Minerals and Energy Resources

Introduction

What are minerals? Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. [Pin to ship]

“Homogenous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure

Rocks Minerals Rocks are combinations of homogenous

substances called mineral [One or more than one]

Formation depends upon the physical and chemical conditions.

Geographers V/S Geologists

● Study mineral as a part of earth crust. ● Study formation of minerals, their age
● Above the earth. physical and chemical composition.
● Below the earth.
 Minerals and Energy Resources

Mode of Occurrence of Minerals

Found in “Ores” [Minerals mixed with other element]
1. Veins and lodes - E.g. Tin, copper and Zinc.
2. Beds and layers - E.g. Coal and gypsum.
3. Residual mass of weathered material - E.g. Bauxite
4. Alluvial deposits - E.g. Gold, silver and tin.
5. Ocean water - E.g. Salt, magnesium and bromine.

Distribution of minerals
● Peninsular rocks
➢ Coal, metallic minerals, mica, and many other non-metallic minerals.
● East and West of peninsula
➢ Petroleum
● Rajasthan
➢ Non-ferrous minerals [Copper]
● North India
➢ Devoid of economic minerals.
 Minerals and Energy Resources
Ferrous Minerals Major iron ore belts in India

¾ of total metallic minerals, base for metallurgical industries. Orissa - Jharkhand belt
Iron ore Manganese ● Hematite are found in Badampahar, Gua
and Noamundi.
● Backbone of ● Used in making steel ● Port → Paradwip port.
industrial ferro – manganese Durg - Bastar - Chandrapur
development. alloy. ● Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
● Magnetite [70% of ● Used in manufacturing ● Hematite are found in Bailadila range of
iron content]. bleaching powder, Bastar district.
● Excellent magnetic insecticides, and ● Port → Visakhapatnam port.
qualities. paints.
● Hematite [50-60% Bellary - Chitradurga - Chikmagalur - Tumkur
of content]. ● Kudremukh mines is 100% export unit.
● Industrial iron. ● Port → Mangalore [Through pipeline]
In 2018–19 almost entire production of iron Maharashtra - Goa belt
ore (97%) accrued from Odisha, Chhattisgarh, ● Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra
Karnataka and Jharkhand. The remaining ● Port → Marmagao.
production (3%) was from other states.
 Minerals and Energy Resources
Non Ferrous Minerals

● Not sufficient
● Mineral such as copper, Bauxite, Zinc, Lead and Gold.
● Used in metallurgical engineering and electrical.

Copper Bauxite

● India is critically deficient in copper production. ● Bauxite → Alumina → Aluminium

● Malleable, Ductile and the good conductor. ● It combines strength of metal E.g. Iron with
Therefore have high demand. extreme lightness, good conductivity and great
● The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri malleability.
mines in Rajasthan and Singhbhum district of ● Mainly found in Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills
Jharkhand are leading producers of copper. plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
● Orissa → largest producing bauxite state.
 Minerals and Energy Resources
Non-Metallic Minerals and Rock Minerals

Mica Limestone

● Modes of series of plates. ● Rock composed of calcium carbonates or calcium

● Used in electronic industries due to dielectric and magnesium carbonate.
strength, low power loss factor, insulating ● Essential for smelting iron ore in Blast furnace
properties and resistance to high voltage. and cement industries.
● Chota Nagpur plateau, Koderma ● A.P., M.P., Rajasthan, Gujarat, T.N. and many
● Gaya-Hazaribagh, Ajmer, Rajasthan and Nellore more.
Mica belt of A.P.
 Minerals and Energy Resources
Hazards of Mining and Need for Conservation

Impact on miners Conservation of minerals

Health issues ● Our dependency on minerals and

availability to us.
● 1% of earth’s crust.
● Dust and noxious fumes and inhaled.
● Formation ≠ Consumption.
● Vulnerable to pulmonary disease.
∴ Finite and non-renewable.
● Continued extraction → Cost [Greater depth,
Impact on Environment decreased quality]
Steps for conservation
Water source get Dumping of waste
contaminated and slurry ● Improved technology, recycling of metals, using other
alternatives and substitutes.
Degradation of land, soil
and river pollution.
 Minerals and Energy Resources

Energy Resources Need

Conventional Source Non Conventional Source

● Coal ● Nuclear or Atomic energy
● Petroleum ● Solar energy
● Natural gas ● Wind energy
● Electricity ● Bio-gas
● Tidal energy
● Geothermal energy.
 Minerals and Energy Resources

Coal Coal is an extremely important source of energy. It is used for power

generation, to supply energy to industry as well as for domestic needs.

Formation depends upon degree of compression, depth and time of burial.

Peat Lignite Bituminous Anthracite

● Low carbon. ● Low grade brown coal. ● Deep inside the earth. ● Highest quality
● High moisture. ● Soft with high moisture ● Temperature. ● Hard coal
∴ Low heating capacity. content. ∴ Commercial use, smelting.

Gondwana Coal Tertiary Coal

On the basis of age ● 200 million ago. ● 55 million ago.

● Damodar valley, Jharia, ● North eastern state.
Raniganj, Bokaro.

Remember coal is a bulky material, which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.
Hence, heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on or near the coalfields.
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Petroleum and Natural Gas

Petroleum Natural Gas

● Petroleum industry as a “Nodal Industry”. ● Source of energy as well as an industrial raw material.
● Anticlines and fault traps in rocks formed ● Found in association with or without petroleum.
during tertiary age. ● Environmental friendly Low carbon dioxide emissions.
● Porous and non porous layer and gas been ● Krishna, Godavari, Basin, Mumbai High, Gulf of Cambay.
lighter usually occurs above the oil. ● HVJ pipeline [Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur] = Artery to
● Found in - Mumbai high, Gujarat Indian gas production.
[Ankleshwar], Assam [Digboi]. ● Power and fertilizer industries are key users.
● CNG [Compressed Natural Gas] is used in vehicles is
replacing liquid fuels.
 Minerals and Energy Resources

Electricity

● It’s Importance.
● Per capita consumption is considered as index of development.

Hydro Electricity Thermal Electricity

● Produced by running water. ● By burning coal petroleum and
● Use renewable source. natural gas.
● Multipurpose river projects like ● Use non renewable fossil fuel.
Bhakra nangal, Damodar valley crop.
 Minerals and Energy Resources
Non-Conventional Source of Energy

Need for it Nuclear or Atomic Energy

Consumption of fossil fuels ● Obtained by altering the structure of atoms.

● Uranium and thorium are used.
● Found in Jharkhand, the Aravalli ranges of
Depletion of resources
Rajasthan and the monazite sand of Kerala.
[rich in thorium]
Price rise
Solar Energy
Uncertainties in future and environmental problems. ● Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight
directly into electricity.
We must use renewable source of energy. ● Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural
E.g. - Solar energy, wind energy, tide and biomass and remote areas.
● Solar plants will contribute to environmental
conservation and adequate supply of manure
in agriculture.
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Non-Conventional Source of Energy

Wind Energy Bio Gas

● Potential of wind. ● Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human

● Largest wind farm cluster Nagercoil waste is used to make biogas.
to Madurai [T.N.] ● “Gobar Gas plant” → Twin benefits.
● A.P., Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala,
Maharashtra, etc Source of energy Quality of
manure.
● Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity. +
Tidal Energy
● The Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kachchh in Gujarat Prevents the
on the western coast and Gangetic delta in Sunderban loss of trees.
regions of West Bengal provide ideal conditions for
utilising tidal energy.

● Refers to the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the
Geothermal Energy interior of the Earth.
● The Parvati valley near manikaran in HP and Puga valley Ladakh.
 Minerals and Energy Resources
Conservation of Energy Resources

Increasing development Need for the energy increase.

∴ Consumption of energy is also increasing.

We should use sustainable energy.

● Use public transportation.
● Switch off electricity when not in use.
● Using power saving devices.
● Using non-conventional sources of energy.

Energy saved is energy produced.

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Digraj Singh Rajput