ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-AC| TRANSES BATCH 22-26
TOPIC SIX TO ELEVEN
OUTLINE RESORPTION Breakdown of bone
extracellular matrix.
I. SKELETAL SYSTEM Maintenance, normal
A. Functions of Skeletal System development, and repair of
B. Structure of Bone bone.
C. Histology of Bone Tissue COMPACT
II. MUSCULAR SYSTEM BONE TISSUE Containing few spaces and the
III. NERVOUS SYSTEM strongest form of bone tissue.
IV. GENERAL AND SPECIAL SENSES
V. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Provides protection, support,
VI. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and resists the stresses
produced by weight and
LEGEND movement.
OSTEONS
GUIDES HEADING 5 Repeating structural units
MAIN TOPIC HEADING 4 (harversian systems).
TERM HEADING 3 OSTEONIC
SUBTOPICS HEADING 2 CANAL Harversian or central.
SUB SUBTOPICS HEADING 1
MISCELLANEOUS TABLE CONCENTRIC
NOTES TABLE LAMELLAE The growth ring of a tree.
LACUNAE
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS Small spaces between
BONE Organ made up of several concentric lamellae that
different tissues working contains osteocytes.
together. CANALICULI
Radiating in all directions from
SKELETAL The study of bone structure the lacunae that are filled with
SYSTEM and treatment of bone extracellular fluid.
disorders is referred to as HYDROXY-
“OSTEOLOGY”. APATITE To form crystals.
RED BONE A connective tissue. CALCIFI-
MARROW CATION Is initiated by bone-building
cells called osteoblasts.
HEMOPOIESIS Process where it produces red INTERSTITIAL
blood cells, white blood cells, LAMELLAE Areas between neighboring
and platelets. osteons.
INTEROS-
EPIPHYSEAL A layer of hyaline cartilage that TEONIC (Volkmann’s or perforating)
allows the diaphysis of the CANALS
bone to grow in length.
CIRCUMFE-
EPIHYSEAL Cartilage in the epiphyseal RENTIAL Arranged around the entire
LINE plate is replaced by LAMELLAE outer and inner circumference
bone; the resulting bony of the shaft of a long bone.
structure. EXTERNAL
CIRCUMFE- Directly deep to the
BONE RENTIAL periosteum.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-AC| TRANSES BATCH 22-26
LAMELLAE IV. MINERAL
HOMEOSTASIS (refer to definition)
INTERNAL
CIRCUMFE- Line the medullary cavity. V. BLOOD CELL
RENTIAL PRODUCTION
LAMELLAE
VI. TRIGLYCERIDE (Yellow bone marrow)
SPONGY BONE STORAGE consists mainly of
TISSUE Trabecular or cancellous bone adipose tissues,
tissue. Does not contain stores triglyceride.
osteons.
PERIOSTEAL B. STRUCTURE OF BONE
ARTERIES Small arteries accompanied by 1. DIAPHYSIS “Growing between”
nerves and supply the Bone’s shaft.
periosteum and outer part of 2. EPIPHYSES “Growing over”
the compact bone. Proximal and distal
EPIPHYSEAL ends of the bone.
PLATE A layer of hyaline cartilage in
the metaphysis of a growing 3. METAPHYSES Regions between
bone that consists of four diaphysis and the
zones. epiphyses.
BONE
RESORPTION The removal of minerals and 4. ARTICULAR a thin layer of hyaline
collagen fibers from bone by CARTILAGE cartilage covering the
osteoclasts. part of the epiphysis
BONE where the bone forms
DEPOSITION Addition of minerals and an articulation (joint)
collagen fibers to bone by with another bone.
osteoblasts.
SEX
HORMONES Include estrogen (ovaries), 5. PERIOSTEUM a tough connective
testosterone (testes) tissue sheath and its
associated blood
supply that surrounds
A. THE SKELETAL SYSTEM PERFORM the bone surface
SEVERAL BASIC FUNCTIONS: wherever it is not
I. SUPPORT Serves as the covered by articular
structural framework cartilage.
by supporting soft
tissues and providing 6. MEDULLARY Or marrow cavity, is a
attachment points for CAVITY hollow, cylindrical
the tendons of most space within the
skeletal muscles. diaphysis that contains
fatty yellow bone
Protects the most marrow and numerous
important internal blood vessels in adults.
II. PROTECTION organs from injury.
7. ENDOSTEUM Is a thin membrane
Contraction and that lines the medullary
movements of the cavity.
III. ASSISTANCE IN bone.
MOVEMENT Storage and releases
minerals to the bones.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-AC| TRANSES BATCH 22-26
C. HISTOLOGY OF BONE TISSUE
1. OSTEOPROGENITOR CELLS
- Unspecialized bone stem cells
derived from mesenchyme, the
tissue from which all connective
tissues are formed.
2. OSTEOBLASTS
- Bone-building cells.
3. OSTEOCYTES
- Mature bone cells, main cells in
bone tissue and maintain its
daily metabolism.
4. OSTEOCLASTS
- Huge cells derived from the
fusion of as many as 50
monocytes and are concentrated
in the endosteum.
BLOOD AND NERVE SUPPLY OF BONE
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-AC| TRANSES BATCH 22-26
HISTOLOGY OF A COMPACT AND SPONGY BONE
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-AC| TRANSES BATCH 22-26
the epiphyses of a long bone and supply the red
bone marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses.
BONE FORMATION
Continuation of Blood and Nerve
Supply of Bone 1. OSSIFICATION
- Process by which bone forms or
Osteogenesis.
The metaphyseal arteries enter the metaphyses
of a long bone and, together with the nutrient 4 PRINCIPAL SITUATIONS OF BONE FORMATION
artery, supply the red bone marrow and bone tissue
I. INITIAL FORMATION OF BONES
of the metaphyses. The epiphyseal arteries enter
(EMBRYO AND FETUS)
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-AC| TRANSES BATCH 22-26
II. INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND 5) Development of Secondary
ADOLESCENCE Ossification Centers
III. REMODELING OF BONE - These occur in the epiphyses of
IV. REPAIR OF FRACTURES the bone.
6) Formation of Articular Cartilage and
TWO PATTERNS OF BONE FORMATION
Epiphyseal Plate
I. INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION - Both structures consist of hyaline
- Bone forms directly within cartilage
mesenchyme, arranged in
BONE GROWTH DURING INFANCY, CHILDHOOD,
sheetlike layers that resemble
AND ADOLESCENCE
membranes.
o Lower jawbone and collar GROWTH IN LENGTH
bone.
1) Zone of Resting Cartilage
1) Development of the ossification
- Cells do not function in bone
center.
growth.
- bone will develop.
2) Zone of Proliferating Cartilage
- Secrete the organic extracellular
- Chondrocytes in this zone divide
matrix of bone.
to replace those that die at the
2) Calcification
diaphyseal side of epiphyseal
- Secretion of extracellular matrix
plate.
stops, and the cells “osteocytes”
3) Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage
- Extracellular matrix hardens or
- Consists of large, maturing
calcifies.
chondrocytes arranged in
3) Formation of trabeculae
columns
- Develops into trabeculae.
4) Zone of Calcified Cartilage
4) Development of the periosteum
- Becomes the “new diaphysis”
- The bone is transformed into its
that is firmly cemented to the
adult size and shape.
rest of the diaphysis of the bone.
II. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
GROWTH IN THICKNESS
- Bone forms within hyaline
cartilage that develops from 1) Ridges in periosteum create groove for
mesenchyme. periosteal blood vessel.
1) Development of the Cartilage Model 2) Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an
- Bone is going to form. endosteum-lied tunnel.
- Mesenchymal cells develop into 3) Osteoblasts in endosteum build new
chondroblasts, which form the concentric lamellae inward toward center of
cartilage model. tunnel, forming a new osteon.
2) Growth of Cartilage Model 4) Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in
- Growth occurs by cell division of periosteum build new circumferential
chondrocytes. lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new
3) Development of Primary Ossification periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels.
Center
- Bone tissue has replaced most REMODELING OF BONE
of the cartilage. Ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new
4) Development of the Medullary Cavity bone tissue.
- Bone breakdown by osteoclasts
forms the medullary cavity.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
BSN 1-AC| TRANSES BATCH 22-26
FACTORS AFFECTING BONE GROWTH AND
BONE REMODELING
1. Minerals
- Calcium and phosphorus are
needed while bone is growing.
Necessary during bone
remodeling.
2. Vitamins
- A stimulates activity of
osteoblasts. C synthesis of
collagen, main bone protein. D
helps build bone by increasing
the absorption of calcium. K and
B12 synthesis of bone proteins.
3. Hormones
- Most important to bone growth
are the insulin-like growth
factors.
