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structures and functions of the cell Nervous Tissues Specialized for the reception
for the reception and
Lesson 4: Animal and Plant Tissues conduction of impulses
Sensory Neurons Carry information obtained
Animal Tissues from the interior of the body
Epithelial Tissues consists of sheets of cells and the environment to the
that cover organisms and CNS
their organs. Motor Neurons Carry impulses form the
form glands that synthesize CNS to the effector organs
secretory products for commanded by these
discharge into their centers.
environment. Plant Tissues
Tight Junctions A cell-to-cell junction where Meristematic or Mostly located at the tips of
epithelial tissues usually Embryonic Tissues roots and shoots of plants
adhere tightly to the similar where cells actively divide
cells on either side of them
Apical Meristems Found at the tips of shoots
Classification of Epithelial 1. The number of cell and roots which increase in
Cell layers, whether simple or length
stratified; Intercalary Meristems Found at the vicinity of
2. The shape of cells on nodes which occurs at
free surface, whether intervals along stems
squamous, cuboidal, or Lateral Meristems Increase the girth or
columnar; and diameter of plants
3. The surface Non-Meristematic or Tissues formerly derived
specialization, whether cilia, Permanent Tissues from meristems but have
keratin, goblet cell or brush already assumed various
border. shapes and sizes related to
Simple Epithelium Made up of only one layer of their specific functions as
cells they develop and mature
Stratified Epithelium Made up of more than one Surface Tissues Serve as the outermost
layer of cells covering in plants
Connective Tissues Connect and bind parts Epidermis Outermost layer of cells of
together all young plant organs
Collagenous Connective Predominantly made up of Periderm Functions for added
Tissues type I collagen protection and usually found
Reticular Connective Primarily formed by type III in mature plant
Tissue collagen, a protein found in Fundamental Tissues Designed to give support
bines and cartilage and strength to the plant
Elastic Connective Tissue Primarily formed by type II Parenchyma The most abundant of all the
collagen, a component of cell types and found in
joint cartilage, contains almost all major parts of
retractile fibers with elastin higher plants
Muscular Tissues Shaped the body form Collenchyma Composed of uneven thick-
Skeletal Muscles Made up of very long walled cells
cylindrical, multi-nucleated Sclerenchyma Characterized by cells with
cells capable of quick and thick and tough cell walls.
forceful contractions that are Vascular Tissues Involved in the transport of
usually voluntary substances in the body of
Cardiac Muscles They are capable of the plant
involuntary, vigorous, and Xylem Functions for conducting
rhythmic contractions water and minerals in the
Smooth Muscles Collection of cells that do plant
not show cross-striations.
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Phloem Functions for translocating Nuclear Division The genetic material in the
food materials to all the nucleus is divided
growing parts of the plant Mitosis The nucleus is divided so
and the roots that both daughter cells are
Cellular Reproduction genetically identical
Meiosis Reduction division,
Lesson 1: The Cell Cycle producing daughter cells
that contain half the genetic
Cell Cycle Refers to the cell information of the parent cell
reproduction by a cycle of 4 Phases of Mitosis
growing and dividing
Prophase Chromatic condenses into
Interphase This is the longest phase of more discrete chromosomes
the cell cycle where cell The nuclear envelope starts
prepares for the coming cell
to disintegrate and spindles
division.
form at opposite “poles” of
Mitosis Division of the nucleus the cell
Cyclin Family of proteins that Metaphase The spindle fibers are fully
regulates the cell cycle developed and the
Internal Regulators Proteins found inside the chromosomes align at the
cell equatorial plate
External Regulators Proteins that respond to Anaphase A stage characterized by the
events outside the cell separation of the
Cardiovascular Diseases Group of diseases chromosomes
associated with the cell Telophase The complete set of
cycle mechanism. chromosomes during this
Metastasis The process by which stage is cordoned off into
cancer cells spread from new distinct nuclei of the
where they originated daughter cells
The cell finally divides into
two new cells
Lesson 2: Stages of the Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis It occurs when the
Interphase This is the longest phase cytoplasm form the original
of the cell cycle where cell cell divides and forms two
prepares for the coming new cells
cell division. Cleavage Furrow In animal cells, it is formed
Gap 1 (G1) Stage First stage of interphase that by the cell membrane that is
comes before the synthesis pulled inward by a tiny
of DNA filament resulting in two new
In this stage, the cell daughter cells
increases in mass and/or Cell Plate Forms between the two
size and organelles increase nuclei
in number in preparation for Meiosis
cell division Prophase I the nuclear envelopeand the
Synthesis (S) Stage Very crucial part of nucleolus start to disappear
interphase Dyad Each chromosome is
This stage begins with the composed of two sister
replication of cellular DNA chromatids held together by
Gap 2 (G2) Stage Comes after DNA synthesis a centromere
During this stage, proteins Tetrad A paired homologous
necessary for cell division chromosome is composed
such as kinase and histones of four sister chromatids
to be synthesized that will Chiasma Crossing over takes place
comprise the spindle fibers. between two non-sister
Cell Division chromatids
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Metaphase I The paired homologous Gametogenesis The process where diploid
chromosomes are moved by cells undergo cell division
the spindle fibers to the and differentiation through
equator of the cell meiosis to form mature
Anaphase I Homologous pairs of haploid gametes or sex
chromosomes separate and cells.
migrate toward their Spermatogenesis Process of sperm formation
respective poles Oogenesis Process of egg formation
Telophase I The two daughter cells are Oogonia Primordial cells inside the
completely divided ovaries
Interkinesis I Short pause between
meiosis I and meiosis II
Meiosis II
Prophase II The nuclear envelope and
nucleoli disappear, and the
chromatids start to thicken
and shorten
Metaphase II Characterized by the
movement of chromosomes
to the cell equator
Anaphase II Centromeres joining the
chromatids divide, allowing
microtubules attached to the
kinetochores to pull the
sister chromatids apart
Telophase II As the spindle fibers
dissolve, a nuclear
membrane forms around the
chromosomes of each
daughter cell
A total of four (4) new cells
with haploid chromosomes
are produced
Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Produces genetically Produces genetically
identical cells unique cells
Results in Diploid Results in Haploid
chromosome number chromosome number
Results in Diploid cells Results in Haploid cells
Produces two new cells Produces four new cells
Takes place throughout Takes place ONLY during
the organisms’ life time the reproductive years of
the organism
Involved in asexual Involved in sexual
reproduction reproduction
Both are forms of nuclear division
Both involve replication
Both involve disappearance of the nucleus, and
nucleolus, nuclear membrane
Both involve formation of spindle fibers
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