Structural Systems

Structural Systems
• A structural system is a set of interconnected elements
in a structure that transfers applied loads to a load
bearing structure
• The structural system of a high-rise building is designed to
resist vertical gravity loads as well as lateral loads caused by
wind or seismic activity.
– The structural system consists only of the members designed
to carry the loads, and all other members are referred to as
non-structural or non load bearing members or elements.
 Structural Systems: Types
• Structural systems designed to carry loads may be classified as
– Wall (Continuous) structures
– Framed structures
– Shell structures
– Tensile structures
– Membrane structures
 Structural Systems
• Besides providing stability against gravity loads, lateral load
resisting structural systems include
– Rigid frame structural system. .. Column and Slab Systems
– Braced frame structural system. ...
– Shear wall system. ...
– Wall-frame system (dual system) ...
– Core and outrigger structural system. ...
– Tubular structural system.
 Structural Systems: Materials
• Structural Systems may be made of
– Concrete
– Steel
– Wood
– Composite materials

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Wall (Continuous ) Structural Framing systems
 Wall (Continuous ) Structural Framing systems
• Wall systems transfer loads by providing a continuous support
to the loads and transferring them by direct compression to
the foundations
– Brick and Masonry walls are examples of Continuous structural
systems
Wall (Continuous ) Structural Framing systems
 Framed Structural systems
Rigid (Unbraced) and Braced Systems
 Framed Structural systems
• Frames or interconnected elements of Beams and Columns are
used as structural system configuration in structures.
• They consist of Rigid and Braced frames
Bracing Systems in Structures
 Framed Structural systems
• Framed Structural systems:
– Framed structures are formed by the interconnection of elements
usually in the form of columns and beams, as well as further
strengthened as necessary by the introduction of rigid floor
membranes and external walls.
– Common forms of framed building structure may be produced form
insitu reinforced concrete frames of prefabricated concrete or steel
frames.
Framed Structural systems
Framed Structural systems
Rigid Systems
 Structural Systems Rigid frame
• Rigid frame systems, also called moment frame systems, are
used in steel and reinforced concrete buildings. This system
consists of beams and columns .
• A rigid frame is an unbraced frame, that is capable of resisting
both vertical and lateral loads by the bending of beams and
columns.
– Stiffness of the rigid frame is provided mainly by the bending rigidity
of beams and columns that have rigid connections
 Structural Systems Rigid frame
• Rigid frame structural system
– In rigid frame structure, beams and columns are constructed
monolithically to withstand moments imposed due to loads.
– The lateral stiffness of a rigid frame depends on the bending
stiffness of the columns, girders and connections in-plane
– It is suitable for both reinforced concrete and steel
structures , but it would be costly to create rigid connections
in steel structure buildings.
 Structural Systems Rigid Frames
• The rectangular arrangement of rigid frames is
suitable for fitting windows, it is also easy to
construct
• Rigid frame members can withstand bending
moments, shear force, and axial loads, and are
suitable for buildings up to 20 to 25 stories
Framed Structural systems
Braced Systems
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems:
Braced Frames
• A braced frame is a structural system designed to resist wind
and earthquake forces. Members in a braced frame are not
allowed to sway laterally (which can be done using shear wall
or a diagonal steel sections, similar to a truss).
• Bracing can be used to stop buildings swaying over. It helps
buildings stand up to the sideways forces that can occur
during earthquakes or high winds. Bracing members can work
in tension or in compression.
Lateral Load Resisting Systems:
Braced Frames
Braced Frames (Diagonalized- and rigid frame)
• In braced frames the lateral resistance is given by diagonal
members that, together with the girders, form a web of
vertical trusses, where the columns acting as chords,
• Bracing systems are highly efficient of resisting lateral loads.
This due to the horizontal shear in the building is resisted by
the horizontal components resulting in tensile and compressive
actions in the web members.
Comparison of Moment-Resisting Frames and Braced Structures
Braced Frames (Diagonalized- and rigid frame)
• The bracing system is an almost steel exclusive system since
the diagonals are inevitably subjected to tension for one or the
other direction of the lateral loading. Braced systems are able
to produce a very stiff lateral structure for a minimum of
additional material which makes it economically efficient for
any height.
• The major disadvantage with diagonal bracing is that it is
limiting the internal planning and the location of windows.
Furthermore, the connections to the diagonals are expensive
to fabricate and erect.
Multi Storey Structural
Systems
Cross-bracing (or X-bracing)
Lateral Load Resisting Systems
Bracing
Lateral Load Resisting Systems: Bracing
Multi Storey Structural
Systems
Framed Structural systems
Shear wall Systems
Lateral Load Resisting Systems: Shear Wall systems

• A shear wall system is a type of rigid frame made of steel.

Concrete or Masonry where the entire material of the wall is
employed in the resistance of both horizontal and vertical
loads.
• A shear wall system provides a greater lateral rigidity. Shear
walls tend to be used only in conjunction with other support
systems
Lateral Load Resisting Systems: Shear Wall systems

• Shear wall system

– It is a continuous vertical wall constructed from reinforced concrete
or masonry wall. Shear walls withstand both gravity and lateral loads,
and it acts as narrow deep cantilever beam.
– Shear walls are usually located as a core of buildings and can be used
as a bracing system in tall buildings because of their substantial in
plane stiffness and strength.
– shear wall structural system can be economical up to 35 stories
building structure. Shear walls need not to be symmetrical in plan,
but symmetry is preferred in order to avoid torsional effects
Framed Structural systems
Shear Core Systems
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems: Shear Wall
systems
• Shear cores and walls are vertical elements within a structure
that provide lateral stability. The rest of the structure is framed
around them and they typically work in conjunction with floor
plates and roofs. They can also be paired with braced based
systems. Shear cores typically act as vertical access
throughout the structure via lifts and stairs and are usually
located in line with the centroid of the structure.
 Framed Structural systems
Coupled Shear wall-Frame Systems
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems:
Coupled Shear Walls
• Coupled shear walls consist of two or more
shear walls in the same plane, or almost the same
plane, connected at the floor levels by beam or
stiff slabs.
Coupled shear walls
Framed Structural systems
Wall-Frame (Dual) Systems
 Framed Structural systems
Wall-Frame (Dual) Systems
• Dual systems are structural systems in which vertical loads are
carried primarily by structural frames but lateral loads are
resisted by both frame and wall systems.
• Such systems consist of Frames and Shear walls interconnected
to effectively resist imposed loads
• Such systems are mostly applicable in Concrete structures
Framed Structural systems
Wall-Frame (Dual) Systems
 Framed Structural systems
Column floor Systems Systems
 Wall-frame system (dual system)

• Wall-frame system (dual system) consists of wall

and frame that interact horizontally to provide
stronger and stiffer system.
• Such walls are located around stairwells, elevator
shafts, and/or at the perimeter of the building
• Dual systems are suitable for buildings 40-60
stories high.
Other Structural Framing Systems
Tubular Structural Systems
 Tube Structures
• The tube system is used in high rise structures, enabling them
to resist lateral loads from wind, seismic pressures and so on. It
acts like a hollow cylinder, cantilevered perpendicular to the
ground.
• The rigid frame that this assembly of columns and beams
forms results in a dense and strong structural ‘tube’ around the
exterior.
– Interior columns are few in number while exterior columns are more
in number
 Tubular Structural Systems
• The tube system concept is based on the idea that a building
can be designed to resist lateral loads by designing it as a
hollow Cantilever perpendicular to the ground.
– the perimeter of the exterior consists of closely spaced columns that
are tied together with deep Spandrel beams through moment
connections. This assembly of columns and beams forms a rigid
frame that amounts to a dense and strong structural wall along the
exterior of the building.
 Tubular Structural Systems
• This exterior framing is designed sufficiently strong to resist all
lateral loads on the building, thereby allowing the interior of
the building to be simply framed for gravity loads.
– Interior columns are comparatively few and located at the core.
– The distance between the exterior and the core frames is spanned
with beams or trusses and can be column-free.
– This maximizes the effectiveness of the perimeter tube by
transferring some of the gravity loads within the structure to it, and
increases its ability to resist overturning via lateral loads
 Structural Frames: Tubular Structures
• Tubular structure is a type of structure where, the columns are
placed on the periphery of the building. There are different
types of tubular structure- (Naik & Chandra , 2017)
– Framed tube structure,
– Tube in Tube structure,
– Bundled Tube structure,
– Braced tube Structure.
• These structure are basically designed to act like a hollow tube
which are perpendicular to the ground. These building are
basically made of Steel, concrete or composite of both
Framed tube structures
 Framed tube structures
• Framed tube structural system consists of closely
spaced exterior columns that are rigidly connected with
deep spandrel beams running continuously along each
facade and around the building corners.
• This arrangement increases the beam and column
stiffness by decreasing the clear span dimensions and
increasing the member depth
Structural Framing Systems
Tube-in-Tube structures
 Tube-In-Tube Structures

• This is a type of framed tube consisting of an outer-framed

tube together with an internal elevator and service core. The
exterior tube and the interior tube are designed to act
together.
– The exterior tube has relatively large width and hence it is designed
to resist the entire bending moment caused by lateral forces.
– The interior tubes are designed to carry shear produced by the lateral
forces. This type of structures is also called as Hull (Outer tube) and
Core (Inner tube) structures.
Tube-In-Tube Structures
Tube-In-Tube Structures
Bundled tube structures
 Bundled Tube Structures
• Bundled Tube
• The bundled tube system can be visualized as an assemblage of
individual tubes resulting in multiple cell tube to resist the
lateral loads. The increase in stiffness is apparent. The system
allows for the greatest height and the most floor area. This
structural form was used in the Sears Tower in Chicago. The
bundle tube design was not only highly efficient in economic
terms, but it was also "innovative in its potential for versatile
formulation of architectural space
Multi Storey Structural
Systems
 Bundled tube
• Bundled tube structure: The concept allows for wider
column spacing in the tubular walls than would be
possible with only the exterior frame tube form. The
spacing which make it possible to place interior frame
lines without seriously compromising interior space
planning
 Bundled tube

• The bundled tube system involves, instead of one tube, several

individual tubes interconnected to form a multi-cell tube. Together
they work to resist the lateral loads and overturning moments.
• Not only is this system economically efficient but it also allows for
more versatile building designs, adopting interesting shapes and
bundled in dynamic groupings rather than being simply box-
liketowers.
• The first type of building to use this system was the Willis Tower in
Chicago.
Braced tube structures
 Braced tube Structure.
• Braced tube structural system consists of widely spaced
column with inclined X- brace members on the exterior surface
of building.
• Due to inclined brace members, lateral loads are resisted by
axial action of the diagonals, compared to bending of vertical
columns in framed tubular structure.
• Braced tube structures generally do not require gravity core
because lateral shear can be managed by the diagonals on the
periphery of building.
Cross-bracing (or X-bracing)
Lateral Load Resisting Systems
Bracing
Outrigger structural System
 Outrigger structural System
• The outrigger structural system is a lateral load resisting system in which
the external peripheral columns are tied to the central core with very
stiff outriggers and belt truss at one or more levels.
• The belt trusses are tied to the peripheral columns of the building while
the outriggers engage them with main or central shear wall. This
structural system is commonly used as one of the structural systems to
efficiently control excessive drift due to lateral load, so that during small
or medium lateral load due to either wind or earthquake, the risk of
structural and non-structural damage is minimized.
Outrigger structural System
Core and Outriggers system
 Interior Structural System: outrigger Structures

• The core may be centrally located with outriggers extending on

both sides or in some cases it may be located on one side of
the building with outriggers extending to the building columns
on the other side.
• The outriggers are generally in the form of trusses (1 or 2 story
deep) in steel structures, or walls in concrete structures, that
effectively act as stiff headers inducing a tension compression
couple in the outer columns.
– Belt trusses are often provided to distribute these tensile and
compressive forces to a large number of exterior frame columns.
Framed Structural systems
Hybrid Systems
 Hybrid Structure.

A Hybrid structure is a structure composed of or a

Combination of two or even more of basic structural
forms.
 Hybrid structure
• Hybrid structures are often used for non-prismatic structure
where two or more of the basic structures described earlier are
used in the same building.
• This concept can be used for either direct combination of, for
example, a tube and an outrigger system or by adopting
different systems for different parts of the building, for
example a tube system on three walls and a frame on the
fourth wall.
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings
Structural Systems for Tall Buildings