been struck by lightning, compasses and (a) Hilltops and ridges
electrical gear should be checked to determine whether (b) Areas on top of buildings
damage or change in calibration has taken place. (c)Open fields, athletic fields, golf courses
(d) parking lots and tennis courts
(e) swimming pools, lakes and seashores

38 2007
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Lightning protection

(f) Near wire fences, clotheslines, overhead wires and

railroad tracks
(g) Under isolated trees
(h) Avoid use of or contact with electrical appliances,
telephones, and plumbing fixtures)

In the above locations, it is especially hazardous to be riding

in or on any of the following during lightning storms:
(a) Open tractors or other farm machinery operated in open
fields
(b) Golf carts, scooters, bicycles, or motorcycles
(c) Open boats (without masts) and hovercraft
(d) Automobiles (nonmetal top or open)

It may not be possible to always choose a location that offers

good protection from lightning. Follow these rules when
there is a choice in selecting locations:
(a) Seek depressed areas - avoid hilltops and high places.
(b) Seek dense woods - avoid isolated trees.
(c) Seek buildings, tents, and shelters with low areas-avoid
unprotected buildings and shelters in high areas.
(d) If you are hopelessly isolated in an exposed area and you
feel your hair stand on end, indicating that lightning is
imminent, crouch down, keeping your feet together and
arms in.

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ELECTROFISHING SAFETY

Electrofishing Safety
Safe Fishing
Electrofishing equipment uses voltages and currents that
can be lethal to humans. The operators must always keep
in mind that the chance of receiving an electrical shock
is multiplied in or near water. Using an electrofisher
is like using a firearm: if used properly and with good
judgment it is perfectly safe; lose respect for it and you
can lose your life!
Electrical equipment used in a moist field environment
is always subject to deterioration that could lead to
dangerous electrical shock. Field equipment is also
subjected to vibration and impact during transporting
and while in operation. Often equipment shared by
different crews does not receive proper maintenance or
a complete checkout.
Follow the safety guidelines, and use good common
sense to handle unforeseen circumstances.
All personnel involved in electrofishing should be
taught the fundamentals of electricity, and have an
understanding of the safety requirements.
The most important factor in electrofishing efficiency
and safety is the training and experience of the crew. At fibrillation, the only way to stop the quivering is to use
least two members of the crew should be qualified to a defibrillator that applies a pulse shock to the chest to
administer cardiopulmonary resuscitation. As oppor­tu­ restore heart rhythm. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation may
nities arise, all crew members should attend a course in help to keep a victim alive until he can be defibrillated.
basic life-support training. Respiratory Arrest
The respiratory center is at the base of the skull. Thus,
shocks to the head can cause the breathing to stop.
ELECTRICAL SHOCK Artificial respiration by the mouth-to-mouth method
It is the current that passes through the human body that should be used in this case.
does the damage. The voltage is relevant, because it is Asphyxia
the force that “pushes” the current through the body. Asphyxia is caused by contraction of the chest muscles.
Experiments show that 20 to 500 Hz AC current is more When a current is above a certain level, a person cannot
dangerous than DC, or higher frequencies of AC. let go of an electrically hot wire. Currents above this
The voltages used by electrofishing gear cause death by level may not cause ventricular fibrillation, but may
one of three means: be enough to cause contraction of the chest muscles. If
Ventricular Fibrillation the current is not stopped, or the victim is not removed
Ventricular fibrillation is uncoordinated contraction of from the point of electrical contact, asphyxia will result.
the muscles of the heart. The heart quivers rather than Artificial respiration or cardiopulmonary resuscitation
beats. Electrical current through the chest can cause may be necessary.
this condition. Once a person goes into ventricular

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PREVENTING ELECTRICAL SHOCK PLANNING FOR SAFETY

Electricity needs to have a complete electrical circuit 1. Never electrofish alone! A minimum of two properly
in order for current to flow. The only way that you can trained people is required for every electrofishing
get shocked is if you become the electrical conductor crew.
to complete the circuit. The current flows from the 2. A crew leader shall be appointed for all electrofishing.
cathode to the anode through the water. The water is the The crew leader is responsible for the safety of the
electrical conductor. If you touched both the anode and crew, and the enforcement of all safety regulations.
the cathode you would become an electrical conductor 3. The crew leader, and at least one additional crew
and complete the circuit path and get a severe electrical member, shall receive training in cardiopulmonary
shock. If you were to touch only one of the electrodes, resuscitation (CPR), and First Aid.
you would not complete the electrical circuit and not get 4. All electrofishing personnel shall receive training in
shocked. fundamentals of electricity and safety.
WARNING: Touching any electrode is not
5. Check your electrofisher before each operation, to
recommended. Unless all conductive objects you come
ensure that it is in good working order.
into contact with are connected to the same electrode,
you will be shocked to find a current path that is not 6. Turn off your electrofisher before making any
obvious, e.g., the water, or the boat. connections or part replacements.
Preventing electrical shock means preventing electrical 7. When not in use, and when transporting the unit,
current from entering and flowing through parts of the disconnect the power supply.
body. The skin is a partial but variable barrier, because 8. Check that the electrofisher gives an audible signal
it offers resistance to the passage of electrical current. when there is voltage present at the anode.
Tough skin has more resistance than tender skin, and dry 9. Do not make any field modifications to your
skin more than wet skin. But tough dry skin alone does electrofisher without written approval from the
not offer enough protection for electrofishing. Rubber manufacturer or a qualified electrical engineer.
lineman’s gloves, rated 5,000V minimum should always 10. Use only dip nets with insulated handles.
be worn. 11. Wear personal flotation devices.
Even while wearing rubber gloves and waders, never
12. Wear lineman’s gloves, rated 5,000V minimum.
touch an electrode while the circuit is energized.
13. Never reach into the water in vicinity of an electrode,
Do not work on the electrical system while the generator
even if rubber gloves are being worn.
is running. Do not enter the water while the current is on
14. Take frequent breaks. Stress and fatigue endanger
during boom shocking operations.
the crew.
A severe electrical shock from electrofishing gear may
15. Practice the quick release system as shown on page
result in the need for artificial respiration; therefore, it is
C-6.
imperative that no one ever works alone.
To prevent electrical shock, all electrical equipment
should be carefully inspected before each field
operation. With all electrical equipment in good
operating condition, and all insulation, junction boxes,
bonding, and connections intact, there is much less
danger of receiving an electrical shock.

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ELECTROFISHING SAFETY

BOAT SAFETY
1. Ground the generator to the boat hull.
2. Be sure that all the metal parts on the boat are bonded
to each other electrically.
3. Run all cables through electrical conduit, or use a
heavy-duty rubber-covered cord recommended for
wet locations.
4. Make all electrical connections in water-tight junction
boxes.
5. Each dip netter should have his own foot switch
to control the output. The switch should be wired
in series with the emergency off switch of the boat
operator.
6. When wading with a boat, even in shallow water,
chest waders should be worn. An operator may trip,
end up in a kneeling or sitting position in the water
and receive a shock.
7. All crew members must be alert. Operators who
control the power switch must be constantly aware of
the netters in the electrical field.

DO’S AND DON’TS

Do’s:
1. Always be sure that all personnel are clear of the
electrodes before turning on the power.
2. Know how to administer first aid treatment for
electrical shock.
3. Wear flotation devices.
4. Have electrical circuits checked only by qualified
technicians.
5. Disconnect the power supply when the electrofisher
is not in use.
Don’ts:
1. Don’t electrofish alone!
2. Don’t continue to electrofish if your boots or gloves
get wet inside.
3. Don’t operate an electrofisher if you have had any
prior heart ailments.
4. Don’t operate generators without covers or screens.
5. Don’t operate generators without a spark arrester.

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ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES
For many years it has been known that fish react to
electric current passed through water. Electricity was Voltage Source
first used for fishing in 1863 when a British patent
was granted. Major efforts to apply electricity as a
tool in fisheries management did not occur until after
Water

1950. Since then detailed studies have been made

on the physiological effects of electricity on aquatic Electrical Field
organisms.
Electrode Electrode
RESPONSE OF FISH TO ELECTRICITY
To collect fish by electrical means we must create an Figure 10. The basic electrofishing circuit.
electrified zone of sufficient amplitude to stun fish. In
the basic electrofishing circuit, shown in Figure 10, a
conductivity of potable waters in the United States ranges
current is passed between submerged electrodes. A fish
from 20 to 2,000 microSiemens/centimeter. Sufficient
between these electrodes forms part of a closed circuit
current at realistic power levels will flow through water
and some current flows through its body.
in this range to electrofish successfully.
The effectiveness of the electrofisher is affected by nine
Figure 11 illustrates the field patterns caused by the
factors: voltage, electrode shape, water conductivity,
presence of a fish in water. In (a) no distortion is caused
water temperature, conductivity of the stream bed, fish’s
by the presence of the fish. In low conductivity water,
distance, size, species, and time in the field.
(b), the distortion of the electric field is such that the
If these environmental factors are too far out of line, poor
voltage near the fish is less than it was before the fish
electrofishing will result. To some extent, the effects of
was present. The reverse is true in (c) where the water
changes in water conductivity may be compensated for
conductivity is more than that of the fish. In this case
by changing the output voltage.
the distortion is caused by the current concentrating in
WATER CONDUCTIVITY the water surrounding the fish. In both (b) and (c) not as
The conductivity of the water and that of the fish’s flesh much power is transferred into the fish’s body as in (a).
are the factors that affect electrofishing most.
The conductivity of water depends on the quantity
of dissolved salts and minerals in the water. The
5.3V 2V 8V
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Volts Volts Volts

53mm

100mm

a. Equal conductivities b. Fish more conductive c. Water more conductive

Figure 11. Electric field patterns caused by fish.

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ELECTROFISHING PRINCIPLES

LOW CONDUCTIVITY WATER FISH CONDUCTIVITY

Distilled water is a very good insulator. It has a A fish will receive the maximum shock through its body
conductivity range of 0.5 to 5.0 microSiemens/cc. If a when the conductivity of the water is the same as the
normal voltage is applied in distilled water, very little conductivity of the fish’s flesh. Unfortunately, this is
current will flow. Power flow is too low to be effective rarely the case.
for electrofishing. Fish flesh conductivity ranges from 500 to 1,500
The current passing through a fish decreases as the microSiemens per centimeter. Each species has a
power flow decreases. To get the same response from different conductivity. This affects their susceptibility to
fish, the current can be maintained by either increasing electric current.
the voltage, or by keeping the resistance low. Con­ductivities for some fish species are:
If a higher voltage is used, up to 1,200 volts may be Trout 1,220 microSiemens/centimeter
necessary. High voltages create three problems: special Perch 1,089 microSiemens/centimeter
electrical equipment is required, safety is reduced for Carp 870 microSiemens/centimeter
the operators and conditions are lethal for fish close to Grudgeon 814 microSiemens/centimeter
electrodes. E. Halsband - Vilbert 1967
The resistance can be kept low by increasing the size
FISH SIZE
of the electrodes. The only limitations to this are the
Among fish of the same species, the larger fish are more
availability of larger electrodes, and the weight of
sensitive to electrical currents. Fish absorb power as
electrode that can be handled by the operator.
a function of body surface area. This is important to
HIGH CONDUCTIVITY WATER remember if you are shocking for small fish and large
High conductivity is over 2,000 microSiemens/cc. If a fish are also present. The large fish are going to receive a
high voltage is applied, most current will flow easily much greater shock than the small fish.
through the water and the fish will hardly be affected.
TEMPERATURE
The electric current follows the path of least resistance
Water conductivity and effective fish conductivity
and bypasses the fish completely. Therefore, use low
increase with higher temperature.
voltages and high currents. Currents as high as 60 amps
Con­ductivities reported for Carp:
are common, the limiting factor being the rating of the
5° 372 microSiemens/centimeter
power-supply.
10° 543 microSiemens/centimeter
Some brackish water and industrial waste water have
15° 714 microSiemens/centimeter
conductivities over 10,000 microSiemens per centimeter.
20° 1,026 microSiemens/centimeter
Here smaller power-supplies are unable to deliver
25° 1,969 microSiemens/centimeter
enough power to stun fish. Waters in this range can only
Whitney and Pierce 1957
be electrofished effectively with the larger model GPPs.
The Smith-Root 7.5 GPP outputs 62 amps through 8 SUBSTRATE
gauge stranded cables. This unit can stun large fish in Certain bottom substrates will conduct electrical current.
the interface between fresh and salt water. For example, These weaken the electric field in the water, making fish
Striped Bass can be stunned for taking brood stock. capture less effective.
Theoretically, high conductivity could be dealt with
by using smaller electrodes, but this would reduce the
range and also create damaging current densities near
the anode.

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ADJUSTING THE VOLTAGE NIGHT FISHING

By adjusting the output voltage, the effects of the water’s Electrofishing at night with lights is five to ten times
conductivity on electrofishing can be reduced. more effective than daytime fishing, especially in lakes.
The current flowing through the water is directly related In streams the reflection of the spotlight on the ruffled
to the voltage applied. The higher the voltage, the greater surface makes the fish difficult to see. Boats have
the current will be. floodlights on the bow to attract the fish and to help
When adjusting the output voltage, the major locate stunned fish.
consideration is the power being used. This is especially
SURPRISE
true for battery powered electrofishers. Power is equal
Collecting can be enhanced by introducing the element
to the voltage multiplied by the current. When figuring
of surprise through intermittent fishing. The intensity of
the power for an electrofisher, the fact that it is usually
the anode’s peripheral field often frightens fish, causing
putting out pulsed DC must be taken into consideration.
them to bolt and hide. Do not work with the power on
The instantaneous power during a pulse may be quite
continuously, but turn it on only in likely habitats. Fish
high, but if the electrofisher is only producing pulses
can be enticed from under areas of heavy cover or ice
at a 25% duty cycle, the average power would be
by inserting a portable anode, turning the power on, and
approximately 25% of the instantaneous power.
withdrawing the anode slowly and smoothly. Fish will
Field Techniques follow the anode, under the influence of galvanotaxis,
An operator engaged in electrofishing must wade or into the open where they can be netted.
float, depending upon the depth and swiftness of the
CLARITY AND DEPTH
water.
Clarity of the water limits the ease of capturing fish.
WADING The length of the dip net handles and the visibility of
In shallow, slow-moving waters the operators can wade the fish limit the depth of effective electrofishing. In
and probe the anode into likely fish habitat. Wading general, waters over ten feet deep cannot be sampled
upstream eliminates the effects of turbidity caused by effectively. For daytime fishing, polarized sunglasses
bottom sediment. Furthermore, if collections are for food helps in locating stunned fish.
habitat study, stunned prey are not swept downstream
VEGETATION
and consumed by predators. Fish that manage to escape
Aquatic vegetation grows better from certain substrates
are often captured a short distance downstream. Closing
and can hinder electrofishing by fouling electrodes and
a stream with seine nets at each end of the study area
entangling stunned fish.
helps prevent the loss of stunned and frightened fish.
WATER VELOCITY
BOATS
Electrofishing in flowing water is not as effective as in
Boat electrofishers are used in lakes and in streams that
still water, since fish are swept away from the electric
are too deep or swift to wade. Boats have the advantage
field and netting is more difficult. Also, it is more
of being able to carry large generators and holding tanks
difficult to see a fish in fast flowing water, and operators
for the stunned fish. Electrofishing boats typically have
can lose their footing. Flows greater than 5 feet per
two insulated booms extending from the bow. From
second usually produce poor electrofishing efficiencies.
the end of the booms electrodes hang into the water.
Usually one boom is used as the anode and the other
as the cathode. The boat operator guides the boat while
the electrofishing crew activates the electrofisher when
approaching likely habitat.

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REFERENCES

The following are books, research papers, and other references on various aspects of electrofishing. The ideas and
findings presented in them form the basis for much of the current practice in electrofishing.

1. Bryan R. Cowdell and Richard A. Valdez, 1994 “Effects 7. D. E. Snyder and S. A. Johnson, 1991 “Indexed
of Pulsed DC Electrofishing on Adult Roundtail Chub Bibliography of Electrofishing Literature,” Larval Fish
from the Colorado River in Colorado,” North American Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 14 Colorado

2. I. G. Cowx and P. Lamarque, 1990 “Fishing With 8. M. Burridge and G. Goodchild, 1988 “A Bibliography of
Electricity—Applications in Freshwater Fisheries Electrofishing,” Ministry of Natural Resources, Fisheries
Management,” Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Branch, Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-85238-167-0

9. Alec G. Maule and Matthew G. Mesa, 1994 “Efficacy of

3. I. G. Cowx, 1990 “Developments in Electrofishing,” Electrofishing to Assess Plasma Cortisol Concentration in
Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications Juvenile Chinook Salmon passing Hydroelectric Dams on
Ltd. ISBN 0-85238-166-2 the Columbia River,” North American Journal of Fisheries
Management. Vol. 14

4. N.G. Sharber and S.W. Carothers, 1988 “Influence of

Electrofishing Pulse Shape on Spinal Injuries in Adult 10. N.G. Sharber, S.W. Carothers, J.P. Sharber, J.C. DeVos,
Rainbow Trout,” North American Journal of Fisheries D.A. House, 1994 “Reducing Electrofishing-Induced
Management. 8: 117-122 Injury of Rainbow Trout,” North American Journal of
Fisheries Management. 14

5. Michael A. Bozek and Frank J. Rahel, 1991 “Comparison

of Streamside Visual Counts to Electrofishing Estimates 11. Jeffery C. Barnet and Gary D. Grossman, 1988 “Effects
of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Fry and Adults,” North of Direct Current Electrofishing on the Mottled Sculpin,”
American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 11 North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Vol. 8

6. D. W. Novotny and G. R. Priegel, 1971 “A Guideline

for Portable Direct Current Electrofishing Systems,”
Technical Bulletin No. 5l, Department of Natural
Resources, Madison, Wisconsin

smith-root.com 47
 WARRANTY
Smith-Root, Inc. original products have a One Year Limited Warranty.

Smith-Root, Inc. warrants that its Products are free from defects in material and workmanship that result in Product failure during normal usage, according to
the following terms and conditions:

1. The limited warranty for the Product extends for the length of ownership beginning on the date of the purchase of the Product by the original purchaser
(“Consumer”) of the Product and is not assignable or transferable to any subsequent purchaser or user.
2. The limited warranty extends only to Consumers who purchase the Product from Smith-Root, Inc. or an authorized distributor.
3. During the 1-year limited warranty period, Smith-Root, Inc. will repair, or replace, at Smith-Root, Inc.’s sole option, any defective parts, or any parts that will
not properly operate for their intended use with new or refurbished replacement items if such repair or replacement is needed because of product malfunction
or failure during normal usage. No charge will be made to the Consumer for any such parts. Smith-Root, Inc. will also pay for the labor charges incurred by
Smith-Root, Inc. in repairing or replacing the defective parts. The limited warranty does not cover defects in appearance, cosmetic, labels or structural items,
including framing and any non-operative parts. Smith-Root, Inc.’s limit of liability under the limited warranty shall be the actual cash value of the Product at
the time the Consumer returns the Product for repair, determined by the price paid by the Consumer for the Product less a reasonable amount for usage. Smith-
Root, Inc. shall not be liable for any other losses or damages. These remedies are the Consumer’s exclusive remedies for breach of warranty.
4. Upon request from Smith-Root, Inc., the Consumer must prove the date of the original purchase of the Product by a dated bill of sale or dated itemized
receipt.
5. The Consumer shall bear the cost of shipping the Product to Smith-Root, Inc. Smith-Root, Inc. shall bear the cost of shipping the Product back to the
Consumer after the completion of service under this limited warranty.
6. The Consumer shall have no coverage or benefits under this limited warranty if any of the following conditions are applicable:
a) The Product has been subjected to abnormal use, abnormal conditions, improper storage, exposure to moisture or dampness, unauthorized modifications,
unauthorized connections, unauthorized repair, misuse, neglect, abuse, accident, alteration, improper installation, or other acts which are not the fault of Smith-
Root, Inc., including damage caused by shipping.
b) The product has been damaged from external causes such as collision with an object, or from fire, flooding, sand, dirt, windstorm, lightning, earthquake or
damage from exposure to weather conditions, an Act of God, or battery leakage, theft, blown fuse, or improper use of any electrical source, or damage caused
by the connection to other products not recommended for interconnection by Smith-Root, Inc.
c) Smith-Root, Inc. was not advised in writing by the Consumer of the alleged defect or malfunction of the Product within fifteen (15) days after the expiration
of the applicable limited warranty period.
d) The Product serial number plate or the accessory data code has been removed, defaced or altered.
7. If a problem develops during the limited warranty period, the Consumer shall take the following step-by-step procedure:
a) The Consumer shall return the Product to Smith-Root, Inc. for repair or replacement processing.
b) The Consumer contacts the Customer Service Department at Smith-Root, Inc., at the number listed on the bottom of this page, for repair or replacement
processing.
c) The Consumer shall ship the Product prepaid and insured. Expenses related to removing the Product from an installation are not covered under this limited
warranty.
d) The Consumer will be billed for any parts or labor charges not covered by this limited warranty. The Consumer will be responsible for any expenses related
to reinstallation of the Product.
e) Smith-Root, Inc. will repair the Product under the limited warranty within 30 days after receipt of the Product. If Smith-Root, Inc. cannot perform repairs
covered under this limited warranty within 30 days, or after a reasonable number of attempts to repair the same defect, Smith-Root, Inc. at its sole option, will
provide a replacement Product or refund the purchase price of the Product less a reasonable amount for usage.
f) If the Product is returned during the limited warranty period, but the problem with the Product is not covered under the terms and conditions of this limited
warranty, the Consumer will be notified and given an estimate of the charges the Consumer must pay to have the Product repaired, with all shipping charges
billed to the Consumer. If the estimate is refused, the Product will be returned freight collect. If the Product is returned after the expiration of the limited
warranty period, Smith-Root, Inc.’s normal service policies shall apply and the Consumer will be responsible for all shipping charges.
8. The Product consists of newly assembled equipment that may contain used components that have been reprocessed to allow machine compliance with
Product performance and reliability specifications.
9. ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, SHALL BE LIMITED TO
THE DURATION OF THE FOREGOING LIMITED WRITTEN WARRANTY. OTHERWISE, THE FOREGOING LIMITED WARRANTY IS THE
CONSUMER’S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDY AND IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. SMITH-ROOT,
INC. SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
ANTICIPATED BENEFITS OR PROFITS, LOSS OF SAVINGS OR REVENUE, PUNITIVE DAMAGES, LOSS OF USE OF THE PRODUCT OR ANY
ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, COST OF CAPITAL, COST OF ANY SUBSTITUTE EQUIPMENT OR FACILITIES, DOWNTIME, THE CLAIMS OF
ANY THIRD PARTIES, INCLUDING CUSTOMERS and INJURY TO PROPERTY, RESULTING FROM THE PURCHASE OR USE OF THE PRODUCT
OR ARISING FROM BREACH OF THE WARRANTY, BREACH OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL OR
EQUITABLE THEORY, EVEN IF SMITH-ROOT, INC. KNEW OF THE LIKELIHOOD OF SUCH DAMAGES. SMITH-ROOT, INC. SHALL NOT
BE LIABLE FOR DELAY IN RENDERING SERVICE UNDER THE LIMITED WARRANTY, OR LOSS OF USE DURING THE PERIOD THAT THE
PRODUCT IS BEING REPAIRED.
10. Some states do not allow limitation of how long an implied warranty lasts, so the above warranty limitation may not apply to (the Consumer). Some
states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental and consequential damages, so certain of the above limitations or exclusions may not apply to (the
Consumer). This limited warranty gives the Consumer specific legal rights and the Consumer may also have other rights which vary from state to state.
11. Smith-Root, Inc. neither assumes nor authorizes any authorized service center or any other person or entity to assume for it any other obligation or liability
beyond that which is expressly provided for in this limited warranty including the provider or seller of any extended warranty or service agreement.
12. This is the entire warranty between the Smith-Root, Inc. and the Consumer and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous agreements or understandings,
oral or written, relating to the Product and no representation, promise or condition not contained herein shall modify these terms.
13. This limited warranty allocates the risk of failure of the Product between the Consumer and Smith-Root, Inc. The allocation is recognized by the Consumer
and is reflected in the purchase price.
14. Questions concerning this limited warranty may be directed to:
Smith-Root, Inc.
14014 NE Salmon Creek Ave.
Vancouver, WA 98686
(360) 573-0202

*Smith-Root, Inc. is a registered trademark of Smith-Root, Inc. 11.03.06