IV CSE CS8791-Cloud Computing

UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Introduction to Cloud Computing – Definition of Cloud – Evolution of Cloud
Computing –Underlying Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing – Cloud
Characteristics – Elasticity in Cloud – On-demand Provisioning.

1. Introduction to Cloud Computing(Explain in detail about Cloud Computing with

an example.)
Cloud: The” cloud" refers to servers that are accessed over the Internet, and the
software and databases that run on those servers. Cloud servers are located in data
centers all over the world.
By using cloud computing, users and companies don't have to manage physical servers
themselves or run software applications on their own machines.
The cloud enables users to access the same files and applications from almost any device,
because the computing and storage takes place on servers in a data center, instead of
locally on the user device.
Definition of Cloud (Define Cloud Computing.)
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
How Cloud Computing Works?
➢ A cloud computing system keeps its critical data on internet servers rather than
distributing copies of data files to individual client devices.
➢ Video-sharing cloud services like Netflix, for example, stream data across the
internet to a player application on the viewing device rather than sending
customers DVD or Blu-ray physical discs.

Figure 1: Working of Cloud

➢ Clients must be connected to the internet in order to use cloud services. Some
video games on the Xbox Live service, for example, can only be obtained online

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(not on physical disc), while some others also cannot be played without being
connected.
➢ Some industry observers expect cloud computing to keep increasing in popularity
in coming years.
➢ The Chromebook is one example of how all personal computers might evolve in
the future under this trenddevices with minimal local storage space and few local
applications besides the web browser.
Advantages of Cloud Computing
There are many advantages of cloud computing, some of them are explained as
follows.
Improved accessibility : The cloud computing provides efficient access to services
and resources from anywhere, at any time, on any device.
Optimum Resource Utilization : Servers, storage and network resources are better
utilized in the cloud environment as they are shared among multiple users, thus it cut
down the wastage of resources.
Scalability and Speed : The cloud computing provides high scalability where
capacity of hardware, software or network resources can be easily increased or
decreased based on demand. In this, organizations do not have to invest money and
time behind buying and setting up the hardware, software and other resources
instead, they can easily scale up or scale down their resources or services running on
cloud as per demand with the rapid speed of access.
Minimizes licensing Cost of the Softwares : The remote delivery of software
applications saves licensing cost such that users do not need to buy or renew
expensive software licenses or programs.
Less personnel training : The users of cloud do not need any personal training to
deploy or access the cloud services as the self-service portals of cloud used to have
user friendly GUIs where anyone can work with cloud services easily.
Flexibility of work practices : Cloud computing provides freedom of access to their
users such that the employees can work more flexibly in their work practices. The
flexibility of access to the cloud data allow employees to work from home or on
holiday through internet.
Sharing of resources and costs : The cloud computing fulfills the requirement of
users to access resources through a shared pool which can be scaled easily and rapidly
to any size. The sharing of resources saves huge cost and makes efficient utilization of
the infrastructure.

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Minimize spending on technology infrastructure : As public cloud services are

readily available, the Pay as you go or subscription based utility feature of cloud
allows you to access the cloud services economically at cheaper rate. Therefore, it
reduces the spending on in-house infrastructure.
Maintenance is easier : As cloud computing services are provided by service
provider through internet, the maintenance of services is easier and managed by
cloud service providers itself.
Less Capital Expenditure : There is no need to spend big money on hardware,
software or licensing fees so capital expenditure is very less.
On-demand self-service : The cloud provides automated provisioning of services on
demand through self-service websites called portals.
Broad network access : The cloud services and resources are provided through a
location independent broad network using standardized methods.
Resource pooling : The cloud service provider adds resources together into a
resource pool through which user can fulfill their requirements and pool can be made
easily available for multitenant environment.
Measured services : The usage of cloud services can be easily measured using
different measuring tools to generate a utility-based bill. Some of the tools can be used
to generate a report of usage, audit and monitored services.
Rapid elasticity : The cloud services can be easily, elastically and rapidly
provisioned and released through a self-service portal.
Server Consolidation : The server consolidation in cloud computing uses an
effective approach to maximize the resource utilization with minimizing the energy
consumption in a cloud computing environment. The virtualization technology
provides the feature of server consolidation in cloud computing.
Multi-tenancy : A multi-tenancy in cloud computing architecture allows customers
to share same computing resources in different environment. Each tenant's data is
isolated and remains invisible to other tenants. It provides individualized space to
the users for storing their projects and data.
Types of Cloud Deployment:
The most common cloud deployments are:
Private cloud: A private cloud is a server, data center, or distributed network wholly
dedicated to one organization.
Public cloud: A public cloud is a service run by an external vendor that may include
servers in one or multiple data centers. Unlike a private cloud, public clouds are shared
by multiple organizations. Using virtual machines, individual servers may be shared by

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different companies, a situation that is called "multitenancy" because multiple tenants

are renting server space within the same server.
Hybrid cloud: Hybrid cloud deployments combine public and private clouds, and may
even include on-premises legacy servers. An organization may use their private cloud for
some services and their public cloud for others, or they may use the public cloud as
backup for their private cloud.
Multi cloud: Multi cloud is a type of cloud deployment that involves using multiple public
clouds.
The service models are categorized into three basic models:
1) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
2) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
3) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

Fig:1.1
1) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
• SaaS is known as 'On-Demand Software'.
• It is a software distribution model. In this model, the applications are hosted by a
cloud service provider and publicized to the customers over internet.
• In SaaS, associated data and software are hosted centrally on the cloud server.
• User can access SaaS by using a thin client through a web browser.
• CRM, Office Suite, Email, games, etc. are the software applications which are provided
as a service through Internet.
• The companies like Google, Microsoft provide their applications as a service to the
end users.
Advantages of SaaS
• SaaS is easy to buy because the pricing of SaaS is based on monthly or annual fee and
it allows the organizations to access business functionalities at a small cost, which is
less than licensed applications.

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• SaaS needed less hardware, because the software is hosted remotely, hence
organizations do not need to invest in additional hardware.
• Less maintenance cost is required for SaaS and do not require special software or
hardware versions.
Disadvantages of SaaS
• SaaS applications are totally dependent on Internet connection. They are not usable
without Internet connection.
• It is difficult to switch amongst the SaaS vendors.
2) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
• PaaS is a programming platform for developers. This platform is generated for the
programmers to create, test, run and manage the applications.
• A developer can easily write the application and deploy it directly into PaaS layer.
• PaaS gives the runtime environment for application development and deployment
tools.
• Google Apps Engine(GAE), Windows Azure, SalesForce.com are the examples of PaaS.
Advantages of PaaS
• PaaS is easier to develop. Developer can concentrate on the development and
innovation without worrying about the infrastructure.
• In PaaS, developer only requires a PC and an Internet connection to start building
applications.
Disadvantages of PaaS
• One developer can write the applications as per the platform provided by PaaS
vendor hence the moving the application to another PaaS vendor is a problem.
3) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
• IaaS is a way to deliver a cloud computing infrastructure like server, storage, network
and operating system.
• The customers can access these resources over cloud computing platform i.e Internet
as an on-demand service.
• In IaaS, you buy complete resources rather than purchasing server, software,
datacenter space or network equipment.
• IaaS was earlier called as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a Cloud computing
platform based model.
• HaaS differs from IaaS in the way that users have the bare hardware on which they
can deploy their own infrastructure using most appropriate software.
Advantages of IaaS

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• In IaaS, user can dynamically choose a CPU, memory storage configuration according
to need.
• Users can easily access the vast computing power available on IaaS Cloud platform.
Disadvantages of IaaS
• IaaS cloud computing platform model is dependent on availability of Internet and
virtualization services.
2. Evolution of Cloud Computing(Discuss about the evolution of Cloud
Computing.)(or)Formulate stage by stage Evolution of cloud with neat sketch
and formulate any three benefits, drawback achieved by it in the banking and
insurance sectors.(Nov/Dec 2021)(May-2022)(Nov/Dec 2022)
Evolution of Cloud Computing:
The cloud computing becomes very popular in short span of time along with
delivery of prominent and unique benefits which were never before. Therefore, it is
important to understand evaluation of cloud computing. In this section we are going to
understand the evolution of cloud computing with respect to hardware, internet,
protocol, computingand processing technologies.
Evolution of Hardware:
a) First-Generation Computers : The first-generation computing hardware called Mark
and Colossus, which was used for solving the binary arithmetic. It was developed in 1930
which became foundation for programming languages, computer processing and
terminologies. The first generation of computer was evolved with second version in 1943
at Harvard university which was an electromechanical programable computer by mark
and colossus. It was developed using vacuum tubes and hardwire circuits where punch
cards were used to stored data.
b) Second-Generation Computers : The second-generation computing hardware
called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) builded in 1946, which
was capable to solve range of computing problems. It was capable to perform one lakh
calculations per seconds. It was composed of thermionic valves, transistors and circuits.
c) Third-Generation Computers : The Third-generation computers were produced
in1958 using integrated circuits (IC’s). The first mainframe computer by IBM was
developed in this era. The IBM 360 has got more processing and storage capabilities due
to the integrated circuit. The minicomputer was also developed in this era. At the later
stage, intel has released first commercial microprocessor called intel 4004 which has
multiple transistors integrated on a single chip to perform processing at faster speed.
d) Fourth-Generation Computers : The fourth-generation computer have introduced
microprocessors with single integrated circuits and random-access memory for

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performing execution of millions of instructions per seconds. In this phase IBM have
developed an personal computers in 1981 along with LSI and VLSI Microchips.
Evolution of Internet and Protocols
The evolution of internet has begun in 1930 with the concept of MEMEX for storing
books records and communication. In 1957 Soviet Union have launched the first satellite
to create Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) for US military. The internet was
firstly introduced with the creation of ARPANET in 1967 where they have used internet
message processors (IMP) at each site for communication. In ARPANET, initially host to
host protocols were used for communication which were evolved with application
protocols like FTP and SMTP in 1983.
ARPANET has introduced a flexible and powerful TCP-IP protocol suit which is
used over the internet till today.
The internet protocol had initial version IPV4 which again evolved with new
generation IPV6 protocol. Microsoft had developed a Windows 95 operating system with
integrated browser called Internet Explorer along with supporting dial-up TCP/IP
protocols.
The first web server work on hypertext transfer protocol released in 1996
followed by various scriptings supported web servers and web browsers.
Evolution of Computing Technologies
✓ Few decades ago, the popular computing technology for processing a complex
and large computational problem was “Cluster computing”.
✓ It has group of computers were used to solve a larger computational problem
as a single unit.
✓ It was designed such a way that the computational load used to divide in to
similar unit of work and allocated across multiple processors which is balanced
across the several machines.
✓ The grid computing is nothing but the group of interconnected independent
computers intended to solve a common computational problem as a single unit.
✓ So further, grid computing is evolved with the cloud computing where
centralized entity like data centers is used to offer different computing services
to others which is similar to grid computing model.
✓ The cloud computing becomes more popular with the introduction of
“Virtualization” technology.
✓ The Virtualization is a method of running multiple independent virtual
operating systems on a single physical computer. It saves hardware cost due to

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consolidation of multiple servers along with maximum throughput and

optimum resource utilization.
Evolution of Processing Technologies
o When computers were initially launched, people used to work with
mechanical devices, vacuum tubes, transistors, etc.
o Then with the advent of Small-Scale Integration (SSI), Medium Scale
Integration (MSI), Large Scale Integration (LSI), and Very Large-Scale
Integration (VLSI) technology, circuits with very small dimension became
more reliable and faster.
o This development in hardware technology gave new dimension in
designing processors and its peripherals.
o The processing is nothing but the execution of programs, applications or
tasks on one or more computers.
o The two basic approaches of processing are serial and parallel processing.
In serial processing, the given problem or task is broken into a discrete
series of instructions. These instructions are executed on a single
processor sequentially. In Parallel processing, the tasks of programming
instructions are executed simultaneously across multiple processors with
the objective of running program in a lesser time.
o The vector processing was used in certain applications where the data
generated in the form of vectors or matrices. The next advancement to
vector processing was the development of symmetric multiprocessing
systems (SMP).
o As multiprogramming and vector processing system has limitation of
managing the resources in master slave model, the symmetric
multiprocessing systems was designed to address that problem.
o The SMP systems is intended to achieve sequential consistency where each
processor is assigned an equal number of OS tasks. These processors are
responsible for managing the workflow of task execution as it passes
through the system.
o Lastly, Massive parallel processing (MPP) is developed with many
independent arithmetic units or microprocessors that runs in parallel
and are interconnected to act as a single very large computer.
o Today, the massively parallel processor arrays can be implemented into a
single-chip which becomes cost effective due to the integrated circuit

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technology and it is mostly used in advanced computing applications used

in artificial intelligence.

3. Underlying Principles of Parallel and Distributed Computing (Explain in detail

about principles of Parallel and distributed computing with an example.(or)
Illustrate the underlying principles of parallel and distributed
computing.(Nov/Dec 2021)(Nov/Dec 2022)(May-2023)
Elements of parallel computing
What is parallel processing?
o Processing of multiple tasks simultaneously on multiple processors is
called parallel processing. The parallel program consists of multiple active
processes (tasks) simultaneously solving a given problem.
o A given task is divided into multiple subtasks using a divide-and-conquer
technique, and each subtask is processed on a different central processing
unit (CPU). Programming on a multiprocessor system using the divide-and-
conquer technique is called parallel programming.
The development of parallel processing is being influenced by many factors. The
prominent among them include the following:
➢ Computational requirements are ever increasing in the areas of both scientific and
business computing. The technical computing problems, which require high-
speed computational power, are related to life sciences, aerospace, geographical
information systems, mechanical design and analysis, and the like.
➢ Sequential architectures are reaching physical limitations as they are constrained
by the speed of light and thermodynamics laws. The speed at which sequential
CPUs can operate is reaching saturation point (no more vertical growth), and
hence an alternative way to get high computational speed is to connect multiple
CPUs (opportunity for horizontal growth).
➢ Hardware improvements in pipelining, superscalar, and the like are non-scalable
and require sophisticated compiler technology. Developing such compiler
technology is a difficult task.
➢ Vector processing works well for certain kinds of problems. It is suitable mostly
for scientific problems (involving lots of matrix operations) and graphical
processing. It is not useful for other areas, such as databases.
➢ The technology of parallel processing is mature and can be exploited
commercially; there is already significant R&D work on development tools and
environments.

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➢ Significant development in networking technology is paving the way for

heterogeneous computing.
Hardware architectures for parallel processing
The core elements of parallel processing are CPUs. Based on the number of instruction
and data streams that can be processed simultaneously, computing systems are classified
into the following four categories:
• Single-instruction, single-data (SISD) systems
• Single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) systems
• Multiple-instruction, single-data (MISD) systems
• Multiple-instruction, multiple-data (MIMD) systems

Fig.:Flynn’sClassificationforparallelcomputers
Single-instruction, single-data (SISD) systems
An SISD computing system is a uniprocessor machine capable of executing a single
instruction, which operates on a single data stream. (in figure 2)
In SISD, machine instructions are processed sequentially; hence computers adopting this
model are popularly called sequential computers.

Figure 2: Single-instruction, single-data (SISD) architecture.

Most conventional computers are built using the SISD model. All the instructions and data
to be processed have to be stored in primary memory. The speed of the processing
element in the SISD model is limited by the rate at which the computer can transfer
information internally. Dominant representative SISD systems are IBM PC, Macintosh,
and workstations.
Single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) systems

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An SIMD computing system is a multiprocessor machine capable of executing the same

instruction on all the CPUs but operating on different data streams (see Figure 3).
Machines based on an SIMD model are well suited to scientific computing since they
involve lots of vector and matrix operations. For instance, statements such as
Ci = Ai * Bi
can be passed to all the processing elements (PEs); organized data elements of vectors A
and B can be divided into multiple sets (N-sets for N PE systems); and each PE can process
one data set. Dominant representative SIMD systems are Cray’s vector processing
machine and Thinking Machines’ cm.

Figure 3: Single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) architecture.

Multiple-instruction, single-data (MISD) systems
An MISD computing system is a multiprocessor machine capable of executing different
instructions on different PEs but all of them operating on the same data set (see
Figure4). For instance, statements such as y = sin(x) + cos(x) + tan(x)

Figure 4: Multiple-instruction, single-data (MISD) architecture.

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perform different operations on the same data set. Machines built using the MISD model
are not useful in most of the applications; a few machines are built, but none of them are
available commercially. They became more of an intellectual exercise than a practical
configuration.
Multiple-instruction, multiple-data (MIMD) systems
An MIMD computing system is a multiprocessor machine capable of executing multiple
instructions on multiple data sets (see Figure 5). Each PE in the MIMD model has
separate instruction and data streams; hence machines built using this model are well
suited to any kind of application. Unlike SIMD and MISD machines, PEs in MIMD machines
work asynchronously. MIMD machines are broadly categorized into shared-memory
MIMD and distributed-memory MIMD based on the way PEs are coupled to the main
memory.

Figure 5: Multiple-instructions, multiple-data (MIMD) architecture

Shared memory MIMD machines
In the shared memory MIMD model, all the PEs are connected to a single global memory
and they all have access to it (see Figure 6). Systems based on this model are also called
tightly coupled multiprocessor systems. The communication between PEs in this model
takes place through the shared memory; modification of the data stored in the global
memory by one PE is visible to all other PEs. Dominant representative shared memory
MIMD systems are Silicon Graphics machines and Sun/IBM’s SMP (Symmetric Multi-
Processing).

Figure 6: Shared (left) and distributed (right) memory MIMD architecture.

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Distributed memory MIMD machines

➢ In the distributed memory MIMD model, all PEs have a local memory. Systems
based on this model are also called loosely coupled multiprocessor systems.
➢ The communication between PEs in this model takes place through the
interconnection network.
➢ The network connecting PEs can be configured to tree, mesh, cube, and so on. Each
PE operates asynchronously, and if communication/synchronization among tasks
is necessary, they can do so by exchanging messages between them.
➢ The shared-memory MIMD architecture is easier to program but is less tolerant to
failures and harder to extend with respect to the distributed memory MIMD
model. Failures in a shared-memory MIMD affect the entire system, whereas this
is not the case of the distributed model, in which each of the PEs can be easily
isolated.
➢ Moreover, shared memory MIMD architectures are less likely to scale because the
addition of more PEs leads to memory contention. This is a situation that does not
happen in the case of distributed memory, in which each PE has its own memory.
As a result, distributed memory MIMD architectures are most popular today.
Shared Memory Architecture for Parallel Computers
An important characteristic of shared memory architecture is that there are more
than one processor and all processors share same memory with global address space. In
this, the processors operate independently and share same memory resources. Changes
in a memory location done by one processor are visible to all other processors.
Based upon memory access time, the shared memory is further classified into
uniform memory access (UMA) architecture and non-uniform memory access (NUMA)
architecture which are discussed as follows :
1. Uniform memory access (UMA) : An UMA architecture comprises two or more
processors with identical characteristics. The UMA architectures are also called as
symmetric multiprocessors. The processors share the same memory and are
interconnected by bus-shared interconnection scheme such that the memory access time
is almost same. The IBM S/390 is an example of UMA architecture which is shown in Fig.
1.4.8 (a).
2. Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) : This architecture uses one or more
symmetric multiprocessors that are physically linked. A portion of memory is allocated
with each processor. Therefore, access to the local memory becomes faster than the
remote memory. In this mechanism, all processors do not get equal access time to the

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memory which is connected by the interconnection network; therefore, the memory

access across the link is always slow, The NUMA architecture is shown in Fig. 1.4.8 (b).

Fig. 1.4.8
Distributed Memory Architecture for Parallel Computers:
In the distributed memory system, the concept of global memory is not used as each
processor uses its own internal (local) memory for computing.

Fig. 1.4.9 : Distributed memory architecture.

Therefore, changes made by one processor in its local memory have no effect on the
memory of other processors, and memory addresses in one processor cannot be mapped
with other processors. Distributed memory systems require a communication network
to connect inter-processor memory, as shown in Fig. 1.4.9. The distributed memory
architecture is also called as message passing architecture. The speed and performance
of this type of architecture depends upon the way the processors are connected.
4. Explain in detail about characteristics of Cloud Computing.(or)Elaborate the
various cloud characteristics and its benefits.(May-2023)
Cloud Characteristics:
The NIST have defined five essential characteristics of cloud computing, which are
explained as follows.
• On-demand self-service : Each consumer can separately provisioned computing
capabilities like server time, compute resources, network and storage, as needed
automatically without requiring human interaction with service provider.

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• Broad network access : The cloud capabilities are available over the network which
are provisioned through a standardize network mechanisms that are used by
heterogeneous client’s platforms like thin or thick client, mobile phones, tablets, laptops,
and workstations.
• Resource pooling : The cloud service provider’s computing resources are pooled
together to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical
and virtual resources. These resources are dynamically assigned and reassigned as per
consumer demand. The examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and
network bandwidth. These resources are provided in a location independence manner
where customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the
provided resources.
• Rapid elasticity : In cloud, the different resource capabilities can be elastically
provisioned and released automatically as per demand. To scale rapidly outward and
inward the elasticity required. To the consumers, the capabilities are available for
provisioning appears to be unlimited and can be seized in any measure at any time.
• Measured service : Cloud systems automatically control and optimize the resource use
by consumers. They are controlled by leveraging the metering capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and
active user accounts). The cloud system provides a mechanism for measuring the usage
of resources for monitoring, controlling, and billing purposes. They are reported for
providing transparency for both the providers and consumers of the utilized service.
Apart from that there are some other characteristics of cloud computing are given
as follows :
a) Cloud computing mostly uses Open Source REST based APIs (Application Programmer
Interface) builded on web services that are universally available and allow users to access
the cloud services through web browser easily and efficiently.
b) Most of the cloud services are location independent which are provisioned at any time,
from anywhere and on any devices through internet.
c) It provides agility to improve the reuse of Cloud resources.
d) It provides end-user computing where users have their own control on the
resources used by them opposed to the control of a centralized IT service.
e) It provides Multi-tenancy environment for sharing a large pool of resources to the
users with additive features like reliability, scalability, elasticity, security etc.
5. Elasticity in Cloud (Explain in detail about Elasticity in cloud computing with an
example.)Nov/Dec 2020(or) Describe in detail about Elasticity in cloud and on-
demand provisioning.(May-2022)

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Elasticity in Cloud
The cloud computing comprises one of the important characteristics
called “Elasticity”. The elasticity is very important for mission critical or business critical
applications where any compromise in the performance may leads to huge business loss.
So, elasticity comes into picture where additional resources are provisioned for such
application to meet the performance requirements and demands.
It works such a way that when number of user access increases, applications are
automatically provisioned the extra computing, storage and network resources like
CPU, Memory, Storage or bandwidth and when a smaller number of users are there it
will automatically decrease those as per requirement.
The Elasticity in cloud is a popular feature associated with scale-out solutions
(horizontal scaling), which allows for resources to be dynamically added or removed
when needed. It is generally associated with public cloud resources which is commonly
featured in pay-per-use or pay-as-you-go services.
The Elasticity is the ability to grow or shrink infrastructure resources (like
compute, storage or network) dynamically as needed to adapt to workload changes in the
applications in an autonomic manner.
It makes make maximum resource utilization which result in savings in
infrastructure costs overall. Depends on the environment, elasticity is applied on
resources in the infrastructure that is not limited to hardware, software, connectivity,
QoS and other policies. The elasticity is completely depending on the environment as
sometimes it may become negative trait where performance of certain applications must
have guaranteed performance.
The elasticity is mostly used in IT organizations where during the peak hours
when all employees are working on cloud (i.e. between 9 AM to 9 PM), the resources are
scaled into the highest mark while during non-peak hours when limited employees are
working (i.e. between 9 PM to 9 AM), the resources are scaled-out to lowest mark where
a discrete bill is generated for low usage and high usage which saves the huge cost.
Another example of elasticity is Indian railways train booking service called
IRCTC. Earlier during the tatkal booking period, the website used to be crashed due to
the incapability of servers to handles too many users’ requests for booking a ticket at
specific time. But nowadays it won’t happen because of elasticity provided by cloud for
the servers such a way that during the tatkal booking period the infrastructure resources
are automatically scaled in as per users request so that website never stops in between
and scaled out when a smaller number of users are there. This may lead to provide a huge
flexibility and reliability for the customers who are using the service.

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Figure 1.5.1: Two different Approaches for Measuring Provisioning Times

Benefits/Pros of Elastic Cloud Computing
Elastic Cloud Computing has numerous advantages. Some of them are as follow: -
• Cost Efficiency: - Cloud is available at much cheaper rates than traditional
approaches and can significantly lower the overall IT expenses. By using cloud solution
companies can save licensing fees as well as eliminate overhead charges such as the cost
of data storage, software updates, management etc.
• Convenience and continuous availability: - Cloud makes easier access of shared
documents and files with view and modify choice. Public clouds also offer services that
are available wherever the end user might be located. Moreover it guaranteed continuous
availability of resources and In case of system failure; alternative instances are
automatically spawned on other machines.
• Backup and Recovery: - The process of backing up and recovering data is easy as
information is residing on cloud simplified and not on a physical device. The various cloud
providers offer reliable and flexible backup/recovery solutions.
• Cloud is environmentally friendly:-The cloud is more efficient than the typical IT
infrastructure and it takes fewer resources to compute, thus saving energy.
• Scalability and Performance: - Scalability is a built-in feature for cloud
deployments. Cloud instances are deployed automatically only when needed and as a
result enhance performance with excellent speed of computations.
• Increased Storage Capacity: -The cloud can accommodate and store much more
data compared to a personal computer and in a way offers almost unlimited storage
capacity.
Disadvantages/Cons of Elastic Cloud Computing: -
• Security and Privacy in the Cloud: - Security is the biggest concern in cloud
computing. Companies essentially hide their private data and information over cloud as

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remote based cloud infrastructure is used, it is then up to the cloud service provider to
manage, protect and retain data confidential.
• Limited Control: - Since the applications and services are running remotely
companies, users and third party virtual environments have limited control over the
function and execution of the hardware and software.
• Dependency and vendor lock-in: - One of the major drawbacks of cloud
computing is the implicit dependency on the provider. It is also called “vendor lock-in”.
As it becomes difficult to migrate vast data from old provider to new. So, it is advisable to
select vendor very carefully.
• Increased Vulnerability: - Cloud based solutions are exposed on the public
internet therefore are more vulnerable target for malicious users and hackers. As we
know nothing is completely secure over Internet even the biggest organizations also
suffer from serious attacks and security breaches.

6. Explain in detail the Resource Provisioning and its methods in cloud

computing?
Providers supply cloud services by signing SLAs with end users. The SLAs
must commit sufficient resources such as CPU, memory, and bandwidth that the user
can use for a preset period. Under provisioning of resources will lead to broken SLAs
and penalties. Over provisioning of resources will lead to resource underutilization,
and consequently, a decrease in revenue for the provider. Deploying an autonomous
system to efficiently provision resources to users is a challenging problem.

The difficulty comes from the unpredictability of consumer demand, software and
hardware failures, heterogeneity of services, power management, and conflicts in signed
SLAs between consumers and service providers.
Efficient VM provisioning depends on the cloud architecture and management of
cloud infrastructures. Resource provisioning schemes also demand fast discovery of
services and data in cloud computing infrastructures. In a virtualized cluster of servers,
this demands efficient installation of VMs, live VM migration, and fast recovery from
failures. To deploy VMs, users treat them as physical hosts with customized operating
systems for specific applications. For example, Amazon’s EC2 uses Xen as the virtual
machine monitor (VMM). The same VMM is used in IBM’s Blue Cloud Resource.

In the EC2 platform, some predefined VM templates are also provided. Users can
choose different kinds of VMs from the templates. IBM’s Blue Cloud does not provide any
VM templates. In general, any type of VM can run on top of Xen. Microsoft also applies
virtualization in its Azure cloud platform.
The provider should offer resource-economic services. Power-efficient schemes
for caching, query processing, and thermal management are mandatory due to increasing
energy waste by heat dissipation from data centers. Public or private clouds promise to
streamline the on-demand provisioning of software, hardware, and data as a service,
achieving economies of scale in IT deployment and operation.
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Provisioning Methods
In case (a), Overprovisioning with the peak load causes heavy resource waste (shaded
area).
(b), Underprovisioning (along the capacity line) of resources results in losses by both
user and provider in that paid demand by the users (the shaded area above the capacity)
is not served and wasted resources still exist for those demanded areas below the
provisioned capacity.
(c), the constant provisioning of resources with fixed capacity to a declining user demand
could result in even worse resource waste. The user may give up the service by canceling
the demand, resulting in reduced revenue for the provider. Both the user and provider
may be losers in resource provisioning without elasticity.

Three resource-provisioning methods are presented in the following sections.

The demand-driven method provides static resources and has been used in grid
computing for many years.
The event driven method is based on predicted workload by time.
The popularity-driven method is based on Internet traffic monitored. We characterize
these resource provisioning methods as follows (see Figure 4.25).

Demand-Driven Resource Provisioning or On Demand Resource Provisioning

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This method adds or removes computing instances based on the current

utilization level of the allocated resources.
The demand-driven method automatically allocates two Xeon processors for the
user application, when the user was using one Xeon processor more than 60 percent of
the time for an extended period. In general, when a resource has surpassed a threshold
for a certain amount of time, the scheme increases that resource based on demand. When
a resource is below a threshold for a certain amount of time, that resource could be
decreased accordingly. Amazon implements such an auto-scale feature in its EC2
platform. This method is easy to implement. The scheme does not work out right if the
workload changes abruptly.
The x-axis in Figure 4.25 is the time scale in milliseconds. In the beginning, heavy
fluctuations of CPU load are encountered. All three methods have demanded a few VM
instances initially. Gradually, the utilization rate becomes more stabilized with a
maximum of 20 VMs (100 percent utilization) provided for demand-driven provisioning
in Figure 4.25(a). However, the event-driven method reaches a stable peak of 17 VMs
toward the end of the event and drops quickly in Figure 4.25(b). The popularity
provisioning shown in Figure 4.25(c) leads to a similar fluctuation with peak VM
utilization in the middle of the plot.
Event-Driven Resource Provisioning
This scheme adds or removes machine instances based on a specific time event. The
scheme works better for seasonal or predicted events such as Christmastime in the West
and the Lunar New Year in the East. During these events, the number of users grows
before the event period and then decreases during the event period. This scheme
anticipates peak traffic before it happens. The method results in a minimal loss of QoS, if
the event is predicted correctly. Otherwise, wasted resources are even greater due to
events that do not follow a fixed pattern.
Popularity-Driven Resource Provisioning
In this method, the Internet searches for popularity of certain applications and creates
the instances by popularity demand. The scheme anticipates increased traffic with
popularity. Again, the scheme has a minimal loss of QoS, if the predicted popularity is
correct. Resources may be wasted if traffic does not occur as expected. In Figure 4.25(c),
EC2 performance by CPU utilization rate (the dark curve with the percentage scale shown
on the left) is plotted against the number of VMs provisioned (the light curves with scale
shown on the right, with a maximum of 20 VMs provisioned).
Dynamic Resource Deployment
The cloud uses VMs as building blocks to create an execution environment across
multiple resource sites. The InterGrid-managed infrastructure was developed by a
Melbourne University group. Dynamic resource deployment can be implemented to
achieve scalability in performance. The Inter-Grid is a Java-implemented software system
that lets users create execution cloud environments on top of all participating grid
resources. Peering arrangements established between gateways enable the allocation of
resources from multiple grids to establish the execution environment. In Figure 4.26, a
scenario is illustrated by which an intergrid gateway (IGG) allocates resources from a
local cluster to deploy applications in three steps:
(1) Requesting the VMs,
(2) Enacting the leases, and

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(3) Deploying the VMs as requested. Under peak demand, this IGG interacts with another
IGG that can allocate resources from a cloud computing provider.

A grid has predefined peering arrangements with other grids, which the IGG
manages. Through multiple IGGs, the system coordinates the use of Inter Grid resources.
An IGG is aware of the peering terms with other grids, selects suitable grids that can
provide the required resources, and replies to requests from other IGGs. Request
redirection policies determine which peering grid Inter Grid selects to process a request
and a price for which that grid will perform the task.
An IGG can also allocate resources from a cloud provider. The cloud system creates
a virtual environment to help users deploy their applications. These applications use the
distributed grid resources. The InterGrid allocates and provides a distributed virtual
environment (DVE). This is a virtual cluster of VMs that runs isolated from other virtual
clusters.
A component called the DVE manager performs resource allocation and
management on behalf of specific user applications. The core component of the IGG is a
scheduler for implementing provisioning policies and peering with other gateways. The
communication component provides an asynchronous message-passing mechanism.
Received messages are handled in parallel by a thread pool.
Provisioning of Storage Resources: The data in CC is stored in the clusters of the cloud
provider and can be accessed anywhere in the world. Ex: email. For data storage,
distributed file system, tree structure file system, and others can be used. Ex: GFS, HDFS,
MS-Cosmos. This method provides a 62 convenient coding platform for the developers.
The storage methodologies and their features can be found in Table 4.8

7. Explain in detail about Challenges in Security and Data Lock –in and
Standardization.(Nov/Dec 2020)

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Cloud computing, an emergent technology, has placed many challenges in different

aspects of data and infrmation handling. Some of these are shown in the following
diagram:
Security and Privacy
Security and Privacy of information is the biggest challenge to cloud computing. Security
and privacy issues can be overcome by employing encryption, security hardware and
security applications.

Portability

This is another challenge to cloud computing that applications should easily be migrated
from one cloud provider to another. There must not be vendor lock-in. However, it is not
yet made possible because each of the cloud provider uses different standard languages
for their platforms.

Interoperability

It means the application on one platform should be able to incorporate services from the
other platforms. It is made possible via web services, but developing such web services
is very complex.

Computing Performance

Data intensive applications on cloud requires high network bandwidth, which results in
high cost. Low bandwidth does not meet the desired computing performance of cloud
application.

Reliability and Availability

It is necessary for cloud systems to be reliable and robust because most of the businesses
are now becoming dependent on services provided by third-party.
Challenges in Cloud Computing:
Some of the challenges in cloud computing are explained as follows :
Data Protection:
The data protection is the crucial element of security that warrants scrutiny. In cloud, as
data is stored on remote data center and managed by third party vendors. So, there is a
fear of losing confidential data. Therefore, various cryptographic techniques have to be
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implemented to protect the confidential data.

Data Recovery and Availability:
In cloud, the user’s data is scattered across the multiple datacenters therefore the
recovery of such data is very difficult as user never comes to know what is the exact
location of their data and don’t know how to recover that data. The availability of the
cloud services are highly associated with downtime of the services which is mentioned
in the agreement called Service Level Agreement (SLA). Therefore, any compromise in
SLA may leads increase in downtime with less availability and may harm your
business productivity.
Regulatory and Compliance Restrictions:
Many of the countries have Compliance Restrictions and regulation on usage of Cloud
services. Therefore, the Government regulations in such countries do not allow
providers to share customer's personal information and other sensitive information to
outside states or country. In order to meet such requirements, cloud providers need to
setup a data center or a storage site exclusively within that country to comply with
regulations.
Management Capabilities:
The involvement of multiple cloud providers for in house services may leads to
difficulty in management.
Interoperability and Compatibility Issue:
The services hosted by the organizations should have freedom to migrate the services in
or out of the cloud which is very difficult in public clouds. The compatibility issue comes
when organization wants to change the service provider. Most of the public cloud
provides vendor dependent APIs for access and they may have their own proprietary
solutions which may not be compatible with other providers.
Part-A
1. Define Cloud Computing.(Nov/Dec 2021)
Cloud computing.
According to NIST, Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can
be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction.
• Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources,
especially data storage and computing power, without direct active
management by the user.
• Cloud computing allows you to set up a virtual office to give you the flexibility of
connecting to your business anywhere, any time.
• Moving to cloud computing may reduce the cost of managing and maintaining
your IT systems. Rather than purchasing expensive systems and equipment for
your business.
2. Enlist the pros and cons of cloud computing. Dec.-19

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The pros and cons of cloud computing are

Pros of Cloud computing
• Improved accessibility
• Optimum Resource Utilization
• Scalability and Speed
• Minimizes licensing Cost of the Softwares
• On-demand self-service
• Broad network access
• Resource pooling
• Rapid elasticity
Cons of Cloud computing
• Security
• Privacy and Trust
• Vendor lock-in
• Service Quality
• Cloud migration issues
• Data Protection
• Data Recovery and Availability
• Regulatory and Compliance Restrictions
• Management Capabilities
• Interoperability and Compatibility Issue.
3. What are the different deployment model of cloud computing? (May-2022)
Various deployment model of cloud computing are
❖ Public Cloud
❖ Private Cloud
❖ Hybrid Cloud
❖ Community Cloud
4. List the Characteristics of Cloud computing?
Cloud computing has some interesting characteristics that bring benefits to both
cloud service consumers (CSCs) and cloud service providers (CSPs). These
characteristics are
• No up-front commitments
• On-demand access
• Nice pricing
• Simplified application acceleration and scalability
• Efficient resource allocation
• Energy efficiency
• Seamless creation and use of third-party services
5. Write short notes on Public cloud?
Public cloud:
➢ Services and Infrastructure are hosted on premise of cloud provider and are
provisioned for open use by general public.
➢ The end users can access the services via public network like internet.
6. Write short notes on Private cloud?
Private cloud:

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➢ Private clouds are designed and maintained by a single enterprise to meet the
specific needs of that enterprise.
➢ Private clouds need to set up a structure that is entirely built for a single business
cloud solutions and that are either hosted on-site or in a specific service
provider’s data center.
7. Write short notes on Hybrid cloud?
Hybrid cloud:
➢ Hybrid cloud computing is an environment that combines public clouds and
private clouds by allowing data and applications to be shared between them.
➢ A hybrid cloud is ideal for scalability, flexibility, and security.
➢ A perfect example of this scenario would be that of an organization who uses the
private cloud to secure their data and interacts with its customers using the
public cloud.
8. Write short notes on Community cloud?
Community cloud
➢ Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be
accessible by a group of several organizations to share the information.
➢ It is a mutually shared model between organizations that belong to a particular
community such as banks, government organizations, or commercial
enterprises.
9. What is parallel computing?
➢ Processing of multiple tasks simultaneously on multiple processors is called
parallel processing. A given task is divided into multiple subtasks using a divide-
and-conquer technique, and each subtask is processed on a different central
processing unit (CPU).
10. What are the different hardware architectures for parallel processing?
• Single-instruction, single-data (SISD) systems
• Single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) systems
• Multiple-instruction, single-data (MISD) systems
• Multiple-instruction, multiple-data (MIMD) systems
11. What are different levels of parallelism?
Levels of parallelism are decided based on the lumps of code that can be a potential
candidate for parallelism. All these approaches have a common goal: to boost
processor efficiency by hiding latency.
• Large grain (or task level)
• Medium grain (or control level)
• Fine grain (data level)
• Very fine grain (multiple-instruction issue)
12. What is distributed computing?
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers that appears to its
users as a single coherent system. A distributed system is one in which components
located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions only by
passing messages.
13. What are the two architectural styles for distributed computing?
The architectural styles for distributed computing divided into two major classes:
➢ Software architectural styles

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➢ System architectural styles.

14. Define Component and connectors .
A component represents a unit of software that encapsulates a function or
a feature of the system. Examples of components can be programs, objects,
processes, pipes, and filters.
A connector is a communication mechanism that allows cooperation and
coordination among components.
15. What are the types of Cloud service model?
• Infrastructure as a Service
• Platform as a Service
• Software as a Service
16. What is elasticity in cloud computing?(or) What is Cloud Elasticity(May-
2023)
In cloud computing, elasticity is defined as "the degree to which a system is able
to adapt to workload changes by provisioning and de-provisioning resources in an
autonomic manner, such that at each point in time the available resources match
the current demand as closely as possible". The dynamic adaptation of capacity,
e.g., by altering the use of computing resources, to meet a varying workload is
called "elastic computing".
17. What is the working principle of Cloud Computing?
The cloud is a collection of computers and servers that are publicly accessible via
the Internet. This hardware is typically owned and operated by a third party on a
consolidated basis in one or more data center locations. The machines can run any
combination of operating systems.
18. What are the advantages of cloud services?
✓ If the user’s PC crashes host application and document both remain
unaffected in the cloud.
✓ An individual user can access applications and documents from any
location on any PC. Because documents are hosted in the cloud, multiple
users can collaborate on the same document in real time, using any
available Internet connection. Documents are not machine-centric
19. List the companies who offer cloud service development?
• Amazon
• Google App Engine
• IBM
• Salesforce.com
20.What is the working principle of Cloud Computing?
The cloud is a collection of computers and servers that are publicly accessible via
the Internet. This hardware is typically owned and operated by a third party on a
consolidated basis in one or more data center locations. The machines can run any
combination of operating systems.
21. What is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?
✓ This model puts together infrastructures demanded by users—namely servers,
storage, networks, and the data center fabric.
✓ The user can deploy and run on multiple VMs running guest OSes on specific
applications.

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✓ The user does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, but can
specify when to request and release the needed resources.
22. Bring out the differences between private cloud and public cloud?

23. What is Platform as a Service (PaaS)?

✓ This model enables the user to deploy user-built applications onto a virtualized
cloud platform. PaaS includes middleware, databases, development tools, and some
runtime support such as Web 2.0 and Java.
✓ The platform includes both hardware and software integrated with specific
programming interfaces. The provider supplies the API and software tools (e.g.,
Java, Python, Web 2.0, .NET). The user is freed from managing the cloud
infrastructure.
24. What is Software as a Service (SaaS)?
✓ This refers to browser-initiated application software over thousands of paid cloud
customers. The SaaS model applies to business processes, industry applications,
consumer relationship management (CRM), enterprise resources planning (ERP),
human resources (HR), and collaborative applications.
✓ On the customer side, there is no upfront investment in servers or software
licensing. On the provider side, costs are rather low, compared with conventional
hosting of user applications
25. What is cloud service management?
Cloud Service Management includes all of the service-related functions that are
necessary for the management and operation of those services required by or
proposed to cloud consumers.
26. What is on demand of cloud computing? Nov/Dec 2022
On-demand (OD) computing is an increasingly popular enterprise model in which
computing resources are made available to the user as needed. The resources may
be maintained within the user's enterprise, or made available by a service provider
27. What is Cloud Scalability?
Cloud scalability is the ability of the system’s infrastructure to handle growing
workload requirements while retaining a consistent performance adequately.
28. What is the difference between Cloud Elasticity and Cloud
Scalability?(Nov/Dec 2022)
Cloud Elasticity Cloud Scalability
Cloud Elasticity is a tactical resource Cloud Scalability is a strategic
allocation operation. It provides the resource allocation operation.
necessary resources required for Scalability handles the increase
the current task and handles and decrease of resources
varying loads for short periods. For

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example, running a sentiment according to the system's

analysis algorithm, doing database workload demands.
backups or just taking on user
traffic surges on a website

29. What are the main benefits of both scalability and elasticity?
Cost-effectiveness. Cloud scalability and cloud elasticity features constitute an
effective resource management strategy:
The pay-per-use model makes cloud elasticity the proper answer for sudden
surges of workload demand (vital for streaming services and marketplaces);
The pay-as-you-expand model allows to plan out gradual growth of the
infrastructure in sync with growing requirements (especially handy for ad tech
systems);
Consistent performance - scalability and elasticity features operate resources in
a way that keeps the system’s performance smooth, both for operators and
customers.
Service availability. Scalability enables stable growth of the system, while
elasticity tackles immediate resource demands.
30. What are the types of cloud scalability?
There are several types of cloud scalability:
✓ Vertical, aka Scale-Up - the ability to handle an increasing workload by adding
resources to the existing infrastructure. It is a short term solution to cover
immediate needs.
✓ Horizontal, aka Scale-Out - the expansion of the existing infrastructure with
new elements to tackle more significant workload requirements. It is a long
term solution aimed to cover present and future resource demands with room
for expansion.
✓ Diagonal scalability is a more flexible solution that combines adding and
removal of resources according to the current workload requirements. It is the
most cost-effective scalability solution by far.
31. What are the three cases of static cloud resource provisioning policies?
❖ Over provisioning with the peak load causes heavy resource waste
(shaded area).
❖ Under provisioning (along the capacity line) of resources results in losses
by both user and provider in that paid demand by the users (the shaded area above
the capacity) is not served and wasted resources still exist for those demanded
areas below the provisioned capacity.
❖ constant provisioning of resources with fixed capacity to a declining user
demand could result in even worse resource waste
32. What are the three resource-provisioning methods?(Nov/Dec 2022)
Three resource-provisioning methods are presented in the following sections.
✓ Demand-driven method provides static resources and has been used in grid
computing for many years.
✓ Event-driven method is based on predicted workload by time.
✓ Popularity-driven method is based on Internet traffic monitored

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33. List the main characteristics of cloud computing?

• Resources Pooling.
• On-Demand Self-Service.
• Easy Maintenance.
• Scalability And Rapid Elasticity.
• Economical.
• Measured And Reporting Service.
• Security.
• Automation.
34. Illustrate the virtual appliances in cloud computing.
A virtual appliance is a pre-installed and pre-configured software solution
on one or more virtual machines that is optimized for a specific function.Virtual
appliances play key roles in the quick provisioning of operating systems and
applications in PaaS and SaaS cloud delivery models.
35. Depict the importance of on demand provisioning in e-commerce
applications.(Nov/Dec 2021).
Online shopping
Mobile and web application
Online booking
Online purchasing
E banking
Finance
Manufacturing
Faster payment
One to one marketing
Mobility.
36. Differentiate between private and public Cloud.(May-2022)
S.No. Public Cloud Private Cloud
1 When the computing infrastructure When the computing infrastructure and
and resources are shared to the the resources are shared to the private
public via the internet, it is known network via the internet, it is known as a
as a public cloud. private cloud.
2 A public cloud is like a multi-tenant A private cloud is like a single-tenant in
in which the network is managed which the network is handled by the in-
by your service provider. house team.
3 Here the data of several enterprises Here the data of a single enterprise is
is stored. stored.
4 It supports the activity performed It supports the activity performed over the
over the public network or private network or internet.
internet.
5 The scalability is high in a public The scalability is limited in a private cloud.
cloud.
6 Reliability is moderate here. Reliability is high here.

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7 The security depends on the It delivers a high class of security.

service provider.
8 It is affordable as compared to the It is expensive as compared to the public
private cloud. cloud.
9 In the public cloud, the The performance is high in a private cloud.
performance is low to medium.
10 It covers the shared servers. It covers the devoted servers.

37. Difference between Distributed computing, Grid computing and Cloud

computing
Feature Distributed Grid Computing Cloud Computing
Computing
Computing Client server and Distributed Client-server
architecture peer to peer computing computing
Scalability Low to moderate Low to moderate High.
Flexibility Moderate Less More
Management Decentralized Decentralized Centralized
Owned and Organizations Organizations Cloud service
Managed by providers
Provisioning Application and Application Service oriented.
service oriented oriented
Accessibility Through Through grid Through standard
communication middleware web protocols
protocols like RPC,
MoM, IPC, RMI
Resource allocation pre-reserved pre-reserved on-demand

38. State the advantages of on-demand provisioning in cloud.(May-2023)

• Flexibility to meet fluctuating demands. Users can quickly increase or decrease their
computing resources as needed -- either short-term or long-term.
• Removes the need to purchase, maintain and upgrade hardware.

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