We are IntechOpen,

the world’s leading publisher of

Open Access books
Built by scientists, for scientists

6,600
Open access books available
178,000
International authors and editors
195M
Downloads

Our authors are among the

154
Countries delivered to
TOP 1%
most cited scientists
12.2%
Contributors from top 500 universities

Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index

in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI)

Interested in publishing with us?

Contact [email protected]
Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected.
For more information visit www.intechopen.com
Chapter

Maximum Power Point Tracking

Simulation for Photovoltaic
Systems Using Perturb and Observe
Algorithm
Abubakari Sadick

Abstract

This chapter discusses the modeling, analysis, and simulation approaches of a

maximum power point tracker (MPPT) using perturb and observe algorithm of a
photovoltaic (PV) system. In photovoltaic systems, maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) is crucial because it maximizes the power production from a PV system
under specific conditions, hence increasing array efficiency and lowering system
costs. Appropriate algorithms must be used to track the maximum power point (MPP)
and maintain the system’s operation in it because the MPP varies depending on the
irradiation and cell temperature. This paper presents the mathematical modeling pro-
cedures for the PV system and the DC-DC boost converter and also introduces the
theories of PV systems and MPPT techniques. A step-by-step procedure, modeling,
and analysis of perturb and observe are explained in this paper using MATLAB/
Simulink software. A photovoltaic system with the P&O algorithm and a photovoltaic
system without the P&O algorithm were simulated and tested around different envi-
ronmental conditions. Their performance is evaluated and compared through theo-
retical analysis and digital simulation based on response time and efficiency under
varying irradiance and temperature condition using MATLAB/Simulink. The PV with
the MPPT algorithm outperforms the PV without MPPT in terms of proficiency and
accuracy. Under both stable and changing weather situations, it displays the ideal
efficiency and response time.

Keywords: photovoltaic system, maximum power point tracker, boost converter,

perturb and observe algorithm, voltage, performance, output power, MATLAB/
simulink simulation

1. Introduction

Due to price reductions of up to 50 percent of the overall for PV arrays and

interface systems during the past years, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have accel-
erated significantly. Aside from that, photovoltaic solar energy is a clean, renewable
source of energy that uses solar radiation to produce electricity. As the number of
solar PV installation sites grows every year and solar PV systems become a more
1
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

feasible and affordable source of green energy, efforts are being made to develop
economical and technological solutions to the issues resulting from varied PV utiliza-
tion schemes. A photovoltaic (PV) system directly converts sunlight into electricity.
The obtained energy depends on solar radiation, temperature, and the voltage pro-
duced in the photovoltaic module [1]. The voltage and current available at the termi-
nals of a PV device may directly feed small loads.
Every PV system exhibits a point at which the generated power is maximum on the
IV curve characteristics. This point is called maximum power point (MPP). The
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) system samples out the output of the cells
and applies the proper load to obtain maximum power for any given environmental
conditions, ranging from a clear sky to a heavily clouded one, from rainfall to misty,
and even foggy [2].
The output power changes with weather conditions such as temperature and
irradiance affecting the efficiency of the PV system. Tracking this point is of interest
to maximize the power output from PV systems [3–6].
MPPT algorithms are implemented in solar inverters to maximize the power gen-
erated by PV systems. The algorithms control the voltage to ensure the system
operates at the peak or maximum power point on the power voltage curve. There are
different techniques used to track the maximum power point. These are perturb and
observe, incremental conductance method, fractional short-circuit current, fractional
open-circuit voltage, and neural network [7–11].
Developing a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) to continuously determine and
retain the maximum amount of energy from a solar panel is the aim of this paper. Hence,
this chapter focuses on the modeling of maximum power point tracking using perturb
and observe algorithm to maximize the output power of a solar photovoltaic system.
Both PV systems with MPPT connected to a boost converter device and PV systems
without MPPT will be simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. Analytical compar-
isons will be made on both systems under varying temperatures and solar irradiance.

2. Maximum power point tracking algorithms

The main goal of the maximum power point tracking process is to extract maxi-
mum power from the PV model or array. When tracking the maximum power point,
many MPPT approaches are employed such as perturb and observe approach, incre-
mental conductance, fuzzy logic and neural networks, parasitic capacitance method,
constant voltage method, fractional short-circuit current, fractional open-circuit volt-
age, temperature method, and neural networks [7, 8, 10, 11]. Reference [12] compared
and contrasted different MPPT approaches based on their effectiveness, convergence
speed, complexity, and cost. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is an important
technique used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to optimize the output power of the PV
panels. MPPT algorithms are used to extract the maximum power available from a PV
panel under varying environmental conditions, such as changes in solar irradiance,
temperature, shading, and partial cloud cover.

3. Direct and indirect methods

The operating point of the PV array is continuously perturbed in the direct methods,
which are also referred to as true-seeking methods, to search the MPP. Perturb and
2
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

observe, incremental conductance, and hill climbing schemes fall into this category and
are frequently used in PV systems. To obtain the MPP, the P&O technique disturbs the
PV array’s operating voltage. The hill climbing approach disrupts the duty cycle of the
DC-DC interface converter similarly to the P&O system. The P&O algorithm continu-
ally perturbs the solar panel’s operating point and monitors the power output. However,
the direct method has quick oscillations, sensitivity to temperature changes, and slow
convergence as its drawbacks which leads to inefficient energy conversion and a
decrease in energy efficiency.
The indirect methods work by deriving the array’s MPP from its output properties.
Both the fractional open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current techniques offer a
quick and efficient way to get the MPP. The indirect method uses a mathematical
model of the solar panel to predict the MPP. Hence, it requires a mathematical model
of the solar panel with a higher accuracy, which can be complicated to develop and
requires a significant amount of computation power, since the accuracy is dependent
on many factors, such as temperature, solar irradiation, and manufacturing
tolerances, which can lead to inaccuracies in predicting the MPP.

4. Neural networks

The neural networks method is inspired by the way the brain works. This strategy
is based on the brain’s ability to process many types of information through millions of
neurons. V oc , Isc , irradiation, temperature, or a combination of these parameters can
be used to feed the neural network [13–15]. The greater the hidden layer’s training and
algorithm, the better the performance in tracking MPP. Good neural network results
are obtained through the right training. The standard steps for designing neural
networks are given below:

1. Data collection

2. Selection of network structure

3. Training the network

4. Testing the network

Depending on the user, there are different numbers of nodes in each tier. The
information that has been provided can be analyzed by a trained artificial neural
network (ANN), which can then project outcomes and offer solutions to new prob-
lems. ANN approaches problem-solving differently than traditional forecasting algo-
rithms [16, 17]. The input variables for the ANN are temperature and solar irradiance,
and the output variable is the voltage of the MPP.
To train the neural network, some data must be obtained as input and output
variables. As a result, weights of neurons in various layers are obtained and data are
acquired by model programming in MATLAB and then trained using the error
backpropagation method. For every temperature and solar irradiance as ANN inputs,
the output of ANN is the voltage of the MPP after ANN training and specification of
neuron weights. Thus, using the V-I characteristic of the modeled PV, it is possible to
determine the current at the maximum power point.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be used as a method for implementing
MPPT algorithms due to their high accuracy, adaptability, efficiency, and robustness.
3
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

ANNs can perform MPPT calculations quickly and efficiently, making them suitable
for real-time control applications and can be trained to accurately predict the maxi-
mum power point of a solar panel under different conditions, such as varying solar
irradiance levels, temperature, and shading.
ANNs can be complex and difficult to understand, making it challenging to diagnose
and fix errors or optimize performance. It also requires large amounts of training data to
achieve high accuracy, which can be difficult to obtain for certain solar panel configu-
rations or under certain environmental conditions. Again, its black-box nature makes it
difficult to understand and explain the reasoning behind their MPPT predictions.

5. Advances in maximum power point tracking using artificial intelligence

(AI) and machine learning (ML)

In recent years, there have been significant advances in MPPT models, particularly
with the application of enabling technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and
machine learning (ML).
One of the major advances in MPPT models is the use of AI and ML algorithms, which
have been shown to improve the accuracy and efficiency of MPPT algorithms [18]. AI and
ML techniques such as neural networks, support vector machines, fuzzy logic, and genetic
algorithms have been used to develop more accurate MPPT models that can adapt to
changing environmental conditions in real time. These models can predict the maximum
power point of the PV panel more accurately and quickly than traditional MPPT algo-
rithms, leading to increased energy yield and reduced system costs [19, 20].
Another advance in MPPT models is the development of hybrid algorithms that
combine multiple techniques to improve their performance. For example, a hybrid
algorithm that combines a fuzzy logic controller with a perturb and observe algorithm
has been shown to have better tracking accuracy and faster convergence than either
algorithm used alone [21]. Other hybrid models have combined AI and ML techniques
with traditional MPPT algorithms to further improve performance [22].
Recent advances in modeling techniques such as dynamic modeling, parameter
estimation, and system identification have enabled more accurate modeling of the
nonlinear behavior of PV panels, leading to more accurate MPPT models [23].
Another area of research in MPPT models is the development of models that can
operate under partial shading conditions. Traditional MPPT algorithms can be inef-
fective under partial shading conditions, as the PV panel exhibits multiple maximum
power points. Newer models based on AI and ML techniques have been developed to
address this challenge, by predicting the maximum power point of each shaded cell
and optimizing the output power of the PV panel accordingly.
The application of AI and ML techniques, as well as the development of hybrid
algorithms, has been particularly beneficial in improving the performance of MPPT
models. With further advances in modeling techniques and enabling technologies,
MPPT algorithms are likely to become even more effective in optimizing the output
power of PV systems [18].

6. Boost converter modeling for PV system

A boost converter is used as the voltage increase mechanism in the circuit known
which is a circuit topology used with low-power battery applications. The unregulated
4
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

DC output voltage of a PV module is increased using a boost converter to a higher

continuous output voltage needed for multilevel inverter circuits. The output power,
efficiency, and simplicity of design are the primary considerations in the design and
development of boost converters. The boost converter was chosen for this project due
to its simpler concept than the rest.
In general, boost converters in the steady state should have the following proper-
ties: the power delivered to the load should be the same as power supplied by the
source for ideal components, the inductor current should be periodic and continuous,
the average inductor voltage should be zero, and the average capacitor current should
be zero. For nonideal components, the power dissipated should be taken into the
account as well. The source connects to the switch, which is supposed to control the
switching period, T, which relates to the duty cycle of the boost converter. From the
switch, the inductor is connected in parallel to the diode, in which the diode is
connected to the ground, and the other end of the inductor is connected to the
capacitor in parallel to the load resistor.

6.1 Boost converter modeling

To model a DC-DC converter for a PV system, the following components are

needed as shown in Figure 1. This includes a solar panel, MOSFET, diode, inductor,
capacitor, and load resistor. For this model, we need a product that converts and
regulates a certain DC voltage level to a different DC voltage level; hence, a solar PV
array is used.
STC is an industry standard that sets a cell temperature of 25°C and an irradiance
of 1000 W/m2 with an air mass 1.5 (AM1.5) spectrum to show the performance of PV
modules. These are the irradiance and spectrum of sunlight incident on a surface
slanted at 37 degrees toward the sun on a clear day with the sun at an angle of 41.81
degrees above the horizon [24]. The sun radiance is a power density that occurs
instantly and is measured in kW/m2.
The sun’s radiance changes throughout the day, peaking at roughly 1000 W/m2
after midnight. The sun irradiation changes throughout the day and is very location-
and locally dependent [3, 8]. With this scenario, the maximum and the minimum
conditions of solar irradiance can be set.
Considering an Exiom solution PV arrays and model as depicted in Table 1.

Figure 1.
Boost converter circuit diagram.

5
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

The voltage of the PV array changes from zero to open-circuit voltage due to solar
irradiance and temperature. The PV’s array input voltage is not fixed resulting in
changes in the output voltage of the PV.
At standard test conditions, 1000W/m2 at 25°C:
Pmp ¼ 6394:5W, V mp ¼ 290V, and Imp ¼ 22:05A are the parameters of the Exiom
PV module. The following are considered before modeling the boost converter:

1. A MOSFET of 25KHz of switching frequency is considered

2. The current and voltage ripples are 0.2% and 40%, respectively.

To find the internal resistance, Rmp of the PV module at the maximum power point,

V mp 290
Rmp ¼ ¼ ¼ 13:152 ohms (1)
Imp 22:05

At worst condition, 50w=m2 at 250 C, 0.05 of 1000 w/m2

Pmp ¼ 6394:5 x 0:05 ¼ 319:72W (2)

V mp ¼ 0:9 x 290 ¼ 261V (3)
319:72
Imp ¼ ¼ 1:225A (4)
261

The internal resistance of the PV arrays at mpp, Rmp are calculated for both at STC
and worst conditions:
290
Rmp ¼ ¼ 13:152 ohms (5)
22:05
261
Rmp ¼ ¼ 213:06 ohms (6)
1:225
Eqs. (5) and (6) are the Rmp value for STC and the worst condition.
The load resistance of the boost converter is calculated at the worst condition of PV
arrays, since the amount generated at STC is 2.5:

RO ¼ 2:5 x 213:06 ¼ 532:65 ohms (7)

Exiom solution EX-220P PV array PV module

Maximum power (Pmax) 213.15 6394.5

The voltage at maximum power (Vmp) 29 290

Current at maximum power (Imp) 7.35 22.05

Open-circuit voltage (Voc) 36.3 363

Short-circuit current (Isc) 7.84 23.52

Panel efficiency 16.5% 16.5%

Power tolerance (positive) +5% +5%

Table 1.
The PV panel array and module specification.

6
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

The duty ratio at MPP is calculated from:

sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Rmp
Dmp ¼ 1 (8)
Ro
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
13:152
Dmp ¼ 1 ¼ 0:843 at STC (9)
532:65
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
213:06
Dmp ¼1 ¼ 0:368 at worst condition (10)
532:65

For the output voltage and the output current for STC,
VI
Vo ¼ (11)
1 D
Vo
Io ¼ (12)
Ro
290
Vo ¼ ¼ 1847:134 V (13)
1 0:843
1847:134
Io ¼ ¼ 3:468 A (14)
523:65

For the output voltage and the output current for the worst condition,
261
Vo ¼ ¼ 412:975 V (15)
1 0:368
412:975
Io ¼ ¼ 0:78 A (16)
532:65

Finding the voltage and current ripples, the voltage ripple is 0.2% of the input
voltage and the current ripple is 40% of the output current. Hence,

∆V I ¼ 0:002 x 290 ¼ 0:58 V (17)

∆V o ¼ 0:002 x 1847:134 ¼ 3:694 V (18)
∆Io ¼ 0:4 x 0:78 ¼ 0:312 A (19)

To calculate the reflected input resistance of the PV array,

RI ¼ Ro 1 D 2
 
(20)
RI ¼ 532:65 1 0:8432 ¼ 154:123 ohms
 
(21)
4 x V mp x Dmp 4 x 290 x 0:843
CI ¼ CI ¼ ¼ 6:02 μF (22)
∆V I x RI x f s 0:558 x 154:123 x 25000
2 x V o x Dmp 2 x 1847:134 x 0:843
Co ¼ Co ¼ ¼ 3:311μF (23)
∆V o x Ro x f s 3:694 x 532:65 x 25000
V mp x Dmp 261 x 0:368
L¼ L¼ ¼ 6:16 mH (24)
2 x∆Io x f s 2 x 0:312 x 25000

7
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

6.2 Perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm

The perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is a procedure in which a variable is

changed (perturbed), and the effect of the change on another variable is monitored
(observed). The PV module or the array voltage is perturbed by this technique. To
determine if the power is increasing or decreasing, the PV module voltage is changed.
The operating point of the PV module is to the left of the MPP when a rise in voltage
results in an increase in power [24, 25].
The flow chart of the adopted P&O algorithm for the charge controller is given in
Figure 2. When the MPPT charge controller is connected between the PV module and
load, it measures the PV and load voltage [26]. After measuring the load voltage, it
compares the two voltages. MATLAB will then calculate the existing power Pnew at the
output by measuring the voltage and current and compare this calculated power to the
previously measured power Pold. If Pnew is greater than Pold, the Pulse Width Modula-
tion (PWM) duty cycle is increased to extract maximum power from the PV panel. If
Pnew is less than Pold, the duty cycle is reduced to ensure the system moves back to the
previous maximum power [27]. The output voltage and current from the solar panel
constantly feed the input of the DC-DC converter. When the MPP is approached, Vpv
may oscillate around the optimal value Vpv, and MPP depends on the magnitude of the

Figure 2.
Flow chart of the P&O Algorithm.

8
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

step size [28]. These oscillations lead to a reduction in the produced power of the relay
with increasing the step size of the perturbation. In this respect it should be noted, if
this step size is large, the MPPT algorithm responds quickly to sudden changes in
environmental conditions. On the other side, if the step size is small the algorithm
becomes relatively slow and not able to respond quickly to rapid changes in temperature
or irradiance.
Modeling of MPPT using P&O requires some sequential stages. The code is written
using MATLAB software. To implement, the steps are shown in Figure 2. The system
first measures the input parameters of the P&O algorithm of the PV system using current
and voltage measurement. VA and IA are the input parameters from the PV system, and
they are declared in the code. VA and IA are initialized by the Simulink where the whole
PV system is designed. The algorithm calculates the input power by multiplying the VA
and IA. A persistent variable VAprev, PAprev , and Dprev are created to record the previous
voltage, previous power, and previous duty cycle as written in the code.

Figure 3.
PV system without maximum power point tracker at STC, at 1000w/m2 at 25°C.

9
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

The next step is the voltage and power perturbation. The P&O algorithm compares
the previous voltage input and the previous power input with the new voltage mea-
sured and the power generated. If the change between the two is zero, then MPPT is
attained otherwise MPPT is not reached, and the P&O algorithm then adjusts the duty
ratio to attain MPPT. The following MATLAB script explains the process.

The system keeps on comparing its new voltage and power readings with the
previous input parameters. When the MPP is reached, the P&O method oscillates
around it in case of constant or slowly varying atmospheric conditions. MATLAB/
Simulink is used to model the whole PV system. The PV panel is connected to the
input of a boost converter with a current measurement placed in series and a voltage
measurement connected in parallel to measure the current and voltage, respectively.

7. Simulation results and analysis

The performance of the P&O method is evaluated and compared through theoret-
ical analysis and digital simulation under two conditions by using MATLAB/Simulink.
The PV module is connected to the load through a DC-DC boost converter.
A PV system with a maximum power point tracker which uses perturb and observe
algorithm and a PV system without a maximum power point tracker is simulated at
standard test conditions as depicted in Figures 3 and 4.

7.1 PV system with P&O algorithm at 1000w/m2 at 25°C

After simulating the PV system at standard test conditions, the various parameters
were recorded. Figure 5 shows the PV system simulation with a maximum power
point tracker which uses perturb and observe algorithm at STC, at 1000w/m2 at 25°C.
The PV array’s current dropped drastically from 25A to 3.74A in 0.016 seconds as
shown in Figure 5(a). Figure 5(b) shows the profile of the input voltage which
indicates the sudden rise of the input voltage from 0 V to 367 V in 0.015 seconds.
10
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

Figure 4.
PV system with maximum power point tracker at STC, at 1000w/m2 at 25°C.

There was a sudden rise and fall in the power generated by the PV system. The power
generated rises from 0 to 6603Watts in 0.008 seconds before falling to 1776Watts in
0.016 seconds as shown in Figure 5(c). The output of the boost converter uses
0.011 seconds to rise from 0 to 7060 V as shown in Figure 5(d).

7.2 PV system without P&O algorithm at 1000w/m2 at 25°C

After simulating the PV system at standard test conditions, the various parameters
were recorded. Figure 6 shows the PV system simulation without a maximum power
point tracker at 1000w/m2 at 25°C. The power, the voltage, and the current at the
output of the PV array and the output voltage at the boost converter during the direct
connection between the PV and a resistive load are presented in Figure 6.
According to Figure 6(c), the power produced increases from 0 to 6535 Watts in
0.008 seconds before decreasing to 1196 Watts in 0.016 seconds. According to
Figure 6(d), the boost converter’s output rises from 0 to 505.6 V in 0.011 seconds.
Figure 6(b) illustrates how the PV array’s current abruptly decreased from 25A to
1.32A in 0.016 seconds. Figure 6(a) depicts the input voltage curve, which demon-
strates the input voltage’s abrupt increase from 0 V to 363 V in 0.015 seconds. The PV
system’s output of power fluctuated sharply up and down.

7.3 PV system with P&O algorithm at 500w=m2 at 250 C

Variation in solar irradiance affects the PV system parameters. To analyze the

effects of solar irradiance on the PV system, the system was simulated under
500w=m2 at 250 C: Figure 7 shows the simulated results under dynamic weather
conditions.
From Figure 7(a), the PV array’s voltage rises drastically from 0 to 347 V in
0.024 seconds. Figure 7(b) shows the profile of the input current which indicates the
11
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

Figure 5.
Simulation of PV with a P&O algorithm at STC: (a) voltage input, (b) current input, (c) power input, and (d)
voltage output.

12
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

Figure 6.
Simulation of PV without P&O algorithm at STC: (a) voltage input, (b) current input, (c) power input, and (d)
voltage output.

13
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

Figure 7.
Simulation of PV with a P&O algorithm at 500w=m2 at 250 C: (a) voltage input, (b) current input, (c) power
input, and (d) voltage output.

14
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

sudden dropped 12.1A to 2.8A in 0.025 seconds. Figure 7(c) and Figure 7(d) depict
the power generated in the PV system and the output voltage, respectively. The PV
system uses 0.0175 seconds to rise to 3265 Watts and dropped again to 918 Watts in
0032 seconds. The output voltage of the boost converter uses 0.025 seconds to attain
the peak voltage at 693.4 V.

7.4 PV system without P&O algorithm at 500w=m2 at 25°C

Figure 8 shows the PV system simulation without a maximum power point tracker
at 500w=m2 at 25°C.
The PV array’s voltage rises sharply from 0 to 347 V in 0.024 seconds, as shown in
Figure 8(a). The input current profile shown in Figure 8(b) reveals a dramatic
reduction from 12A to 1.42A in 0.025 seconds. Figure 9 show, respectively, the output
voltage and power produced by a PV system. The PV system rises to 3259 Watts in
0.0175 seconds before falling back to 458.6 Watts in 0027 seconds. The boost
converter’s output voltage reaches its 485 V peak voltage in 0.025 seconds.

8. Discussion

The simulation is done in three states with four different temperatures and irradi-
ances. Four different temperatures and irradiances, which are applied in the simula-
tion, are shown in Tables 2 and 3 below. The system was tested around different
environmental conditions. The temperature was kept at 250 C with a changing solar
irradiance. The solar irradiance was kept at 1000w/m2 with a changing temperature.
Table 2 shows the results obtained after the variation of the solar irradiance and the
temperature in the PV model with the maximum power point tracker. The PV
parameters increase with the reduction in temperature.
From Figure 10, the PV model simulated at an irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and
temperature of 150 °C had the highest value of maximum power input of 6895 Watts
followed by 6603 Watts of the standard test condition of irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and
temperature of 250 °C. The test simulated under irradiance of 200 W/m2 and temper-
ature of 250 °C recorded 1281 Watts which is the lowest power input value. Compar-
ing the voltage output and the voltage input of all the tests performed on the PV
system with the MPPT, it was observed that the experiment kept under irradiance of
1000 W/m2 and temperature of 15 °C had 370 V and 750.3 V, respectively.
The input current efficiency is a critical parameter in determining the overall
efficiency of the PV system. Since, the input current efficiency of a PV system can be
affected by various factors, including the quality of the PV cells, the design and
configuration of the PV panels, and the temperature and irradiance level of the solar
radiation, the current input also experimented under different and varying solar
irradiance and temperature. Figure 9 depicts the current input of the said scenarios.
The PV model simulated under irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and temperature of 25 °C
recorded 3.74 A which was the highest among the other experiments.
The results of varying the solar irradiance and temperature in the PV model
without the maximum power point tracker are shown in Table 3.
According to Figure 11, the maximum current input for the PV model with and
without MPPT under irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and temperature of 25 °C temperature
is 3.74 A and 1.32 A, respectively. The voltage output and input of the PV system with
15
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

Figure 8.
Simulation of PV without a P&O algorithm at 500w=m2 at 250 C: (a) voltage input, (b) current input, (c)
power input, and (d) voltage output.

the MPPT were compared to that of the PV system without MPPT. The voltage output
of the PV system with MPPT is 706 V as compared to 505.6 of the simulated system
without MPPT.

16
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

Figure 9.
Input current of the PV system with the connection of MPPT using perturb and observe technique kept under
different temperatures and solar irradiance.

Parameters 1000W/m2 at 500 W/m2 at 200 W/m2 at 1000W/m2 at 1000W/m2 at

25°C 25°C 25°C 15°C 35°C

Current, Iin/A 3.74 2.8 2.68 2.92 2.63

Voltage, Vin/V 367 347 324 370 345.3

Power, Pge/W 6603 3263 1281 6895 6306

Voltage out, VL/V 706 693.4 645 750.3 694.4

Table 2.
Results of the PV system with the P&O algorithm for MPPT.

Parameters 1000 W/m2 at 500 W/m2 at 200 W/m2 at 1000W/m2 at 1000W/m2 at

25°C 25°C 25°C 15°C 35°C

Current, Iin/A 1.32 1.42 1.23 1.38 1.28

Voltage, Vin/V 363 351.4 334 377.5 349.6

Power, Pge/W 6535 3259 1265 6847 6198

Voltage out, VL/V 505.6 485 463.7 523.5 484.5

Table 3.
Results of the PV system without MPPT.

17
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

Figure 10.
Input voltage, input power, and voltage output values of the PV system with the connection of MPPT using perturb
and observe technique kept under different temperatures and solar irradiance.

Figure 11.
Comparison of parameters of PV system with MPPT and with MPPT.

8.1 Conclusion

This paper gives a detailed analysis of MPPT with perturb and observe algorithm
under uniform and nonuniform conditions of temperature and irradiance in the
MATLAB/Simulink background. It gives a detailed analysis of the PV system without
the MPPT technique. The PV with the MPPT algorithm shows the best proficiency
18
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

and accuracy to the PV without MPPT. It exhibits the perfect efficiency and response
time in steady as well as dynamic conditions of weather. The performance of the
photovoltaic system is enhanced when a PV is connected with a DC-DC converter
with the P&O algorithm. The data from the simulated results show that the pro-
ponents were successful in designing and implementing the maximum power point
tracking using perturb and observe algorithm increasing the efficiency of the photo-
voltaic system. An Exiom solution of PV arrays photovoltaic dataset was used to test
the proposed technology. The paper also shows that the MPPT increases the perfor-
mance of the photovoltaic system.
Future machine learning models will take into account more factors that reduce
the efficiency of PV systems’ power output, including humidity, dust, and fog, among
others, which is likely to improve the prediction accuracy.

Author details

Abubakari Sadick
Sunyani Technical University, Sunyani, Ghana

*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]

© 2023 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0),
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original work is properly cited.
19
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

References

[1] Ramalingam K, Indulkar C. Solar from: http://www.wseas.us/e-library/tra

Energy and Photovoltaic Technology. nsactions/power/2008/27-545.pdf
Elsevier Inc.; 2017. DOI: 10.1016/B978-
0-12-804208-3.00003-0. Availbale from: [8] Choi Y, Khun M, Verbera G.
Researchgate.net Maximum Power Point Tracking. A
Major Qualifying Project Report:
[2] Seyedmahmoudian M et al. Maximum Submitted to the Faculty of the
power point tracking for photovoltaic Worcester Polytechnic Institute; 2017.
systems under partial shading conditions Availbale from: https://web.wpi.edu/Pub
using bat algorithm. Sustainability. 2018; s/Eproject/AvailableE-project-032317-
10(5):1-16. DOI: 10.3390/su10051347 080235/unrestricted

[3] Kumari JS, Babu DCS, Babu AK. [9] Khan MJ, Kumar D, Narayan Y, Malik
Design and analysis of P&O and IP&O H, García Márquez FP, Gómez Muñoz
MPPT techniques for photovoltaic CQ. A Novel Artificial Intelligence
system. International Journal of Modern Maximum Power Point Tracking
Engineering Research. 2012;2(4): Technique for Integrated PV-WT-FC
2174-2180 Frameworks. Energies. 2022;15:3352.
DOI: 10.3390/en15093352
[4] Gouda EA, Kotb MF, Elalfy DA.
Modelling and performance analysis for [10] Kalirasu A, Dash S. Simulation of
a PV system based MPPT using closed loop controlled boost converter
advanced techniques. European Journal for solar installation. Serbian Journal of
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Electrical Engineering. 2010;7(1):
Science. 2019;3(1):1-7. DOI: 10.24018/ 121-130. DOI: 10.2298/sjee1001121k
ejece.2019.3.1.47
[11] Kumaresh V, Malhotra M. Literature
review on solar MPPT systems.
[5] Jain K, Gupta M, Kumar Bohre A.
Advanced Electronic and Electrical
Implementation and comparative
Engineering. 2014;4(3):285-296.
analysis of PO and INC MPPT method
Available from: http://www.ripublica
for PV system. India International
tion.com/aeee.htm
Conference on Power Electronics. 2018;
2018:12-17. DOI: 10.1109/
[12] Saxena A. Maximum Power Point
IICPE.2018.8709519
Tracking with Artificial Neural Network,
International Journal of Electronics and
[6] Kiran Kumar BM, Indira MS, Communication Engineering &
Nagaraja Rao S. Performance analysis of Technology. 2016;7(2):47-59. Availbale
multiple gain boost converter with from: http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/
hybrid maximum power point tracker IJECET?Volume=7&Issue=2
for solar PV connected to grid. Clean
Energy. 2021;5(4):655-672. [13] Bounechba H, Nebti K, Bouzid A,
DOI: 10.1093/ce/zkab037 Benalla H. Modeling and Simulation of
Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm
[7] Faranda R, Leva S. Energy for PV systems. Research Conference
comparison of MPPT techniques for PV Paper. 2015. Availbale from: https://
Systems. WSEAS Transactions on Power www.researchgate.net/publication/
Systems. 2008;3(6):446-455. Available 282185681
20
Maximum Power Point Tracking Simulation for Photovoltaic Systems Using Perturb…
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.111632

[14] Abderrahmane E. MPPT Technique [21] Yap KY, Sarimuthu CR, Lim JMY.
Based on Neural Network for Artificial intelligence based MPPT
Photovoltaic System In Renewable techniques for solar power system: A
Energy and Energy Efficiency. Biblioteca review. Journal of Modern Power
Digital do IPB. 2021. Availbale from: Systems and Clean Energy. 2020;8(6):
https://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/bitstrea 1043-1059. DOI: 10.35833/
m/10198/24500/1/Elhor_Abderrahmane. MPCE.2020.000159
pdf
[22] Roh C. Deep-learning algorithmic-
[15] Rizzo SA, Scelba G. ANN based based improved maximum power point-
MPPT method for rapidly variable tracking algorithms using irradiance
shading conditions. Applied Energy. forecast. Processes. 2022;10(11).
2015;145:124-132. DOI: 10.1016/j. DOI: 10.3390/pr10112201
apenergy.2015.01.077
[23] Abo-khalil AG, El-sharkawy II,
[16] Di C, Magistrale L, Ingegneria N. Radwan A, Memon S. System
MPPT Algorithms Based on Artificial Performance under Partial Shading
Neural Networks for PV System Under Conditions. Influence of a Hybrid MPPT
Partial Shading Condition. 2020. Technique, SA-P&O, Energies. 2023;16:
Availbale from: https://thesis.unipd.it/b 577. DOI: 10.3390/ en16020577
itstream/20.500.12608/21143/1/Salviati_
Riccardo_1183982.pdf [24] Arner DAAW, Homas JAIT,
Hine RIS. A simple and reliable method
[17] Yaichi M, Fellah MK, Mammeri A. A for a taching radio - Transmitters to
neural network based MPPT technique Lizards. Journal of Evolutionary Biology.
controller for photovoltaic pumping 2006;1(August):129-131
system. International Journal of Power
Electronics and Drive Systems. 2014; [25] Sahu TP, Dixit TV, Kumar R.
4(2):241-255. DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds. Simulation and Analysis of Perturb and
v4i2.5875 Observe MPPT Algorithm for PV Array
Using ĊUK Converter. Advance in
[18] Baba AO, Liu G, Chen X. Electronic and Electric Engineering.
Classification and evaluation review of 2014;4(2):213-224. ISSN 2231-1297.
maximum power point tracking methods. Availbale from: http://www.ripublica
A Sustainable Future. 2020;2:100020. tion.com/aeee.htm
DOI: 10.1016/j.sftr.2020.100020
[26] Yadav D, Singh N. Simulation of PV
[19] Kamarzaman NA, Tan CW. A System with MPPT and Boost Converter.
comprehensive review of maximum Conference: National Conference on
power point tracking algorithms for Energy, Power and Intelligent Control
photovoltaic systems. Renewable and Systems. Dec 2020. Availbale from:
Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014;37: https://www.researchgate.net/publica
585-598. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.045 tion/347523004

[20] Zhou Y. Advances of machine [27] Vaikundaselvan B. Design and

learning in multi-energy district Analysis of MPPT-Based Buck-Boost
communities– mechanisms, applications Converter For Solar Photovoltaic
and perspectives. Energy AI. 2022;10 System. 2020;11(2):253-270. Article ID:
(July):100187. DOI: 10.1016/j.egyai. IJEET_11_02_031. Available online:
2022.100187 http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJEET?
21
Solar Radiation - Enabling Technologies, Recent Innovations, and Advancements for
Energy Transition

Volume=11&Issue=2 ISSN Print: 0976-

6545 and ISSN Online: 0976-6553

[28] Zhu Y, Kim MK, Wen H. Simulation

and Analysis of Perturbation and
Observation-Based Self-Adaptable Step
Size Maximum Power Point Tracking
Strategy with Low Power Loss for
Photovoltaics. Energies. 2018. DOI:
10.3390/en12010092. Availbale from:
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/
12/1/92

22