Scribd
Upload
16 views15 pages

Chapter 1b

The document discusses stress and strength in engineering design. It defines key terms like stress, strength, design factor, and factor of safety. Stress is the load placed on a part, while strength is the part's inherent ability to resist loads. The designer must ensure stresses are below strengths at critical points with a safety margin for uncertainties. Design factors and factors of safety are used to relate allowable loads to failure loads while accounting for uncertainties. Tolerances define acceptable dimensional variation, with clearances for loose fits and interference for press fits. Uncertainties make accounting for variations and safety margins important in design.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Umar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views15 pages

Chapter 1b

The document discusses stress and strength in engineering design. It defines key terms like stress, strength, design factor, and factor of safety. Stress is the load placed on a part, while strength is the part's inherent ability to resist loads. The designer must ensure stresses are below strengths at critical points with a safety margin for uncertainties. Design factors and factors of safety are used to relate allowable loads to failure loads while accounting for uncertainties. Tolerances define acceptable dimensional variation, with clearances for loose fits and interference for press fits. Uncertainties make accounting for variations and safety margins important in design.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Umar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

Stress and Strength

o The survival of many products depends on how the designer adjusts the
maximum stresses in a component to be less than the component’s
strength at critical locations
o The designer must allow the maximum stress to be less than the
strength by a sufficient margin so that despite the uncertainties, failure
is rare
o Strength is an inherent property of a part, a property built into the part
because of the use of a particular material and process
o Stress is a state property at a specific point within a body, which is a
function of load, geometry, temperature, and manufacturing processing

1
Stress and Strength
o In textbook capital letter S is used to denote strength,
o Sy: yield strength
o Su: ultimate strength
o Ssy: shear yield strength
o Se: endurance strength
o Greek letters σ(sigma) and τ(tau) are used to designate normal and
shear stresses, respectively
o σy: normal stress component in the y direction
o σr: normal stress component in the radial direction

2
Uncertainty
o Uncertainties in machinery design abound
o Examples of uncertainties concerning stress and strength include
o Composition of material and the effect of variation on properties
o Variations in properties from place to place within a bar of stock
o Effect of processing locally, or nearby, on properties
o Effect of nearby assemblies such as weldments and shrink fits on stress conditions
o Effect of thermomechanical treatment on properties
o Intensity and distribution of loading
o Validity of mathematical models used to represent reality
o Intensity of stress concentrations
o Influence of time on strength and geometry
o Effect of corrosion
o Effect of wear
o Uncertainty as to the length of any list of uncertainties

3
Design Factor and Factor of Safety
o A general approach to the allowable load versus loss-of-function load problem is the
deterministic design factor method, and sometimes called the classical method of
design

o nd is called the design factor


o After the design is completed, the actual design factor may change as a result of
changes such as rounding up to a standard size for a cross section or using off-the-
shelf components with higher ratings instead of employing what is calculated by
using the design factor
o The factor is then referred to as the factor of safety, n
o The factor of safety has the same definition as the design factor, but it generally
differs numerically

4
5
Table A-17

6
7
8
9
Dimensions and Tolerances
o Nominal size
o The size we use in speaking of an element. For example, we may specify a 40mm
pipe of a 12-mm bolt. Either the theoretical size or the actual measured size may
be quite different
o The theoretical size of a 40mm pipe is 47.5mm for the outside diameter
o The diameter of the 12mm may measure 11.8mm
o Limits.
o The stated maximum and minimum dimensions
o Tolerance
o The difference between the two limits

10
Dimensions and Tolerances
o Bilateral tolerance
o The variation in both directions from the basic dimension
o The basic size is between the two limits, i.e. 25 ± 0.05 mm
o The two parts of the tolerance need not be equal
o Unilateral tolerance
o The basic dimension is taken as one of the limits, and variation is permitted in only one direction, i.e.
o Clearance.
o The mating of cylindrical parts such as a bolt and a hole
o The word clearance is used only when the internal member is smaller than the external member
o The diametral clearance is the measured difference in the two diameters
o The radial clearance is the difference in the two radii
o Interference
o The opposite of clearance, for mating cylindrical parts in which the internal member is larger than the external
member (e.g., press-fits)
o Allowance
o The minimum stated clearance or the maximum stated interference for mating parts

11
12
13
Problem

14
15

You might also like