THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR
MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION
BRIDGE DEPARTMENT`
Daw Nant Tha Hmwe
Deputy Director
Bridge Design
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
CONCEPT
SAFE AND PERFORMANCE
CONSTRUCTIBILITY, SAFETY, SERVICIBILITY
SAFELY CARRY THE SERVICE LOAD DURING DESIGN LIFE (75-
YEARS)
Ref: Design of Modern Hiway
Bridge P.95
BRIDGE DESIGN
STRUCTURE SYSTEM
SIMPLY SUPPORTED, CONTINUOUS, FRAMED, CABLE SUPPORTED,
ARCH, ETC.
NATURAL & MANMADE MATERIALS
RC, PC, STEEL, COMPOSITE, TIMBER, RUBBER
GEOMETRY & SECTIONS
CIRCULAR/ RECTANGULAR/ OVAL/ BOX
DRAG/ STIFFNESS/
METELLOGY
WELDS, CAST STEEL, CAST IRON
HYDROLOGY
DISCHARGE, SCOUR, EROSION
SOIL SCIENCE
BRIDGE DESIGN
MAJOR POINTS
FUNCTIOAL
ECONOMY
AESTHETIC
FUNCTION
PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE
HIGHWAY BRIDGE
RAILWAY BRIDGE
UTILITY BRIDGE
BRIDGE TERMANOLOGY
PIER
ABUTMENT
SUPER STRUCTURE
SUB STRUCTURE
COMPONENTS OF A BRIDGE
• Deck or Slab: supported roadway on a bridge
• Beam or Girder: A rigid, usually horizontal,
structural element
• Abutment: The outermost end supports on a
bridge, which carry the load from
the deck
• Pier: A vertical supporting structure, such as a
pillar
• Foundation
Super structure
Sub structure
Foundation
Factors Describe a Bridge
Four main factors are used in describing a bridge:
• Span (simple, continuous, cantilever)
• Material (stone, concrete, metal, etc.)
• Placement of the travel surface in relation to the
structure (deck, through)
• Form (beam, arch, truss, etc.).
TYPES OF BRIDGES
CONCRETE: CABLE-
SLAB BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE
GIRDER BRIDGE CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
ARCH EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
SUSPENDED BRIDGE
STEEL:
PLATE GIRDER GEOMETRY:
BOX GIRDER SLAB BRIDGE
TRUSS T-GIRDER BRIDGE
ARCH BOX GIRDER
ARCH
STATIC SYS: TRUSS
SIMPLYSUPPORTED
CONTINUOUS
MOVABLE BRIDGE
FRAME
BAILEY BRIDGE
CABLE
FLOATING PONTOON BRIDGE
ARCH
Basic Span Types
Simple Span
Continuous Span
Cantilever Span
SPAN LENGTHS
TIMBER BRIDGES
• Convenient shipping to the job site
• Relatively light, lowering transportation and initial
construction cost
• Light, can be handled with smaller construction
equipment
• Approx. 12% of the bridges in US are wood bridges
• Commonly used for 20-80 ft span
Wood Bridge on
Concrete Abutments
TIMBER BRIDGE
TEMPORARY
LIGHT LOADS
FLOW VELOCITY SCOUR >
STABILITY PROBLEM
18-M SPAN TIMBER
TRUSS BRIDGE
BAMBOOBRIDGE 10-M SPAN FOOTBRIDGE
TIMBER ALLOW. STRESS
SLAB BRIDGE
RC SOLID SLAB SPAN = 30-FT
VOIDED SLAB = 60-FT
PRESTRESSED \
PLANK = 12-20METER
SLAB BRIDGE DESIGN AND DRAWING
RC GIRDER BRIDGE
SPANS FROM 30-FT TO 80-FT
TYP ECONOMY SPAN = 60-FTMAX
SPAN FOR I SECTION = 80-FT
MAINTENANCE COST LESS
80-FT SPAN
RC GIRDER BRIDGE
T-BEAM
RECT-BEAM
DIAPHRAM BEAM
CANTILEVER SUSPENDED BRIDGE
NOT ECONOMY
CHECK UNBALANCED LOAD
RIGID FRAME BRIDGE
•Girders and piers act together
•Cross-sections are usually I-shaped or box-shaped.
•Design calculations for rigid
frame bridges are more
difficult than those of simple
girder bridges.
PRE-STRESSED GIRDER BRIDGE
SPAN LONGER THAN RC GIRDER
DESIGNCONSIDERATION
LAUNCHING METHOD
SKILLED LABOR
QC
POST TENSIONED PC
GIRDER FOR RW
PRE-TENSIONED PC
GIRDER FOR RW
STEEL BRIDGES
• Minimum construction depth
• Rapid construction
• Steel can be formed into any shape or form
• Predictable life
• Ease of repair and demolition
STEEL BRIDGE
PLATE GIRDER
COMPONENTS
STEEL BRIDGE
STEEL BOX GIRDER
TYPES AND COMPONENTS
STEEL BRIDGE
STEEL BRIDGE
TRUSS BRIDGE
TYPES OF TRUSS
TRUSS BRIDGE
• Typicalspan length
150 to 1500 ft
Firth of Forth Bridge, Scotland
STEEL BRIDGE
TRUSS BRIDGE
COMPONENTS
CABLE SUPPORTED BRIDGE
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
EXTRADOSED BRIDGE
SUSPENDED BRIDGE (OR)
STRESS RIBBON BRIDGE
SUSPENSION BRIDGE
• Continuous girder with
one or more towers
erected above in the
middle of the span.
• At both ends of the
bridge, large anchors or
counter weights are
placed to hold the ends
of the cables.
• Typical span length Golden Gate Bridge, California
250 to 3000 ft.
COMPONETS
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
• Continuous girder with
one or more towers
erected above in the
middle of the span.
• From these towers
cables stretch down
diagonally and support
the girder.
• Typical span length
350 to 1600 ft.
Normandie Bridge
COMPONETS
CABLE STAYED BRIDGE
AUNG ZAYA CABLE STAYED
BRIDGE MAIN SPAN = 300-MPYLON
HEIGHT = 80-M
EXTRA DOSED BRIDGES
SUSPENDED BRIDGE
ARCH BRIDGE
• After girders, arches are the second oldest bridge type.
• Arches are good choices for crossing valleys and rivers
• Arches can be one of Larimer Avenue Bridge, Pittsburgh
the more beautiful
bridge types.
• Typical span length
130 ft – 500 ft.
COMPONETS
MOVABLE BRIDGE
BASCULE BRIDGE
VERTICAL LIFT BRIDGES
TEMPORARY BRIDGE
BAILEY BRIDGE
FLOATING PONTOON BRIDGE
SPAN LIMITATION
STATIC SYSTEM
1. SIMPLY SUPPORTED ( GIRDER BRIDGE & TRUSS BRIDGE)
FIXED BEARING - ROTATION ALLOWED, LOCKED TRANSLATION
- ALSO TERMED AS RESTRAINED
MOVABLE BEARING-ROTATION ALLOWED, FREE TRANSLATION
2. CONTINUOUS SYSTEM ( GIRDER BRIDGE & TRUSS)
ALL SUPPORTS –ROTATION ALLOED
BEARING SYSTEM --UNI-DIRECTION TRANSLATION ALLOWED
--MULTI-MDIRECTION TRANSLATION ALLOWED
3. SUSPENSION BRIDGE –HINGE PYLON, FIXED PYLON
4. ARCH OR FRAME --FIXED OR HINGED
GENERAL FEATURES
STRIGHT LINE
SKEWED
CURVED
SKEWED BRIDGE
GENERAL FEATURES
ROADWAY (CARRIAGEWAY) WIDTH
NO. OF LANES DEPEND ON TRAFFIC VOULME ( AASHTO 2.2.2)
SIDE WALK
URBAN AREA OR REMOTE LOCATION
VERTICAL CLEARANC (HEADROOM)
ABSOLUTE MINNIMUM = MIN. 14FT ( AASHTO 2.3.2)
MANDATORY =16.5-FT (5-M) FOR INTERSTATES ROUTE IN US
ALLOWANCE FOR RESURFACING (2.2.3)MYANMAR
TYPICAL CLEARANCE = 18-FT Clearance=18-ft
GENERAL FEATURES
NAVIGATIONAL CLEARANCE( BOTH VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL)
FOR MAJOR BRIDGE ACROSS AYAWADY, VERTICAL CLEARANCE
REQUIREMENT = 55-FT (17-M)
BEARING
AFTER FINAL STATIC SYSTEM, TYPE OF
BEARING IS MAJOR FACTOR THAT AFFECT THE
REACTION OF SUPER-STRUCTURE AND
CONSEQUENTLY DESIGN OF FOUNDATION.
-HORIZONTAL LOAD DISTRIBUTION
-FRICTION COEFFICIENTS
-ROTATION ALLOWED
TYPES BEARING
GENERAL FEATURES
VEHICULAR RAILING (2.7.1)
BICYCLE RAILING
PEDESTRIAN RAILING
COMBINED TRAFFIC AND
PEDESTRIAN RAILING
COMBINED TRAFFIC AND
BICYCLE RAILING
VEHICULAR RAILING (2.7.1)
TO BE SMOOTH CONTINOUS FACE
WITH POSTS SET BACK FROM THE
FACE
2’-3” MINIMUM HEIGHT
TRAFFIC RAILING
PEDESTRIAN RAILING
BICYCLE RAILING
LOADS ON BRIDGES
• Permanent Loads: remain on the bridge for an
extended period of time (self weight of the bridge)
• Transient Loads: loads which are not permanent
- gravity loads due to vehicular, railway and
pedestrian traffic
- lateral loads due to water and wind, ice floes,
ship collision, earthquake, etc.
DEAD LOAD ( PERMANENT LOAD)
SELF-WEIGHT
ROADWAY, SIDEWALKS
PIPES, CONDUITS
CABLES AND OTHER
PUBLIC UTILITY
PAVEMENT (WEARING SURFACE)
HANDRAIL,CURB , BARRIERS, SOUND WALL
EARTH FILL
EARTH SURCHARGE
FORMWORK WHICH BECOMES PART OF THE STRUCTURE
OTHER ELEMENTS DEEMED PERMANENT LOADS BY THE DESIGN
ENGINEER AND OWNER
LIVE LOAD
WEIGHT OF APPLIED MOVING LOAD
VEHICLES, TRUCKS AND TRAINS
BICYCLES
PEDESTRIAN
TRAFFIC LANES ENTIRE ROADWAY WIDTH BETWEEN
CURBS
DESIGN LANE = ?
STD. TRUCK TO OCCUPY WIDTH = 10 FT
DESIGN TRAFFIC LANE = 12-FT
DESIGN LIVE LOAD
TRUCK LOAD
STANDARD TRUCK
H-LOADING & HS LOADING
FOUR STANDARD CLASSES
H 15 , H 20 = 2-AXLE TRUCK
HS 15 , HS 20 = TRUCK WITH SEMI-TRAILER
LANE LOAD
TANDEM LOAD
ALTERNATE LIVE LOAD
MILITARY LOADING
60 TONNE VEHICLE
LIVE LOAD
MINIMUM LIVE LOADING
STANDARD H-TRUCK SINCE 1944 QUESTIONED AS A
VEHICLE RELEVANT TO TRAFFIC NEEDS OF THE
21STCENTURY
MANY STATES IN US HAVE USED HS25 (125% OF HS-20)
MINIMUM LOADING FOR HIGHWAY
125% OF HS 20 (OR) HS 25
ALTERNALTE TRUCK LOADING
60-TON TRUCK
WHICHEVER PRODUCES GREATEST STRESS
IMPACT LOAD
SUDDENLY APPLIED LOAD
INCREASED FOR DYNAMIC, VIBRATION AND IMPACT
IMPACT FACTOR I = 50/(L+125) < 30% , where L in feet.
PEDESTRIAN LOADS
SIDEWALK LOAD (3.14.1.1)
SPAN 0-FT TO 25-FT = 85 PSF
SPAN 26-FT TO 100-FT = 60 PSF
SPAN OVER 100 FT = …….< 60 PSF
FOR BRIDGE PEDESTRIAN AND/OR BICYCLE TRAFFIC
LL=85 PSF
HORIZONTAL FORCE (LATERAL FORCE)
LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION
TRANVERSE DIRECTION
CURB & RAILING LOAD
RAIL LOADING (2.7.1.3)
VEHICULAR RAILING (2.7.1)
BICYCLE RAILING
PEDESTRIAN RAILING
COMBINED TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIAN RAILING
COMBINED TRAFFIC AND BICYCLE RAILING
TRAFFIC RAILING
PEDESTRIAN RAILING
BICYCLE RAILING
BREAKING FORCE
• Cg = 6 ft above floor slab
CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
C = 6.68* S^2/R
S = DESIGN SPEED (MPH)
R = RADIOUS IN FEET
LOADS ON STRUCTURE
DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS
STRINGERS/LONGITUDINAL BEAMS/ FLOOR BEAM
STEEL I-GIRDER (2-LANE) = S/5.5’
PC GIRDER (2-) = S/5.5’
CONC. T-BEAM (2-) = S/6’
LOADS ON STRUCTURE
REDUCTION IN LOAD INTENSITY (3.12.1)
ONE OR TWO LANES 100%
THREE LANES 90%
FOUR OR MORE LANES 75%
LOADS ON ABUTMENT
VESSEL COLLISION (VC)
OTHER EFFECTS
SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION
DOWNDRAG FROM FILL EMABNKMENT
DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT IF ANTICIPATED
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Resistance ≥ effect of the applied loads
Allowable Stress Design (ASD):
Strength of the Member ≥ Factor of Safety x Applied Load
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD):
η ∑γiQi ≤ φi Rn
Where, Qi = Effect of loads
Rn = Nominal resistance
γi = Statistically based resistance factor
applied to the force effects
φi = Statistically based resistance factor applied to
the nominal resistance
η = Load modification factor
SOME REFERENCES:
THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY
BRIDGES 2002 EDITION BY AASHTO
JAPAN HIGHWAY STANDARDS VOL 1 TO 5
BRIDGE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK by WAI-FAH
CHEN AND LIAN DUAN
BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL by TEXAS DEPARTMENT
OF TRANSPORTATION
DESIGN OF MODERN HIGHWAY BRIDGES BY
NARENDRA TALY
THANK YOU
