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Module 5
Overview

 The objective of this module is to explain the dynamics of 21st Century

global governance and the complexity of global interstate system.

 A concept of social innovation fundamentals is integrated into this module.

Social innovation is the process of developing and deploying effective
solutions to challenging and often systemic social and environmental
issues in support of social progress (Soule, Malhotra & Clavier, 2017). A
learning practice about global issues and sustainability are incorporated to
the discussion on global interstate system and global political system.

 Essential skills, the skills that people need for learning, work, and life, are
embedded in this lesson. Reflecting on global issues on possible solutions
to real problems; socializing while understanding the diversity present in
the society; and constructing and reconstructing social issues in traditional
and new media can be found in several topics and lessons.

Global Governance in the 21st Century

 Global governance encompasses activity at the international, transnational,
and regional levels, and refers to activities in the public and private sectors
that transcend national boundaries.

 Global governance is not a singular system. There is no "world

government" but the many different regimes of global governance do have
commonalities: While the contemporary system of global political relations
is not integrated, the relation between the various regimes of global
governance is not insignificant, and the system does have a common
dominant organizational form. The dominant mode of organization today is
bureaucratic rational—regularized, codified and rational. It is common to
all modern regimes of political power and frames the transition from
classical sovereignty to what David Held describes as the second regime
of sovereignty—liberal international sovereignty (James, 2014).

 Globalization of politics created an atmosphere where the ideas nation-

state, state sovereignty, government control, and state policies are
challenged from all sides.

 With globalization, some scholars suggest a decrease in the power of the

state and that other actors are actually becoming more powerful. These
actors include multinational corporations and global civil society
organizations, like the Red Cross.

 There many challenges in keeping the idea of nation-state in the

contemporary world. One of them is the idea of national autonomy comes
from the non-state actors. One of the these is the private capital groups,
 including banks and group of people, with money that can determine
the well-being of people in a particular area.
 Multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations,
such as Amnesty International, are significant organizations that put
into question the strength of national autonomy and global politics.
The emergence of non-state organizations like Al-Qaeda, ISIS, and
terrorist organizations, which seek power try to depose a government and
replace system with their own ideological belief.

 There are specific factors behind the emergence of global

governance:
1. The declining power of nation-states.
2. The vast flows of all sorts of things that run and often right through
the borders of nation-states. This could involve the flow of digital
information of sorts through the internet.
3. Mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into
various nation-states. If states are unable to control this flow, then
there is a need for some sort of global governance to help deal with
the problem.
4. The horrendous events within nation-states that the states
themselves either foment and carry out, or are unable to control.
5. Global financial crises and panic that sweep the world
periodically, which nations are often unable to deal with on their
own.

Non Governmental Organizations

 Organizations which are independent of government involvement are
known as non-governmental organizations or NGOs or non-government
organizations. NGOs are a subgroup of organizations founded by citizens,
which include clubs and associations which provide services to its
members and others. They are usually nonprofit organizations. Many
NGOs are active in humanitarianism or the social sciences. Surveys
indicate that NGOs have a high degree of public trust, which can make
them a useful proxy for the concerns of society and stakeholders.

Effects of Globalization to Governments

 There are many effects of globalization to different governments around
the world because of different pressures coming from different economic
blocs and the emergence of global corporations that affects decision and
policy-making.

 There have been several challenges to the government and ultimately, to

state autonomy:
1. Traditional challenges
2. Challenges from national or identity movements
3. Global economics
4. Global social movements
 Traditional Challenges
External intervention like invasion by other countries could be a
challenge to a sovereign state.
Example is the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq (Saddam Hussein) in
1990. It was dislodged by an international coalition led by the
U.S. It could also be be internal political challenges like the
Arab Spring in Egypt.

 Challenges from National/ Identity Movements

Nation has cultural identity that people attached to, while a state is a
definite entity due to its specific boundaries. However, different people with
different identities can live in different boundaries.
For example, the Kurds reside in several different countries including
Iraq, Iran and Turkey. The Catalans live primarily in Spain but we can also
find some of them in France.
Scottish nationalism is another example that challenges the traditional
notions of state sovereignty. In 2014, Great Britain had a vote in Scotland
to decide whether Scotland was going to become its own autonomous
state apart from Great Britain. They voted against it but Scotland has a
significant degree of autonomy now as compared to more than two
decades years ago. Global movements, such as the Al-Qaeda, and ISIS,
are another example of national or identity movements. In this case, they
are structured around the fundamentalist version of Islam.

 Global Economy
Global economy demands the states to conform to the rules of free-
market capitalism. Government austerity comes from the developments of
organizations that cooperate across countries, such as WTO and regional
agreements, such as NAFTA, the European Union (EU), and the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Neoliberalism
economics or neoliberal capitalism started in the 1980s. It focuses on free
trade and dismantling trade barriers.
It made sure that governments did not impose restrictive regulations
on corporate presence, as well as on the free flow of capital and jobs. Free
trade was seen as the ideal or the normative belief, that is, the best
economy is one where there is free trade everywhere. Laws and standards
that would interfere with the flow of capital in a particular country, including
environmental regulations, were deemed to discourage economic growth.
Neoliberalism economies requires a state to cooperate in the global
market through free flow of capital, the privatization of services, and fiscal
austerity or constraint. In turn, the government’s role is diminished as it
relates to the market. Neoliberal economics is seen as a threat, in general,
because a state cannot protect its own economic interest as a sovereign
state.
 Global Social Movements
Social movements are movements of people that are spontaneous or
that emerge through enormous grassroots organization. These social
movements are transnational movements which means they occur across
countries and across borders. Therefore, states have less control over
them. Example, human rights movements create a public sentiment, value,
and agenda. The idea is that there are certain rights that states cannot
neglect or generally, what we call human rights.

Global Social Movements

 Global social movements (GSMs) are networks of organizations and
individuals collaborating across borders and outside of national identities
to advance thematically similar agendas throughout the world. This video
explains the different types of social movements.

The Relevance of the State amid Globalization

 The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as
the chief factor in global interdependence. While the domestic role of the
nation-state remains largely unchanged, states that were previously
isolated are now forced to engage with one another to set international
commerce policies.

 In our ever modernizing planet, globalization is compressing the world

through changes in the ‘spatial organisation of social relations and
transactions creating transcontinental and interregional flows and
networks’ (Held et al 1999: 16). Hyperglobalists believe that globalization
has made the state superfluous (Heywood, 2007: 103) while others believe
it is ‘globaloney’ and has had no effect on the state’s role whatsoever
(Brown & Ainley, 2009: 177): the most likely option is between the two, that
globalization has changed the role of the state to some extent.

 The state is a distinctive political community with its own set of rules and
practices and that is more or less separate from other communities. The
state is distinct from the concept of a nation.

 A variety of arguments are made including that nation-states continue to

be the major players on the global stage, that they “retain at least some
power in the face of globalization” and the rumors of the demise of
nation-state are greatly exaggerated.

 Beland (2008) argued that “the role of the state is enduring – and even
increasing – in advanced industrial societies”. He saw greater demands
being placed on the state because of four major sources of collective
insecurity: terrorism; economic globalization, leading to problems such as
outsourcing and pressures towards downsizing, as well the current
economic crisis; threats to national identity due to immigration; and the
spread of global diseases such as AIDS.
 Further, the state does not only respond to these threats, but may also
exaggerate or create dangers, thereby making its citizens more insecure
(Glassner, 2000).
 The other side of this argument in support of the nation-state is
that global processes of various kinds are not as powerful as
many believe.

 For example, global business pales in comparison to business

within many countries. It would be a mistake simply to see
globalization as a threat to, a constraint on, the nation-state; it
can also be an opportunity for the nation-state (Conley, 2002).

Module 6
Overview
 The objective of this module is to discuss the institutions that govern
international relations, the effects of globalism and the nature of global
citizenship.

 A concept of social innovation fundamentals is integrated into this module.

Social innovation is the process of developing and deploying effective
solutions to challenging and often systemic social and environmental
issues in support of social progress (Soule, Malhotra & Clavier, 2017). A
learning practice about global issues and sustainability are incorporated to
the discussion on globalism and global citizenship.

 Essential skills, the skills that people need for learning, work, and life, are
embedded in this lesson. Reflecting on global issues on possible solutions
to real problems; socializing while understanding the diversity present in
the society; and constructing and reconstructing social issues in traditional
and new media can be found in several topics and lessons.

Institutions that Govern International Relations

 There are several international organizations that governments of
countries around the world and individuals participate in. These include
United Nations, the International Court of Justice, NAFTA and NATO.
There are also non-governmental organizations promoting social and
economic growth.

 Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and NATO

The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading political organizations in
the world where nation-states meet and deliberate. However, it remains as
an independent actor in global politics. Generally, its functions in four
areas: military issues, economic issues, environmental issues and human
protection. It is made up of 193 member states.
The term UN was coined by US President Franklin Roosevelt in 1942.
Its operations began on October 24, 1945. It started with 50
representatives countries. The UN, with its headquarters in New York City,
was designed to be a place where countries could come to discuss their
issues without resorting to violence and war. Maintaining peace and
building friendships and providing a forum where countries could gather to
discuss global issues. Maintaining international peace and security
became the central mission of the UN after the war.
The UN has the Security Council, this group of countries decides what
to do when two or more countries are waging war or are on the verge of
fighting. There are five permanent members of the UN Security Council –
the United States, Great Britain, Russia, China, and France. In addition to
the five members, 10 additional countries join the permanent members for
two-year terms, making a total of 15 countries.

The Security Council tries to be the arbiter in ceasefires between two

sides. They can pass sanctions like block trade with another country as a
punishment. They can send troops or observers and, if worst comes to
worst, they can use military force. The “big five” permanent members have
a veto power, which means that one member can stop the entire council
from taking action against a country.

The General Assembly provides a forum for member states to express

their views and reach a consensus. The UN is not all about fights. It has a
program called UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund), its
primary goal is to help children around the world. They collect funds to
distribute emergency relief from famine and poverty and disease. It also
provides education programs in areas where there are no schools.

The UN main focus in economic issues is the reduction of global

inequality. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover a range of
concerns for the improvement of all aspects of life. According to the UN,
sustainable development encompasses economic prosperity, social
well-being, and environmental protection. Environmental issues, such as
pollution and hazardous wastes, are addressed through United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP). There is also UN’s Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that took efforts in order to mitigate
climate change.

The UN has the International Court of Justice (ICJ) located in the

Hague, Netherlands where countries can settle disputes in a court of law,
as well as a place where war criminals and rulers can be put to trial for
their crimes. There is also another court which is the International Tribunal
for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). Since 1948, human rights have been
brought into the realm of international law. This is reflected in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. A variety of of UN-sponsored human rights
treaties and agreements have been done for human protection.

Other mechanisms include the Office of the UN High Commissioner for

Human Rights (OHCHR), the Human Rights Council, human rights treaty
bodies, the UN Development Group’s Human Right Mainstreaming
Mechanism (UNDG-HRM), and the Special Advisers on the Preservation
of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect.
 NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NATO is a defensive treaty or military alliance between the United
States, Canada, and 25 European counties. This treaty and international
organization is based on the idea of collective security. The countries in
this organization basically agreed to combine their militaries and will
protect its member states.

 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Non-governmental organizations like Red Cross were organized to
help countries in dire needs of support for emergency relief such as food,
water, and medical supplies especially for those homes or towns that have
been destroyed by disaster or war. The Red Cross remain neutral and
would help the wounded from both sides of war. Their headquarter is in
Geneva, Switzerland.

United Nations
The establishment of the United Nations after World War II created
efforts of peace keeping process and economic cooperations among its
member countries. In this video, its primary roles and obligations will be
discussed.

Globalization and Globalism

 Globalism is a political ideology that puts interests of the world above
those of individual nations. This brings commitments to freer trade in
goods, services and factors of production- capital and labor. Globalism can
be further explained in terms of economic, military, environmental and
socio-cultural globalism, towards an interconnected and interdependent
world.

 Globalization, on the other hand, is the degree of globalism. It is a process

of intensified cross-border exchange of goods, services, capital,
technology, ideas, information, legal systems, and people. In economic
terms, it is achieved through liberalization and opening up of national
economies for developing a global market.

 When you encountered the word globalization you probably think about
links, connections, and interrelatedness of things, people, and countries,
however, when compared to globalism, globalization would be better
described as the “increase or decline in the degree of globalism” (Nye,
2002).

 Globalism refers to the network of connections that transcends distances

of different countries in the world while globalization is the “increase or
decline in the degree of globalism” (Nye, 2002). In other words, the link
among countries and people are better associated with globalism while the
speed which they become linked with one another is globalization.
 We can differentiate globalism and globalization in terms of its “thickness”,
Globalism is thin. As it becomes thicker, globalization happens. This
means that being able to connect countries in the world through a more
dynamic and faster way is globalization. Example will be global trade. In
the past, Silk Road served as the trade routes among countries in Europe
and Asia. Aside from silk trade there were other exchanges of goods and
cultural interactions.

 However, they were felt by a relatively small group of people, most

especially those who were actually on the road and did trades. The
connections were not intense nor “thick”. In contrast to the contemporary
world, “globalism become increasingly thick” (Nye, 2002). This is where
globalization comes in. If we look at the global trade today, it has reached
a greater number of people around the world. For example, the selling
products are not solely done through physical transactions but can be
done online as well.

 Nye (2002) gave “four distinct dimension of globalism: economic, military,

environmental and social”. Like economic globalism, the three other
dimensions also become thicker and faster as globalization intensifies.
The enormous speed of potential conflict and threat of nuclear war is an
example of military globalism. In terms of environmental globalism, global
warming continues to accelerate. The last dimension, social and cultural
globalism, “involves movements of ideas, information, images, and of
people who carry ideas and information with them”.

 For instance, religious ideas have spread throughout the world at greater
scope and speed. Religious teachings are delivered today though the
mass media, such as televisions, radio, and the internet. Unlike before,
religious leaders had to walk by foot and had to deliver their messages in a
face-to-face manner.

Globalism
 Globalism, at its core, seeks to describe and explain nothing more than a
world which is characterized by networks of connections that span
multi-continental distances. In contrast, globalization refers to the increase
or decline in the degree of globalism.

Informationalism
 In informationalism, which refers to the technological arrangements in the
network society, networks that determine the structure of society have had
the ability to make decisions and receive feedback in real time as carriers
of globalization. Networks are now information networks.

 Globalism is tied to the notion of networks. For Castells (2000), “networks

constitute the fundamental pattern of life, of all kinds of life”. Since the
world is connected because of globalization, it continues to intensify
connections between people in different places.
 People are connected with one another whether as a small community or
as a large community. And with this, there is an increase and rapid growth
of information as the binding force among people, things, and places
around the globe. This technological paradigm, associated with computer
science and modern telecommunication, that replaces industrialism is
called informationalism (Castells, 2004). These are technology, the media,
and the internet.

 McLuhan and Fiore (2005) argued that in the New Media Age, the
importance lies in the medium, the way in which the message is
transmitted, not necessary in the content presented through the medium.
This means that televisions, radios, and newspapers have been shaping
“individual subjectivity and culture, not only locally but globally”.

 French social theorist Guy DeBord (1994) emphasized in his idea of media
spectacle, the sophistication and ubiquity of spectacular visual in
televisions. This made TV news a form of entertainment.

 When one mentions online social networking, spam, and computer viruses,
it is the Internet that binds them all. According to Ritzer (2015), “The
Internet has prompted a flat world thesis; anyone can be involved in it, at
least theoretically”. We can gain information by accessing different
websites through the Internet. In the same manner, the information about
ourselves that we share is also exposed.

 While globalization allowed the expansion of information, access to

modern technologies is not a universal matter that is available to every
person around the world. The internet and other technologies are limited
by certain barriers. These barriers include lack of electricity, illiteracy, weak
financial systems, and government regulations.

 When one mentions online social networking, spam, and computer viruses,
it is the Internet that binds them all. The Internet is a mark of the
contemporary world. According to Ritzer (2015), “The Internet has
prompted a flat world thesis; anyone can be involved in ite, at least
theoretically”.

 Having a computer today in our homes, our schools, our workplaces, and
accessing the Internet through our personal cellphones allow us to be
connected with the rest of the world. We can gain information by accessing
different websites, such as Facebook and Wikipedia, through the Internet.
In the same manner, the information about ourselves that we share is also
exposed.

Global Citizenship
 Global citizenship refers to a way of living that recognizes our world is an
increasingly complex web of connections and interdependencies. One in
which our choices and actions may have repercussions for people and
communities locally, nationally or internationally.
 Citizenship is associated with rights and obligations, for instance, the right
to vote and the obligation to pay taxes. Traditionally this is associated
locally but can the idea of citizenship be transferred to the global level?

 Caecilia Johanna van Peski (2012), defined global citizenship “as a moral
and ethical disposition that can guide the understanding of individuals or
groups of local and global contexts, and remind them of their relative
responsibilities within various communities”.

 Global citizens are the glue which binds local communities together in an
increasingly globalized world. According to Van Peski (2012) “global
citizens might be a new type of people that can travel within the various
boundaries and somehow still make sense of the world”. Global citizenship
does not automatically entail a single attitude and a particular value with
globalization. We must remember that globalization is not a single
phenomenon; rather, there are many globalizations.

 While some need to be multiple futures for multiple globalizations. These

globalizations created enemies because according to one broad view,
globalization failed to deliver its promises. The so-called bottom billion
lacks infrastructures and has been disenfranchised. The opponents of
globalization blame either Westernization or global capitalism.

 There are three approaches to global economic resistance. Trade

protectionism involves the systematic government intervention in foreign
trade through tariffs and non-tariffs barriers in order to encourage domestic
producers and deter their foreign competitors (McAleese, 2007).

 Fair trade is a different approach to economic globalization, which

emerged as a counter to neoliberal “free trade” principles. Fair trade aims
at a more moral and equitable global economic system in which, for
instance, price is not set by the market; instead, it is negotiated
transparently by both producers and consumers. While it is popular among
consumers in the North, it has met only limited acceptance among
producers. Its ability to supply a mass market and its applicability to
manufacture products are also doubted.

 The third form of resistance to economic globalization relates to helping

the bottom billion. Increasing aid is only one of the many measures that
are required. International norms and standards can be adapted to the
needs of the bottom billion. The reduction of trade barriers would also
reduce the economic marginalization of these people and their nations.

 The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can
Be Done About It is a 2007 book by Paul Collier, Professor of Economics
at Oxford University, exploring the reasons why impoverished countries fail
to progress despite international aid and support. In the book Collier
argues that there are many countries whose residents have experienced
little, if any, income growth over the 1980s and 1990s. On his reckoning,
there are just under 60 such economies, home to almost 1 billion people.
 When it comes to dealing with political globalization, increased
accountability (Germain, 2004) and transparency are the key issues. All
political organizations, at different levels, should be more accountable for
their actions because they now surrounded by an “ocean of opacity”
(Holzner & Holzner, 2006). Increased transparency has been aided by
various mechanisms such as transnational justice systems, international
tribunals, civil society, and particularly the Transparency International.

 Like globalization, resistance to globalization is multiple, complex,

contradictory, and ambiguous. This movement also has the potential to
emerge as the new public sphere, which may uphold progressive values
such as autonomy, democracy, peace, ecological sustainability, and social
justice. These forces of resistance are themselves are products of
globalization and can be seen as globalization from below (Smith, 2008).

 According to della Porta, et. al. (2006), the impetus for such a movement
comes from the individuals, groups, and organizations which are
oppressed by globalization from above (neoliberal economic systems or
aggressively expanding nations and corporations). They seek a more
democratic process of globalization. However, globalization from below
involves less visible, more right-wing elements, such as the American First
Party and the Taliban.

 The World Social Forum (WSF) is centered on addressing the lack of

democracy in economic and political affairs (Fisher & Ponniah, 2003).
However, the diversity of elements involved in WSF hinders the
development of concrete political proposals. A significant influence on
WSF has been that of cyberactivism, which is based on the “cultural logic
of networking” (Juris, 2005) and “virtual movements”, such as Global
Huaren.

Cyberactivism
 Cyberactivism is the process of using Internet-based socializing and
communication techniques to create, operate and manage activism of any
type. It allows any individual or organization to utilize social networks and
other online technologies to reach and gather followers, broadcast
messages and progress a cause or movement. Cyberactivism is also
known as Internet activism, online activism, digital activism, online
organizing, electronic advocacy, e-campaigning and e-activism.