In 2006, Amazon Web Services (AWS) started to offer IT

services to the market in the form of web services, which

is nowadays known as cloud computing.

With this cloud, we need not plan for servers and other
IT infrastructure which takes up much of time in advance.

Instead, these services can instantly spin up hundreds or

thousands of servers in minutes and deliver results faster.
We pay only for what we use with no up-front expenses
and no long-term commitments, which makes AWS cost
efficient.

Today, AWS provides a highly reliable, scalable, low-cost

infrastructure platform in the cloud that powers
multitude of businesses in 190 countries around the
world.
Cloud computing is an internet-based computing service in
which large groups of remote servers are networked to allow
centralized data storage, and online access to computer
services or resources.

Using cloud computing, organizations can use shared

computing and storage resources rather than building,
operating, and improving infrastructure on their own.

Cloud computing is a model that enables the following

features.

Users can provision and release resources on-demand.

Resources can be scaled up or down automatically,
depending on the load.

Resources are accessible over a network with proper

security.

Cloud service providers can enable a pay-as-you-go

model, where customers are charged based on the type
of resources and per usage.
Types of Clouds

There are three types of clouds −

Public, Private and Hybrid cloud.

Public Cloud

In public cloud, the third-party service providers make

resources and services available to their customers via
Internet.

Customer’s data and related security is with the service

providers’ owned infrastructure.
Private Cloud

A private cloud also provides almost similar features as

public cloud, but the data and services are managed by the
organization or by the third party only for the customer’s
organization.

In this type of cloud, major control is over the infrastructure

so security related issues are minimized.
Hybrid Cloud

A hybrid cloud is the combination of both private and

public cloud.

The decision to run on private or public cloud usually

depends on various parameters like sensitivity of data and
applications, industry certifications and required
standards, regulations, etc.
Cloud Service Models

There are three types of service models in cloud − IaaS,

PaaS, and SaaS.

IaaS

IaaS stands for Infrastructure as a Service.

It provides users with the capability to provision

processing, storage, and network connectivity on
demand.

Using this service model, the customers can develop their

own applications on these resources.
.
PaaS

PaaS stands for Platform as a Service. Here, the service

provider provides various services like databases,
queues, workflow engines, e-mails, etc. to their
customers.

The customer can then use these components for

building their own applications.

The services, availability of resources and data backup

are handled by the service provider that helps the
customers to focus more on their application's
functionality
SaaS

SaaS stands for Software as a Service.

As the name suggests, here the third-party providers

provide end-user applications to their customers with
some administrative capability at the application level,
such as the ability to create and manage their users.

Also some level of customizability is possible such as the

customers can use their own corporate logos, colors, etc.
Advantages of Cloud Computing

Cost-Efficient − Building our own servers and tools is time-

consuming as well as expensive as we need to order, pay for,
install, and configure expensive hardware, long before we
need it.

However, using cloud computing, we only pay for the amount

we use and when we use the computing resources.

In this manner, cloud computing is cost efficient.

Reliability − A cloud computing platform provides
much more managed, reliable and consistent
service than an in-house IT infrastructure.

It guarantees 24x7 and 365 days of service.

If any of the server fails, then hosted applications

and services can easily be transited to any of the
available servers.
Unlimited Storage − Cloud computing provides almost
unlimited storage capacity, i.e., we need not worry about
running out of storage space or increasing our current
storage space availability. We can access as much or as little
as we need.

Backup & Recovery − Storing data in the cloud, backing it

up and restoring the same is relatively easier than storing it
on a physical device. The cloud service providers also have
enough technology to recover our data, so there is the
convenience of recovering our data anytime.
Easy Access to Information − Once you register yourself
in cloud, you can access your account from anywhere in
the world provided there is internet connection at that
point. There are various storage and security facilities that
vary with the account type chosen.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

Security issues

Security is the major issue in cloud computing. The cloud

service providers implement the best security standards
and industry certifications, however, storing data and
important files on external service providers always bears
a risk.
Technical issues
As cloud service providers offer services to number of clients
each day, sometimes the system can have some serious
issues leading to business processes temporarily being
suspended. Additionally, if the internet connection is offline
then we will not be able to access any of the applications,
server, or data from the cloud.

Not easy to switch service providers

Cloud service providers promises vendors that the cloud will
be flexible to use and integrate, however switching cloud
services is not easy. Most organizations may find it difficult
to host and integrate current cloud applications on another
platform. Interoperability and support issues may arise such
as applications developed on Linux platform may not work
properly on Microsoft Development Framework (.Net).
Use of Cloud IoT cloud-based service

•The service provides for the data collection, data

points, messages and calculation objects.

• The service also provisions for the generation and

communication of alerts, triggers and feeds to the user.

• A user is an application or service. The user obtains

responses or feeds from the cloud service.
Xively

•Pachube platform: for data capture in real-time over the

Internet .

• Cosm: a changed domain name, where using a concept of

console, one can monitor the feeds

• Xively is the latest domain name

Cloud service instance

•Cloud service deploys an instance of server at Arduino

and other IoT sensor nodes platforms.

• Provision for real-time data collection, data

visualisation, graphical plots, HTTP based APIs and feed
Xively

• A commercial PaaS for the IoT/M2M

• A data aggregator and data mining website often

integrated into the Web of Things

• An IoT PaaS for services and business services.

Xively PaaS services

•Data visualisation for data of connected sensors to IoT

devices.

•Graphical plots of collected data.

•Generates alerts.

•Access to historical data

•Generates feeds which can be real-world objects of own or

others.
Xively HTTP based APIs

• Easy to implement on device hardware acting as clients

to Xively web services

•APIs connect to the web service and send data.

•APIs provides services for logging, sharing and displaying

sensor data of all
Xively Support

•The platform supports the REST, WebSockets and MQTT

protocols and connects the devices to Xively Cloud
Services

• Native SDKs for Android, Arduino, ARM mbed, Java, PHP,

Ruby, and Python languages

• Developers can use the workflow of prototyping,

deployment and management through the tools provided
at Xively
Xively APIs

• Enable interface with Python, HTML5, HTML5 server,

tornado

• Interface with WebSocket Server and WebSockets

• Interface with an RPC (Remote Procedure Call)..

Xively PaaS services

• Enables services

• Business services platform which connects the products,

including collaboration products

• Rescue, Boldchat, join.me, and operations to Internet

• Data collection in real-time over Internet

Xively Methods for IoT Devices Data

•Concept of users, feeds, data streams, data points and

triggers

•Data feed typically a single location (e.g. a device or

devices network),

• Data streams are of individual sensors associated with

that location (for example, ambient lights, temperatures,
power consumption).

•Pull or Push (Automatic or Manual Feed)

Xively Uses in IoT/M2M

• Private and Public Data Access

• Data streams, Data points and Triggers

• Creating and Managing Feeds

•Visualising Data
WAMP for IoT

• Web Application Messaging Protocol (WAMP) is a

sub-protocol of Websocket which provides publish-
subscribe and remote procedure call (RPC)
messaging patterns.
WAMP – Concepts

• Transport: Transport is channel that connects two peers.

• Session: Session is a conversation between two peers

that runs over a transport.

• Client: Clients are peers that can have one or more roles.
In publish-subscribe model client can have following roles:

– Publisher: Publisher publishes events (including payload)

to the topic maintained by the Broker.

– Subscriber: Subscriber subscribes to the topics and

receives the events including the payload.
In RPC model client can have following roles:

– Caller: Caller issues calls to the remote procedures along

with call arguments.

– Callee: Callee executes the procedures to which the calls

are issued by the caller and returns the results back to the
caller.

• Router: Routers are peers that perform generic call and

event routing. In publish-subscribe model Router has the
role of a Broker:
– Broker: Broker acts as a router and routes messages
published to a topic to all subscribers subscribed to the
topic.

In RPC model Router has the role of a Broker:

– Dealer: Dealer acts a router and routes RPC calls from
the Caller to the Callee and routes results from Callee to
Caller.

• Application Code: Application code runs on the Clients

(Publisher, Subscriber, Callee or Caller).
Source:

Internet of Things A Hands on-Approach

ArshdeepBahga
Vijay Madisetti

Introduction to Internet of Things

Dr. SudipMisra(NPTEL Lectures)
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR

Internet of Things
Rajkamal