REVIEW ARTICLE

Biological Sciences
(An International Journal of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Life Sciences)

Journal home: https://irrespub.com/biolsciences/index.php/1/index

Review of phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities

of the plant Calendula officinalis Linn.

Garima Dhingra1, Prashant Dhakad1*, Sonia Tanwar1

1
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, 302017, Rajasthan.

ARTICLE HISTORY ABSTRACT

Received: 15-05-2022 Calendula officinalis, a member of the Asteraceae family and also
Revised: 04-06-2022 called Pot Marigold, is a fragrant herb used in Traditional Chinese
Accepted: 10-06-2022 Medicine to cure injuries, sores, herpes, scar tissues, skin
Online: 13-06-2022 problems, frost-bite, and blood purifying. It is primarily used for
the treatment due to its numerous pharmacological properties
KEYWORDS such as analgesic, antihyperglycaemic, anti-ulcer, and anti-
inflammatory. It is also used to cure gastrointestinal issues,
Calendula obstetric issues, eye problems, skin wounds, and some instances
Inflammation of burns. Calendula oil is still being used therapeutically as an anti-
Bioactive compounds cancer agent and a tissue repair cure. Calendula extracts have
Hypersensitivity antiviral and anti-mutagenic activities in-vitro, according to plant
Varicosities pharmacological studies. Calendula in suspension or liquid form
Carbuncles is being used topically in herbal remedies to treat skin conditions
like acne, reduce swelling, regulate bleeding, and soothe irritated
tissue. Internal use of an admixture or tincture of the flower petals
is effective for the treatment of yeast infections and indigestion.
Calendula officinalis infusion can also be used to cure insect bites,
eye inflammatory disorders, boils and carbuncles, varicosities,
dermatitis, and as a rinse for oral sores or tooth pain.
Phytochemical screening has revealed the existence of several
groups of compounds, the most important of which are
triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, quinones, volatile oil,
carotenoids, and amino acids. This review investigated the
sensory attributes, in-vitro, and in-vivo pharmacological
properties, as well as the explanation, agricultural production, and
active compounds of Calendula officinalis, in terms of enhancing
the current knowledge on this plant and illustrate its multiactivity
characteristics as a therapeutic plant.

*Address for correspondence Introduction

Assistant Professor, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Jaipur National University, Jaipur-302017, Rajasthan India.
Email: [email protected]
Calendula officinalis, a member of the Asteraceae
DOI: https://doi.org/10.55006/biolsciences.2022.2205 family, is a common medicinal herb. It's also known
Published by IR Research Publication; Dhingra G et al © as English marigold and pot marigold. It contains a
variety of biologically active components, including
2022 by Biological Sciences is licensed under CC BY 4.0 carotenoids, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, phenolic
Dhingra G et al 2022 Biological Sciences, 2022, Vol. 02(02), Page 216-228

acids, lipids, and others. Numerous parts of the

plant, such as flowers and leaves, have been
observed to have medicinal properties [1] (Figure
1, 2, and 3). Unique pharmacologically active
chemical components such as isorhamnetin, rutin,
and quercetin glucoside have been isolated using
advanced statistical methods. These are used in the
food and skincare industries [2]. The yellow or
orange flowers are used as nutrition, colorant, flavor,
tea, lotion, or moisturizer in cosmetics. Calendula
officinalis has historically been used as an anti-
inflammatory, diaphoretic, analgesic, antiseptic, and
in the treatment of jaundice [3]. It should be noted
that the flowers have been observed to be the
medicinally most potent part. It is used to treat
inflammation in the mucus membrane, stomach
ulcers, gastrointestinal cramps, peptic and intestinal
mucosa cramps, painful menstruation, particularly in
anxious or anemic women, as well as kidney and
liver inflammatory diseases [4]. In most cases, it is
used externally to treat skin inflammation and pain,
open sores, and puncture wounds with blood loss
[5]. The traditional uses and therapeutic prospects
of Calendula species are highlighted in this review.
The review aims to raise the awareness of natural
substance researchers all over the world about the
possibilities of the Calendula species. This genus Figure 2. Pictorial representation of stem of Calendula
officinalis Linn.
must be thoroughly explored in order to be utilized
as therapeutic drugs [6].

Figure 1. Pictorial representation of Leaves of Calendula

officinalis Linn. Figure 3. Pictorial representation of flower of Calendula
Classification of Calendula officinalis [7] officinalis Linn.

Kingdom–Plantae Family-Asteraceae

Subkingdom-Tracheobionta Tribe-Calenduleae

Division-Magnoliophyta Genus-Calendula

Class-Magnoliopsida Species-officinalis

Subclass-Asteridae Synonyms [8]

Order-Asterales Pot marigold, English marigold, Bride of the Sun,

bull flower, butterwort
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Botanical Description extremely hot environments. A winter storm will

destroy these plants [16]. If you anticipate cold
Calendula officinalis is a fragrant perennial herb that weather for a day or two, protect the plants with a
grows to 80cm in height with minimally branched lax winter duvet overnight and then expose them as the
or upright stems. The leaves are oblong-lance in sun heats the wind the very next day. Three to four
shape. The disc inflorescences are tube-shaped and inches of compost will also safeguard the plants
bisexual, 5–17cm long, hairy on both edges, and from low temperatures. Calendula does not require
with margins that are continuous or sometimes much nutrition and hydration [17]. It does not
waved or mildly toothed [9]. The flowers are yellow, require any special feeding if sown in nutrient-rich
with a thick capitulum or floral head 4–7cm in garden soil. Marginal soil types may necessitate
diameter enclosed by two rows of hairy bracts; in the feeding with a stable, liquid-soluble fertilizer, but
wild plant, there is an only one structure of ray over-feeding can cause plants to become tall and
inflorescences enclosing the central disc florets— slender. The vessel plant needs monthly fertilization
yellow color than the female, tridentate, ancillary with a dissolved and balanced fertilizer [18].
flowers [10]. Where circumstances allow, the flowers
may bloom throughout the year. The fruit is an Calendula grows very easily from seeds, which
arched prickly achene. Calendula officinalis has a fertilize and sprout quickly. Flowers' seeds can be
light and fragrant aroma. It has a bitter flavor [11]. protected and regrown; the plants will also self-seed
in the yard. Initiate calendula seeds within six to
Cultivation eight weeks before the last winter date in a seed
booster mix. Alternatively, you can immediately sow
them into the yard just before the last low freezing
The plant is indigenous to Central and Southern date [19]. The majority of plants flourish within two
Europe, Western Asia, and the United States. months of being seeded. In the yard, these plants
Calendula officinalis is extensively planted and can frequently self-seed; don't confuse the plantings for
be managed to grow in most soil types and blazing undergrowth. Although the term "pot marigold"
hot locations. Although it is continual, it is generally relates to the plant's conventional use in food
treated as an annual, especially in cold areas where preparation, calendula is also widely cultivated in
winter subsistence is poor and in warm summer pots, where it flourishes. Most variants, especially
climates where it also does not sustain [12]. Many dwarf varieties, develop well in vessels [20]. Prepare
planting experts believe calendulas to be among a mixture of half potting soil and half organic
the simplest and most adaptable flowers to plant in manure, or use any well-draining, organic compost
a garden, owing to their tolerance to most soils. soil. Because this plant dislikes being wet, keep in
Seeds are scattered in mild climates in the spring for mind the pot has a number of holes in the bottom.
flowers that last all summer and also into the Potted plants require constant feedings of an
autumn. Seeds for winter are planted in autumn in equitable fertilizer. Calendula is an outstanding
environments with minimal winter cooling [13]. vegetable garden assistant plant because it
Plants deteriorate in the subtropical warmer months. captivates pollinating insects such as bees and
Plants do better in bright areas with rich, well- bumblebees, as well as beneficial organisms [21].
drained compost, but seeds proliferate voluntarily in Butterflies are drawn to the vibrant blooms.
sunny or half-sunny areas. Pot marigolds generally Calendula has no major arthropod or disease issues.
flower rapidly (in less than two months) from seeds Powdery wilt can occasionally affect the plant, but
in vibrant yellows, golds, and oranges [14]. good air flow can help. Drones and crawlers may
consume the plants, particularly when they are
Calendula Care energetic. To reduce this damage, keep the floor
free of debris. Larvae and whiteflies can be a
Unless you survive in temperate zones 9 to 11, nuisance at times. Sprinkle them with water or cure
calendula is mainly an evergreen plant. Calendula them with insecticidal washing-up liquid to keep
favors full sun, but it can wilt during the warm days them at bay [22].
unless it gets some midday shade. Calendula, like
most representatives of the Asteraceae family, Calendula varieties [23]
requires well-drained soil rich in organic matter. Wet
and thick soils can cause rootstocks [15]. This plant Calendula officinalis comes in a variety of cultivars.
can accommodate a wide range of soil pH levels but
chooses mildly acidic to neutral soil (6.0 to 7.0).
Water the plants regularly until they are formed. • Pink Surprise: Has ruffled gold and yellow
Mature plants can grow with only infrequent flowers with pink edges and dark apricot
watering. Prevent overwatering these plants. centers.
Calendula favors mild daytime temperatures and • Touch of Red: Flowers with a mixture of
may start dying by the end of the season in orange and red color with red-tipped
petals.
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• Greenheart Orange: Flowers with orange continually, can help with varicose veins. Applying
petals surrounding lime-green hubs; a very crumbled stems to corns and lesions will soon make
unusual-looking plant. them easy to remove [28]. Homeopathic remedies
• Greenheart Orange: Flowers with orange are made from leaves, flowers, and buds. It is used
petals surrounding lime-green centers; a internally to reduce swelling and inflammation.
very unusual-looking plant. Calendula officinalis has been approved by the
• Citrus Cocktail: A compressed, short plant German Commission E Monographs, a medicinal
with yellow and orange blossoms; appears handbook to herbal medicine, for the inflammatory
to work well in vessels. response of the mouth and pharynx (throat),
• Dwarf Gem: A convenient variety with lacerations, and burns [29].
orange, yellow, and apricot double-petal
flowering; another excellent selection for Other uses
containers.
• Prince: Is a giant, heat-tolerant range with
orange and yellow flowers. The rising plant functions as an insect repellent,
• Golden Princess: Bright yellow flowers reducing the population of soil eelworms. The
bloom with a contrasting black center. flowers are used for cosmetic purposes. They can be
used in skin moisturizers and hair products to
brighten up the color of the hair. The flowers are an
Edible uses optional ingredient in the compost activator 'Quick
Return.' This is a dried and powdered herb
When consumed, they initially instill a viscid sweet combination that can be introduced to a compost
taste, accompanied by a solid lacerating saline pile to increase the bacterial load and thus reduce
flavor. They are high in vitamins and minerals, and the amount of time required to make compost [30].
their nutritional content is comparable to that of Boiling the flowers yields a yellow dye. The plant
Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion). Finely chopped produces essential oil. Because of the difficulties in
fresh petals are incorporated into salads. The dried finding it, it is used infrequently in perfumes with a
petals have a stronger flavor and are being used as sharp aroma. The flowers end when wet conditions
a flavoring agent in soups, pastries, and other are expected, and they can thus be used as a harsh
dishes. Vitamins A and C are abundant [24]. The weather prediction tool [31].
petals are used to make an eatable yellow dye. It is
a saffron alternative that is used to provide sensory Ethnopharmacology
attributes to rice, soups, and other dishes. It can also
be used as a hair wash to add golden highlights to
brown or crimson hair. Tea is made from the petals Calendula officinalis Linn. has conventionally been
and flowers, with the petals being less bitter. There shown to cure internal organ inflammations, gastric
is no evidence that the seed is fit for human ulcers, and menstrual irregularities, as well as a
consumption, but it incorporates up to 37% protein diuretic and sweat stimulant in seizures. It is also
and 46% oil [25]. used to treat oropharyngeal mucosal inflammations,
as well as lacerations and burns. Calendula is a
purifying and exfoliating herb, and the infusion can
Medicinal uses be used to cure serious illnesses [32]. The
dehydrated blossoms have antipyretic, anti-cancer,
Pot marigold is a well-known and adaptable herb in and concealing properties. In injuries, scars,
Modern herbal medicine, as well as a popular home wrinkles, sprains, and eye infections, a topical floral
remedial measure. It is primarily used to treat skin infusion is being used as an antifungal and
issues, such as insect bites, torn ligaments, antiseptic. Calendula tea is used to treat eyewashes,
lacerations, eye irritation, varicose veins, and so on. gargles, undies rashes, and other inflammation of
It is also a purifying and exfoliating herb that is used the skin and mucous membrane conditions.
to treat high fever and chronic infections [26]. Only Calendula officinalis mother tincture is used in
the common deep-orange colored flower range is homeopathic medicine to treat mental stress and
thought to be medically beneficial. The entire plant sleeplessness [33].
is antiphlogistic, disinfectant, antispasmodic,
aperient, astringent, cholagogue, diaphoretic, Calendula officinalis' therapeutic uses have been
emmenagogue, skin, stimulant, and vulnerary. The stated in Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine,
leaves can be used fresh or dried, and they are with blossoms being antipyretic, anti-inflammatory,
better cultivated in the morning of a beautiful sunny antiepileptic, and antibacterial. Calendula officinalis
day, just after the moisture has evaporated [27]. The is being used in conventional and homeopathic
flowers can also be used fresh or dried; for drying, remedies medicine to treat poor vision,
they should be cultivated when wide open and dysmenorrhea, varicosities, hemorrhoids, and
dried rapidly in the dark. A tea made from the petals peptic ulcers [34]. Calendula flowers have been
improves blood circulation and, when taken
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used in the Middle Ages to treat hepatic taraxasterol, lupeol, erythrodiol, brein, ursadiol,
obstructions, snake bites, and boost the heart. It was faradiol-3-Omyristate, calendula glycosideA 6-O-n-
used as a cure for headaches, jaundice, and red eyes methyl ester, calendula glycoside C 6-O-n-butyl
in the eighteenth century. During the civil conflict, ester, calenduloside F6-O-n-butyl ester,
this plant was used to heal wounds and as a calenduloside G6-O-n-methyl ester, and
treatment for measles, chicken pox, and jaundice glucuronides (mainly found in flowers and green
[35]. parts) F, D, D2, C, B and A are some of them.
Cornulacic acid acetate was extracted from flowers
Phytochemical screening of Calendula officinalis as a new triterpenic ester of the oleanane series [41].

Several phytochemical analyses have well noted the Lipids: The lipids in a petroleum ether extract of
existence of various classes of chemical compounds Calendula officinalis seeds, leaves, and flowers were
in the plant, the most important of which are studied. The seeds contained 15.7 percent neutral
terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarin, quinines, volatile lipids, 0.6 percent phospholipids, and 0.9 percent
oil, carotenoids, and amino acids. The glycolipids. Lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic,
pharmacological activities shown by these linoleic, and linolenic acid were the fatty acids of
phytochemical constituents are given in Table 1. monols, sterol esters, 3-monoesters, and 3-
monoester diols found in flowers. Marigold seed
fatty acids contain approximately 59 percent
Quinones: Quinones found in Calendula officinalis conjugated trienic acid and approximately 5
included plastoquinone, phylloquinone, and percent 9-hydroxy-18:2 acid-dimorphecolic acid. D-
tocopherol in the chloroplast, ubiquinone, (+)-9-hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid was
tocopherol in the mitochondria, and phylloquinone another oxygenated fatty acid found in Calendula
in the leaves [36]. officinalis seed oil [42].

Flavonoids: Several flavonoids have been separated Volatile oil: Calendula officinalis flowers carry the
from the ethanolic extract of Calendula officinalis maximal volatile oil (0.97 percent) during the
flowers. They encompass quercetin, isorhamnetin, complete flowering stage and the least during the
isoquercetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-D-glycoside, pre-flowering stage (0.13 percent ). The proportion
narcissin, calendoflaside, calendoflavoside, also demonstrated various trends at various stages
calendoflavobioside, rutin, isoquercetin of the vegetative loop. The volatile oil contains the
neohesperidoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-2G- following monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The
rhamnosyl rutinoside, isorhamnetin-3-Orutinoside essential oil was found to be high in α-cadinene, α-
and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside [37]. cadinol, t-muurolol, limonene, and 1,8-cineol, with
lower levels of p-cymene at post-flowering stages
Carbohydrates: The occurrence of polysaccharides, [43].
PS-I,-II, and III with a (1-3)-D-galactam backbone and
short side chains at C-6 comprising-araban(1-3)- Carotenoids: The methanolic extract of Calendula
araban and alpha-L-rhamnan-(1-3)-araban, was officinalis flowers' leaves, petals, and pollens
discovered in an ethanolic extract of the plant's revealed a variety of carotenoids. The carotenoids
inflorescence [38]. identified in the pollens and petals included
neoxanthin, 9Z-neoxanthin, violaxanthin,
Coumarins: Coumarins-scopoletin, umbelliferone, luteoxanthin, auroxanthin, flavoxanthin,
and esculetin were found in an ethanolic extract of 9Zanthroxanthin, lutein, 9/9A-lutein, 13/13Zlutein,
Calendula officinalis inflorescence [39]. α-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, α-carotene. The total
carotenoid content (mg/g dry weight) of the petals
Amino acids: The existence of 15 amino acids in a was 7.71 percent and the pollen content was 1.61
pure state has been observed in an ethanolic extract percent. The carotenoid compositions of the leaves
of the plant's blossoms: alanine, arginine, aspartic and stems were observed to be neoxanthin,
acid, asparagines, valine, histidine, glutamic acid, 9Zneoxanthin, violaxanthin, luteoxanthin,
leucine, lysine, proline, serine, tyrosine, threonine, 9Zviolaxanthin, 13Z-violaxanthin, antheraxanthin,
methionine, and phenylalanine. The amino acid mutatoxanthin epimer 1, mutatoxanthin epimer 2,
concentration of the leaves is approximately 5%, the lutein, 9/9''2-lutein, β-carotene [44]. Total
stems are 3.5 percent, and the flowers are 4.5 carotenoids (mg/g dry weight) are 0.85 percent in
percent [40]. the leaves and 0.18 percent in the stems. The
flavonoids were dominated by quercetin and
isorhamnetin glycosides, while beta-carotene and
Terpenoids: The petroleum ether extract of
lutein were the most plentiful carotenoids. The
Calendula officinalis flowers has been found to
carotenoid concentration of Calendula officinalis
contain a variety of terpenoids. Sitosterols,
petals was studied. Extracts of petals from orange
stigmasterols, diesters of diols, 3-monoesters of
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Table 1. Phytochemical constituents along with their exhibiting pharmacological activities.

Phytochemical Constituent Pharmacological Activity References
Quinones Anti-cancer [47]
Flavonoids Antioxidant [48]
Anti-inflammatory
Hepatoprotective
Carbohydrates Anti-inflammatory [49]
Immunostimulant
Coumarins Antioxidant [50]
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-cancer
Amino acids Anti-cancer [51]
Terpenoids Cardioprotective [52]
Anti-diabetic
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-tumor
Volatile oils Antioxidant [53]
Carotenoids Antioxidant [54]
Anti-cancer
Spasmolytic
Anti-helminthic
Wound healing
Genotoxic

and yellow-flowered calendula varieties were found increasing left ventricular evolved pressure and
to contain nineteen carotenoids [45]. aortic flow, as well as decreasing the size of
myocardial infarctions and cardiomyocyte
Furthermore, ten carotenoids were found only in apoptosis. Cardioprotection seems to be obtained
orange-flowered varieties. The ultraviolet (UV) by converting an ischemia-reperfusion-mediated
visible absorption maxima of the ten carotenoids fatality signal into a survivorship signal via
were at an extended wavelength than flavoxanthin antioxidant and anti-inflammatory sequence
which is the main carotenoid of calendula petals, modulation, as demonstrated by the stimulation of
indicating that these carotenoids are accountable protein kinase B and B-cell lymphoma 2 and the
for the petals' orange color. Six carotenoids had cis suppression of Tumor Necrosis Factor. The findings
structures at C-5, and it is possible that these (5Z)- support the use of natural ingredients in
carotenoids are catalytically isomerized at C-5 in a degenerative diseases such as ischemic heart
pathway distinct from the primary carotenoid disease [55].
metabolic pathway. Among them are (5Z, 9Z)-
lycopene, (5Z, 9Z, 5'Z, 9'Z)-lycopene, (5'Z)-gamma- Anthelminthic activity
carotene, and (5'Z, 9'Z)-rubixanthin [46].
Calendula officinalis dehydrated flowers and leaves
Pharmacological activities possess anthelmintic activity. The decoction was
used to create an aqueous extract of dehydrated
Pharmacological research has established that flowers and leaves of Calendula officinalis. Because
Calendula officinalis has a wide spectrum of of its biological or physical similarities to the human
pharmacological effects, and some are very gut roundworm parasitic organism, the assay was
promising for continued development. The cellular carried out on Indian adult earthworms. The crude
mechanism associated with some of the extracts of Calendula officinalis blossoms and leaf
pharmacological properties is presented in Figure extracts illustrated unconsciousness at 56.5 minutes
4 and Table 2. and worm destruction at 111.2 minutes. The plants
produce saponins and have shown anthelmintic
ability, which is consistent with previous findings
Cardioprotective activity that saponins have anthelmintic properties [56].

Calendula officinalis may have cardioprotective Anti-diabetic and Anti-hyperlipidemic activity

properties against coronary heart disease.
Calendula provides protection to the heart by
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Diabetes was instilled in rats through an injection of Depending on an in-vitro granulocyte assessment,
alloxan (150mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally. the polysaccharide percentage of Calendula
When diabetic rats were given a hydro alcoholic officinalis extract demonstrated immunostimulatory
extract of Calendula officinalis at doses of 25 and property. At a dosage of 10-5 - 10-6 mg/mL,
50mg/kg body weight, the blood sugar level and polysaccharide III exhibited strong phagocytosis (54
urine sugar levels were considerably lower when – 100 percent), while PS-I and PS-II demonstrated 40
compared to a control group of diabetic rats. The – 57 and 20 – 30 percent phagocytosis, respectively
extract raises total hemoglobin levels. The extract [61].
was comparable to insulin. Consequently, the study
clearly demonstrates that a hydro alcoholic extract Hepatoprotective activity
of Calendula officinalis has both anti-diabetic and
anti-hyperlipidemic properties [57].
In 30 male albino rats, an 80 percent methanol
extract of Calendula officinalis leaves was tested
Antioxidant activity against paracetamol-induced liver injury. At a
dosing regimen of 1gm/kg, paracetamol causes
Oral administration of Calendula alcoholic extract 100% death rates in mice, whereas pre-treatment
inhibited superoxide production in macrophages in with Calendula officinalis (1.0 gm/kg) lowered death
female Swiss albino mice by 12.6 percent and 38.7 rates to 30%. The pre-treatment of mice with leaf
percent at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg body wt, extracts (500mg/kg orally, 4 doses at 12-hour
respectively. Catalase activity was significantly intervals) avoided the paracetamol (640mg/kg)
enhanced in mice after one month of treatment of induced increase in serum transaminases, serum
Calendula officinalis. The extract significantly bilirubin, and serum alkaline phosphatase (p<0.05).
increased glutathione blood levels in the liver. Three consecutive dosages of leaf extract (500
Glutathione reductase was reported to increase, mg/kg. 6 hourly) reduced the liver damage caused
whereas glutathione peroxidase was observed to be by paracetamol (p<0.05) [62].
reduced after the Calendula extract regime [58].
Spasmolytic and spasmogenic activity
Anti-inflammatory and anti-oedematous activity
When tested in rabbit jejunum, an aqueous-ethanol
When compared to indomethacin, the ethyl acetate extract of Calendula officinalis flowers induced a
soluble fraction of the methanol extract of Calendula dose-dependent (0.03 - 3.0 mg/mL) relief of sudden
officinalis flowers inhibited 12-otetradecanoyl and K+-induced compressions; an additional
phorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation (1 g/ear) extraction process with dichloromethane
in mice with an ID50 valuation of 0.05 - 0.20 mg/ear. demonstrated an inhibitory activity of sudden
Besides that, activity-guided extraction revealed compressions in a dosages range of 0.01 - 0.3
that its activity was primarily attributed to oleanane- mg/mL. This is ten times stronger than the parent
type triterpene glycosides. A concentration of crude extract, and the spasmolytic property was
1200g/ear of an aqueous-ethanol extract inhibited discovered to be partly related to calcium channel
croton oil-induced mouse fluid retention by 20%. blockers. The aqueous portion of the parent extract,
The appearance of triterpenoids was related to the on the contrary, demonstrated spasmogenic
activity, with the three most bioactive components function at doses ranging from 1 to 10 mg/mL [63].
being the esters of faradiol-3-myristic acid, faradiol-
3-palmitic acid, and 4-taraxasterol [59]. Wound healing activity

A dichloromethane extract of the plant's The ethanolic extract of the flower petals was tested
inflorescence hindered croton oil-induced fluid on rats with chemically-induced burn wounds.
retention, and an additional extraction revealed that Among the multiple extract doses (20, 100, and 200
the esters of faradiol-myristic acid, faradiol-palmitic mg/kg body weight), the 200 mg/kg dose improved
acid, and -taraxasterol had antioedematous wound healing significantly, as evidenced by the
property, with an oedema inhibitory activity of rise in collagen hydroxyproline and hexosamine
around 50% at 240 g/cm2. Calendula extract lotion composition. Alanine and aspartate transaminase
has been shown to be efficient in dextran and levels, as well as acute-phase proteins, declined
destroying oedemas, as well as acute lymphoedema substantially. The reduction in lipid peroxidation
in rats. The property against lymphoedema was could be attributed to its antioxidant properties.
mainly ascribed to an increase in macrophage Because of its antimicrobial and antioxidant
proteolysis [60]. properties, routine usage of 2% calendula lotion led
to an increased percentage of wound healing [64].
Immunostimulant activity

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Figure 4. Pharmacological activities exhibited by Calendula officinalis Linn.

Table 2. Cellular mechanisms associated with specific pharmacological activities

Pharmacological Activities Mechanism of action References
Spasmolytic and Spasmogenic • Calcium channel blocker [68]
• Cholinergic property
Antidiabetic and • Lowers blood serum and lipid levels [69]
Antihyperlipidemic • Activates increased insulin secretion from
pancreas
Hepatoprotective • Decreases hepatocytolysis [70]
• Reduces enzyme changes
Anti-cancer Leutin increases tumor latency [71]
Antioxidant Scavenges free radicals to prevent DNA damage [72]
Wound healing Increases collagen synthesis [73]
Anti-inflammatory • Antioxidant action against macrophage [74]
• Modulates cytokines
• Inhibits COX-2 gene
Antifungal • Inhibits growth [75]
• Comparable to fluconazole
Antimicrobial • Inhibits growth [76]
• Comparable to ciprofloxacin
Immunomodulatory May inhibit growth factor or cell surface [77]
molecules of lymphocytes
Antiviral Extract reduces HIV- a reverse transcriptase [78]
activity

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Anti-cancer activity preparation caused marginal eye inflammation,

while others caused none. Clinical trials of skincare
Flavonoid extracts (0.05-50g/ml) had no impact on preparations containing the extract revealed no
cell expansion in two different cell lines. It could be discomfort or hypersensitivity. It has the potential to
connected to the flavone's linked sugar moiety at be an effective medicinal herb for humans. This
position 3, which can decrease its potential to plant has still some potential for other
adhere to aromatase and other enzymes. Calendula pharmacological activities to be explored with
officinalis saponins were isolated and characterized. different extracts.
Antimutagenic activities were also evaluated by
comparing chlorophyllin activity. For a dose of Contribution of authors
400ug/kg, all saponins were considered to be non-
toxic and non-genotoxic [65]. We proclaim that this work was completed by the
authors mentioned in this article and that the
Genotoxic and Anti-genotoxic activity authors will bear all liability for aspects relevant to
the content of this article. Ms. Garima Dhingra
Calendula officinalis flower aqueous, aqueous- compiled the article's content from various research
ethanol, ethanol, and chloroform extracts were papers published yet. Ms. Sonia Tanwar and Dr.
tested to see if they activated unscheduled DNA Prashant Dhakad authenticate the entire manuscript
synthesis (UDS) in rat liver culture and reversed and recommended changes, as well as assisted in
diethylnitrosamine-generated UDS. In the UDS the layout of the manuscript.
experiment in liver culture, diethylnitrosamine
generated a maximization goal of 40% 3- Acknowledgments
Hthymidine integration at a concentration of 1.25
mole, whereas aqueous and aqueous-ethanol We are grateful to our Guide, Dr. Prashant Dhakad
extracts completely reversed the impact of (Assistant Professor), as well as to the School of
diethylnitrosamine at concentrations of about 50 Pharmaceutical Sciences at Jaipur National
ng/mL and between 0.4 and 16 ng/mL, respectively University. We are also thankful to them for granting
[66]. In the unavailability of diethylnitrosamine, us access to the library and Elsevier and Bentham
these two polar extracts activated UDS in rat liver Sciences journals, which allowed us to gather
cultured cells at a concentration level of 25 and 3.7- content and conduct a review.
100 g/mL for aqueous and aqueous-ethanol,
respectively. Thus, at low doses, these polar
excerpts demonstrated antigenotoxic effect, Conflict of interest
whereas, at high doses, they demonstrated
genotoxic effect. Selected on the basis of young None
growing pigs that included the evaluation of
lymphocyte DNA division and 24 h urinary 8- References
hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, the propylene glycol
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