THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
OF NURSING (NURS 311)
SUMMARY OF THE NURSING THEORIES
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
Florence Nightingale was born on May 12,
1820, in Florence, Italy to William Shore
Nightingale and Frances Nightingale .
She died on Saturday, August 13, 1910.
She was known as “The Lady With the
Lamp,”
She was a British nurse, social reformer
and statistician best known as the founder
of modern nursing.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
Her experiences as a nurse during the Crimean War were foundational in
her views about sanitation.
She established St. Thomas’ Hospital and the Nightingale Training School
for Nurses in 1860.
Her efforts to reform healthcare greatly influenced the quality of care in the
19th and 20th centuries.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
She is often considered the first nurse theorist
She defined nursing as the act of utilizing the environment to assist patient (him
or her) in recovery.
Nightingale’s theory remains an integral part of nursing and healthcare today.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
Five factors for a healthy environment Nightingale’s General Concepts of
• Pure or fresh air Environmental Sanitation:
• Pure water • Proper ventilation
• Efficient drainage • Adequate lighting
• Cleanliness • Cleanliness
• Light, especially direct sunlight • Adequate warmth
• Quiet
• Diet
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE’S
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
Nurses today still needs to:
• Maintain adequate ventilation
• Promote adequate and appropriate nutrition
• Maintain normal homeostatic body temperature
• Observe basic hygiene
• Comfort measures including environmental sanitation
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
14 FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
Virginia Avenel Henderson (November 30,
1897 – March 19, 1996) was a nurse, theorist,
and author known for her Need Theory.
She defined nursing as assisting the individual,
sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or it’s recovery
(or to peaceful death) that an individual would
perform unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge”.
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
14 FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
The 14 basic needs includes:
• Breathing normally
• Eating and drinking adequately
• Eliminating body wastes
• Moving and maintaining desirable position
• Sleeping and resting
• Selecting suitable clothes
• Maintaining body temperature within normal range
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
14 FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
• Keeping the body clean and well-groomed
• Avoiding dangers in the environment
• Communicating with others
• Worshipping according to one’s faith
• Working in such a way that one feels a sense of accomplishment
• Playing/participating in various forms of recreation
• Learning, discovering or satisfying the curiosity that leads to normal
development and health and using available health facilities.
VIRGINIA HENDERSON
14 FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS
In applying the theory:
• Patient’s ability to perform the 14 basic needs should be assessed before
considering the kind of nursing care function you will administer.
• This is essential to determine if the nurse will perform as a helper, doer or a
partner.
• Nursing interventions are implemented according to the 14 basic human needs of
the patient.
• The degree of performance, involvement of the patient and the level of nursing
activity will be dependent on the specific role the nurse will be playing.
MADELEINE LEININGER
MADELEINE LEININGER
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING THEORY
Madeleine Leininger (July 13, 1925 – August
10, 2012) was a nursing theorist, nursing
professor and developer of the concept of
transcultural nursing.
First published in 1961, her contributions to
nursing theory involve the discussion of what it is
to care.
MADELEINE LEININGER
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING THEORY
She defined nursing as a humanistic and scientific mode of helping
through culture-specific process.
She emphasized that human caring varies among cultures
Culture care preservation and maintenance
Culture care accommodation and negotiation
Culture care restructuring and repatterning
MADELEINE LEININGER
TRANSCULTURAL NURSING THEORY
Her theory is important especially because of the rapid expansion of
knowledge and increasing globalization with the advent of advances in
ICT.
It is important to learn the cultures of other people because each culture
has its own sets of patterns, expressions and values of caring.
Getting acquainted with the culture of a country you are seeking
employment as a professional nurse will be a good stepping stone towards
a more fulfilling career in nursing.
MARTHA ROGERS
MARTHA ROGERS
SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
Martha Elizabeth Rogers (May 12, 1914 –
March 13, 1994) was an American nurse,
researcher, theorist, and author.
While professor of nursing at New York
University, Rogers developed the "Science
of Unitary Human Beings", a body of ideas
that she described in her book, an
Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of
Nursing.
MARTHA ROGERS
SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
She defined nursing as the art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian.
It is directed toward the unitary human and is concerned with the nature and
direction of human development.
The goal of nurses is to participate in the process of change.
Nursing interventions seek to promote harmonious interaction between persons
and their environment, strengthen the wholeness of the individual and redirect
human and environmental patterns or organization to achieve maximum health.
MARTHA ROGERS
SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
The human being is a unified whole, possessing individual integrity and
manifesting characteristics that are more than different from the sum of parts.
The individual and the environment are continuously exchanging matter and
energy with each other.
The life processes of human beings evolve irreversibly and unidirectionally along
a space-time continuum.
Patterns identify human being and reflect their innovative wholeness.
IMOGENE KING
IMOGENE KING
GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY
Imogene M. King was born January 30, 1923 in West
Point, Iowa and received a diploma from St. John
Hospital School of Nursing in St Louis, MO in 1945.
She earned a BSN in 1948 and MSN in 1957 from
St Louis University and a Doctor of Education from
Teachers College, Columbia University, N.Y.
Imogene King died on December 24, 2007, two days
after suffering from stroke.
IMOGENE KING
GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY
According to her patients have three interacting systems:
Individuals/Personal Systems
• How the nurse views and integrates self based on personal goals and beliefs
Group Systems/Interpersonal Systems
• How the nurse interrelates with a co-worker or patient particularly in nurse-
patient relationship.
Social Systems
• How the nurse interacts with co-workers, superiors, subordinates and the client
environment in general.
IMOGENE KING
GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY
It provides enough direction to how nurses should be able to behave or act in
the presence of patients.
Since majority of nursing activities involves direct interaction with patients,
Nurses should understand the basic implications of the action-reaction-
interaction-transaction model of the nurse-patient relationship.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
Hildegard Elizabeth Peplau was an American nurse
born on September 1, 1909 at Reading, Pennsylvania,
U.S., died on March 17, 1999.
She was a Psychiatric Nurse
The focus of her theory was on therapeutic process
which is attained through healthy nurse-patient
interaction.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
She identified 4 phases of Nurse-Patient Interraction
Orientation
• Nurse and patient test the role each one assumes
• Prepares patient for termination
• Patient identifies areas of difficulty
Identification Phase
• Patient identifies with the personnel who can satisfy his needs
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
Exploitation Phase
• Nurse maximizes all the resources to benefit the patient
Resolution or Termination Phase
• Occurs when patient’s needs have been met
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
INTERPERSONAL THEORY
It becomes important for nurses to understand the principles behind each of
these concepts so that clinical nursing will be more meaningful for the nurse.
Eventually, this will translate to patient outcomes like:
• Improved health
• Prevention of disease
• Enhancement of care faculties
JEAN WATSON
JEAN WATSON
HUMAN CARING MODEL
Jean Watson is an American nurse theorist,
a Professor best known for the human
caring theory.
She was born on June 10, 1940
JEAN WATSON
HUMAN CARING MODEL
Nursing is concerned with promotion of health, preventing illness, caring
for the sick and restoring health.
She defined caring as a nurturant way of responding to a valued client
towards whom the nurse feels a personal sense of commitment and
responsibility.
JEAN WATSON
HUMAN CARING MODEL
CARATIVE FACTORS
• The promotion of a humanistic-altruistic system of values
• Instillation of faith-hope
• The cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and others
• The development and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative
feelings.
• The systemic use of the scientific problem-solving method for decision
making
• The promotion of interpersonal teaching-learning
JEAN WATSON
HUMAN CARING MODEL
The provision for supportive, protective and corrective mental, physical,
socio-cultural and spiritual environment.
Assistance with the gratification of human needs
The allowance for existential phenomenological forces
BETTY NEUMAN
BETTY NEUMAN
SYSTEMS MODEL
Betty Neuman is a nurse theorist who was born on
September 11, 1924 in Lowel, Ohio.
Her model is based on the Person’s relationship to
stress, his reaction to it and reconstruction factors
that are dynamic in nature.
The concern of nursing is to prevent stress invasion
BETTY NEUMAN
SYSTEMS MODEL
Person is viewed as an open system composed of basic structure of energy
resources which includes:
• Physiologic
• Psychologic
• Sociocultural
• Developmental
• Spiritual
BETTY NEUMAN
SYSTEMS MODEL
She talks about a line of resistance which is further surrounded by 2 lines of
defense which are the normal line of defense and flexible line of defense.
The theory outlines the way nurses provide holistic nursing care to patients.
The emphasis is on the management of stress through adequate understanding
of the complex client system.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read on the following theories
• Adaptation Model by Calista Roy
• Self Care and Self Care deficit theory by Dorothea Orem
• From Novice to Expert by Patricia Benner
