Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology Copyright, 2022, Indian Association of

2022, Vol. 49, No. 1, 16-22 Original Research Article Clinical Psychologists (ISSN 0303-2582)

Psychometric Properties and Standardization of Hindi Translation of Positive

and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in an Indian sample
Arun Kumar Jaiswal1*, Nikita1, Rashmi Rani1 and Varsha Pandey1
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to establish the construct, convergent and predictive validity of Hindi translation of
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in Hindi speaking Indian cultural context. For the purpose
17 to 65 years old 396 men and women participants with minimum High School education from Varanasi city
of Uttar Pradesh, India, completed the Hindi translation based on PANAS, BDI-II, SWLS and PSS-10. Factor
analysis (principal components) of PANAS by applying Varimex rotation method two factors - Positive Affect
and Negative Affect with 10 items in each, and finally, confirmatory factor analysis by AMOS also indicated
a two factor model with an acceptable goodness of model fit on 20 items. The content of 10 items of the first
factor and 10 items of second factor yielded two behavioral components i.e., Positive Affect and Negative
Affect. The psychometric properties of the Hindi translation of PANAS demonstrated good internal
consistency with high reliability, construct, and convergent validity. No gender differences appeared on both
positive and negative affect, however, younger as compared to older participants displayed significantly more
positive affect. These findings indicated that the Hindi translation based on PANAS may be considered as a
reliable and valid measurement of affect in Hindi speaking Indian population7.
Keywords: Positive affect, Negative affect, PANAS, Standardization- Hindi translation,

INTRODUCTION
One of the essential reasons of human existence is high. As indicated by several studies that show a negative
happiness, often known as subjective well-being (Arthaud- link between PA and NA across cultures, positive and
Day et al., 2005). It is made up of two parts: positive and negative affect have an ambiguous relationship (Crawford
negative affect, and life satisfaction (Andrews & Withey, & Henry, 2004; Crocker, 1997; Tellegen, Watson, & Clark,
1976; Lucas, Diener & Suh, 1996; Seligson et al., 2003, 1999; Terraciano, McCrae, & Costa, 2003). Certain studies,
2005). Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) are on the other hand, categorize PA and NA as distinct
the two most common variables that define emotional phenomena (Watson & Tellegen, 1985; Watson et al.,
experience (NA) (Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988). 1999).
Positive affect described pleasurable engagement, such as The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS;
feelings of enthusiasm, excitement, activity, and Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, 1988) is presently the most
determination, whereas negative affect explained extensively used tool in both clinical and non-clinical
unpleasant involvement, such as anxiety, worry, guilt, and contexts to assess PA and NA. Spanish (Joiner et al., 1997;
humiliation. Positive affect has received less attention in the Robles & Paez, 2003), German (Krohne et al., 1996),
literature than negative affect in the past, with academics Russian (Balatsky & Diener, 1993), Dutch (Hill et al.,
becoming increasingly interested in the positive side of 2005), Turkish (Gencoz, 2000), and Italian (Terracciano,
affect in the late twentieth century. McCrae, & Costa, 2003) are the languages. Due to the
Although depression is explicitly characterized by low PANAS' broad applicability, researchers have developed
levels of positive affect and anxiety by physiological hyper short versions suitable for youngsters (Mackinnon et al.,
arousal, the tripartite model (Clark & Watson, 1988) and the 1999), enlarged versions (Watson & Clark, 1994; Laurent
model elucidating anxiety and depression share negative et al., 1999; Yamasaki, Katsuma, & Sakai, 2006),
affect as a common factor, both have associations with multinational versions (Thompson, 2007). Many cross-
positive and negative affect. By emphasizing that both cultural studies have shown that people of diverse cultures
disorders contain a negative affect component, this idea have different emotional perceptions, experiences, and
gives light on the common comorbidity of anxiety and expressions. Panday and Srivastava (2008) primed the
depressive illnesses (De Beurs, et al., 2007). The Dynamic Hindi Version of Positive and Negative Affect Schedule
Model of Affect (Reich, Zautra, & Potter, 2001; Reich, (PANAS-H), which is psychometrically adequate and has
Zautra, & Davis, 2003) proposed that the structure of affect satisfactory reliability and validity (exploratory factorial
changes depending on the situation, such as in low stress, validity) but did not report confirmatory factor analyses or
people can focus their cognitive assets and process more convergent validity, as Panday and Srivastava (2008)
information–on their affective complexity–while in high suggested for further research. Because psychological tests
stress, cognitive assets are depleted, implying a depletion of of proven psychometric adequacy for a given population
cognitive resources. As a result, happy and negative affect can be transported and used for measurement in an Indian
become increasingly inversely related when stress levels are cultural milieu, the current study aimed to elucidate the I
1
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi KashiVidyapith, Varanasi – 221002, India

*
Corresponding Author: Arun Kumar Jaiswal, Email: [email protected]
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 Jaiswal, Nikita, Rani and Pandey…. / Psychometric Properties and Standardization of Hindi Translation of PANAS…

psychometric properties, (ii) construct and convergent were 1- very slightly or not at all, 2- a little, 3- moderately,
validity, (iii) gender and age differences for predictive 4- quite a bit and 5- very much and the ratings were scored
validity of Hindi translation of positive and negative affect from 1 to 5, respectively. Watson, Clark and Tellegan
schedule in an Indian cultural milieu. (1988) have reported alpha reliability of 0.87 for both PA
and NA test-retest reliability of 0.58 and 0.48 for PA and
NA respectively for time instruction of ‘during past few
METHODS weeks’. With prior permission of Dr. David B. Watson, the
Participants and procedure Hindi translation of the scale based on PANAS was created
using a back-translation procedure involving one well-
A total of 396 people aged 17 to 65 years (mean age = 31.73
versed and native speaker of both the languages and the
years; SD = 9.65) with at least a High School diploma were
authors to ensure the content equivalence.
conveniently sampled from Chowk and surrounding areas
of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (174 males, mean age = 30.71 Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)
years, SD = 9.78, and 222 females, mean age = 32.54 years, Hindi translation of BDI-II was used (Rani, 2011). The most
SD = 9.50). (SWLS). According to the demographic recent version of the BDI (BDI-II) (Beck, Steer, & Brown,
characteristics, 56.3 percent, 42.7 percent, 0.3, and 0.8 1996) was created to accommodate revisions in the DSM-
percent of participants were married, unmarried, separated, IV Major Depression criteria (APA; 1994). BDI-II consists
and widow/widower, respectively; 73.2 percent and 26.8 of 21 groups of statements for 21 symptoms. Items are
percent of participants came from urban and rural organized according to the severity of the content of
backgrounds, respectively; and 57.8 percent and 42.2 alternative statements and each symptom is rated on a 4-
percent of participants came from joint and nuclear families, point scale ranging from 0 (not) to 3 (severe) which covers
respectively. Along with PANAS, another group of 200 cognitive, emotional/affective and somatic/vegetative
individuals (100 men, mean age 42.45 years, SD = 16.29, symptoms with no sub scale and total scores can range from
100 women, mean age 42.29 years, SD = 13.54) completed 0 to 63. More severe depression is indicated by higher
the Beck Depression Inventory-II and Perceived Stress scores (Beck, Steer, & Brown; 1996). Several studies have
Scale-Hindi (PSS-10) tests. 68.0 percent, 25.0 percent, 0.5 proven the validity and reliability of BDI-II in different
percent, and 6.5 percent of the 200 participants were populations and settings (Gebrie, 2018). Smith and Erford
married, unmarried, separated, or widow/widower, (2001) reported and Smarr and Keefer (2011) reported
respectively; 92.0 percent and 8.0 percent of the participants Cronbach’s α of 0.92 and 0.93 for outpatient population and
came from urban and rural backgrounds, respectively; and college students, respectively.
60.5 percent and 39.5 percent of the participants came from
Satisfaction with Life Scale
joint and nuclear families, respectively.
The Hindi version of Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS-
The Departmental Research Committee (DRC) of the
H; Jaiswal et al., 2020) was utilized in this study. Diener et
Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi, India, gave
al., (1985) were the creators of this scale. It consists of five
their approval to the protocol. All participants signed a
items that assess an individual's life satisfaction on a seven-
written informed consent form in accordance with the
point Likert scale (from strongly agree to strongly disagree),
Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its revisions, or
with a score range of 5 to 45. Jaiswal et al., (2020) have
comparable ethical norms. There were no monetary rewards
reported coefficient alpha of 0.74 for Hindi version and
for taking part in the study. Participants who had given their
Diener et al., (1985) have reported coefficient alpha of 0.87
informed consent were individually administered the
for the original SWLS and adequate convergent validity has
questionnaires in a paper-and-pencil format with written
been demonstrated in both studies.
instructions.
The Perceived Stress Scale
Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule
The Hindi version of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-
The Hindi translation based on PANAS (Watson, Clark, &
10; Jaiswal et al., 2021) is a ten-item scale that measures
Tellegen, 1988) was employed in this study. The PANAS is
how stressful life events are perceived. The PSS-10 was
a scale that measures (i) Positive Affect (PA), which is a
designed to determine how unpredictable, unmanageable,
person's level of enthusiasm, activity, and alertness. High
and overburdening respondents' lives were at the time (PSS-
Positive Affect (PA) is characterized by an elevated level of
10; Cohen, Kamark & Mermelstein, 1983). The measure
energy, complete concentration, and enjoyable
also includes several questions about current stress levels.
participation, and (ii) Negative Affect (NA) spans a wide
The PSS questions focus on the previous month's feelings
range of adverse mood states and is a general dimension of
and ideas. In each situation, respondents are asked how
subjective distress and un-pleasant engagement. Anger,
often they feel a certain way. The Hindi version of PSS-10
contempt, disgust, guilt, anxiety, and anxiousness are linked
has two subscales ‘Uncontrollable Perceived Stress’ (UPS)
to low PA, whereas sadness and lethargy are linked to high
and ‘Controllable Perceived Stress’ (CPS) having six
NA. A sense of peace and security is related with a low NA.
unfavourably worded items and four favourably worded
The PANAS is a 20 item scale consisting of two scales
items, respectively. Four favourably worded items are
namely Positive affect and Negative Affect with 10 items in
reverse scored. The items are scored on a 5-point Likert
each scale. The participants were asked to rate on a 5-point
scale, with 0 indicating never, 1 indicating ‘almost never’,
scale the extent to which they had experienced each mood
2 indicating ‘sometimes’, 3 indicating ‘fairly often’, and 4
state during past few weeks. The rating points of the scale

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indicating ‘very often’. Higher total scores on both UPS and should be less than 0.05 and other indexes (such as AGFI,
CPS subscales indicate elevated level of perceived stress, CFI, and GFI) should be less than 0.90. (Byrne, 2001;
however, both scales have been observed to be independent Hayduk, 1987; Scott, 1983; Kelloway, 1988). As a result,
of each other. The confirmatory factor analysis of Hindi factor structure of the Hindi form of the PANAS has an
version of PSS-10 has indicated an adequate goodness of fit acceptable model fit indices and findings confirm the
indicating good construct validity and it has an acceptable construct validity of PANAS.
reliability and convergent validity (Jaiswal et al, 2021). The
alpha coefficient for reliability ranged from 0.74 to 0.91 for
PSS-10 and from 0.75 to 0.89 for PSS-14 in the broader
literature (Lee, 2012).
Statistical Analyses
SPSS version 20 was used to calculate descriptive statistics,
correlation analyses, and internal consistency. Pearson's
correlation was used to investigate the relationships
between the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule
(PANAS) and other measures. Confirmatory factor analysis
(CFA) was performed using AMOS 20 and the maximum
likelihood (ML) approach. The analyses included (i) factor
analysis, (ii) average item total coefficients of correlations,
(iii) reliability indices (split-half reliability coefficients
corrected by the Spearman–Brown prophecy formula and
Cronbach's alpha coefficients), (iv) relationships between
the factors, (v) construct, convergent, and predictive
validity of the test scores by confirmatory factor analysis
and highlighting gender and age differences on factors of
PANAS.

RESULTS
The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sample adequacy score was found
to be 0.882, and Bartlett's sphericity test was found to be
significant (Chi square = 2266.26, df = 190, p < 0.001).
Factor analysis (principal components) on the Hindi
translation of PANAS with varimax rotation and loading of
0.300 or greater, an Eigen value of 1.00, and a Scree plot
revealed two factors: the first factor explained 21.65 percent
of variance and the second factor explained 19.91 percent
of variance, respectively, and the two factors together
explained 41.55 percent of variance. The first factor (PA)
included ten items (numbers 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17,
and 19), whereas the second factor (NA) had ten items
(numbers 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18, and 20). The results
revealed negligible relationship between PA and NA (r = -
0.102). The average item-total coefficients of correlations
for PANAS subscales were found to be high indicating
common variance among them. The reliability coefficients
of the PANAS for NA and for PA emerged remarkably high Table 2: Mean ± SD values of PA and NA and indices
(Table 2). of internal consistency and reliability (N= 396)
Construct Validity PANAS Mean Average Reliability coefficients
The construct validity was assessed by Confirmatory Factor measures ± SD item-total Split Cronbach’s Guttman
coefficients -half
Analysis (CFA). The Hindi translation based on PANAS  lambda
of
was assumed to be made up of two factors. However, the
correlations
Chi-square test of overall model fit was significant (2 (df =
169, N = 396) = 335.905, p 0.001) when CFA was done for PA 31.70 0.65 0.85 0.85 0.85
a first order factor structure in PANAS. The fit indexes were ± 8.42
found to be satisfactory (RMSEA = 0.050; CFI = 0.921; GFI NA 20.84 0.62 0.85 0.82 0.83
= 0.916; AGFI = 0.895; TLI = 0.911; SRMR = 0.053), and
± 7.36
the structure equation model fit was also appropriate and
acceptable (Figure - 2). For a consistent model, RMSEA

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* and ** respectively indicate p < 0.05 and p < 0.01

Gender Differences
The gender differences in positive and negative affect were
determined using ANOVA. Table 4 shows the mean and SD
values of PA and NA for men and women participants. The
gender effect on positive affect (F (1, 394) = 3.81, p > 0.05)
and negative affect (F (1, 394) = 0.54, p > 0.05) was not
significant, implying that men and women did not differ
significantly on PA and NA.

Table 4: Mean ± SD values of PA and NA for men and

women
Factors Gender N Mean ± SD
Men 174 32.63 ± 8.38
PA Women 222 30.97 ± 8.40
Men 174 20.74 ± 7.61
NA Women 222 20.91 ± 7.18

Age differences
ANOVA was used to investigate the effects of age on PA
and NA measures, with age as the independent variable and
PANAS subscale scores as the dependent variable. The
participants were divided into two age groups: younger
(under 31 years) and older (over 31 years), and the results
of the PA and NA mean, and SD values are shown in Table
5. The analyses revealed significant main effects of age for
PA (F(1, 394) = 5.43, p > 0.05) and NA (F(1, 394) = 1.70,
p> 0.05), indicating that younger participants had
significantly higher positive affect than older participants.
However, there was no significant difference in negative
affect between younger and older participants.
Convergent validity
Results indicated that the negative affect significantly and Table 5: Mean ± SD values of PA and NA for younger
negatively correlated with satisfaction with life and and older participants
controllable perceived stress, and significantly and PANAS
positively correlated with uncontrollable perceived stress
factors Age Groups N Mean ± SD
and depressive symptoms whereas positive affect correlated
positively with satisfaction with life and controllable Younger 234 32.51± 8.31
perceived stress, and negatively with BDI-II and PA Older 162 30.52 ± 8.48
uncontrollable perceived stress (Table 3).
Younger 234 21.24 ± 7.41
NA Older 162 20.26 ± 7.27
Table 3: Relationships between positive affect and
negative affect measures, and with BDI-II PSS-10,
SWLS-H and measures of PSS-10
Measures PA NA DISCUSSION
BDI-II (N= 200) -0.220** 0.394** The study indicated that the Hindi translation of the scale
based on PANAS had a satisfactory level of reliability and
-
validity in a sample of Hindi-speaking Indian participants.
SWLS-H (N = 396) 0.187** 0.226**
Analyses demonstrated that the positive and negative affect
PSS-10 (N=200) dimensions of the Hindi translation based on PANAS had
- excellent internal consistency in terms of average inter-item
Controllable Stress 0.245** 0.212** total coefficients of correlations and reliability coefficients.
The means for PA (31.70) and NA (20.84) are like the
Uncontrollable Stress -0.081 0.448** means reported by Watson, Clark and Tellegan (1988) for

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PA (32.0) and NA (19.5) for time instruction of ‘during past consistency and discriminant correlation with other
few weeks’. The alpha reliabilities are also remarkably high underlying measure of mood i.e., BDI-II and with life
for PA (0.85) and NA (0.82) similar like that observed by satisfaction and perceived stress.
Watson, Clark and Tellegan (1988). Moreover, we also Before drawing any general conclusions, it's crucial to note
report high split-half and Guttman lambda reliability values the study's shortcomings, which should be addressed in
for both NA and PA scales of PANAS. The CFA of the future research. The findings of the present study
PANAS Hindi translation produced good model fit indices demonstrated adequate reliability, construct, and
and is identical to the original Positive and Negative Affect convergent validity in a normative sample for a time
Schedule (Watson, Clark, & Tellegan, 1988) and other instruction of past few weeks, however, studies are needed
PANAS investigations (Crawford & Henry, 2004; Joiner et on both clinical and nonclinical samples employing other
al., 1997; Lim et al., 2010; Merz et al., 2013; Merz & measures of mood, anxiety, psychosis, and personality
Roesch, 2011; Terraciano et al., 2003; Crocker, 1997). In components at various time instructions like now, today,
the current study, the association between NA and PA was past few weeks and past year. The findings also suggest that
discovered to be weak and Watson, Clark and Tellegan Hindi translation based on PANAS could be useful in
(1988) also reported extremely low correlation between PA determining the reasons of various mental status in positive
and NA. Cultural differences have been noted in the and negative psychological situations in everyday life.
relationship between NA and PA. Some studies have found
negative relationships between NA and PA, such as both
being two opposite poles of the same paradigm (Feldman & Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of
Russell, 1998; Russell & Carroll, 1999), while others have interest.
found an orthogonal relationship, implying that the two
dimensions are independent of one another (Feldman &
Russell, 1998; Russell & Carroll, 1999; Diener & Emmons, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1984; Watson & Tellegen, 1985; Watson, Wiese, Vaidya, We are thankful to Dr. David B. Watson, Andrew J.
& Tellegen, 1999; Billings et al., 2000; Crocker, 1997).
McKenna Family Professor, Department of Psychology,
Satisfaction with Life Scale was designed to assess an University of Notre Dame, USA, for granting permission to
individual’s global judgment of life satisfaction and positive create Hindi translation of the scale based on PANAS for
affect correlated positively with satisfaction with life scale
in the present study like earlier reports (Singh & Jha, 2008; this study.
Bakalm & Karckay, 2015; Mantelou & Karakasidou, 2017)
and negative affect correlated negatively with SWLS
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