EXPERIMENT 1

OBJECTIVE: 180 degree conduction mode.

SOFTWARE USE: MATLAB/SIMULINK.

THEORY: The ideal circuit is drawn before it can be divided into three segments namely segment one, segment two &
segment three and we will use these notational in the later section of the article. Segment one consists of a pair of switches
S1&S2, segment two consists of switching pair S3 &S4 and segment three consists of switching pair S5&S6. At any given time
both the switches in the same segment should never be closed as it leads to battery short circuits failing the entire setup, so this
scenario should be avoided at all times.

Now let’s start switching sequence by closing the switch S1 in the first segment of the ideal circuit and let’s name the start as 0º.
Since the selected time of conduction is 180º the switch S1 will be closed from 0º to 180º.

But after 120º of the first phase, the second phase will also have a positive cycle as seen in the three-phase voltage graph, so
switch S3 will be closed after S1. This S3 will also be kept closed for another 180º. So S3 will be closed from 120º to 300º and it
will be open only after 300º.

Similarly, the third phase also has a positive cycle after 120º of second phase positive cycle, as shown in the graph at the
beginning of the article. So the switch S5 will be closed after 120º S3 closing i.e. 240º. Once the switch is closed it will be kept
closed for coming 180º before being opened, with that the S5 will be closed from 240º to 60º (second cycle).
Up until now, all we did was assume that’s the conduction is done once the top layer switches are closed but for current flow
from the circuit must be completed. Also, do remember that both switches in the same segment should never be in the closed at
the same time, so if one switch is closed then another must be open.

For satisfying the above both conditions, we will close S2, S4& S6 in a predetermined order. So only after S1 gets opened we
will have to close S2. Similarly, S4 will be closed after S3 gets opened at 300º and in the same way S6 will be closed after S5
completes the conduction cycle. This cycle of switching between switches of the same segment can be seen below figure. Here
S2 followsS1, S4 follows S3 and S6 follows S5.

By following this symmetrical switching we can achieve the desired three-phase voltage represented in the graph. If we fill in the
beginning switching sequence in the above table we will have a complete switching pattern for 180º conduction mode as below.
From the above table we can understand that:

From 0-60: S1, S4 & S5 are closed and the remaining three switches are opened.

From 60-120: S1, S4 & S6 are closed and the remaining three switches are opened.

From 120-180: S1, S3&S6 are closed and the remaining three switches are opened.

MATLAB MODEL:

RESULT:
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

ADVANTAGES:

The 180 degree performance assessment technique is beneficial for both the employer and the employee; thus, there are several reasons
to implement it:

 It is adaptable, as the feedback survey may be modified to fit the needs and culture of the business.
 It gives human resource professionals get the best outcomes, particularly when they combine these education and training
initiatives.
 The substantial gains credibility by using 180 degree feedback.
 Utilizing assessment tools demonstrates the company’s involvement in genuine performance enhancement that fosters
professional development.
 Organizations that use 180 degree feedback observe an instant increase in Communication.
 The evaluation and interview are ideal for providing feedback and inspiring the team.
 180 degree feedback gives a chance to establish new objectives and define the duties of employees if it is properly
constructed.
 It is also possible to verify the requirements for schooling or training.

DISADVANTAGES:

This kind of feedback also has certain drawbacks, but no grading system is flawless. The major drawback is that high-level workers who
frequently deal with outside clients should be considered when providing comments.

Because of that, meaningful information regarding the individual’s performance can be lost by restricting the number and range of 180
degree feedback sources.

APPLICATION:
 EXPERIMENT 2

OBJECTIVE: 120 degree conduction mode.

SOFTWARE USE: MATLAB/SIMULINK.

THEORY: The 120º mode is similar to 180º at all aspects except the closing time of each switch is reduced to 120, which were
180 before.

As usual, let’s start switching sequence by closing the switch S1 in the first segment and be the start number to 0º. Since the
selected time of conduction is 120º the switch S1 will be opened after 120º, so the S1 was closed from 0º to 120º.

Since half cycle of the sinusoidal signal goes from 0 to 180º, for the remaining time S1 will be open and is represented by the
gray area above.

Now after 120º of the first phase, the second phase will also have a positive cycle as mentioned before, so switch S3 will be
closed after S1. This S3 will also be kept closed for another 120º. So S3 will be closed from 120º to 240º.
Similarly, the third phase also has a positive cycle after 120º of the second phase positive cycle so the switch S5 will be closed
after 120º of S3 closing. Once the switch is closed, it will be kept closed for coming 120º before being opened and with that, the
switch S5 will be closed from 240º to 360º

This cycle of symmetrical switching will be continued for achieving the desired three-phase voltage. If we fill in the beginning
and ending switching sequence in the above table we will have a complete switching pattern for 120º conduction mode as below.

From the above table we can understand that:

From 0-60: S1&S4 are closed while remaining switches are opened.

From 60-120: S1 &S6 are closed while remaining switches are opened.

From 120-180: S3&S6 is closed while remaining switches are opened.

From 180-240: S2&S3 are closed while remaining switches are opened

From 240-300: S2&S5 are closed while remaining switches are opened

From 300-360: S4&S5 are closed while remaining switches are opened
MATLAB MODEL:

RESULT:

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

The merits and demerits of 120 degree mode inverter over 180 degree mode inverter are as follows:
 In 180° mode inverter, gate signal is applied and removed simultaneously from thyristors to be fired and commutated
respectively. This does not give any time merging for the commutation interval. In fact, there is always a commutation
time of a thyristor which is to be turned off. But there is no provision of this commutation time in 180° mode inverter
and hence there is always a chance for direct short circuiting of DC source. This difficulty is overcome considerably in
 120° mode inverter. In this inverter mode, 60° interval is provided to cater commutation time which is sufficient for
safe commutation of conducting thyristor.
 In 120° mode inverter, the potential of only two output terminals connected to DC source are defined at any time of
cycle. The potential of third terminal of a particular leg in which neither SCRs are conducting is not well defined.
Therefore, the potential of the third terminal is defined by the nature of load. Therefore, the analysis of the performance
of 120°mode inverter is bit complicated for a general load circuit. However, for a balanced three phase resistive load,
the potential of all the three terminals a, b & c are well defined. This is the reason; the load was assumed to be resistive
for the analysis. For a balanced three phase delta connected resistive load, the line voltage as shown in output voltage
waveform is obtained directly.

APPLICATION:
 EXPERIMENT 3
OBJECTIVE: AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

SOFTWARE USE: MATLAB/SIMULINK.

THEORY: The mains supply is an alternating current in the form of a sine wave. The common power supply to households is a
single phase AC supply. The frequency and the amplitude of the AC wave vary from region to region with 50 Hz or 60 Hz being
the common frequency and an amplitude of 110V or 240V. The power rating of an electrical device or appliance will determine
the power utilized by it to work properly. What if we desire to reduce the intensity of an electric bulb or run a motor at less
speed? This can be achieved by limiting the power to the device i.e. supplying less power than the maximum rated power. This
concept of restriction on the power supplied to a device is known as AC power control. AC power control allows us to efficiently
use the available power for various applications. There are two types of AC power control: ON-OFF or pulse skipping
modulation control and phase control. In on-off control, the load is connected to the AC supply for short interval of time and the
AC supply is switched off for some interval. A fast switching device like a thyristor is used to connect and disconnect the load to
the AC power supply. In phase control method, the load is connected to the AC supply for a specific period of both the half
cycles. A PWM technique based AC power control is designed here which is a type of on-off control. The circuit regulates the
AC power supplied to any load like an electric bulb, motor, amplifiers etc.

The most effective way to control the AC power is to tune the frequency of the AC signal. Consider a situation where a switch is
present between the electrical device like a bulb and the mains power supply. If the switch is ON (or closed) for 2 seconds and
OFF (or open) for 2 seconds, then the power consumption is reduced by 50%. If the switching action is so fast that it is not
detected by the human eye, then the light bulb will appear as it is continuously glowing with half the luminance and consuming
only 50% power. An IGBT or a MOSFET is used as a switch and the switching action of the transistor is controlled by a pulse.
The on (high) and off (low) period of the pulse will determine whether the transistor is switched on or off and consequently
controlling the AC power and this is how a PWM signal is used in AC power control. The on and off periods of the PWM wave
define a factor called Duty cycle and this is an important parameter in controlling the power. A 50% duty cycle PWM wave will
provide only 50% of the maximum power and a 33% duty cycle PWM will deliver only 33% of the maximum power. An
important thing to be considered when choosing the switching device is that it should have a fast switching action and also should
be capable of handling large power.

MATLAB MODEL:
RESULT:
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

ADVANTAGES
They use line commutation, hence no extra commutation circuits are required

They have high efficiencies, since device losses are reduced.

DISADVANTAGES

Large ripple and harmonics are present in the output

Output waveforms are not sinusoidal.

 EXPERIMENT 4
OBJECTIVE: MLI

SOFTWARE USE: MATLAB/SIMULINK.

THEORY: Recently, induction motors are widely used in residence and industries because of compact size, and cheap price.
However, industries are required to improve its efficiency by employing various controls and to save energy. In this paper, the
concept of a 3-level diode-clamp and modulate principle are implemented to control the output waveform approaching the
sinewave as close as possible, because sine wave is less peaky in nature and less insulation is required. In recent years, industry
has begun to demand higher power equipment, which now reaches the megawatt level. Controlled AC drives in the megawatt
range are usually connected to the medium voltage network.

DIODE-CLAMP MULTILEVEL INVERTER - The most commonly used multilevel topology is the diode clamped inverter
also known as neutral fed inverter, in which the diode is used as the clamping device to clamp the dc bus voltage so as to achieve
steps in the output voltage. Thus, diode is used to limit the voltage stress. The voltage over each capacitor and each switch is
Vdc. By increasing the number of voltage levels the quality of the output voltage is improved and the voltage waveform becomes
closer to sinusoidal waveform. In this topology there are two pairs of switches and two diode are consists in a three-level diode
clamped inverter. All switch pairs work in complimentary mode and the diodes used to provide access to mid-point voltage. The
DC bus voltage is divided into three voltage levels with the help of two series connections of DC capacitors, C1 and C2. With the
help of the clamping diodes Dc1 and Dc2 the voltage stress across each switching device is partial to Vdc. It is supposed that the
total dc link voltage is Vdc and mid point is synchronized at half of the dc link voltage, the voltage across each capacitor is Vdc/2
(Vc1=Vc2=Vdc/2). In a three level diode clamped inverter, there are three different feasible switching states. At any time a set of
two switches is on for a three- level inverter. Fig.1. shows the three level diode clamped MLI.

MATLAB MODEL:
RESULT:
Advantages of Multilevel Inverter:

The multilevel converter has several advantages, that is:

1. Common Mode Voltage:

The multilevel inverters produce common-mode voltage, reducing the stress of the motor and don’t damage the motor.

2. Input Current:
Multilevel inverters can draw input current with low distortion

3. Switching Frequency:

The multilevel inverter can operate at both fundamental switching frequencies that are higher switching frequency and lower
switching frequency. It should be noted that the lower switching frequency means lower switching loss and higher efficiency is
achieved.

4. Reduced harmonic distortion:

Selective harmonic elimination technique along with the multi-level topology results the total harmonic distortion becomes low
in the output waveform without using any filter circuit.

Applications of Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter:

Static VAR compensation

Variable speed motor drives
High voltage system interconnections
High voltage DC and AC transmission lines