GEK 107122A

New Information, April 1999

Revised, May 1999

GE Power Systems
Gas Turbine

Gas Turbine Compressor Washing

Liquid Washing Recommendations for Gas Turbines with Pulsed
Water Wash Systems

These instructions do not purport to cover all details or variations in equipment nor to provide for every possible
contingency to be met in connection with installation, operation or maintenance. Should further information be desired or
should particular problems arise which are not covered sufficiently for the purchaser’s purposes the matter should be
referred to the GE Company.
 1999 GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
GEK 107122A Gas Turbine Compressor Washing

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

II. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

III. TYPES OF FOULING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

IV. METHODS OF DETECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

A. Visual Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
B. Performance Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

V. WATER AND WATER AND DETERGENT WASHING METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

VI. ALLOWABLE CONDITIONS FOR WATER WASH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

VII. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER WASH SKID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

VIII. WASHING AND RESTORATION OF PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

A. Off-Line Compressor Wash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
B. On-Line Compressor Wash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
C. Results of Washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Quality Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table A1 Chemical Content of Washing Detergent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

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Gas Turbine Compressor Washing GEK 107122A

I. SCOPE

The scope of this document is to present the methods of compressor washing approved by General Electric.
Two methods of liquid washing are employed – on–line and off–line. On–line washing is the process of in-
jecting water into the compressor while the unit is running near base load with open IGV’s. Off–line washing
is the process of injecting cleaning solution into the compressor while the unit is just above cranking speed.
The advantage of on–line washing is that it can be done without having to shut down the machine. On–line
washing, however, is not as effective as off–line washing; therefore, on–line washing is used to supplement
off–line washing, not replace it.

This document applies to all gas turbine models offered by Gas Turbine Division which have the capability
to perform a pulse mode off–line water washing.

NOTE

It is recommended that a unit-specific procedure and checklist be created by each

customer. The procedure and checklist should include configuring the unit for wa-
ter wash, performing the wash and restoration following the wash. These proce-
dures should conform to the enclosed general guidelines. It is recommended that
the customer include a specific valve line–up before, during, and after the wash in
their procedure. General Electric can provide technical assistance in preparing the
unit specific procedures and checklists.

II. INTRODUCTION

A loss in gas turbine performance is detected by a decrease in power output and an increase in both heat rate
and fuel consumption. The loss of performance is a direct result of fouling of the axial flow compressor.
Fouled compressors result in reduced airflow, lower compressor efficiency and a lower compressor pressure
ratio.

Compressor washing will assist in removing the fouling deposits and restoring performance. It should be
noted that full power may not always be regained once significant fouling occurs. Regular compressor wash-
ing will help maintain performance as well as allowing each wash to be more effective. Specific intervals
must be determined based on customer performance and site conditions. Compressor washing may also slow
the progress of corrosion, thereby increasing blade life and reducing the contribution of corrosion products
to the formation of fouling deposits.

III. TYPES OF FOULING

The type and rate of fouling of an axial compressor depends on the environment in which it operates and the
filtration present. Experience has shown that fouling deposits consist of varying amounts of moisture, oil,
soot, water-soluble constituents, insoluble dirt and corrosion products of the compressor blading material.
Fouling deposits are typically held together by moisture and oil. If corrosion of the blading is occurring, the
corrosion products will promote and stabilize the deposit.

It is important to minimize fouling deposits by reducing oil leaks and the ingestion of oily constituents (lube
oil fumes). Good filtration may greatly reduce fouling. Moisture formation cannot be reduced in humid envi-
ronments. Moisture is formed in the compressor inlet when humid air is cooled below its dew point as a result
of being accelerated to about Mach = 0.5. GER 3601, “Gas Turbine Compressor Operating Environment and
Material Evaluation,” discusses the factors influencing compressor fouling and corrosion.

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GEK 107122A Gas Turbine Compressor Washing

IV. METHODS OF DETECTION

There are two basic methods for determining the cleanliness of the compressor. Visual inspection and perfor-
mance monitoring. Both of these are described below.

A. Visual Inspection

Visual inspection involves shutting the unit down, removing the inlet plenum inspection hatch, and visu-
ally inspecting the compressor inlet, bellmouth, inlet guide vanes and early stage blading.

If any deposits, including dust or filmy deposits, can be wiped or scraped off these areas, the compressor
is fouled sufficiently to affect performance. The initial inspection also reveals whether the deposits are
oily or dry. For oily deposits, a water-detergent wash is required. Location of the source of the oil and
correction should be accomplished before washing to prevent recurrence of the fouling.

If only dry deposits are found, water alone may be sufficient.

B. Performance Monitoring

A second method for detecting a fouled compressor is performance monitoring. Performance monitor-
ing involves obtaining gas turbine data on a routine basis, which in turn is compared to base line data
to monitor trends in the performance of the gas turbine.

The performance data is obtained by running the unit at steady-state BASE load and recording output,
exhaust temperature, inlet air temperature, barometric pressure, compressor discharge pressure and tem-
perature, and fuel consumption. The data should be taken carefully with the unit warmed up and running
under normal operating conditions.

GEK 28166, “Field Performance Testing Procedure,” can be used as a guide for assessing machine per-
formance both before and after cleaning the compressor. The purpose of this particular document is to
establish the performance of generator drive machines. The appropriate portions can, however, also be
used for assessing cleaning effectiveness for other applications.

Output and heat rate can be corrected to a standard condition using the turbine performance curves, and
an analysis may be made of compressor pressure ratio and efficiency. The current performance levels
can be compared to base line data and will aid in determining the problem area.

If performance analysis indicates compressor fouling, it should be verified by a visual inspection.

V. WATER AND WATER AND DETERGENT WASHING METHOD

It is recommended that on-line water washing be addressed in the facility’s operating air permit. Regulators
may interpret this as an additional short-term emissions source, requiring an exemption similar to that pro-
vided for start-up, shutdown and transient conditions.

General Electric recommends against the use of detergents during on-line washing. For off-line washing,
GE does recommend and encourages the use of detergents. The detergent effectiveness during an on-line
wash is limited since there is no soak period as with the off-line wash. As the on-line washing practice has
been found to be most effective when carried out daily, the specification on the liquid must be more restrictive
for on-line washing than off-line washing. The duration of an on-line wash is limited to 30 minutes per day
to minimize the potential for water erosion of the forward section of the compressor. The water specifications
for on-line washing are given in Table 1. Likewise, the water or detergent solution being used during off-line

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Gas Turbine Compressor Washing GEK 107122A

washing shall also meet the specifications in Table 1. The concentrated detergent which may be used for off-
line washing must adhere to the Compressor Washing Detergent Specification in Appendix 1 of this docu-
ment. Additional restrictions are required to ensure no harm will result to turbine components.

With the exception of the pH, the restrictions in these specifications are concerned with deposits and corro-
sion of the hot gas path. The pH restriction is concerned with corrosion in the water-handling system. High-
purity demineralized water after contact with air will have a pH in the range of 5.0 to 6.0. Thus, allowance
has been made in the pH level provided that this is the reason for the low pH.

In general, deposits will contain some water-soluble material and oils. The latter will be more amenable to
removal by detergent, but the deposit may be removable by water washing alone, depending on the amount
of water-soluble material present. Hot water at 150 to 200°F (66-93°C) is generally more effective than cold
water.

There are a number of detergents commercially available for the purpose of cleaning the compressor, some
of which, along with the deposits that have been removed, may constitute a hazardous solid waste (as defined
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency) when used for an off-line wash. Because of this pos-
sibility, local regulations should be considered for storing, handling and treating of the water wash effluent
when the drain and containment system is designed.

VI. ALLOWABLE CONDITIONS FOR WATER WASH

For an on-line wash the compressor inlet temperature, CTIM from the Turbine Control Panel, must be greater
than 50°F (10°C). CTIM must be measured with inlet bleed heat off.

On-line water washing should not be performed while inlet bleed heat is operating for any reason. Do not
force inlet bleed heat off to satisfy this restriction. If inlet bleed heat turns on for any reason while washing,
the water wash procedure should be suspended.

For off-line water wash the operator must take appropriate precautions to prevent freezing in the compressor
inlet, gas turbine, exhaust and drain system. Off-line water washing should not be done at compressor inlet
temperatures, CTIM, less than 40°F (4°C), measured while cranking.

VII. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER WASH SKID

The following minimum technical requirements must be met in order for the water wash skid to interface
with the turbine control panel for off-line pulse mode water wash applications:

A. Water Wash Skid outlet shall meet the flow, pressure, and temperature requirements defined in the Piping
Schematic Diagram (MLI 0442).

B. The Turbine Control Panel shall cycle valve VA16–1, via solenoid driver 20TW–4, open and closed dur-
ing the off-line water wash during the wash and rinse cycles. The valve shall not be open greater than
one minute when sending water to the off-line manifold. In addition, the valve shall be closed for a mini-
mum of 3 minutes and a maximum of 20 minutes between on/off cycles, depending on the wash mode.

C. Interface points:

1. Piping connection to PC WW1 on MLI 0442.

2. Turbine Control Panel provides a contact output to the water wash skid prior to each wash/rinse
cycle.

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GEK 107122A Gas Turbine Compressor Washing

3. Turbine Control Panel should receive a contact input, from water wash skid, for verification of flow
to the turbine.

4. Turbine Control Panel will accept a skid trouble alarm contact input signal.

If a customer or AE provides the water wash skid, then the party providing the skid shall be responsible
for the proper function and operability of the water wash skid.

VIII. WASHING AND RESTORATION OF PERFORMANCE

A. Off-Line Compressor Wash

The intention of this portion of this recommendation is to isolate all air extraction points and drain all
low points to prevent water wash effluent from entering the piping systems. General Electric recom-
mends that all piping, which may come in contact with water, have a continuous slope to a drainable low
point without traps. It is recognized that additional isolations and drains may be required depending on
specific systems, equipment and customer supplied equipment and interconnect piping. It should be fur-
ther recognized that valve and control logic nomenclature may vary. It is recommended that the customer
develop a customized checklist for the preparation and restoration of the gas turbine for an off-line water
wash, especially a valve line-up before, during and after a wash.

Off-line compressor water wash is required if compressor performance degrades 10% due to fouling

1. Preparation1.

a. Off-line washing solution must meet the requirements of Table 1 and the detergent concentrate
must meet the requirements of Appendix 1.

b. The cooldown procedure must be continued until the second stage wheelspace temperature has
been lowered to at least 150°F (65.6°C) when measured at 30 RPM or less. See TIL 1236-2 for
details.

CAUTION

To prevent thermal shock, the average wheelspace temperature must be no

more than 120°F (67°C) greater than the water wash temperature.

c. If the unit is equipped with off-base atomizing air compressor(s), the operating compressor
should be de-energized during the pulse mode water wash cycle.

d. If necessary, close flame detector valves or blank-off, based on both the type of flame detector
and gas turbine model. Water may foul the flame scanners and make start-up difficult.

e. Fuel manifold low point drains are to remain closed during the pulse mode wash cycle. Open at the
end of the rinse cycle, prior to the start of the drying cycle to ensure that no water is present in the
manifold(s).

f. Manually isolate systems, open drains and divert drains as follows:

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Gas Turbine Compressor Washing GEK 107122A

• The flow through the false start drain valves (VA17) must be diverted from the sludge tank
to a water wash effluent tank on turbines that operate on liquid fuel or have the capability
to do so. On gas-only machines there may be no false start drain valves, only manual water
wash drain valves.

NOTE

The false start drain flow or any flow that goes normally to the sludge tank must
be diverted from its “normal” path into the sludge tank to the water wash effluent
drain system to prevent an overflow of the sludge tank. In addition, the false start
drain effluent should be visible to evaluate the effectiveness of the wash cycle.

• Open the inlet plenum water wash drain valve at or near the bottom of the inlet plenum.

• Open the water wash drain valve(s) in the combustion chamber water wash drain header as
well as the water wash drain valve in the manway cover.

• Close the isolation valve in the gas vent line off of the false start drain header, if applicable.

• For gas-only machines, open the main water wash drain valves in the turbine shell and ex-
haust frame drains.

• Close valve installed in the AD–2 lines (MLI 0417) supplying compressor discharge air to
the false start drain valves, if applicable, and open downstream drain.

• Switch motor controller for the turbine exhaust frame cooling fan motors, 88TK–1 and
88TK–2 in the manual “ON” position (if provided).

• Open the exhaust plenum water wash drain valve at or near the bottom of the exhaust ple-
num.

NOTE

This step is necessary to prevent wash water from entering the exhaust frame cool-
ing system during the wash cycle.

g. The atomizing air system (refer to MLI 0425), if provided, is to be isolated in the following man-
ner:

• Close isolation valve on the inlet side of the atomizing air system from AD–8 line.

• Open atomizing air separator drain valve (if provided).

h. The cooling and sealing air circuitry (refer to MLI 0417) is isolated in the following manner:

• Close isolation valves in AE–9 and AE–13 lines. Open all low point drains just upstream
of these isolation valves (CA52 and CA53).

• Close valves in all compressor discharge pressure transducer supply lines (AD–4).

• Close isolation valve upstream of AD–6. Open low point drain (CA54) on inlet side of
AD–6.

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GEK 107122A Gas Turbine Compressor Washing

• Close isolation valves to AD–1, 3 and if provided, AD–5, AD–7, AD–10, AD–11 lines.

• Close isolation valve on the inlet side of the gas purge system from PA3 line, if provided.

• Close valve in bearing sealing air supply line AE–5 from air extraction (if provided).

i. The inlet heating system (refer to MLI 0432), if provided, is isolated in the following manner:

• Close VM15–1 manually, or if motorized valve is provided, ensure it is closed.

• Open low point drain (CA20) in interconnecting piping.

2. Washing Procedure

Prior to installing the off-line nozzles and using the water wash system for the first time in the field,
a preliminary flushing procedure must be performed on the water wash supply lines to free the inlet
system of burs, dust, weld fragments, etc. The flushing recommendations may be found in
363A4220, “Water Washing Flushing Procedure.”

Prior to initiating the wash, the bellmouth, struts, and IGV’s should be hand cleaned first to prevent
these deposits from being washed into the compressor during the cleaning. Refer to procedure
361A6297, “Water Washing Hand Cleaning Procedure.”

The off-line water wash flow rate is specified by the off line flow tag located on the on-base water
wash system schematic (MLI 0442).

NOTE

The orifice upstream of the pneumatic injection valve VA16–1 shall be sized by
the customer in order to supply the proper pressure, and thus flow, to the off-line
spray nozzles. Verification that this orifice has been resized should be performed
prior to washing.

The following steps shall be performed on the water wash skid (if provided by General Electric)
prior to initiating the pulse mode water wash:IX.A.1.

a. Turn on the skid breaker panels.

b. Set the HANDS/OFF/AUTO switch in the AUTO position in order to enable starting of the skid
pump 88TW–1 via the PLC.

c. PLC on the skid will check skids required parameters.

Utilize the detergent pulse mode water wash procedure which follows:X.A.1.

a. On the Turbine Main Control Display Screen, place the Master Select Switch in the CRANK
position. Select the Water Wash Control User Defined Display on the turbine control panel CRT.
Select OFF-LINE WATER WASH ON (L43Bwon_CPB).

At this time, the turbine is prohibited from firing.

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Gas Turbine Compressor Washing GEK 107122A

b. From the Main Control Display, initiate a turbine START signal. This command will crank the
turbine to water wash speed via the LCI once the temperature permissives (wheelspace and inlet
temperatures) have been met.

c. When cranking speed and no flame detection signals are detected, IGV’s will go to full open
position. The IGV’s will remain in the full open position throughout the wash cycle. The se-
quencing will now initiate the pre-wash cycle.

A pre-wash will be initiated in order to flush all the loose contaminates such as dust and dirt from
the compressor prior to applying detergent during the detergent cycle. This is a water only applica-
tion which reduces the amount of dirt particles which may become entrained in the detergent foam.

NOTE

The pulse mode sequencing shall operate 3-way solenoid valve 20TW–4 such that
the 2-way air actuated VA16–1 is open during the pre-wash pulse(s) and all other
pulses that follow. Likewise, 20TW–4 shall close VA16–1 between pulses.

At the conclusion of the pre-wash cycle, the water wash pump is used to replace the water inside
the pipes with a water/detergent mixture in preparation for the detergent cycle.

d. Place the 3-way customer supplied (if applicable) valve upstream of PC WW1 to the drain posi-
tion.

e. On the water wash skid, place the normally closed ball valve upstream of the venturi, in deter-
gent line, to the open position.

f. Set the HANDS/OFF/AUTO switch in the HANDS position which shall manually start the
wash skid motor/pump. Allow the pump to run for the appropriate time required for flushing
(each site may have a different time based on the pump flow and piping arrangement).

g. When a consistent water/detergent mixture is present at the drain port of the 3-way valve or at
the nozzle per visual inspection, return the HANDS/OFF/AUTO switch in the AUTO position.

h. Return the 3-way valve to the normal position.

Steps d through h in this procedure ensure that both water and detergent are present in the line up-
stream of VA16–1 prior to initiating the washing cycle.

i. The water wash control logic will be in a hold position. After the previous step has been com-
pleted, select CONTINUE WASH push–button (L43DET_CPB).

j. The detergent/water solution will be injected into the unit during the wash cycle(s) followed
by the appropriate soaking period between the wash cycle(s).

At the conclusion of the soaking period, the customer supplied piping should be flushed with water
prior to rinsing via steps k through o which follow.

k. Place the 3-way customer supplied (if applicable) valve upstream of PC WW1 to the drain posi-
tion.

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GEK 107122A Gas Turbine Compressor Washing

l. On the water wash skid, place the normally closed detergent ball valve upstream of the venturi
in the closed position.

NOTE

Step k is important in preventing detergent from entering the off-line manifold dur-
ing the rinse cycle.

m. Set the HANDS/OFF/AUTO switch in the HANDS position which shall manually start the
wash skid motor/pump. Allow the pump to run for the appropriate time required for flushing
(each site may have a different time based on the pump flow and piping arrangement).

n. When only water without detergent is present in the off-line water wash supply line, return the
HANDS/OFF/AUTO switch in the AUTO position.

o. Return the 3-way valve to the normal position.

The previous steps k through o ensure that only water is allowed to enter the unit during the rinse
cycle. The object of the rinse cycle is to remove detergent from the surface areas of the compressor
blades and to rinse the remainder of the unit.

p. The rinse cycle will begin when the operator selects the RINSE Push-Button
(L43RINSE_CPB).

q. After completing the initial rinse cycle, the operator will have the choice to select an additional
rinse cycle via PULSE Push-Button (LOFL_XTR_CPB) or END RINSE CYCLE Push But-
ton (LOFL_END_CPB). If the operator elects to choose additional rinse cycles, the choice still
exists to add a rinse cycle to make sure that the unit is free of detergent/contaminants. The Rinse
Mode will be terminated when the operator selects the END RINSE CYCLE Push-Button
(LOFL_END_CPB).

r. After completing the rinse cycle(s), an operator will stop the unit by selecting the STOP push-
button off of the Turbine Control Panel interface display. This will allow the unit to coast down
to turning gear speed to drain any remaining water in the unit.

s. The WATER WASH OFF Push Button (L43BWOFF_CPB) should be selected at this time
from the Turbine Control Panel interface display.

t. Open the Gas Fuel manifold low point drains.

u. Start the unit back up for the drying cycle. The drying cycle is designed to remove any residual
water left in the unit that has yet to drain out. A Master Reset may be required before selecting
START again.

v. At the end of the 20 minute drying cycle, an operator will have to visually check the various
off-line water wash drain ports on the gas turbine to ensure that no water wash effluent is flow-
ing out of the unit. All water wash low point drains should be open at this time including all low
point drains in the gas fuel, atomizing air system, inlet bleed heat and purge systems to ensure
that no water has entered these systems. Once it has been confirmed that no water is draining
from the unit, the drying cycle can be brought to a close by initializing a turbine STOP signal.

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Gas Turbine Compressor Washing GEK 107122A

w. To end the off-line water wash drying cycle, select the OFF Push-Button from the turbine con-
trol panel interface display. This step terminates your Off-line Water Wash.

3. RestorationXI.A.1.

a. Open the hand valves or remove blank-off plates on flame detectors, if applicable.

b. If applicable, set off-base atomizing air compressor motor to AUTO.

c. Return the following manual valves to their previous position in the order listed:

• The flow through the false start drain valves (VA17) must be diverted back from water wash
effluent tank to the sludge tank on turbines that operate on liquid fuel or have the capability
to do so (not applicable to gas-only machines).

CAUTION

It is important that the line that allows waste fuel to drain to the sludge tank be
kept open after water washing and during normal turbine startup and operation,
so that fuel or water which may accumulate in the exhaust plenum can continu-
ously drain out of the plenum. Accumulation of waste fuel in the exhaust ple-
num is potentially hazardous.

• Close the inlet plenum water wash drain valve at or near the bottom of the inlet plenum.

NOTE

This step is important in preventing the intake of dirt, etc., into the compressor.

• Close the water wash drain valve(s) in the combustion chamber water wash drain header
as well as the water wash drain valve in the manway cover.

• Open the isolation valve in the gas vent line off of the false start drain header, if applicable.

• For gas-only machines, close the main water wash drain valves in the turbine shell and ex-
haust frame drains.

• Open valve installed in the AD–2 lines (MLI 0417) supplying compressor discharge air to
the false start drain valves, if applicable, and close downstream drain.

• Switch motor controller for the turbine exhaust frame cooling fan motors, 88TK–1 and
88TK–2 in the manual “AUTO” position (if provided).

• Close the exhaust plenum water wash drain valve at or near the bottom of the exhaust ple-
num.

d. The atomizing air system (if provided) is to be restored to the normal start-up and running mode
in the following manner:

• Close all low point drains in the atomizing air lines.

• Open isolation valve on the inlet side of the atomizing air system from AD–8 line.

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GEK 107122A Gas Turbine Compressor Washing

CAUTION

It is critical that this valve be opened to prevent damage to the turbine.

• Close atomizing air separator drain valve, if provided.

• Open isolation valve on the inlet side of the gas purge system from PA3 line, if provided.

CAUTION

It is critical that this valve be opened to prevent damage to the turbine.

e. The cooling and sealing air circuitry is reengaged in the following manner:

• Open manual isolation valves in AE–9 and AE–13 lines.

CAUTION

It is critical that the 9th and 13th stage extraction valves are open prior to firing
the unit in order to prevent damage to the turbine.

• Close all low point drains just upstream of these isolation valves in lines AE–9 and AE–13
(CA52 and CA53).

• Open valves in all compressor discharge pressure transducer supply lines (AD–4).

CAUTION

It is critical that these valves be completely opened to prevent damage to the

turbine.

• Open isolation valve upstream of AD–6.

CAUTION

In configurations where AD–6 is used to supply gas purge, it is critical that this
valve be completely opened to prevent damage to the turbine.

• Close low point drain (CA54) on inlet side of AD–6.

• Open isolation valves to AD–1, 3 and if provided, AD–5, AD–7, AD–10, AD–11 lines.

• Close valve in bearing sealing air supply line AE–5 from air extraction (if provided).

CAUTION

It is critical that this valve be opened to prevent damage to the turbine.

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Gas Turbine Compressor Washing GEK 107122A

f. The inlet heating system (if provided) is restored to the normal start-up and running mode in
the following manner:

• Open VM15–1 manually, or if motorized valve is provided, ensure it is opened.

• Close low point drain (CA20) in interconnecting piping.

• Close all manifold low point drains opened during drying cycle.

• Close all low point drains in purge, atomizing air, and inlet bleed heat systems if opened
during drying cycle.

NOTE

When the OFF-LINE WATER WASH OFF is selected, the permissive is in place
to allow the unit to fire and the permissive is removed to allow the VA16–1 valve
to be opened.

B. On-Line Compressor Wash

The intent of on-line washing is to extend the period between off-line washes through frequent washings
of short duration. When the compressor is suspected of being heavily fouled, an off-line wash should
be performed.

In the past, on-line water washing may have resulted in a fogging over of flame detector lenses, based
on the type of flame detector, gas turbine model, and combustion system. Operating experience has
shown that this is not a problem with DLN 2.0, 2.0+, and 2.6 combustion systems. It is noted that the
on-line wash may result in unacceptable emission output levels during the washing cycle.

Adding water for wash will increase the compressor pressure ratio and thus reduce the surge margin.
Under normal circumstances, there is ample surge margin to allow for washing and steam or water injec-
tion for NOx control or power augmentation. However, the following steps are recommended prior to
performing an on-line wash.XII.

1. PreparationA.1.

a. On-line washing solution must meet the requirements of both Table 1 and Appendix 1.

b. Turbine must be running at full speed and not in the process of shutting down.

c. Compressor inlet temperature, CTIM, must be greater than 50°F (10°C). Refer to TIL1153–3
for information on cold weather on-line water wash. On-line water washing should not be per-
formed while inlet bleed heat is operating for any reason. Do not force inlet bleed heat off to
satisfy this on-line wash requirement.

d. For units operating with water or steam injection for NOx control or power augmentation, the
water or steam injection should be selected off or reduced to 3% maximum of compressor inlet
flow.

2. Washing ProcedureXIII.A.1.

a. The unit should be operating at base load.

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GEK 107122A Gas Turbine Compressor Washing

b. Once the permissives have been satisfied, the operator is to select ON-LINE WATER WASH
ON push button (L83WWON_CPB). The unit should be unloaded (approximately 3%), slight-
ly off base load, transitioning from temperature control to speed control. This will prohibit the
unit from “peaking” during the wash cycle.

NOTE

Selection of On-Line wash is not sealed in if the permissives are not met at any
time. On-Line Water Wash On will have to be reselected once the fault or permis-
sive is clear.

c. The unit controller will then open the on-line water wash inlet valve VA16–3 and signal the wa-
ter wash pump to start.

d. If all permissives are met, the on-line wash cycle will begin and continue for approximately 30
minutes.

e. The operator can abort the on-line wash at any time by selecting ON-LINE WATER WASH
OFF (L83WWOFF_CPB).

f. At the end of the cycle the on-line wash will automatically select off.

g. At the conclusion of the on-line wash, the operator is to select BASE LOAD or some other de-
sired load target to return the unit to normal service.XIV.A.B.

C. Results of Washing

After cleaning, there should be a noticeable increase in performance based on the site conditions and
gas turbine models. Increase in performance is a function of how fouled the compressor was initially.
An increase in BASE load power of 10% is not uncommon following an off-line wash. This can be con-
firmed by comparing restored performance data to levels of performance before washing, utilizing the
procedure in GEK 28166 for generator drive machines and the appropriate procedure for other applica-
tions as previously described under Performance Monitoring. It should be noted that full power may not
always be regained once significant fouling occurs. Regular compressor washing will help maintain per-
formance. Specific intervals must be determined based on customer performance.

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Gas Turbine Compressor Washing GEK 107122A

TABLE 1

QUALITY SPECIFICATION

OFF-LINE WASHING (for water only or detergent and water applications)

TOTAL SOLIDS (dissolved and undissolved) 100 ppm

TOTAL ALKALI METAL 25 ppm

OTHER METALS WHICH MAY PROMOTE 1.0 ppm

HOT CORROSION (i.e. lead, vanadium)

pH (determined by glass electrode) 6.5 to 7.5

See Table A1 in Appendix 1 for chemical specifications.
ON–LINE WASHING (for water only applications)
TOTAL SOLIDS (dissolved and undissolved) 5 ppm
TOTAL ALKALI AND OTHER METALS WHICH 0.5 ppm
MAY PROMOTE HOT CORROSION
pH (determined by glass electrode) 6.5 to 7.5

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GEK 107122A Gas Turbine Compressor Washing

APPENDIX

COMPRESSOR WASHING DETERGENT SPECIFICATION

I. SCOPE

A. This specification is for cleaning compounds for use in compressor washing. It is required that these
compounds will not cause harm to gas turbine components. Thus, their purity and composition must be
such that they do not cause aqueous corrosion or stress corrosion of compressor materials. Also, it is
required that they do not cause hot corrosion in the turbine. Furthermore, they must not lead to compres-
sor fouling. With regard to the cleaning agents themselves, they must be chemically stable in themselves
and in their mixtures with water. Also, they must not form combustible mixtures and they should satisfy
all local codes relative to health and safety requirements. Compliance with this specification does not
imply a cleaning compound improves the cleaning of a compressor over and above what can be obtained
from water alone.

II. REQUIREMENTS

A. The cleaning compound when mixed with water in the manufacturer’s prescribed concentration shall
satisfy the water washing specifications for on-line and off-line water quality given in Table 1. In the
pure state it shall satisfy the specification given in Table A1.

B. The residue or ash content of the cleaning compound shall not exceed 0.01%. See test IV A.

C. The storage stability of the cleaning compound shall show no marked color change, shall not separate
and shall not corrode or stain the steel specimen when tested as specified in test 4.5.16 of
MIL–C–85704A. This test is given in IV B.

D. The cleaner and its mixtures with water shall not form gums under compressor conditions.

E. The Pensky-Martens flash point of the cleaning compound shall be above 140°F (60°C) (ASTM D93).

III. MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY

A. Use of the cleaning compound shall not have adverse effects on engine system materials such as com-
pressor or turbine materials.

IV. TESTS

A. Ash content: preparation of test samples

Approximately 10 g of cleaning compound shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg in a tared porcelain
crucible. The crucible shall be heated at 221° ± 2°F (105° ± 1°C) for 24 hours, then heated at 464° ± 4°F
(240° ± 2°C) for the next 24 hours. Following this, the crucible and its contents shall be carefully ignited
over a Bunsen-type gas burner. The crucible shall then be placed in a muffle furnace at 1,900°F
(1,040°C) for 2 hours. The crucible shall be transferred to a desiccator, cooled and weighed until constant
weight. The ash content shall be calculated as the percentage of the initial weight of cleaning compound.

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Gas Turbine Compressor Washing GEK 107122A

B. Accelerated storage stability (from MIL–C–85704A)

1. Preparation of test sample

A 150-ml portion of a well-shaken cleaning compound shall be poured into each of two chemically
clean 250-ml pressure-resistant clear glass bottles which shall be approximately 9.5 inches (24.1
cm) in height and 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) in outside diameter. One bottle shall be capped and stored in
the dark for at least six days at room temperature. A strip of steel 6 by 0.5 by 0.02 inches (15.2 x
1.3 x 0.05 cm) conforming to MIL–S–7952 shall be polished to remove surface contamination and
then cleaned by boiling for one minute in chemically pure isopropyl alcohol and one minute in min-
eral spirits. The steel strip shall be placed in the other test bottle and the bottle shall be capped. The
capped bottle containing the steel strip shall be thoroughly shaken for one minute.

2. Procedure

The capped bottle containing the steel strip shall be placed in a water bath and heated at a uniform
rate to a temperature of 140° ± 4°F (60° ± 2°C) over a period of five hours. It shall be held at this
temperature for three hours. No heat shall be applied to the bath overnight. The above heating proce-
dure shall be repeated each day for five days. (This test need not necessarily be attended if an interval
time is used to regulate the temperature automatically. The test may be started on a Wednesday,
Thursday or Friday and still have the pressure bottle removed on a normal workday.) On the morning
of the sixth day, the bottle shall be removed from the bath, uncapped, examined for separation and
the steel strip carefully withdrawn from the cleaning compound. Separation into layers shall be
cause for rejection. The portion of the steel strip which had been immersed in the compound shall
be examined for evidence of pitting, corrosion and uneven darkening. The open bottle shall be
capped and the two bottles shall be thoroughly shaken for one minute, then allowed to remain undis-
turbed for one hour at room temperature and then examined. Any marked change in the color and
uniformity of the aged sample shall be considered as showing unsatisfactory stability properties.

TABLE A1
CHEMICAL CONTENT OF WASHING DETERGENT
Total alkali metals 25 ppm max

Magnesium + calcium 5 ppm max

Vanadium 0.1 ppm max

Lead 0.1 ppm max

Tin + copper 10 ppm max

Sulfur 50 ppm max

Chlorine 40 ppm max

17
GE Power Systems

General Electric Company

One River Road, Schenectady, NY 12345
518 • 385 • 2211 TX: 145354