DEPARTMENT 0} COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, IGI IPUR (C.G.) No./$.S./2018-19/ Raipur Dated: = / 2019 Semester wise course distribution M.Se.(Ag,) First Semester Course No. Course Name Credit |” Major/Minor/ a Supporting/Optional__ SOILS ~ 502_| SOIL FERTILITY AND FERTILIZER USE 4G+1)_| Major ot SOILS ~ 503 | SOM. CHEMISTRY 341) | Major SOILS — 506__| SOIL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY [324 | Major | SOIS-311 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AND 2(0#2) | Major INSTRUMENTAL fe METHODS IN SOIL AND PLANT ANALYSIS eieneesl SOILS-505_ | SOII. FRROSION AND CONSERVATION 3@+1) | Minor M.Sc.(Ag.) Second Semester ‘Course No. ‘Course Name Credit | Major/Minor/ ‘Supporting/Optional _SOILS~501 | SOIL PHYSICS (2+1) | Major SOILS~304 | SOIL MINERALOGY, GENESIS 3241) | Major CLASSIFICATION AND SURVEY. ee zt SOILS —S13 | MANAGEMENT OF PROBLEMATIC 3@+1) | Major ___| SOILS AND WA’ Bee | SOILS-591 | MASTER'S SEMINAR 1@H) | Major PGS-504 | BASIC CONCEPTS INLABORATORY | 1(0+1) | Optional TECHNIQUES _ eee M.Se.(Ag,) Third Semester SOILS-599 |20(0+0) | Major MSe(Ag,) ForthSemester “Master's Research 20(0+20) | ~SOILS-599SOILS-501 SOIL PHYSICS (241) Objective Zo impart basic knowledge about soil physical properties and processes in relation to plant growth, ScctionA Scope of soil physics and its relation with other branches of soil science; sol as a three phase Sastem, Soil texture, textural classes, mechanical analysis, specific surface, Soil consistence: dispersion and workability of soils; soil compaction and consolidation; sol strength, swelling and shrinkage - basie concepts. Soil structure - genesis, types, characterization and management Soil structure; soil aggregation, aggregate stability; soil tlth, characteristics of good soil tlth sell crusting = mechanism, factors affecting and evaluation; soil conditioners; puddling, its effect on soil physical properties; clod Formation, Section Soil water: content and potential, soil water retention, soil-water constants, measurement of soil water content, energy state of soil water, soil water potential, soil-moisture characteristic curves hysteresis, measurement of soil-moisture potential. SectionC Water flow in saturated and unsaturated soils, Poiseuille's law, Darcy's law; hydraulic conductivity, permeability and fuidity, hydraulic diffusivity; measurement of hydraulic conductivity in saturated and unsaturated soils, infiltration; internal drainage and redistibution, evaporation; hydrologic cycle, field water balance; soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, SectionD Composition of soil air; renewal of soil air - convective flow and diffusion; measurement of soil aeration; aeration requirement for plant growth; soil air management,Modes of energy transfer in soils; energy balance; thermal properties of soil; measurement of soil temperature; soil temperature in relation to plant growth; soil temperature management, Practical Mechanical analysis by pipette and international methods Measurement of Atterberg limits Aggregate analysis - dry and wet Measurement of soil-water content by different methods ~ Measurement of soil-weter potential by using tensiometer and gypsum blocks, Determination of soil-moisture characteristics curve and computation of pore-size distribution . Determination of hydraulic conductivity under saturated and unsaturated conditions . Determination of infiltration rate of soil Determination of aeration porosity and oxygen diffusion rate Soil temperature measurements by different methods Estimation of water balance components in bare and cropped fields Suggested Readings Bayer LD, Gardner WTT & Gardner WR. 1972. Soil Physics. John Wiley & Sons Ghildyal BP & Tripathi RP. 2001. Soil Physics. New Age International. Hanks JR & Asheroft GL. 1980. Applied Soil Physics. Springer VerlagSOILS 502 SOIL FERTILITY AND FERTILIZER USE, 341 Objective To impart knowledge about soil fertility and its control, and to understand the role of fertilizers and manures in supplying nutrients to plants so as to achieve high fertilizer use efficiency. Theory UNIT Soil fertility and soil productivity; nutrient sources - fertilizers and manures; essential plant nutrients - functions and deficiency symptoms. Soil and fertilizer nitrogen - sources, forms, immobilization and mineralization, nitrification, denitrification; biological nitrogen fixation - {ypes, mechanism, microorganisms and factors affecting; nitrogenous fertilizers and their fate in soils; management of fertilizer nitrogen in lowland and upland conditions for high fertilizer use efficieney. UNIT IL Soil and fertilizer phosphorus - forms, immobilization, mineralization, reactions in acid and alkali soils; factors affecting phosphorus availability in soils; phosphatic fertilizers - behavior in soils and management under field conditions. Potassium - forms, equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance; mechanism of potassium fixation; management of potassium fertilizers under field conditions. UNIT IIL Sulphur - source, forms, fertilizers and their behavior in soils; calcium and magnesium. factors affecting their availability in soils; management of sulphur, calcium and magnesium fertilizers. Micronutrients - critical limits in soils and plants; factors affecting their availability and correction of their deficiencies in plants; role of chelates in nutrient availability. Common soil test methods for fertilizer recommendations; quantity intensity relationships UNIT IV Soil test crop response correlations and response functions. Fertilizer use efficiency; blanket fertilizer recommendations — usefulness and limitations; site-specific nutrient management; plant need based nutrient management; integrated nutrient management. Soil fertility evaluation - biological methods, soil, plant and tissue tests; soil quality in relation to sustainable agriculture,SOILS 503 SOIL CHEMISTRY 241 Objective To introduce the classical concepts of soil chemistry and to familiarize students with modem developments in chemistry of soils in relation to using soils as a medium for plant growth. SECTIONA Chemical (clemental) composition of the earth's crust and soils. Elements of equilibrium thermodynamics, chemical equilibria, electrochemistry and chemical kinetics, Soil colloids: inorganic and organic colloids - origin of charge, concept of point of zero-charge (PZC) and its dependence on variable-charge soil components, surface charge characteristics of soils; diffuse double layer theories of soil colloids, zeta potential, stability, coagulation/flocculation and peptization of soil colloids; electrometric properties of soil colloids SECTIONB Sorption properties of soil colloids; Ion exchange processes in soil; cation exchange- theories based on law of mass action (Kert-Vanselow, Gapon equations, hysteresis, Jenny's concept, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics), adsorVion isotherms, donnan-membrane equilibrium concept, clay-membrane electrodes and ionic activity measurement, soil organic matter - fractionation of soil organic matter and different fractions, clay-organic interactions; SECTIONC Anion and ligand exchange — innersphere and outer-sphere surface complex formation, fixation of oxyanions, hysteresis in sorption-desorption of oxy-anions and anions, shift of PZC on ligand exchange AEC, CEC; experimental methods to study ion exchange phenomena and practical implications in plant nutrition. Potassium, phosphate and ammonium fixation in soils covering specific and non-specific sorption; precipitation-dissolution equilibria; step and constant-rate K; management aspects. SECTIOND Chemistry of acid soils; active and potential acidity; lime potgntial, chemistry of acid soils; sub- soil acidity. Chemistry of salt-affected soils and amendments; soil pH, ECe, ESP, SAR and important relations; soil management and amendments. Chemistry and electrochemistry of submerged soils. Practical Determination of CEC and AEC of soils Analysis of equilibrium soil solution for pH, EC, Eh by the use of E h-pH Li meter and conductivity meter 0 Determination of point of zero-charge and associated surface charge 0 characteristics by the serial potentiometric titration method 0 Potentiometric and conductometric titration of soil humic and fulvie acids 0 (EA/E 6) ratio of soil humic and fulvie acids by visible spectrophotometric 0 studies and the O (E 4/E 6) values at two pH values 0 PG Syllabus, Department of Soil Science & Agril. Chemistry, UBKV 5 Adsorption-desorption of phosphate/sulphate by soil using simple 0 adsorption isotherm 0 Construction of adsorption envelope of soils by using O phosphate/fuoride/sulphate and ascertaining the mechanism of the ligand LiSOILS 504 SOIL MINERALOGY, GENESIS, CLASSIFICATION 241 AND SURVEY Objective To acquaint students with basic structure of alumino-s licate minerals and genesis of clay minerals; soil genesis in terms of factors and processes of soil formation, and to enable students conduct soil survey and interpret soil survey reports in terms of land use planning. Theory UNIT I Fundamentals of crystallography, space lattice, coordination theory, isomorphism and polymorphism. Classification, structure, chemical composition and properties of clay minerals; genesis and transformation of crystalline and non-crystalline clay minerals; identification techniques; amorphous soil constituents and other non-crystalline silicate minerals and their identification; clay minerals in Indian soils. UNIT II Factors of soil formation, soil formation models; soil forming processes; weathering of rocks and mineral transformations; soil profile; weathering sequences of minerals with special reference to Indian soils, Concept of soil individual; soil classification systems — historical developments and modem systems of soil classification with special emphasis on soil taxonomy; soil classification, soil mineralogy and soil maps — usefulness. 88 UNIT UL Soil survey and its types; soil survey techniques - conventional and modern; soil series — characterization and procedure for establishing soil series; benchmark soils and soil correlations; soil survey interpretations; soil mapping, thematic soil maps, cartography, mapping units, techniques for generation of soil maps. UNIT IV Landform — soil relationship: major soil groups of India with special reference to respective states; land capability classification and land irrigability classification; land evaluation and land use type (LUT) — concept and application; approaches for managing soils and landscapes in the framework of agro-ecosystem, Practical Identification and quantification of minerals in soil fractions Morphological properties of soil profile in different landforms Classification of soils using soil taxonomy Calculation of weathering indices and its application in soil formation Grouping soils using available data base in terms of soil quality Aerial photo and satellite data interpretation for soil and land use Cartographic techniques for preparation of base maps and thematic maps, Processing of field sheets, compilation and obstruction of maps in different scales Land use planning exercises using conventional and RS toolsSOILS 505 SOIL EROSION AND CONSERVATION 3(2+1) Objective To enable students to understand various types of soil erosion and measures to be taken for controlling soil erosion to conserve soil and water. Theory Section 1 History, distribution, identification and description of soil erosion problems in India. Soil conservation planning; land capability classification; soil conservation in special problem arcas such as hilly, arid and semi-arid regions, waterlogged and wet lands, Section 2 Forms of soil erosion; effects of soil erosion and factors affecting soil erosion; types and mechanisms of water erosion; raindrops and soil erosion; rainfall crosivity - estimation as E130. index and kinetic energy; factors affecting water erosion; empirical and quantitative estimation of water erosion; methods of measurement and prediction of runoff; soil losses in relation to soil properties and precipitation. Section 3 Wind erosion- types, mechanism and factors affecting wind erosion; extent of problem in the country. Principles of erosion control; erosion control measures — agronomical and engineering; erosion control structures - their design and layout. Section 4 Watershed management - concept, objectives and approach; water harvesting and recycling; flood control in watershed management; socioeconomic aspects of watershed management; case studies in respect to monitoring and evaluation of watersheds; use of remote sensing in assessment and planning of watersheds. Practical Determination of different soil erodibility indices - suspension percentage, dispersion ratio, erosion ratio, clay ratio, clay/moisture equivalent ratio, percolation ratio, raindrop erodibility index Computation of kinetic energy of falling rain drops Computation of rainfall erosivity index (E130) using rain gauge data Visits to a watersheds Suggested Readings Biswas TD & Narayanasamy G. (Eds.) 1996. Soil Management in Relation to Land Degradation and Environment, Bull. Indian Society of Soil Science No. 17. Doran JW & Jones AJ. 1996, Methods of Assessing Soil Quality. Soil Science Society of America, Spl Publ. No. 49, Madison, USA, Gurmal Singh, Venkataramanan C, Sastry G & Joshi BP, 1990. Manual of Soil and Water Conservation Practices. Oxford & IB. Hudson N. 1995. Soil Conservation. Iowa State Univ. Press. Indian Society of Soil Science 2002. Fundamentals of Soil Science, ISSS, New Delhi, Oswal MC. 1994. Soil Physies. Oxford & IBH.SOILS 506 SOIL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 241 Ob jective To teach students the basics of soil biology and biochemistry, including biogeochemical cycles, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, microbial interactions in soil and other soil activities. iteory Section A Soil biota, soil microbial ecology, types of organisms in different soils; soil microbial biomass; microbial interactions; un-culturable soil biota. Microbiology and biochemistry of root-soil interface; phyllosphere; soil enzymes, origin, activities and importance; soil characteristics influencing growth and activity of microflora, Section B obial transformations of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, iron and manganese in soil; biochemical composition and biodegradation of soil organic matter and crop residues, humus formation; cycles of important organic nutrients. Section C }Siodegradation of pesticides, organic wastes and their use for production of biogas and manures; biotic factors in soil development; microbial toxins in the soil. Section D Preparation and preservation of farmyard manure, animal manures, rural and urban composts and ermicompost, Biofertilizers -- definition, classification, specifications, method of production and role in crop production,Soils 507 (Geomorphology and Geochemistry ) Objective To impart knowledge about the landforms, physiography and morphology of the carth surface and the distribution and weathering elements in the earth crust Unit I General introduction to geology and geochemistry, major and minor morphogenic and genetic landforms. Unit I Study of schematic landforms and their elements with special reference to India. Unit M1 Methodology of geomorphology, its agencies, erosion and weathering; soil and physiography relationships; crosion surface of landscape Unit IV Geochemical classification of elements;geo-chemical aspects of weathering and migration of elements; geochemistry of major and micronutrients and trace elementsSOILS 509 SOLL, WATER AND AIR POLLUTION (2+1) Objective To make the students aware of the problems of soil, water and air pollution associated with use of soils for crop production. Section A Soil, water and air pollution problems associated with agriculture, nature and extent. Nature and sources of pollutants — agricultural, industrial, urban wastes, fertilizers and pesticides, acid rains, oil spills ete.; air, water and soil pollutants - their CPC standards and effect on plants, animals and human beings. SectionB Sewage and industrial effluents — their composition and effect on soil properties/health, and plant growth and human beings; soil as sink for waste disposal, Pesticides — their classification, behavior in soil and effect on soil microorganisms. SectionC Toxic elements — their sources, behavior in soils, effect on nutrients availability, effect on plant and human health, Pollution of water resources due to leaching of nutrients and pesticides from Soil; emission of greenhouse gases — carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. SectionD Remediation/amelioration of contaminated soil and water; remote sensing applications in ‘monitoring and management of soil and water pollution. Practical Sampling of sewage waters, sewage sludge, solid/liquid industrial wastes, polluted soils and plants Estimation of dissolved and suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological demand (BOD), nitrate and ammoniacal nitrogen and phosphorus, heavy metal content in effluents Heavy metals in contaminated soils and plants Management of contaminants in soil and plants to safeguard food safety Air sampling and determination of particulate matter and oxides of sulphur Visit to various industrial sites to study the impact of pollutants on soil and Plants Suggested Readings Lal R, Kimble J, Levine E & Stewart BA. 1995. Soil Management and Greenhouse Effect. CRC Press. Middlebrooks EJ. 1979. Industrial Pollution Control. Vol. 1. Agro- Industries. John Wiley Interseience. Ross SM. Toxic Metals in Soil Plant Systems. John Wiley & Sons. Vesilund PA & Pierce 1983. Environmental Pollution and Control, Ann Arbor Science Pub!Modified SOILS 513 MANAGEMENT OF PROBLEM SOILS AND WATERS 241 | Objective To educate students about basic concepts of problem soils and brackish water, and their management. Attention will be on management of problem soils and safe use of brackish water in relation to crop production. Theory UNIT! ‘Area and distribution of problem soils — acidic, saline, sodic and physically degraded soils; origin and basic concept of problematic soils, and factors responsible. UNIT II Morphological features of saline, sodic and saline-sodic soils; characterization of salt-affected soils - soluble salts, ESP, pH; physical, chemical and microbiological properties, Management of salt-affected soils; salt tolerance of crops - mechanism and ratings; monitoring of soil salinity in the field; management principles for sandy, clayey, red lateritic and dry land soils. UNIT IIT Acid soils - nature of soil acidity, sources of soil acidity; effect on plant growth, lime requirement of acid soils; management of acid soils; biological sickness of soils and its management, UNITIV Quality of irrigation water; management of brackish water for irrigation; salt balance under inrigation; characterization of brackish waters, area and extent; relationship in water use and quality. Agronomic practices in relation to problematic soils; cropping pattern for utilizing poor quality ground waters. Practical Characterization of acid, acid sulfate, salt-affected and calcareous soils Determination of cations (Nat, K+, Ca++ and Mg?) in ground water and soil samples Determination of anions (Cl-, $04 --, CO3 -- and HCO3 -) in ground waters and soil samples Lime and gypsum requirements of acid and sodic soils Suggested Readings Bear FE. 1964. Chemistry of the Soil. Oxford & IBH. Jurinak JJ. 1978, Salt-afjected Soils. Department of Soil Science & Biometeorology. Utah State Univ. USDA Handbook No. 60. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Oxford &IBH.