CEMENT CONCRETE

INTRODUCTION- CONCRETE
•Concrete is the most important building material used in the construction field.
•It is obtained by mixing together cementing materials, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate
and water.
•If cement is used as a cementing material in the mix, it is known as plain cement concrete
abbreviated as PCC.
•If iron rods are embedded in the plain cement concrete, it is then called reinforced
cement concrete, abbreviated as RCC.
•If instead of cement, lime is used, as the cementing material in the mix the resulting mass
is termed as lime concrete.
•Lime concrete cannot be made reinforced like cement concrete as lime eats away the
steel in due course of time.
•Therefore, the lime concrete is used for foundation blocks or as undercoats in case of
flat roof and floors. Cement concrete is the concrete that is universally used.
 CEMENT

MUD LIME CEMENT

CONCRETE CONCRETE CONCRETE
• Mud concrete:
•This concrete is prepared by mixing earth, clay aggregates and straw. Sometimes crushed
stone may be mixed with mud mortar to form mud concrete. This concrete is used for
preparing hard base over which the lime concrete is laid, and then permanent flooring may be
spread.

• Lime concrete:
•This concrete is used in foundations of buildings of two to three storied heights. Besides it
is also used in the preparation of the hard base for floors and over roof slabs. Hydraulic lime
and fine sand is used in this concrete. The surface prepared by this concrete should be cured
for at least ten days.

• Cement concrete:
•This concrete is prepared by mixing together cement, sand, crushed rock and water. This
concrete is a very important material and is commonly used in the construction of columns,
foundation, bed blocks, massive gravity dams, heavy foundation, etc.
TYPES of CEMENT
CONCRETE

LIME CONCRETE CEMENT CONCRETE

MUD CONCRETE
PROPERTIES of CEMENT CONCRETE
• High Compressive strength.
• Free from corrosion
• No atmospheric effect
• Hardens with age
• More economical than steel
• Forms a hard surface and is capable of resisting abrasions.
CEMENT CONCRETE

Cement

Fine and coarse Aggregates

Rebars

Water
• Cement:

• It is always measured by weight. Generally, Portland cement is used in all types of concrete works.. It is mostly used in terms
of number of bags. One bag of cement weighs 50 kg and has a volume of 35 litres. The selection of particular type of cement
to be used depends upon the type of structure, the condition under which the construction is to take place and the strength
desired.
• Cement differs in forms on account of their chemical composition and degree of fineness to which they are ground.
• Fine aggregate:
• Natural sand is a fine aggregate that is chiefly used in concrete mix. Sand may be obtained from sea, river, lake or pit, but
when used in concrete mix, it should be properly washed and tested to ascertain that it is free from clay, silt, mica, salts and
other organic matter. The presence of such organic matter prevents the adhesion of aggregates and reduces the strength of
concrete.

• Coarse aggregate:
• Crushed hard stone & gravel are the common materials used as coarse aggregate for concrete.

• Water:

• Water is the least expensive but the most important ingredient of concrete.
• It should be clean and free from harmful impurities such as oil, acids, alkalis and such other organic or inorganic
impurities. It should be free from iron and vegetable matter that are likely to have an adverse effect on concrete or
reinforcement. Water, which is fit for drinking, should be used for making concrete.
• Mixing of concrete:

• The process of mixing cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate in suitable
proportion are known as mixing of concrete. During the process of mixing, great care
should be taken to ensure that the materials are obtained in uniformed condition.
• There are two different types of concrete mixing - hand mixing and machine mixing
• Hand mixing:
• This method is used when the quantity of concrete to be used in a work is very small.
• This method can also be used where machine for mixing is not available or where noise
of machine is not desirable such as work near a hospital. Hand mixing is done on a clean
hard and impermeable surface.
• Cement and sand are first mixed dry with the help of shovels until the mixture attains
uniform colour. Aggregates are then added to this mixture and the whole mixture is
mixed dry again to attain uniform colour.
• After this, a hollow is made in the middle of the mixed pile and water is poured from a
can fitted with a rose. The mass is then mixed until a workable mix is obtained. It is
advisable to add 10 % extra cement because of the cement lost due to possible water
flowing out of the mix.
• Machine Mixing:
• Machine used for mixing concrete is termed as concrete mixer. Machine mixing is economical and
convenient where the quantity of the concrete to be used is very large. Concrete produced by
machine mixing is more homogenous than the concrete mixed by hand.

HAND MIXING MACHINE MIXING

• Placing of concrete

• Concrete should be placed and compacted immediately after mixing i.e., the mixed mass should
be used within 30 to 40 minutes. This is necessary to prevent the danger of concrete getting its
initial set. Thus, quantity of concrete prepared in one batch should be such that it can be used
within the said period. Concrete should be laid continuously to avoid irregular and unsightly lines.
Concrete should be laid in layers and each layer should be properly compacted before laying the
next one. In placing concrete, care should be taken that it should not be dropped from a height of
more than 1 meter. Concrete should not be placed in rains. Walking on freshly laid concrete should
be avoided.

• Curing of concrete
• Curing of concrete is an essential requirement of the process of concreting. It is the process of
keeping the set concrete damp for some days in order to enable the concrete to gain more strength.
The strength of the concrete increases with the age provided it is kept damp.
• During the process of curing, the concrete absorbs the water necessary for its complete
chemical action to reach its required strength. The period for which curing should be continued
depends on atmospheric conditions such as temperature and humidity. In general, the process of
the curing should be continued for 7 to 10 days. However, in cold weather it should be cured for
at least 14 days, as the rate of hardening of cement is low in such conditions.
 CONCRETE BLOCKS
• Concrete Blocks
• Concrete blocks are made from cast
concrete by using Portland cement and
aggregate.
• For high-density concrete blocks, sand
and fine gravel are used as aggregate while
for lower density blocks industrial wastes
may be used as aggregate.
• By using aerated concrete, lightweight
blocks can also be produced.
USES
•Different types of structures and components of structures can be
built using reinforced concrete.
•Reinforced concrete can be classified as precast or cast-in-place
concrete. The uses are as follows :
-Foundations
-Columns
-Beams
-Slabs
-Walls
-Frames, etc
 CEMENT
•Cement is a basic engineering material used as a binder in construction. It is available in dry powder form.
•Cement can be obtained from natural sources (Natural cement) and it can also be manufactured by artificial (Artificial
cement) means.
•The natural cement is manufactured by burning and crushing natural cement stones that contain 20 to 40 % of
argillaceous matter (day) and the rest of calcareous matter (mainly calcium carbonate or calcium carbonate mixed
with magnesium carbonate).
•The artificial cement is manufactured by burning calcareous and argillaceous materials at a very high temperature
and then grinding the resulting mixture known as clinker to a fine powder.
•When cement is mixed with water, the cement powder reacts chemically with water as a result of which the cement
paste first sets and then hardens to a hard stone-like mass. This quality of cement is used in the building construction
for cementing purpose.
•When the cement is mixed with the water, after some time the cement slurry or paste sets to the form given to it.
But at this stage it still has water in it. This particular stage is called setting of cement. After the setting of cement the
evaporation of water starts due to the atmospheric heat around it.
•After some time, say about one to two days almost the total water gets evaporated leaving it dry & hard like stone.
This stage is called hardening of cement. At the time from setting to hardening of cement, tremendous heat is
produced within the mass of cement and this might result in the cracking of the surface of cement.
•During the hardening of cement, the water inside the mass is used to complete the reaction for better result and to
give proper time for this reaction; the evaporation of water should be slowed down. To do this after setting of the
cement till its hardening lime water is poured on the cement construction to slow down the rate of the evaporation
and this is known as water curing
Types of Cement Other than ordinary cement the following are the other important types of
cement:

1. Acid resistant cement

2. Blast furnace cements
3. Expanding cement
4. 4. High alumina cements
5. Hydrophobic cement
6. Low heat cements
7. Pozzolana cement
8. Quick setting cement
9. Rapid hardening cement
10.Sulphate resistant cement
11. White cement
12. Coloured cement
• Uses
• Cement is widely used in the construction of various engineering structures and is one of the leading
engineering materials of modern times.
• The following are the various uses of cement:
• Cement mortar for masonry work
• Tests To ascertain roughly the quality of the cement, the following field
tests can be carried out: • Colour: The colour of cement should be uniform.
It should be typical cement colour i.e., grey colour with a light greenish
shade.
•Physical properties: Cement should feel smooth when touched or rubbed in
between fingers. If it is felt rough, it indicates adulteration with sand. If hand
is inserted in a bag or a heap of cement, it should feel cool and not warm. If
a small quantity of cement is thrown in a bucket of water, it should sink and
not float on the surface.
•Presence of lumps: The cement should be free from any hard lumps. Such
lumps are formed by the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere. Any
bag of cement containing such lumps should be rejected.