CELL MEMBRANE gerscaTeD centwane ASTER ASTER Teqe0o J Gar 2. Proevase RT PROPHAGE “S- Peophace PachyTEWe ‘VrPlovenc DIAN te —__crromecone , MISTRICTI HE TAUASTC >< EERE Pare ee RS). CONTI ONS ay A Flere AeTER & a Anaenace I cen MEMBRANE Meraenase I CONS TRICTION Sy: NTROMERE ALENT Axm- Ty 10 Shud teahic hows vi a ee bid calor grceshapper ides oe hopper LoLus 2 Reavrkenenr. Permanent: stained cytologcal slides A. eiosis in onion bud or tectic of crasshopper ee Eee 9) | Once avation Ana Conments- On observction 1 Find_the fillowing phases cell dvicinz TER =e Meiosis involves L130. sequenticl cycles cf nuclear ant cl : ae: oe Meiosis I and Meiosis Tut ealy.a = —|sinele cycle ct_DNA _ Yeplication, eve ENESTS ml ci eee Tt occurs prior to meiosis. Ih ie simlar 4p |Linterphose of mitesis exept S-phase io prclongel. DNA m | Yeplication occurs. Encl chvomesame comes tn have tao || chromattids, ee a AA Meteo leet gical ul Prophase I: Th ie more complicated and prolonged. Et canbe divided_in following Sulb-stages é eB L ene: i Le nlayges z ii i ryan aes ahorlen_and_slongated chromosenes one z a poreecr obxiog A sicllen_aveas called ee Ate centricles separate and devele axial yaya called.WANT OM mS 1° kee wT Nad ~_\ Se =e |-22-10_apimal_cell 1 Chromatic F the veplicat Nromosomes are n [igi Pleated chromoscmes are nal me tuto homolggaus chromosomes get attached to each other and the process 16 called Syogpsio, (i) On accouh sf! Fynapsic,, chromosomes Sorin pairs/} a > Gi) The number of bivalents i bal? the total numbers of id YomoSomes. € Ra (i) The Paved chromosomes shorten, — li) The tho — chromabide athe errs dna ee aye called Sister chromatids GO The 4130 chromatids of homslogue chromosome ofa. bivele are called non-cister chromatids (9) Crossing over takes, place. TH is the exchange of chronati G2 Seqments ee two homelogous chromesome "Groce ever 1S_an_eneyeatic Process d) 7 ne; - () The nucleoprotein come dissolves G) The four chromatids aa bivalent become distinguishable Tetied sha (ii) Homologous chyomosomes ce |; Cleesieg over. fusion complex of the synapeed_ chron. Potate except in the region ofNee Points ct contact recalled W) The lomlogous che chainlike 9 _ a Di iS: @ Chiasmata shit foward, Chromosomes G®) The _biveleats of Sate uaith nucleolus, Gi) Nuclear membranes _ chart degenerati. 2. Metaphase I: chiacmata \ppear_crose-like, ving the ends of the Paired! +2 process cred lowminvlisalion Miike chromosome _Yemain united ion, process, @) The bivalents become -Atranged actos the esuctorial plate of the sdlindle in_such a way that: ecch chromosome a prccecs cf a bivalent faces oppceite pole of the sg ile TE ate 00S ee 40 _chYomosome's centromeres iq each bivalent. GG) The spindle fibres get_attache! to the cemTyomere ot_the chromosome by chromosome or tactile fbi Gu) The distribution of bivalent is at random The eter and paternal chromosomes can face ony pole 3. Anaphose I: (The homologous chromosomes _byeak and Separate out.a_gtocess called di (i) The — separated chromosomes oy _univole: dyads, Uheir connections feat nts _are_alto calledee > Merapace I ee NUCLEAR T ENVELORE me CENTR Y\ \Grresara = Nee @ ®) \ ceut MEMBRANE M 7 VS} pee 8. ~_(ONSTRECTION, sai TN ‘DEEPENS yTOPLAGM ‘TetopHase IL BS <~ Haelor> Drugttrer (cus Stages of Meiosis IE 1 4(The _ chyomase wa Tracie Sha es —epntle pokes AL the endo oraghose -T, 4 ¢ th hae wnphase Thin groupe Bec a ee ie A chyorsocorses are t Chromosemes. Present of - Loxerercry I { AtPEA RIN Teloghase ae (@The_polar_growp of chiomoconee Srrame themeeves in bio A > \hapled tae i ae 4) The _chvomotomes _ clonaate (WA nuckeckis ic foimed “by the satellie chomozene () Reappearane £ qucleay membrane fe e I e IBRANE — = =e" ne 7 —8./ Meicsis- I: Tt is shorter than the Lypical_ritatic duos 1 ! The division maintains the number of Chramzemes_ pf at the end of Meiscie- T. Tt is dviible into Presta, || Metaphase I, Anaghace I, Telophace I | Prophase I: x ; (Oe Stage of nuclear duicion is very brief (0) The cable pats. daielop asters ond cise to ogy fi’) The chvomosome chorten-Nucleslus and nuclear envelage: a gate $ individual chyamosomes are veully Gv) ~The chromatids ot individual chyvarn divergent: .|| Metaghase IL: —— ; id) a achtomatic ipslar Rlorous. spines. a G) The boo exiodles._oxe._either allel ox ab ret 1)See ff) 7The chromosomes veach the Yeepectne_ogindle ond ave themeelves in such a Sashion that’ their cenbtonaes + |come “to Nie at @uator Nening 2. Single _metephosic.plabe._' = alee as a fH) the Neertvomewes of each chromosome divides into tu. —_|I@) fach_dwormetid hos one _cenbyomere >|) The bie _chyomatide Separate. completely and ate kroan Ai oe eetteie chore ance. |W) The “dauclttey chroméoes ime towards theiy Yespective poles the path of chromosoroa) Hlores._ Ab the end -ct__Anapisce fur yours. ot chvomstomes ave produced. Si os || Telophase IE: |_|) Chtomesomes "elongate very much, |G) A_udleotus Yeap pears. D _ |!) Nucleay membrane develops. : () formation of four taplaid nate. |seers Teslate Dna from avnilable — |} spinoch green Fea_Seeds, papaya, a a a ae | Requirements - te 5| zee. liquid laundvy iol pela cde, dalla ude peat tt at A papaya/ pineapple juice 95% ethonol | | Pee Peat solutions; —_1)|| Vrepare detergent-salt_coluti odding (0 ml_detergent aa 10g Salt {40 ald ie ot a i) Prepare ©% meat tendivizer_calution by a Sg di tenderizer ae Sera 45 45 ml of dictilled usater. Juice « papaya/pinea- e me, filtered through ouslin cloth) canbe substiluted for = vizer Ee ot a A plastic bottle confining 9% _ethanal vet be left in the a eezey overnight, is) 7% Necl_ —Wophozcite. Haemaa|ebin acts decoy into_yellouich brown pigment _wernatig’ The “hucleue of parasite undecces Sesion = and Tors metozbes. Me merozoites ames to lie near the membrane of parasite. The weakened G(s ouch and the i Imevozoites _caith Yecidudl cytoploem containing baematin and —__| teins are ydlerced inthe ‘placa, = “The _merozcites enter the Srch Re(s ond Yepeat_the cycle. This cle 19 synchronous ond periodic its cexual phe —_— | (ji)|| female Rnopheles:- After several generations some metozcites ewe _ differentiated inte micidaametes and cmacregemectes Gormed_by_mitogpretncyte ond “nacreqaretncyte).Ishen he meauto Vtes the inteckad man they enter ite mouth ond ‘ech the aut along with mel. AHter {eflication ate Sou into r dig\cid__verenitore ockinete (stage. allel cacy) Oxy Hea! Me\oeie_and many _esitstic diiions Zensho into They are Yeleased ‘in hoemoccel, \neing motile, 1 The mesquite 6 now iutective od wat perton a hige ot Sporezcihes ave _iglected |: ae (| The attack of elaria is Preceaded by, vestlecencss, yauni Lrelness, hadehe,lees appetite ond _miccdsy pain? Wi) Before feier, the patient “feels chinese ov cal 'ct the —_|| extremities Tt is followed by rice ip the bal, te ___(i’)|_ There a Aeeting & cough and vomitin- temperature is beh. Then the temperate steadily apes dan | to normal till the next abtark takes place offer HS haute. > eres _||diaqnosig: | aktoscopic — examination of thin Nim of bead slsined «ath af leehman's or Giensa stain for detecting the stase appearance of _ molavial patasites: malarisl pavesites ave Scand io_the ved lod corpucdles. They chao Solas characteristics: 1. Wophozate- Signet Ring stage is_etsined “blue SES = Chyoratin is divided ond Stained yed ® 2. Gamelocyte - Gytop\eemn stairs blue = Mase of undivided nurlear chromatin ie Yea Geplacm teins deeper in ole thon Senate. Tp onler-f» Ayere the atoge in addition to aepet vg stege, bute method are uced Goth specific ond on-—__|_eninonmental condition proper dourehment. i ___ii)| Deshraction of Vector. Female snipheles, ite lane and. pups e 0 be destroyed boy: Ailing up qonds dilches pools j sprinkling 0 er _eoluton of DOT on water; introducing tatural_ predators he ok mmozguibp lane ie Gehes like Gambusia,Mimous covert ant | waking undereyound deine, emintenance ot proper ueter dispel ||syeteins &.| Rinquorm Zz) Gan ot Sunaal diceaces caused to skinnails ond heir by [dMferenb Species of thee geneva feeding on keratin of Skin Auman beings renely —Micresporura ‘Epclerinophstan, Tichahyn pellectively called Os Deranteshyjbee cThey kpoluc acexeely by Qeamentation budding or conidia TnSecled area of skin is chy, ved vated ,acaly patches | Gatanecous Mycoses: Alco called ent oghytocie or Lingo - They |cccay wotlduide and veprecent the most common Yungal sicerses in huevo-|diagnosiss | mictestopic examination of biopsied areas of the ckin, clan == ea Trybioride “ond by uiltete 20 Ssh) — : | treatment: Treatment io uith topical_ ointment _s i Such as _miconazole ( ||chatsleted) tolnattate (Timachin) or clovimazcle (Lotimia) Sor 2- 5 weeks : | Species of Tineas: : a —2)}_Tinea_barbae=“Tt is an_ infection of beard hair. This causal oy Trichophyton menlagrophytes or T.Nerraoura |) Tinea capitie Tk te an infection d_cclp bar, Tt io chldhad |\dicease caused by “Trichophyton or Microsporum Species ©) Tinea _corporis= “Ut is an infection of smooth or loae_patts of the % 280. Thece are accompanies by iting. TE is @uced by “Twichophylon Yabrum 1 mentasrorhytes or Microsporum canis. 4) Tinea crorise This denmatpprybc infection of the avon. Lb is (@604 by Sung Epidermophyten. Slacussams T- mentayephyie oy Tota || Tinea pedis and Tinea_mannum- These are deimatophybic ilectons of the Seeb and hands respectively. Chaical eympton’s wavy tren Ge gale to. veduulopssbiar erutionMost: intectors are uel by | Lyulotum, Tmentagrophytes, or E: Glocosum. A.gede. ond TY. panuumoccur throughout the world — 4) Tinea unigum|Urguis » oail]- Th iso detwatophytic infection of Nseoce ny _nall__lbed (omehomyoses). The nail becomes yellow and | brite. The _cusative Sung ave T.vabtum or T.menteaitophytes contre \.|| Rercoral clennlinese is moot eceential 2. Weehing of fonds with eprinicdal Soaps - 3. A daily” bath veoularl, Keces the skin cle and Sree 4. | Particular athention cust ‘re paid to the cleansing and A Vaious ells and Colts of the sh 5.||_eiv should be Kept clean by Treguent ‘wxehing ond vey Combing 6. Ube of disifectants Sor killing the various pathogenic mia tic may othenwice find ther entry in bedy e9 m6 any an e9. aime les toes vane || Cyecp|_exc.=| Arm- To chudy honlegous and emlegous oman ith the | helo of Slach card foodels. B: - Requirements Flach cards models. of ____|D) Homclapus organs such oe ___ \|_> foe & wan, wWdle loat cheetah > Hath arts oh _cakoach honey bee, latte > Thorne cf Borgpimillea ond tenbal 5 Cocutata 12) Aoalogpue gens such 0s ||» Wine ofan ineect_and ond " > Retoral Sine & sharks and igpers ot _ddehin > Eyes of mammal and octopus + | Ogseavat rons - e mal Homologous Oreos tke dens, humans (Slippers) ‘out they gation ferent, Sun ok wiles ave uced for staining \ ride vee theiv walling, ig _eviderce of vertebvates have loaen. evolved Lean 4 Common ancestor:: mae rls. eae om | Mouthoarts of insects like tthe buttertly, avceshoppers,, meepui | res hee etc, have a sonilar \ecic Sie ie ee |__| very different functions and here ave an exangle oa iL Hornelorous, oRate for _cxamde, butterlly sucks nettar, gracehoppets || ooainly —loite em chew rd _meaguitioes suck the “blood, fondvils of cucurbita ond thorn of _boucgimillea: Both of these shrucbutes are cimilar,ao they ove stem wrote lait they perform different. = different. Sanctions. The thorn protects the lant Srom__ayazioa_aniesls chile the tendrt proider gpot fe yeoing tak shen. and loivds: Ce he | \ joge ot the birds haa _tmes._coveres need, is an The sbrucure Tlechckin and feathers. Whereas extension cf integument. Bubs in_lorth the cae oxaoniame would hae to adag U \ Hence, they may have used for lying. ~The came _ecolgaical niche. o@ \ yas ¢ Penains ond Delphine ave. evolved ent Evolution. Delphi: they ave on example ot Conve p Sven the mammals that _usalk_on the land ani 4 {vom the bivde that ly. But both these orqascommon Sbuchie caled Flipeers to cisin _undevoater. The Guadion ct the lige axe “sina ont” ar example ot anclegpus organs. Similar and hence there ave an eyes of oct These 4110 organs aye olen on arn eiolution- Altho ra nigel these Simnilar_to each cther jthere’ ie a _netalde styuclures. for example, the differen in yetina by octopus eye and mammalian eye, mammals Focus _\iahh. by changing ing} Cliaty_twvedes, octopuses .0n L focus of the light by owovieg,_theit_lenees father ak tp vetina ,eimilar tp a camera lens. Therefore, the oe a ortopucees ave also refered to 26 ‘Cera Eves’. Andther AMerenes 16 in the celular structure ct the. and a mommalian eye. But loth the o¥ Svoction, that ic focusing the fe therefore on comple cor Anol and_mormals: 4 ot the conver Wo_o(ganS sme“Ogservation Tage Flouiey | |No. of pollen | Total no, of lA& len gearinnkn] [Shower Geyonrte pollens (b> Spx100 s @ | t L] Hibiecus | 2 3 EnWw =28.5 | 2.|G@navaro- thus “i 3| ——+ | Requirements. S, water and their exine Yupbares. Susar_iadaces grosth aE ot pollen tube, through the. 9219 pore, Praalsly ren = Observe the “many pollen grains —Serminating over | aloes | stigna__ancl__push their way through style 2 =} 4, | hich act os outrient! La i 4 raat fengotty moutti_to _cosewe pollen Geir ucroce 10 boric acid lq, cal it |30 19, pokacsiune nibrabe ia igen ain dicted water, Portulaca Pea, Brascica, Mibiccusflasor for pollen + gains cafyarine, ayevine,slides ee + Concrust0Ns- Pollen ayaing Genminste _in_sucax _soluhon, _foy “energy, Pollen grains absorb [stimulates the germination pallen_grains. _| stigma. Some of the” thibes ferebrate “deep into the Precautrons- i | Only 4 few pollens should be dusted in each slide follens dusted must be dipped inthe nubaient olution in_the cavity _ Slide Place the coverslip rehully. Check _eir__bubbles Study pollen gyal _excefully,: Aam- Identification of Haggs of gamete development ie Te. testis and 1S. ovary — through _permament. Slides SYorn _rmice Z te (N.S. of tectio ta mice to shoo the stege & Spevinatogenesis wea FoR IDENTIFICATIONS: 1) A Hectic shows a large number & lon convulated @ ceminifevous tubules Cin Section they are Younded in shape) 2,| Fach seminiferous tubule is _lined bepement __ membrane. 9e¥erioal epithelium the ele of which divide || mitotically” rom _cperratogonia_and certo cele 3.|| Navious _stoges _in_the development sperms like ery _9 ranaocybes. , cecondary -sperontocytes e “| Neperenatids | and Spermatozoa ate sen | Large, ond prominent: — eertslli_cells are _present_ia “ eetinferous ubades —ubich_proicesuiiace_snd || nouriehment to the eran _pevmatozcn. 5 | Tnteratibol__celle_o» Leydig clle ate present in-between Dye 4ubules that eecete the male sex hormone= tectooterone. 6,||_ Al stages a Spermatcreneis con be. Seen at ony time wn. _Gemisifevous tubule——— . ce (B81 7S. Ovary cf a fame cice (to chom the toes F _||_ oogenesis) i c maar — Reasons fon _Tnentzercatzon: WA nice evry io a sold structure bounded by cermirel — thelium, v 0 reese gS cence ecu, | ‘load —Nestels and ene Sibves are _ present. eee in| various Stages Jeveloprent:_like —pricemry oocyte ond “secondary — Oocyte re found. fe x 4. A “qaaffian Salide consiets don ovum Cin the serontay | cxcyte _stege) surrounded by 0 group of fol\icular elle. BS. ee ee Golicle _ Yuptures ae veleages the own out ovary. ft the point. of _rupbare. corpus \uteum_is eee eee secretes {he eae porns = ___ 6. || All _steges ot nesia _Cannat be deserved ata time io 2 re eae Vowerer, they can be Seen_sshen_ovally ic dvcevied for _enbive dation ci _tnenstiual_cyle, Hence, the croc cection oF onary — Shona, all shoegs at coneresis Lis booed on dkeenictions ot ovary during, cmenebvual cyl uch _ctose- sections are induc ander gaoamic_view