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Chapter 13

Yahya Khan declared martial law in Pakistan in 1969 after Ayub Khan. He dissolved the national assembly and banned political parties. He established the Legal Framework Order as a temporary constitution with the goal of transitioning back to democratic elections. These 1970 elections saw the Awami League win a majority in East Pakistan, causing a crisis as Yahya Khan did not want to cede power. This led to civil war and the creation of Bangladesh in 1971 after military operations by Pakistan caused millions of Bengalis to flee to India.

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Chapter 13

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YAHYA KHAN

Who was yahya khan?

➢ Born in 1917 in Chakwal.

➢ He came from a Pashtun family.
➢ He completed his B.A. from the University of Punjab.
➢ He was commissioned in the British army in 1939.
➢ He declared the second martial law in Pakistan after Ayub Khan on March 25th, 1969.
➢ He died in 1980 in Rawalpindi.

Immediate political measures?

➢ He abrogated the 1962 constitution which was introduced by Ayub Khan.

➢ He put a ban on all political parties.
➢ He dissolved the national and the provincial assembles and declared himself as the
President of Pakistan and the chief martial law administrator.
➢ He regarded basic democracies to be a failure and announced that a proper government
would be set up. One-unit scheme was abolished and there would be a return of
provincial government.

LEGAL FIRM WORK ORDER (lfo)

➢ Yahya declared it as a temporary constitution.

➢ Many provisions of the 1962 constitution were included in it.
➢ He promised to bring Pakistan back to “One Man One Vote” policy.
➢ LFO announced to setup the national assembly comprising of 313 seats (from which 13
were reserved for women).
➢ It was also the responsibility of the national assembly to draw up a new constitution
within 4 months.
➢ Under LFO, Yahya claimed that Islamic ideology should be preserved, Head of the state
must be a Muslim, minorities rights to be preserved, all powers must be distributed
between federal and provinces, and only president had right for interpretation and
amendment of L.F.O.

1970 general elections

➢ When: December 1970 (The elections were originally due in October 1970 but were
delayed due to severe flooding in East Pakistan.)
➢ What: These were the first elections in which people were given a chance to choose
their candidates to vote for. The turnout was 90%.
➢ Who: There were two major parties in Pakistan contesting for these elections viz.
Awami League (led by Sheikh Mujib ur Rehman in EP) and Pakistan People Party (led by

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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in WP). Awami League had six points of Mujib as their moto. PPP
used the slogan “Food, Shelter, Clothing” to win the elections.
➢ Results: PPP won 81/138 seats in WP; AL won 160/162 seats in EP. Mujib could now
form his government in EP but this was unacceptable to Yahya Khan, who offered Mujib
to share government with Bhutto. Yahya wanted Bhutto to become PM and Yahya
President.

WHY AWAMI LEAGUE WAS SUCCESSFUL IN 1970 ELECTIONS?

➢ East Pakistanis were not satisfied with the economic policies of Ayub’s government
which did injustice to them. For example, all the jute revenue which was earned by EP
was used for the development in WP. Thus, they organized themselves under the
leadership of Mujib and presented their demands for full autonomy under the Six Point
formula. Since East Pakistan had more population and more seats compared to west
Pakistan, that’s why he won with big margins.
➢ Secondly, the people of East Pakistan were not given sufficient representation in the
assemblies although they were in majority. The government of Pakistan mainly gave
high bureaucratic posts to the people from West Pakistan. These political injustices
were taken seriously, and the AL was able to mobilize under Mujib gaining support of
the locals from EP.
➢ Lastly, the ignorance of the government to preserve Bengali culture and regard Bengali
as the official language motivated the people of EP to cast their votes for AL so that their
rights are protected.

Why did the victory of Awami League in 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a
constitutional crisis?

➢ Although the AL had won a landslide victory in EP and the National Assembly and was
in a position to form a government on its own but President Yahya Khan was not willing
to allow the Awami League to take over the National Assembly by forming a government
as it would undermine not only the military rule but also the national integrity of
Pakistan as Yahya feared that EP would seek independence.
➢ Even though Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the Pakistan People’s Party had won an
overwhelming victory in West Pakistan, it was likely it would have no role in the future
government. The future Prime Minister and the entire cabinet could be formed from the
Awami League which was again unacceptable to PPP and Yahya.
➢ The Awami League had won the election on a programme limiting the power of central
government over the provinces. The different areas of the country wanted to have
control over their foreign exchange earned from trade which would subsequently
reduce the funds to the central government in West Pakistan thus AL’s victory caused a
constitutional crisis.

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SIX POINT FORMULA OF SHEIKH MUJEEB

What were the six points?

➢ Federal form of Government with directly elected parliament.

➢ The Federal Government would control defense and foreign relations leaving all the subjects
under provinces.
➢ The Federal Government would share in the state taxes but would have no power of taxation.
➢ Separate Currency and fiscal policies for East Pakistan.
➢ Right for each province to enter into External Trade Agreement with other countries and over
foreign exchange earnings.
➢ Provinces would have their own Paramilitary or Territorial Forces.

WHY DID MUJIB ISSUE THE SIX POINT FORMULA?

➢ Political Injustice
➢ Economic Problem
➢ Sociocultural Injustices.

CIVIL WAR OF 1971

BACKGROUND

➢ Yahya initially offered Mujib to share government with Bhutto, but the former leader
denied.
➢ The three parties (Yahya, Mujib and Bhutto) held the first series of talks but failed to
reach a compromise.
➢ It was then announced that the national assembly session would be conducted on Feb
14th and Marach 3rd in Islamabad and Dhaka.
➢ This was unacceptable to Bhutto who pressurized Yahya and the latter postponed the
session.
➢ A second series of talks was held from 15 to 24 March but failed.
➢ Mujeeb called for seven days strike.
➢ Yahya arrested Mujeeb on 25th March and outlawed all political activities in east
Pakistan. He then returned back to Islamabad while Bhutto returned the very next day.
➢ Tikka Khan was appointed as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Governor of East
Pakistan.

THE MUKTI BAHINI (LIBERATION ARMY)

➢ When: It was formed on March 25th, 1971. However, it is said that it was active between
December 1970 until the separation of Bangladesh in December 1971.
➢ Where: East Pakistan

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➢ What: A formal military leadership of the resistance under the Provisional Government
of Bangladesh. The military council was headed by General M. A. G. Osmani and eleven
sector commanders. Formed to fight off the military crackdown by the Pakistan army
and killed the people not belonging to East Pakistan and those who did not support six-
points. During this violence many people (about 10 million) migrated from East
Pakistan, and many were killed.

OPERATION SEARCHLIGHT

➢ When: March 1971

➢ Where: East Pakistan
➢ Who: Yahya Khan appointed general Tikka Khan
➢ What: It was a planned military operation undertaken by the Pakistan Army to
suppress the Bengali nationalist movement or the Mukti Bahini. It was aimed that
eliminating all nationalists from the region within thirty days. About 10 million refugees
flee to India. It was seen as a continuation of the “Operation Biltz” which was launched
by the central government in West Pakistan in November 1970.

WAR OF 1971

➢ On 26th March there was a secret broadcast from Dhaka announcing the creation of
Sovereign People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
➢ Operating Biltz and particularly Operation Searchlight resulted in about 10 million
refugees migrating to India which gave India a chance to blackmail Pakistan.
➢ Indra Gandhi, the Indian Prime Minister, gave a negative statement and said that: “India
will not return the Bengali refugees to Yahya’s Pakistan but to Mujib’s Bangladesh”.
➢ The Indian plane hijacking drama in June 1971 gave a reason to India for cutting off
airborne supply to East Pakistan so it was difficult for West Pakistan to supply soldiers
and weapons to East Pakistan.
➢ In August 1971 India-USSR defense pact was signed which gave India a support from
superpower. Indira Gandhi demanded withdrawal of Pakistani forces from East
Pakistan.

REASONS FOR THE CREATION OF BANGLADESH

GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEM

➢ The eastern and western wings of Pakistan were a thousand miles apart.
➢ Between these two wings was India, the problem creator.
➢ The Central government which was based in West Pakistan could not properly manage
the affairs of the Eastern wing.

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➢ A smooth connection between the people of the two wings was also lacking due to
geographical distance.
➢ This made the eastern wing vulnerable in terms of security and defense.

ECONOMIC PROBLEM

➢ During the rule of Ayub Khan, 22 families from Punjab, who were Ayub’s friends, held
66% of the country’s industrial assets and 80% of its insurance and banking services.
This concentration of wealth in West Pakistan was unacceptable to the people of East
Pakistan.
➢ Similarly, the export revenue earned from the Jute produced in East Pakistan was spend
on the development projects of West Pakistan. This was an encroachment on the
economic rights of the people of East Pakistan.
➢ Ayub also established industries in West Pakistan while leaving East Pakistan bereft of
industrial development. While employment in West Pakistan was rising, it was falling
badly in the East Pakistan.

POLITICAL INJUSTICE

➢ The people of East Pakistan were not given sufficient representation in the assemblies
although they were in majority.
➢ The government of Pakistan mainly gave high bureaucratic posts to the people from
West Pakistan.
➢ Politicians or government officials from West Pakistan, who were not familiar with
Bengali, were appointed over the people of East Pakistan
➢ West Pakistani Civil Servants looked upon their Bengali colleagues and subordinates as
worthless and inferior.
➢ The people of East Pakistan were given a share of merely 15% in the central
government services.
➢ In the army, the people of Pakistan were unjustly given only 10% share in the seats.

sociocultural differences & ETHNO-LINGUSTIC differences

➢ Urdu was spoken by 6% of the total population of Pakistan while Bengali was spoken by
54%. Jinnah had tried to convince the people of East Pakistan that only Urdu can be
made the official language. Since that time, it was unacceptable to Bengalis who wanted
to make Bengali the official language as they claimed that the official language should be
the one spoken by the majority.
➢ Since the Bengali culture had some Hindu elements, the Muslims of West Pakistan
looked down upon the Muslims of East Pakistan and regarded them as the “Ajlaf” (low
class) while considering themselves as the “Ashraf” (elite class). This resulted in a
cultural clash between the people of both the wings.

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➢ For both reasons, national unity could not be created between the people of both wings
and hence East Pakistan sought independence in 1971.

SIX POINT FORMULA OF SHEIKH MUJEEB UR REHMAN

➢ Mujeeb, through the agency of six-point formula, mentioned the injustices which the
people of East Pakistan had faced at the hands of West Pakistan.
➢ These points increased political awareness and nationalism amongst the people of East
Pakistan.
➢ Therefore, the people of East Pakistan began supporting the Awami league which
ultimately won the elections against PPP and hence resulting in constitutional crisis in
Pakistan.

Propaganda of Hindu teachers

➢ The Hindu teachers in East Pakistan created unrest amongst Bengali students by
criticizing the economic policies of the central government dominated by the people
from West Pakistan.
➢ These Hindu teachers also caused the students to believe that the students from West
Pakistan were given better opportunities which the Bengali students deserved.
➢ These students then created unrest and played a crucial part in the creation of
Bangladesh.

CLASHES AMONGST GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND POLITICIANS

➢ Politicians fought with one another for power. Personal interest was preferred over
national interest. For example, Yahya wanted to transfer the power to elected candidates
of the people while Mujeeb and Bhutto both wanted to become Prime Ministers so due
to the lust of these leaders, East Pakistan got separated.

The bhola cyclone (THE GREAT CYCLONE OF 1970)

➢ It was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh)
and India's West Bengal on November 12, 1970.
➢ It remains the deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded and one of the world's deadliest
natural disasters.
➢ At least 300,000 people died in the storm, possibly as many as 500,000.
➢ Yahya Khan delayed the handling of the cyclone. The supplies were delayed due to the
neglect of the government.
➢ When India offered help to East Pakistan, Yahya denied it.
➢ This led to severe uprising against Yahya Khan and the creation of Bangladesh.

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INDIA’S ROLE (most important reason)

➢ India trained the Mukti Bahini (the liberating force) to seek independence.
➢ Indian army regiments equipped with the latest and the most sophisticated weapons
rushed across the border. They supported the Mukti Bahini.
➢ The Pakistan army had no choice but to surrender.
➢ In this way, East Pakistan fell toward the middle of December 1971.

WHO WAS MUJIB-UR-REHMAN?

➢ He was born in 1920 in Faridpur district in East Bengal.

➢ He was widely known as “Bangabandhu”.
➢ He helped form the Awami League.
➢ He was an active member of the Muslim league.
➢ He emerged as an activist student during the final years of the British Raj.
➢ He became the first prime minister of Bangladesh in 1971.
➢ He gave the famous six-point formula.
➢ He was assassinated in 1975.

WHO was tikka khan?

➢ He was the first chief of Army staff of the Pakistan army when ZAB replaced General Gul
Hassan Khan by him.
➢ Yahya appointed him as the governor of East Pakistan in 1971.
➢ He led the operation searchlight in East Pakistan.
➢ He was appointed as the national security advisor by ZAB in 1976
➢ He also became the governor of Punjab in 1988 after he retired from the army and
worked as a political worker of PPP.
➢ He disregarded Zia’s capabilities and advised ZAB not to make him the chief of army
staff.

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TOPICAL QUESTIONS

1. Who was Yahya Khan? [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Who was Mujib ur Rehman? [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. What was the Operation Searchlight? [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. What was the Mukti Bahini? [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. Describe the impact of Bhola Cyclone on Pakistan? [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Describe the main terms of Mujib’s six point formula? [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7. What was the Awami League? [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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8. Describe the incident of the civil war of 1971. [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

9. Describe the impact of the Indo-Pak war of 1971 on Pakistan. [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10. Who was General Tikka Khan? [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11. Describe the results of the general elections of 1970. [4]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

12. Why did the victory of the Awami league in the 1970 elections in Pakistan cause a
constitutional crisis? [7]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

13. Explain why East Pakistan wished to become independent of West Pakistan. [7]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

14. Why was India successful in the 1971 war against Pakistan? [7]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

15. Explain why East Pakistan wished to become independent of West Pakistan. [7]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

16. Were political concerns more important than economic ones in the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971? Explain your answer. [14]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17. Political factors were more important than any other factor in the creation of
Bangladesh in 1971. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

18. The geographical position of East Pakistan was the most important reason for the
creation of Bangladesh in 1971. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

19. The six points made by Mujib ur Rehman and the Awami league was the most important
factor in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971. Do you agree? Give reasons for your
answer. [14]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Chapter 13

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E-VERSION FOR MAY/JUNE 2023 SERIES (© ALI JAN DAMANI)

Who was yahya khan?

➢ Born in 1917 in Chakwal.

Immediate political measures?

➢ He abrogated the 1962 constitution which was introduced by Ayub Khan.

LEGAL FIRM WORK ORDER (lfo)

➢ Yahya declared it as a temporary constitution.

1970 general elections

WHY AWAMI LEAGUE WAS SUCCESSFUL IN 1970 ELECTIONS?

SIX POINT FORMULA OF SHEIKH MUJEEB

What were the six points?

➢ Federal form of Government with directly elected parliament.

WHY DID MUJIB ISSUE THE SIX POINT FORMULA?

CIVIL WAR OF 1971

THE MUKTI BAHINI (LIBERATION ARMY)

➢ When: March 1971

REASONS FOR THE CREATION OF BANGLADESH

sociocultural differences & ETHNO-LINGUSTIC differences

SIX POINT FORMULA OF SHEIKH MUJEEB UR REHMAN

Propaganda of Hindu teachers

CLASHES AMONGST GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND POLITICIANS

The bhola cyclone (THE GREAT CYCLONE OF 1970)

INDIA’S ROLE (most important reason)

WHO WAS MUJIB-UR-REHMAN?

➢ He was born in 1920 in Faridpur district in East Bengal.

WHO was tikka khan?

1. Who was Yahya Khan? [4]

2. Who was Mujib ur Rehman? [4]

3. What was the Operation Searchlight? [4]

4. What was the Mukti Bahini? [4]

5. Describe the impact of Bhola Cyclone on Pakistan? [4]

6. Describe the main terms of Mujib’s six point formula? [4]

7. What was the Awami League? [4]

8. Describe the incident of the civil war of 1971. [4]

9. Describe the impact of the Indo-Pak war of 1971 on Pakistan. [4]

10. Who was General Tikka Khan? [4]

11. Describe the results of the general elections of 1970. [4]

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