Class X Employability Skill Notes
Class X Employability Skill Notes
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UNIT I Communication Skills
Types of Communication -
1) Verbal Communication
It includes sounds, words, language, and speech.
Type of Verbal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is thus a one-on-one
conversation. It can be formal or informal.
Examples
1. A manager discussing the performance with an employee.
2. Two friends discussing homework.
3. Two people talking to each other over phone or video call.
Written Communication
This form of communication involves writing words.
It can be letters, circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, etc.
It can be between two or more people.
Examples
1. A manager writing an appreciation e-mail to an employee.
2. Writing a letter to grandmother enquiring about health.
Small Group Communication
This type of communication takes place when there are more than two people involved.
Each participant can interact and converse with the rest.
Examples
1. Press conferences 2. Board meetings 3. Team meetings
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Public Communication
This type of communication takes place when one individual addresses a large gathering.
Examples
1. Election campaigns
2. Public speeches by dignitaries
2) Non-verbal Communication
Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchange of information or messages without using any
spoken or written word i.e by using signals, through expressions, gestures, postures, touch, space, eye
contact etc
Type of Non -Verbal Communication
Facial Expressions
Our expressions can show different feelings, such as Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Surprise, Fear,
Effective expressions that can be used –
Smile when you meet someone.
Keep your face relaxed.
Match your expressions with your words.
Nod while listening.
Posture - Postures show our confidence and feelings.
For example, a straight body posture shows confidence while a slumped posture is a sign of
weakness. Effective postures that can be used –
Keep your shoulders straight and body relaxed.
Sit straight while resting your hands and feet in relaxed position.
While standing, keep your hands by your sides.
Gestures or Body Language
Gestures include body movements that express an idea or meaning.
For example, raising a hand in class to ask a question and biting nails when nervous.
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Effective gestures that can be used –
Keep your hands open.
Avoid pointing your finger at people.
Tilt your head a bit to show that you are attentive.
Touch We communicate a great deal through touch.
For example, a firm handshake to display confidence and pat on the back to encourage someone.
Effective ways that can be used –
Shake hands firmly while meeting someone.
Avoid other touch gestures during formal communication.
Space - Space is the physical distance between two people. The space between two persons
while communicating, generally depends on the intimacy or closeness between them.
Maintain proper space depending on the relationship, which could be formal or
informal or the closeness with the person with whom you are talking.
Eye Contact The way we look at someone can communicate a lot.
Eye contact shows that we are paying attention to the person as opposed to looking away, which
can make the other person feel ignored.
Effective ways that can be used –
Look directly at the person who is speaking.
Avoid staring; keep a relaxed look.
Maintain eye contact with intermittent breaks.
3) Visual Communication
It involves interchanging messages only through images or pictures.
you do not need to know any particular language for understanding it.
It is simple and remains consistent across different places.
Feedback
can be referred as acknowledgement received by the sender from the receiver about getting the message
across.
Type of Feedback
Positive Feedback
• I noticed you finished the work perfectly. Great job!
• I really appreciate you taking that call.
Negative Feedback
• You keep forgetting to smile at the hotel guests when you talk to them.
• You take really long to reply to e-mails! Are you always so busy?
No Feedback - It is also a feedback in itself which indicates disagreement of ideas.
Feedback, if shared properly, can help reinforce existing strengths and can increase the recipient’s
abilities to rectify errors.
Importance of Feedback
• It validates effective listening:
The person providing the feedback knows they have been understood (or received) and that their
feedback provides some value.
• It motivates:
Feedback can motivate people to build better work relationships and continue the good work that
is being appreciated.
• It is always there:
Every time you speak to a person, we communicate feedback so it is impossible not to provide
one.
• It boosts learning:
Feedback is important to remain focussed on goals, plan better and develop improved products
and services.
• It improves performance:
Feedback can help to form better decisions to improve and increase performance.
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4. Organisational Barriers
Superior-subordinate relationships in a formal organisational structure can be a barrier to free
flow of communication.
Sometimes due to the stringent rules, the employees find it difficult to communicate with their
peers too.
5. Cultural Barriers
Cultural barriers is when people of different cultures are unable to understand each other’s
customs, resulting in inconveniences and difficulties.
People sometimes make stereotypical assumptions about others based on their cultural
background, this leads to difference in opinions
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2. Stress management
i. Stress is defined as our emotional, mental, physical and socil reaction to any perceived demands or
threats.
ii. Factors that cause stress are called stressor
iii. Stress management can help us having a joyful life, complete tasks on time, be a happy person, be
more energetic etc
iv. Three steps to manage stress:
Accept that you are stressed by identifying symptoms lie headaches, nervousness etc
Try to identify cause of stress
Try using some stress management methods like:
o Do what you like the most like play, sing etc
o exercise,
o eat healthy diet,
o look at good side of everything and stay positive
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o proper time management
o Take good sleep during night for atleast 7-8 hours
o Spend time with family. Go for vacations
o Practice meditation, yoga etc
v. If we are calm and relaxed, we can work independently and efficiently
vi. We can learn how to identify and manage our emotions
3. Self -Awareness
Your likes and dislikes, your beliefs etc
Know your strengths ,ie, what you are good at and your weaknesses , ie, things that you find
very difficult to do
Differentiate between your interests and abilities. Interests are the things that we like to do in
our free tiem and which make us happy. Abilities are our capability of doing anything with
proficiency.
4. Self -Motivation
Self motivation is the force within us that hels us in doing things.
Types of self motivation-
o Internal motivation- doing things that make us happy eg performing in a function
o External motivation- when you get the appreciation, respect, recognition from others
Qualities of self motivated person are:
o Are focussed
o Know what is important
o Keep working to fulfil their dreams
o Know what they want from life
To build self motivation:
o Identify your strengths
o Set and focus on your goals
o Make proper plan to achieve your goal
o Work delicately to achieve your goal
6. Time management
It includes:
o Complete task on time
o Make a daily time table
o Don’t waste time during the day
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o Complete the work on time
o Try to have an idea about the time in which a thing will be completed.
o Try to prioritise things
o Make a to-do list
o Don’t waste time on doing things that are not required
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1. Operating System
is an interface between computer and user.
Starts as soon as we start computer
Commonly used operating systems are Microsoft windows., Mac OS, Ubuntuetc for laptops and
Google Android, Apple iOS for mobiles.
Complete working of the computer is controlled by OS.
3. When the system is switched on , it automatically runs a basic program called BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System). The BIOS first checks the system and then uploads the operating system
5. Logout is the process of signing out so that nobody can see and change the work saved in the computer.
7. When we click on shut down, the operating sytem closes all the applications abd turns off the computer.
8. Keyboard is an input device that is used to type text, numbers, special characters etc.
F1 to F12 are function keys that have specific function like F1 is for help
CTRl, shift, spacebar, alt, capslock, tab are special control keys
Enter key is used to insert a new line or execute any command
Punctuation keys are used to enter punctuation marks like ?, “”, ‘’, ;, ; etc
Navigation keys – arrow keys are used to move cursor up, down, right and left. HOME, PAGEUP,
PAGEDOWN,END are used to scroll pages and move cursor
Insert, delete and backspace keys are command keys. If insert key is switched on, it overwrites on
the pretyped content, backspace key is used to delete content on the left side of the cursor and delete
key is used to delete the content on the right side of the cursor.
WINDOW key is used open the start menu
9. Mouse is a pointing device. We can drag and drop using mouse. We can click on an icon using mouse.
We can double click on the icon of an application to open it. We can simply drag mouse over an icon to
know the details of that icon.
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10. Information in computer can be saved in different files. Different files have different extensions.
Extention of common file formats:
Notepad files - .txt word file -.doc Image file- .jpg music file- .mp3
Excel file- .xls Powerpoint - .ppt
14. Backup means creating a copy of original data. Generally the backup is done using:
i. Online methods like cloud, email etc
ii. Offline methods like secondary storage devices like hard disk, pen drive etc
15. Antivirus is a software that is used to detect and remove malware. Eg McAfee, Norton etc. antivirus
should be regularly updated so that it can detect all the latest virus.
16. Disk cleaning software should be used to clean the unnecessary files like temporary files, duplicate
images etc. These files take lot of disk space and reduce the performance of computer.
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19. Threats to computer;
i. Hacking – stealing someone’s personal information and misusing it.
ii. Piracy- stealing of software and creating unauthorised copies of it.
iii. Virus- These are computer programs that damage data and software programs or steal
information stored in devices.
iv. Worms are the viruses that replicate themselves and damage files.
v. Trojan horses seem to be useful programs. But once these enter a system, these start destroying
data.
vi. Online predators- These are the people who trap other people by posing as somebody different
and force to do something bad or illiegal.
vii. Internet scam- Sometimes people loose lot of money by clicking on messages that of have
attractive offers. Generally these messages ask for bank or card details or ask for transferring
money in some account etc.
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Entrepreneurship is the type of self-employment where one is running a business to satisfy the needs of
self and of people and also looking for ways to make the business better to earn profits.
Ways in which one can earn a living are through wage employment and self-employment.
Wage employed people are people who work for a person or an organization and get paid
for that work.
Self-employed people are those who start businesses to satisfy the needs of people.
Example - a doctor who works for a hospital is a wage employed person. If the same doctor has their own
clinic, he or she is a self-employed person.
A self - employed person who is always trying to make his/her business better by taking risks and trying
new ideas is an entrepreneur.
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Example: Ramya and Ramu both own plant shops.
Ramu sits at his shop every day. When customers come, he sells to them.
Ramya walks around and gets customers to her shop. She also sells seeds and flowers with her plants.
Ramya is working to do more and grow her business. She has also added a different idea to her business. So,
Ramya is an entrepreneur and Ramu is a businessman.
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Eg. A Taxi driver having day’s newspaper in taxi, for customers to read or having a board with the numbers of
the nearby hospitals and hotels etc.
Misconception 4 - Entrepreneurs are born, not made.
A self-employed person running a business to satisfy a need by trying new ideas is an entrepreneur.
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Sustainable development is the development that satisfies the needs of the present without
compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth,
care for the environment and social well-being.
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Sustainable Development Initiatives
An innovator and entrepreneur Mr Avasth Hedge found an eco-friendly alternative to plastic
polyethene by making 100 per cent bio-degradable bag which can dissolve in hot water and
decompose in natural environment.
Innovator Narayana Peesapaty made edible cutlery made out of a grain — these spoons can be eaten
and even if they are not eaten they will easily decompose in the soil enriching it.
Initiative taken by Ministry of Railways in Varanasi and Raibareilly where they introduced clay pots
‘Kulhads’ to replace plastic and paper cups and to bring back taste of tradition and also helped to
reduce cutting of tree for making paper cups , job creation for potters, which contributes to economy
, reduce plastic waste.