CHAPTER 5 Journal bearing Friction is the resistance to relative motion between two surfaces in contact, and the function of a lubricant is to reduce it. Any substance, placed between rubbing surfaces, which reduces the friction is a lubricant. If the lubricant is fluid and there is enough of it between the surfaces to separate them completely, fluid film lubrication exists, But if the layer of the lubricant is so thin then there is partial metal-to-metal contact, boundary lubrication exists. Functions of lubricant in bearings are: 1.To reduce friction between the sliding surfaces 2. To reduce wear, and thereby increase the life of bearing. 3. To remove the frictional heat from the bearing. 4.To provide protection against corrosion. Types of lubricants Lubricants are classified into the following three groups: (1) Liquid, (ii) Semi-liquid and (iii) Solid. ‘The liquid lubricants usually used in bearings are mineral oils, synthetic oils and vegetable oils. The mineral oils are the most commonly used because of their cheapness and stability, Grease is a semi liquid lubricant having higher viscosity than oils. Greases are employed where slow speed and heavy pressure exist Solid lubricants are useful in reducing friction where oils films cannot be maintained because of pressures or temperatures. They should be softer than materials being lubricated. Graphite is the most common solid lubricant. Other soli id lubricants are tale, wax, mica, etc, Scanned with CamScanner> erties of lubricants the important properties of a lubri viscosity? — Unit velocity Moving i surface Stationary surface Figure 5. 1 sity is a measure of internal resistance of a fluid to shear and indicates its relative resistance to flow.-The oil film between a moving part and a stationary part may be thought of as a series of layers of the lubricant separating the ‘two parts. Oil adheres to both surfaces. Refer fig 5.1 the velocity of the oil at the stationary surface is zero. The velocity of the oil at the moving surface equals to the speed of that surface. Between the two surfaces, the velocity of the oil varies on a gradient. Thus a shearing action takes place as each horizontal layer is caused to move at a velocity differing from that of its adjoining layers. As the oil resists this shearing action, a force must. be applied to cause motion of the plate. Thus absolute or dynamic viscosity.or.coefficient of viscosity.is defined as the force required to. move.a flat surface of unit area at unit velocity when separated by an oil film of unit thickness. The kinematic viscosity is the absolute viscosity divided by the mass density Flash point: is the minimum temperature at which an oil gives off sufficient vapour to_ignite moment: ily troduction of a flame. A lubricant should have the flashpoint -above the operating temperature | Fire Point: is the minimum temperature at which an oil gives off pen vapour to burn continuously for on the introduction of a lame, Pour point or freezing point: Pour point is the lowest temperature at ; which an oil ceases to flow when cooled. - : int: is the temperature at which the oil will become cloudy in appearance when cooled. . Oilness: Oilness is the ability of an_oil to maintain ar. unbroken lubricating film between the rubbing surfaces, 7 ~ Scanned with CamScannerFigures. 4 Types of Sliding Contact Bearings Oy 129" (a) Full journal bearing. (6) Pant journal bearing, (©) Fitted journal bearing Figures, 5 The sliding contact bearings in which the sliding action along the circumference of a circle and carrying radial loads are known as journal or sleeve bearings. When the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is 360° (Fig.5.5a), then the bearing is called a full journal bearing. This type of bearing is commonly used in industrial machinery to accommodate bearing loads in any radial direction When the angle of contact of the bearing with the journal is 120°, (Fig.5.5b), then the bearing is said to be partial jound) bearing. This ‘ype of bearing has less -friction than full journal bearing, but it can be used i Jf a partial journal bearing has no clearance i.e., the diameters of the journa! bearing are equal, then the bearing is called a fitted bearing, ( Fig 5.5.c). [2] — | Scanned with CamScannera oY According to the thickness of layer of the lubricant the searing and the journal, are classified as follows : 1 Thick film bearings. The thick film bearings are those in which the working surfaces completely separated from each other by the Novicant. Such type of bearings are called as hydrodynamic lubricated bearings. ; ; 2 Thin film bearings. The thin film bearings are those in which, although lubricant is pres. the working surfaces partially contact each other atleast part of the time. Such type bearings are also called boundary lubricated bearings. 3.Zero film bearings. The zero film bearings are those which operate without any lubricant present. ‘Hydrostatic or externally pressurized lubricated bearings. The hydrostatic bearing are those which can support steady loads without any relative motion between the journal & the bearing. This is achieved by forcing externally pressurized lubricant between the members. Hydrodynamic Lubricated Bearings In hydrodynamic lubricated bearing there is a thick of lubricant between the journal and the bearing. When, bearing is supplied with sufficient lubricant, a pressure is build up in the clearance space the journal is rotating about an axis that is eccentric with the bearing axis. The load is supported by this fluid pressure without any actual | contact between the journal and bearing. The load carrying ability of a hydrodynamic bearing arises simply because a viscous fluid resists being pushed around. This resistance to motion will develop a pressure distribution in the lubricant film that can support a useful load. The load supporting pressure hydrodynamic bearings arises from either Lthe flow of a viscous fluid in a converging channel known as wedge film lubrication, 2.the resistance of a viscous fluid to being squeezed out from between approaching surface it is known as squeeze film lubrication oe Assumptions in Hydrodynamic Lubricated Bearings 1.The lubricant obeys Newton's law of viscous flow. 2.The pressure is assumed to be constant throughout the: film thickness. | —_— “ Scanned with CamScanner3.The lubricant is assumed to be incompressible. 4.The viscosity is assumed to be constant throughout the film. 5.The flow is one-dimensional, i.c the side leakage is neglected. The following factors are essential for the formation of a thick film of oil in hydrodynamic lubricated bearings 1. Continuous supply of oil. 2. Relative motion between the two surfaces in a direction approximately tangential to the surfaces. 3. The ability of one of the surfaces to take up a small inclination to the other surface direction of the relative motion. 4. The line of action of resultant oil pressure must coincide with the line of action of the extemal load between the surfaces, Wedge Film Journal Bearings (0) Atrest (8) Slow speed (Oi speed Figures. 6 The load carrying ability of a wedge film journal bearing results [hen the journal or bearing rotates relative to the load. A commen caus that of a steady load, a fixed non-rotating bearing and a rotating journal. Surface, but a continuous fluid film completely separating the surfaces will Rot exist because of slow speed.When the speed of the journal is increased, a continuous fluid film is formed (FigS.6c).. The cebtre of the journal has moved so that the minimum film thickness is at C. From D to C » the film is continually narrowing and hence is a converging film. The converging film may be considered as a wedge shaped film Scanned with CamScanneryr squeeze Film Journal Bearing In certain situations, the bearings oscillat the wedge film cannot provide a satisfactory Alka thickne I fied ir uniform or varying in magnitude while acting in a constant ‘irectio a is ays thin il .But i the foad reverses its direction the squeeze film may develop sufficient capacity to carry the dynamic loads Gitad contact between the journal and the bearing such bearings are known as squeeze film journal bearing Materials used, for Sliding Contact Bearings(D B table 15.2) etal, The tin base and lead base babbits are widely aterial, because they satisfy most requirements for general applications. The composition of the babbit metals is Tin base babbits : Tin 90%; Copper 4.5% 3 Antimony 5%; Lead 0.5%. Lead base babbits: Lead 84%; Tin 6% ; Anitmony 9.5%; 1. Babbit m¢ used as a bearing m Copper 0.5%. 2. Bronzes. The bronzes (alloys of copper, tin and zinc) are generally used in the form of machined bushes pressed into the shell. The bush may be in one or two pieces. The bronzes commonly used for bearing material are gun metal and phosphor bronzes. The gunmetal (Copper 88% » Tin 10% , Zine 2%) is used for high grade bearings subjected high pressures and high speeds. The phosphor bronze (Copper 80%, Tin 10%, Lead 9%,Phosphorus 1%) is used for bearings subjected to very high pressures 3 Cast iron. The cast iron bearings are usually used W journals. Low friction . 4 Lead base white metals:Low cost,lower strength and su: to corrosion, high coefficient of friction. $.Non-metallic bearings. The various non-metallic bearings are made of carbon-graphite, rubber, wood and plastics. The carbon- graphite bearings are self lubricating, dimensionally stable, chemically inert and can operate at higher temperatures ,rubber bearings are used in hydraulic turbines, centrifugal and deep well pumps and washers, wood bearings are used in conveyors ith steel sceptibility Scanned with CamScanner| Properties of Sliding Contact Bearing Mate! The most requirement of the bearing material is that they should have sufficient strength and rigidity.some of the main properties are. strength. The maximum bearing pressure is considerably greater than average pressure obtained by dividing the load to the projected area, ‘Therefore the bearing material. should have high compressive strength to withstand this maximum pressure so as to prevent deformation of the bearing. 2.Fatigue strength, The bearing material should have sufficient fatigue strength so that it can withstand repeated loads without developing cracks. 3. Comformability. It is the ability of the bearing material to accommodate shaft deflection and bearing inaccuracies by plastic deformation without excessive wear and heating 4.Embeddability. \t is the ability of bearing material to accommodate small particles of dust, grit etc., without scoring the material of the journal. 5.Bondability. Many high capacity bearings are made by bonding one or more thin layer of a bearing material to a high strength steel shell. 6.Corrosion resistance. The bearing material should not corrode away under the action lubricating oil. Thermal conductivity. The bearing material should be of high thermal conductivity so as to, permit the rapid removal of the heat generated by friction. 7.Thermal expansion. The bearing material should be of low coefficient of thermal expansion so that there is no undue change in the clearance. Terms used in Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing Let D = Diameter of the bearing, d= Diameter of the journal, and 1= Length of the bearing. 1. Diametral clearance, It the difference between the diameters of the bearing and the journal. 2. Radia} clearance. It is the difference between the radii of the bearing and the journal( c ) | 3.Eccentricity(e) It is the radial distance between the centre (0) of the bearing and the displaced centre (0') of the bearing under load —— Scanned with CamScanner— Line of centres pean Journal Figures. 7 4, Mini mum oil film thickness. It is the minimum distance between the bearing and the journal, under complete lubrication condition. It is denoted by ho Its value may be assumed as c/4. 5. Attitude or eccentricity ratio(e). It is the ratio of the eccentricity to the radial clearance. Bearing Characteristic Number and Bearing Modulus The coefficient of friction in design of bearings is of great importance, because it affords a means for determining the loss of power due to bearing friction. Coefficient of friction for a full lubricated journal bearing is a function of three variables. (i) ZN/p (ii) de (iii) Vd Coeff. of friction (4) —— FigureS. 8 Z. = Absolute viscosity of the lubricant, in kg/m-s, N= Speed of the journal in r-p.m., Scanned with CamScannerp = Bearing pressure on the projected bearing area in N/m? d= Diameter of the journal, 1= Length of the bearing, and = radial clearance. The factor ZN/p is termed as bearing characteristic number and is a dimensionless number.variation of coefficient of friction with the operating values of bearing characteristic number as obtained by McKee in an actual test of friction (Fig 5.8).The factor ZN /p helps to predict the performance of a bearing ‘The part of the curve PQ represents the region of thick film lubrication. Between Q andR viscosity (Z) or the speed (N) are so low, or the Pressure(p)is so great that their combination Z will reduce the film thickness so that partial metal to metal contact will result. The thin film or boundary lubrication or imperfect lubrication exists between R and S on the curve. This is the region where the viscosity of the lubricant ceases to be a measure of friction characteristics but the oiliness of the lubricant is effective in Preventing complete metal to metal contact and seizure of the parts. It may be noted that the part PQ of the curve represents stable operating conditions, from any point of stability, a decrease in viscosity (Z) will reduce ZN/p. It decreases coefficient of friction and lower bearing temperature that raise the viscosity (Z). the minimum amount of friction occurs at A and at, this point the value of ZN/p is known as bearing modulus . The bearing should not be. operated at this value of bearing modulus, because a slight decrease in speed or slight increase in pressure will break the oil film and make the journal to operate with metal to metal contact. This will result in high friction, wear and heating. In order to Prevent such conditions, the bearing should be designed for a value of ZNIp at least three times the minimum value of bearing modulus Coefficient of Friction for Journal Bearings In order to determine the coefficient of friction for well lubricated full journal bearings, the following empirical relation established by McKee based on the experimental data, may be used. Coefficient of friction, Scanned with CamScanner> pon (2)(aorey DB 15.12 = Factor to correct for end leakage. It depends upon the ratio of length to the diameter of the bearing (i.c., //d) = 0.002 for //d ratios of 0.75 to 2.8. ‘The operating values of ZN/p should be compared with values ‘n Table 15.11 to ensure safe margin between operating givenit as and the point of film breakdown. conditio Design values for journal bearings Critical Pressure of the Journal Bearing ‘The pressure at which the oil film breaks down so that metal to metal contact begins, is known as critical pressure or the minimum operating pressure of the bearing Sommerfeld Number Sommerfeld number is also a dimensionless parameter used Sommfvely in the design of journal bearings. Mathematically, > -({) (2) x DB 17a c)\p Heat Generated in a Journal Bearing The heat generated in a bearing is friction of the parts having relative motion. generated in a bearing, H,= fWv DB 15.23 v=adn 1000 After the thermal equilibrium has been reached, heat will be dissipated at the outer surface the bearing at the same rate at which it is. generated in the oil film. The amount of heat dissipated will depend upon the temperature difference, size and mass of the radiating surface and on the amount of air flowing around the bearing. However, for the convenience in bearing design, the actual heat dissipating area may be expressed in terms of the projected area of the journal. =Sommerfeld number due to the fluid friction and ion. Mathematically, heat Scanned with CamScannerHeat dissipated by the bearing, Ha =KyA(tp-ta) DB 15.39 A=ld ks ty = Temperature of the bearing surface in °C, and ta = Temperature of the surrounding air in °C. It has been shown by experiments that the temperature of the bearing (ts) is approximately midway between the temperature of the oil film (t,) and the temperature of the outside air (ta). other words, 1 (to-ta) = (3) (torts) The mass of the oil to remove the heat generated at the bearing may be obtained by equating the heat generated to the heat taken away by the oil. ‘We know that the heat taken away by the oil, Q, =m*Cp* Ws or watts m = Mass of the oil in kg/s, C, = Specific heat of the oil. Its value may be taken as 1840 to 2100 J/kg/-C, 1 = Difference between outlet and inlet temperature of oil Design procedure 1 If application of joumnal bearing is given assume values form DB (table 15.11) 2.Use relation P=W_ DB 15.18 2rl find one of the unknown Parameter 3. Find coefficient of friction f = k, (2\2): 10 +af DB 15.12 p)e 4Find heat generated H, = {Wy DB 15.23 5\Find heat dissipated H, = ars) DB 15.41 : Gt H, >Hi we need artificial cooling HeH= 0, = m*Cp J/s or watts where m is the mass of ‘cooling element Scanned with CamScannerPLE PROBLEMS AND UNIVERSITY QUESTI0 QI)A 150mm diameter shaft a load of 10KN has The shaft runs in a bearing whose length is 1.5 tim If the viscosity(absolute) =0.01 lkp/m- friction A given data assumptions d= 150mm @ speed of 1500rpm > times the shaft diameter ind the power wasted in n= 1500/60 rps Vd =1.5 Z=0.01 1kg/m-s P=W_ DB 15.18 2rl 10*10° 2*0.225* 0.075 = 0.296 N/mm? son (2)(2}at0™ say DB 15.12 P)\c k= 0.195 x 106 Af = 0.002 1*1500 = 0.195 x10°| > ~ } (1000)x 107” +0.002 a * (are) (1000) = 0.02 adn = 31491501500 1 ag ig 1000 1000*60 Hy = fWv DB 15.23 = 0.02 *10 x 10° * 11.78 =2356 Ws A full journal bearing of 50mm diameter and 100mm long has a ing pressure of 1.4N/mm?, ‘The speed of the journal is, 900cpm.and the ratio of journal diameter to the diametral clearance is 1000.01 with viscosity 0.01 1kg/m-s at 75°C ,the room temperature is 35°C find (i) the Scanned with CamScanamount of artificial cooling required (ii) the mass of lubricating oil if the temperature between outlet and inlet is 10°C A. given data N=900rpm n= 900/60 rps Z=0.01 tky/m-s P=1.4N/mm? r/e=1000 d=50mm 100mm P=W 21 DB 15.18 ae 2*25*100 W=7000N Zn\(r =k St 197° tf (Zuo +Af Kka= 0.195 x 10% Af =0.002 DB *(1000)x10" 40,002 3.14*50*900 or 2.35: 1000*69 _~355m/s DB = 0.0043 *7000 * 2.355 =70.8W T=(to-ta) = 1((to-ta) 1(75°C-35°C) =20°C 2 — a +187 Hy ape assumptions Cp=1850)/keC 15.12 15.23 DB eq 15.37 &15.38 DB 15.41 ° Scanned with CamScannerrF 100* 50(20 +18)" / Hy = 9.2674 x10" 2 Hy=27W since Hy >Ha We have to give artificial cooling The amount of artificial cooling required = He - Hy =43.8W Q.=m*Cptt_ Vs or watts m= Mass of the oil in kg/s, Assuming Cp =1850)/kg/°C t= 10°C 43.8 =m x1850 x 10 m= 0.0023kg/s Q3). Design a journal bearing for a centrifugal pump load on the journal 20000N, speed of the journal 900rpm , Type of oil is SAE 10 for which the absolute viscosity 55°C=0.017kg/m-s. Ambient temperature of oil = 15.5°C.maximum bearing pressure for the pump= 1.5N/mm? Calculate also mass of the lubricating oil required for artificial cooling if tise of temperature of oil be limited to 10°C. Heat dissipation coefficient = 1232W/m?PC (U Q 2007) A. given data assumptions W= 20000N e/r= 0.001 N=900rpm n= 900/60 rps. Z=0.017kg/m-s Assume from D B table 15.11 corresponding to centrifugal pump P= 1.1MN/m2 Wd=1.5 P=W_ DB 15.18 2r1 where I/r =3 2x3 r= 55mm d=110mm & |=165 mm s-b,(2)(2}a10% say DB 15.12 k= 0,195 x 10° Af = 0.002 Scanned with CamScanner(1000)x10"" +0.002 14*110* 900 = 5.181 mis 1000*60 >"! BImvs DB 15.23 .005 *20000 * 5.181 8.1 Js 1A(tp-ta) DB 15.39 Aqld (o-ta) =1 (tot) == DB eq 15.37 &15.38 2 1(55°C-15.5°C) =19.75°C 2 = (1232 * 0.165* 0110 * 19.75) Hy=441.6W Since Hy >Hy We have to give artificial cooling The amount of artificial cooling required = Hy - Hy =16.5W Q, =m*Cp*t___J/s or watts ™ = Mass of the oil in kg/s, Assuming Cp =1900J/kg/C t= 10°C 76.5 = m x1900 x 10 m= 0.004kg/s (ea) Design a journal bearing for a 10MW ,100rpm steam turbine which IsSupported to two bearing . take lubricating oil as turbine oil ,operating \L 60°C and Pmax = 1.9Mpa (U Q 2006) A. given data assumptions POWER=100MW oe SN/mm? N=100rpm. = LS n= 100/60 rps. (from table corresponding to steam turbine) POWER = 2nNT 60 10* 10° =2*3.14*100*T 60 104] Scanned with CamScanneryr --955.4KNm tp tO DB 15.2a ‘able 15.1 turbine oil =0.880 0A re 15.1 choose SAE40 and oil temperature 60°C Ze 6centistoke Ze = "10 2 7=26*10°* 0.880" 10 =0,02288Ns/n? rok, (2) (Eonar DB 15.12 fable k,= 0.195 x 10° Af = 0.002 0.0288 *100 = 0.195 10° f= 0.195% ( 15*60 i (1000)x 107° +0.002 = 0.0026 T-fWr DB 955.4*10°=0.0026*(P*2r*1)*r 955.4*10°=0.0026*(1.5* 10° 2r*3r)*r where I=3r 344m 4=6880mm 1=10320mm W=(P*2r#1) =(1.5x10® * 6.880 *10.320) =106.5MN adn 3.14* 6880*10 1000 1000* 60 Hy=fWy DB 15.23 =0.0026 *106.5x10° * 36 =9.96MW T= (let) =L((torta) DB eq 15.37 &15.38 2 {60'c-20°c) =20°C Scanned with CamScannerld(T +18)? H, == > K A > H,, = 10320* 6880(20 +18) 0.2674 x10° Hy=0.383W Since Hy >Hy We have to give artificial cooling DB 1541 Q5). Design a journal bearing for an electric motor to support a support a load of 3000N.The journal having 50mm diameter rotate at 1500rpm -oil viscocity 25ep assume Pmax= 1.4MPa (U Q 2006) A.. given data d= 50mm W=3000N N=1500rpm Z=2Sep =0.025kg/m-s assumptions P=1.1N/mm* (from table corresponding to electric motor) P=W_ 2rl 1.1=3000 2*25*1 1-54.5mm check I/d ratio=(54.5/50) =1.09 which lies in the range 1 to 2 (DB table 15.11) s=4(2) (E}a0 +Af DB 15.12 k,=0.195 x 10° Af = 0.002 0.025 *1500 = 0.195 x10%| > f xl ( 11°60 DB 15.18 ) *(1000)x107" +0.002 = 0.013, adn _ 3.14*50*1500 ao 3.95mi ** 1000" ~ 1000*60 mu H, = fWv DB 15.23 =0.0026 *106.5x10° * 36 =9.96MW Scanned with CamScanner> (@0'C-20°C) =20°C co ne : MT*BY oy Bist a a 54.5% 50(20 +18)" » = 0.2674 «10° He=14.71W since Hy >Ha We have to give artificial cooling Q6).The load on the journal bearing is 150KN due to turbine shaft of 300mm diameter running at 1800rpm determine the following (i Length of the bearing if the bearing pressure is 1.6N/mm2 and (ii) Amount of heart to be removed by the lubricant per minute if the bearing temperature is 60°C and viscosity of the oil at 60°C is 0.02kg/m- sand the bearing clearance is 0.25mm (U Q 2007) A. given data assumptions d= 300mm W=150 KN N=1800rpm. P=1.6N/mm2 ¢=0.25mm P=W_ DB 15.18 2rl 1.6=150000 2*150*1 15312.5mm fn 2)(Cto say DB 15.12 k,=0.195 x 10° Af = 0.002 ,02*1800) , (150 f=0.195 rot (2025800) (150 530) % 1.6*60 025 107" +0,002 = 0.0063 Heat removed is same as heat generated Hy= fWy DB 15.23 Scanned with CamScanner= adn 3.14*300*1800 ~28.3m/s 1000 1000 * 60 H,=(0.0063 *150000 #28.3) =26.74KW i. °_67).A 80mm long journal bearing supports a load of 2800N on a 50mm diameter shaft. The bearing has a radial clearance of 0.05mm and the viscosity of the oil is 0.021kg/m-s at the operating temperature . if the bearing is capable of dissipating 803/s determine the maximum safe load (U Q 2007) A. given data assumptions 1= 80mm W=2800N d=50mm Z=0.021 kg/m-s ¢/2=0.05mm Ha =80J/s P= Ww DB_ 15.18 2rl P= 2800 2*25*80 =0.7N/mm? Zn\(r f=k,|— () 10° pile p10 + AF DB 15.12 k, = 0.195 x 108 Af =0.002 0.021*n 25 F=oassxro' (20262 af 2 -10 07 01 x10- +0.002 y= in _-3.14*50*n 1000 1000 Hy = fWv DB 15.23 H, [oss 108 (arn) (Bao +0.002]+2800+[ 3 so 0.1 1000 Hy =80J/s Assume Hg=Hg Then n=21.Srps Scanned with CamScannerr— §) Design a joumal bearing for pump for the following data Load on the joumal =12KN Diameter of the journal =75mm Speed =1400 rpm Atmosphere temperature =25"C Operating temperature of the oil =70"C (U Q 2008) A) given data assumptions 2KN nv/e :centrifual pump p=1.IMN/m‘ Vd=(1 to 2) 5 n=(400/60) p=W. DB 2 15.18 1-100 2*(75/2)*1 1-145.45mm. (Wd)=145.45/37.5=1.93 which lies between | to 2 pon, 2](Ejor sa DB 15.12 * f =0.195x10° (22522) +1000 10% +0.002 -0.014 y; DB 15.23 aoe _3:14*75*140 1000 1000*60 H,-(0.0142000 *5.495)-923.16)/s : H, =e DB IS41 K, 7, -64545%75(00+ 187 ° ; 0.2674 x10 Hy=58.900/s Since Hl, >Hg We have to give artificial cooling mm journal bearing is 10000N. The speed of . arance ratio is 0.001. Operating temperature is ess is to be 0.022mm. Select oil that (ay Q9) The load on a 1001 rotation is 200rpm the cles to be 60°C.minimum film thickn: Scanned with CamScannerwill closely accord with the stated condition. For the selected oil ill close rd with stat Aiti je select determine the frictional loss A) given data 1=100mm Pew. DB 15.18 2 p= 10000 __ _Nimm2 2*50*100 To find the oil H, =Hg p=4,(2\(2pa0 ar DB 15.12 Sf =0.195x« 10° (2222) +1000.10-° +0.002 =0.014 Hy=fWv = DB 15.23 _ 3.14*100* 200 = =1.0466m/s 1000 * 60 6 (243.33 = Her(0.195x10° [==] *1000 10" + 0.002)*10000*1.0466 Ha=KiA(to-ta) DB 15.39 Ald K(to-ta)=8.856 x10? from table 15.10 Ha = 8.856 x10° *100 *100 =132.84watt * corssssot (2°23) *1000x 107 + 0,002) *10x10"*1.0466=H, Z=0.164Ns/m* viscosity of the oil Frictional loss=H, =132.84 watts Scanned with CamScanner> 10) Design a journal bearing for a 1OKW centrifugal compressor to the following specifications Journal diameter =75mm Length of the journal =90mm Load of the journal 10KN c/d ratio= 0.001 Check whether hydrodynamic lubrication will prevail or not. Find th Power loss, heat generated and heat dissipated (U Q 2008) ‘A)given data a= c/d=0.001 pew DB 15.18 2 _ 10000 2*(75/2)*90 P=2mT 10000 = 2am. 7 Nn n s-1(2] (E}aom sar DB 15.12 f= 0.195x10° (2282) +1000 10°" +0.02 T=fWr DB 1592350 n (0195. 10° [eee n=100rps 7 = 1592350 1 = 15923.50Nmm Scanned with CamScanner_2aIn DB15.22a 10° pw 24115923.50°100 _ 9 ow 10° H,= fWv DB 15.23 adn 3.14* 75 * 6000 ee ee 1000 ——:1000*60 H,=(0.041*10000 *23.55)=9779.61/s _ ld +18)" Hy= % __ 90*75(20-+18)? ~ 0.2674x10° Hp=36.45)/s =23.55m/s D B 15.41 D Calculated value of ZN/p=(.030*6000/1.48)=121.6 Bearing modulus C=ZN/(3p) =121.6/3=40.5 From table minimum ZN/p=4.36 Bearing modulus =4.36/3=1.453 Since calculated value of bearing modulus is greater than minimum bearing modulus hydrodynamic lubrication will prevail THEORETICAL QUESTIONS 1 Discuss the properties of sliding contact bearing materials 2.Write briefly on bearing materials 3. State the assumptions in the theory of hydrodynamic lubricated 4,Discuss the importance of lubricants in bearings 5.Explain the properties of lubricants 6. Explain bearing characteristic number and bearing modulus 7.Explain wedge film and squeeze film journal bearings 8. Discuss different types of sliding contact bearings Scanned with CamScanner