PATTERNS OF DISTAL ALTERATION ZONATION AROUND ANTAMINA CU-ZN

SKARN AND UCHUCCHACUA AG-BASE METAL VEIN DEPOSITS, PERU:

MINERALOGICAL, CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR FLUID
COMPOSITION, AND INFILTRATION, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MINERAL
EXPLORATION

by
ABRAHAM DAVID ESCALANTE ARAMBURU
B.Sc., Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 1988
M.Sc., New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 2003

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

in

THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

(Geological Sciences)

THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

(Vancouver)

August, 2008
©Abraham David.Escalante Aramburu, 2008
 Abstract
Intrusion-related, carbonate rock–hosted replacement deposits are an important
source of global base metal production that includes: Cu-Zn skarn, Zn-Pb-Ag carbonate
replacement and Ag-base metal deposits. These deposits are located in multiple geological
settings and are commonly associated with low-grade Cu-Mo calc-alkaline porphyry
districts. Visible alteration halos to these deposits range from ten to hundreds of metres
around high temperature skarn deposits, being small to imperceptible around the distal
relatively low temperature members of this clan. Patterns of visible and cryptic alteration
are described and constrained in this study particularly around paleo-fluid flow zones at
different distances and elevations from the ore centre, which was done to identify the large-
scale zonation, mechanisms, and effects of fluid infiltration, especially into the distal
portions of these deposits. The main alteration tracers employed included mineralogy,
major and trace element geochemistry, oxygen and carbon isotopes, and the fluorescent
signature of calcite veins associated with the fluids conduits. Two areas were selected for
this study: the large Cu-Zn Antamina skarn and the Ag-base metal Uchucchacua vein
deposits in the Peruvian Central Andes. These deposits represent the end-members of the
polymetallic carbonate rock-hosted deposits and, hence, provide an excellent opportunity to
examine the margins and upper sections of these hydrothermal systems.
Geochronology of intrusive dikes was used to establish the magmatic and
hydrothermal evolution associated with mineralization, as well as the genetic linkage
between proximal and distal portions of the mineralizing system at Antamina. Oxygen,
carbon and strontium isotope compositions of vein minerals are also used to constrain the
temperature of the fluids proximal and distal to the magmatic centre. The chemistry of
fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins was used to determine the main activators of
fluorescence and to constrain its relationship with mineralizing fluids.
In summary, the results of this research identify a large-scale zonation of visible and
cryptic alteration around paleo-fluid flow zones demonstrating the linkage between Ag-
base metal veins, replacement and skarn deposits. Anomalous halos determined throughout
Antamina and Uchucchacua deposits will contribute to the development of a more
systematic exploration methodology for these types of deposits.

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 Table of contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………..... ii
Table of contents……………………………………………………………………... iii
List of tables………………………………………………………………………… xii
List of figures………………………………………………………………………... xiv
List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………… xx
List of symbols………………………………………………………………………. xxii
Minerals………………………………………………………………………………. xxiii
Foreword……………………………………………………………………………... xxv
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………... xxvii
Co-authorship statement……………………………………………………………… xxix

Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................1

1.1 General overview..........................................................................................................1
1.2 Previous work ...............................................................................................................1
1.3 Geologic setting of the Peruvian Central Andes...........................................................3
1.3.1 Stratigraphy and tectonism ....................................................................................3
1.3.2 Cenozoic magmatism and metallogenesis of the Central Andes ...........................4
1.4 Objectives .....................................................................................................................4
1.5 Methods ........................................................................................................................5
1.6 Presentation...................................................................................................................6
1.7 The scientific contributions of this study......................................................................7
1.8 References.....................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Geochemical characterization of host rocks and geochemical halos to the
fluid escape pathways at Antamina, Perú ........................................................................12
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................12
2.2 Problem definition ......................................................................................................13
2.3 Geologic framework ...................................................................................................15
2.4 Sampling and methods................................................................................................17
2.5 Geochemical characterization of the host rocks at Antamina.....................................18
2.5.1 Major elements ....................................................................................................28

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 2.5.2 Rare earth elements (REE) ..................................................................................33
2.5.3 Interpretation of major elements and REE systematics .......................................40
2.5.4 Trace element composition of host rocks ............................................................41
2.5.4.1 Analysis of correlation coefficients ..............................................................42
2.5.4.2 Statistical distribution ...................................................................................44
2.5.5 Background and threshold determination ............................................................46
2.5.5.1 Mathematical procedure ...............................................................................48
2.5.5.2 Detection of outliers......................................................................................53
2.6 Geochemical halos to fluid conduits...........................................................................55
2.6.1 Criteria of identification.......................................................................................55
2.6.2 Results: definition of alteration halos ..................................................................56
2.6.3 Lateral and vertical zoning ..................................................................................61
2.7 Discussion...................................................................................................................61
2.7.1 Geochemical signatures of Antamina host rocks.................................................61
2.7.2 Recognition of geochemical halos.......................................................................63
2.7.3 Implications for mineral exploration ...................................................................64
2.8 Conclusions.................................................................................................................65
2.8 References...................................................................................................................67
Chapter 3: Patterns of distal alteration zonation around Antamina: mineralogical,
chemical and isotopic evidence for fluid composition and infiltration ..........................72
3.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................72
3.2 Deposit geology ..........................................................................................................73
3.3 Sampling strategy .......................................................................................................75
3.4 Intrusive rocks.............................................................................................................77
3.4.1 Classification and distribution .............................................................................77
3.4.2 Petrography and alteration ...................................................................................77
3.4.3 Age determination................................................................................................83
3.4.3.1 Previous studies ............................................................................................83
3.4.3.2 Samples and analytical methods ...................................................................87
3.4.3.3 40Ar/39Ar geochronology...............................................................................90
3.4.3.4 U-Pb geochronology .....................................................................................94

iv
 3.4.3.5 Interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb results.................................................98
3.5 Host rocks and visible alteration patterns .................................................................100
3.5.1 Methods .............................................................................................................100
3.5.2 Limestone...........................................................................................................102
3.5.3 Sedimentological and stratigraphic constraints .................................................104
3.5.4 Hornfels .............................................................................................................104
3.5.5 Marble................................................................................................................115
3.5.6 Skarn ..................................................................................................................124
3.5.7 Veins ..................................................................................................................132
3.5.8 Visible alteration zoning (summary) .................................................................138
3.6 Patterns of cryptic alteration .....................................................................................140
3.6.1 Trace element geochemistry ..............................................................................140
3.6.2 Ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) of calcite veins ................................................144
3.6.2.1 UVF observations and halos to fluid conduits............................................144
3.6.2.2 Summary of main points.............................................................................146
3.6.3 Oxygen and carbon Isotopes..............................................................................148
3.6.3.1 Sampling and analysis ................................................................................148
3.6.3.2 Host rocks ...................................................................................................148
3.6.3.3 Summary of main observations ..................................................................156
3.7 Source of fluids.........................................................................................................157
3.7.1 Oxygen and carbon isotopes in carbonate minerals...........................................157
3.7.2 Oxygen isotope thermometry.............................................................................161
3.7.2.1 Oxygen isotopes in silicates........................................................................161
3.7.2.2 Oxygen isotopes in calcite veins.................................................................161
3.7.3 Strontium isotopes .............................................................................................164
3.7.3.1 Sampling and analytical procedures ...........................................................164
3.7.3.2 Results.........................................................................................................167
3.8 Discussion.................................................................................................................169
3.8.1 Mineral reactions and alteration zoning.............................................................169
3.8.1.1 Prograde metamorphism .............................................................................170
3.8.1.2 Metasomatic effects ....................................................................................176

v
 3.8.2 Fluid rock interaction processes ........................................................................177
3.8.3 Source of fluids..................................................................................................182
3.8.4 Implications for mineral exploration .................................................................184
3.9 References.................................................................................................................186
Chapter 4: Distal alteration and source of fluids in the Ag-Pb-Zn-Mn Rosa vein and
associated replacement deposits at Uchucchacua, Perú................................................193
4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................193
4.2 Deposit geology ........................................................................................................194
4.3 Intrusive igneous rocks .............................................................................................198
4.4 Host rocks and visible alteration patterns .................................................................201
4.4.1 Methods .............................................................................................................201
4.4.2 Limestone...........................................................................................................204
4.4.3 Hornfels .............................................................................................................204
4.4.4 Marble................................................................................................................205
4.4.5 Skarn ..................................................................................................................205
4.4.6 Veins ..................................................................................................................206
4.5 Trace element composition of host rocks .................................................................207
4.5.1 Methods .............................................................................................................207
4.5.2 Recognition of trace element anomalies............................................................209
4.5.3 Statistical distribution ........................................................................................215
4.5.4 Statistical correlation .........................................................................................218
4.5.5 Geochemical background and threshold estimation ..........................................220
4.5.6 Criteria used to identify geochemical halos to fluid conduits ...........................222
4.5.7 Summary of main points....................................................................................225
4.6 UVF of calcite veins .................................................................................................228
4.6.1 Methodology......................................................................................................228
4.6.2 Results: lateral and vertical zoning....................................................................230
4.7 Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions ................................................................232
4.7.1 Sampling and analysis .......................................................................................232
4.7.2 Host rocks ..........................................................................................................234
4.7.3 Veins ..................................................................................................................239

vi
 4.8 Strontium isotopes ....................................................................................................244
4.8.1 Analytical procedures ........................................................................................244
4.8.2 Results................................................................................................................247
4.9 Discussion.................................................................................................................249
4.9.1 Visible alteration zonation .................................................................................249
4.9.2 Trace element distribution of metals .................................................................250
4.9.3 Fluid-rock interaction processes ........................................................................251
4.9.4 Fluid sources ......................................................................................................253
4.9.5 Relevance in mineral exploration ......................................................................255
4.10 Conclusions.............................................................................................................257
4.11 References...............................................................................................................259
Chapter 5: UV fluorescence of carbonate veins at Antamina Cu-Zn skarn and
Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposits, Northern-Central Perú............................264
5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................264
5.2 Geologic setting ........................................................................................................265
5.3 Analytical procedures ...............................................................................................268
5.3.1 UVF intensity.....................................................................................................268
5.3.2 Major and trace element content........................................................................268
5.4 Analytical results ......................................................................................................270
5.4.1 General overview...............................................................................................270
5.5 Antamina...................................................................................................................270
5.5.1 SEM observations ..............................................................................................270
5.5.2 UVF observations ..............................................................................................278
5.5.3 Major and trace element composition................................................................282
5.6 Uchucchacua.............................................................................................................284
5.6.1 SEM observations ..............................................................................................284
5.6.2 UVF observations ..............................................................................................284
5.6.3 Trace element composition................................................................................289
5.6.3.1 Sampling and analysis ................................................................................289
5.6.3.2 ICP-MS results............................................................................................291
5.6.3.3 Microprobe results ......................................................................................291

vii
 5.7 Discussion.................................................................................................................294
5.7.1 Activators of UV fluorescence ..........................................................................294
5.7.2 Implications for mineral exploration .................................................................296
5.8 Conclusions...............................................................................................................297
5.9 References.................................................................................................................299
Chapter 6: Summary and conclusions ............................................................................302
6.1 Visible alteration features .........................................................................................302
6.2 Trace element anomalies in carbonate rocks ............................................................303
6.3 Oxygen and carbon isotope systematics in host rocks..............................................304
6.4 UVF of veins.............................................................................................................305
6.5 Source of fluids.........................................................................................................305
6.6 Large-scale zonation as proof of genetic linkage between proximal and distal
carbonate rock-hosted deposits – implications for mineral exploration .........................306
6.7 References.................................................................................................................311
Appendices – Chapter 2 ...................................................................................................313
Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81) .314
Appendix A2: Trace element data from Antamina (ME-MS61) ....................................345
Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha Formations at
Antamina.........................................................................................................................362
Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina ....................................366
Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Antamina West .374
Appendix A5.2: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Fortuna..............378
Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the host-rocks at Fortuna East .....382
Appendix A6: Frequency intervals used to construct histograms ..................................386
Appendix A7: Samples used to estimate geochemical background ...............................388
Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet .........................................................390
Appendix A9: Threshold calculation worksheet ............................................................397
Appendices A10.1 to A10.8: Bivariate graphs of metal versus La graphs for limestone,
marble and hornfels from Antamina...............................................................................440

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 Appendices A11.1 to A11.6: Plots of metal content in marble vs. distance to the skarn
front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse
methods...........................................................................................................................449
Appendices A11.7 to A11.12: Plots of metal content vs. distance to a fluid conduit at
transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse
methods...........................................................................................................................456
Appendices A11.13 to A11.18: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP
dike at transect 13 in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods .463
Appendices A11.19 to A11.24: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP
dike at transect 14 in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods .470
Appendices A11.25 to A11.30: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP
dike at Fortuna (transect 5) in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse
methods...........................................................................................................................477
Appendices A11.31 to A11.36: Plots of metal content in limestone vs. distance to a QFP
dike at transect 10 in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse methods .484
Appendices A11.37 to A11.42: Plots of metal content in the host rocks vs. distance to a
QFP dike at the Ridge Road in comparison to threshold values determined by diverse
methods...........................................................................................................................491
Appendix A12: Geochemical alteration halos obtained by different methods for the
sampling transects at Antamina ......................................................................................498
Appendix A13: Graphs of anomalous halos of metals to paleo fluid escape conduits at
Antamina.........................................................................................................................503
Appendices – Chapter 3 ...................................................................................................520
Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina ....................................521
40
Appendix B2: Ar/39Ar and U-Pb Geochronology: analytical techniques and data
interpretation...................................................................................................................548
Appendix B3: 40Ar/39Ar analytical data for biotite and hornblende ...............................552
Appendix B4.1: Mineral content of limestone determined by optical mineralogy, PIMA,
XRD and SEM ................................................................................................................575
Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina .........................................................577
Appendix B5: X-ray diffractograms ...............................................................................581

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 Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina....................................605
Appendix B7: Oxygen and carbon isotope analytical procedures..................................613
Appendices – Chapter 4 ...................................................................................................615
Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description ....................................616
Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins from Uchucchacua
(petrography, PIMA, XRD and SEM data) ....................................................................649
Appendix C3: Sampling transect maps...........................................................................657
Appendix C4: Uchucchacua geochemical database .......................................................665
Appendix C5: Lithium borate and 4 acid digestion data for Al, La, Y and Zr of sample
rocks from Antamina ......................................................................................................696
Appendix C6.1: Trace element correlation in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein
(surface samples) ............................................................................................................699
Appendix C6.2: Trace element correlation in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein
(underground levels) .......................................................................................................703
Appendix C7: Samples used to calculate the geochemical background for the host rocks
at Uchucchacua ...............................................................................................................707
Appendix C8: Geochemical background calculation for metal/Al ratios in limestone from
Uchucchacua...................................................................................................................709
Appendix C9: Trace element threshold for the host rocks at Uchucchacua – calculation
worksheet ........................................................................................................................714
Appendix C10: Graphs of metal content versus distance to the Rosa vein showing the
lateral and vertical distribution of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W
and Zn in the host rocks..................................................................................................739
Appendix C11: Graphs of metal content versus distance to the Plomopampa vein
showing the lateral and vertical distribution of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo,
Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn in the host rocks ...........................................................................755
Appendix C12: Oxygen and carbon isotope data Uchucchacua.....................................764
Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein – all transects 769
Appendices – Chapter 5 ...................................................................................................773
Appendix D1: Trace element content in selected fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins
from Uchucchacua ..........................................................................................................774

x
Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins ....................................779
Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins .........................784

xi
 List of tables
Table 2.1: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (major
elements and REE)................................................................................................................19
Table 2.2: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (trace
elements)*.............................................................................................................................21
Table 2.3: Trace element correlation for marble at Antamina West ....................................43
Table 2.4: Trace element correlation for limestone at Fortuna.............................................43
Table 2.5: Upper background values of metal/La ratios calculated using the median +
2MAD formula on 11 unaltered samples from Antamina ....................................................51
Table 2.6: Visual cut-off values of trace elements in Antamina host rocks .........................55
Table 3.1: Previous geochronology results for intrusive rocks from Antamina...................86
Table 3.2: Description and age of intrusive rocks at Antamina............................................88
Table 3.3: Zircon U-Pb TIMS analytical data ......................................................................95
Table 3.4: Summary of U-Pb zircon ages.............................................................................96
Table 3.5: Host rock mineral assemblage at Antamina ......................................................101
Table 3.6: Oxygen and carbon isotope values of calcite vein and unaltered limestone from
Antamina.............................................................................................................................158
Table 3.7: Oxygen isotope composition of quartz, silicates and intrusive rocks from
Antamina.............................................................................................................................159
Table 3.8: Delta values of calcite-water exchange, temperature range: 200 and 800˚C ....163
Table 3.9: Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestones from
Antamina.............................................................................................................................165
Table 3.10: Oxygen and strontium isotope composition of intrusive rocks from Antamina
and Cordillera Blanca .........................................................................................................166
Table 4.1: Averages, median and standard deviation of the host rocks to the Rosa vein...210
Table 4.2: Statistical correlation of metals in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein ...........219
Table 4.3: Geochemical halos to the Rosa vein based on metal/Al ratios (synthesis) .......223
Table 4.4: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from calcite associated with the Rosa vein ...241
Table 4.5: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from calcite associated with the Rosa vein
without distinct fluorescence signatures .............................................................................242

xii
Table 4.6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data associated with Marion, Plomopampa and
Morococha (Pozo Rico) veins.............................................................................................242
Table 4.7: Strontium composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestones from
Uchucchacua.......................................................................................................................246
Table 5.1: Selected fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua showing the
main metal indicators of fluorescence ................................................................................269
Table 5.2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins in mol percent ......................271
Table 5.3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua calcite veins in mol percent.................273
Table 5.4: Mineral paragenetic sequence of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from
Antamina.............................................................................................................................279
Table 5.5: Mineral paragenetic sequence of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from
Uchucchacua.......................................................................................................................287

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 List of figures

Chapter 1
Figure 1.1: Location map of the study area……………………………………………. 2
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1: Geographic, regional and district geological map of Antamina………....... 16
Figure 2.2: CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary plots for limestone, marble, hornfels, and skarn
and intrusive rocks from Antamina…………………………………………................. 23
Figure 2.3: Plots of major elements vs. silica for limestone rocks from Antamina…… 24
Figure 2.4: Plots of major elements vs. silica for marble units at Antamina………….. 25
Figure 2.5: Plots of major elements vs. silica for the different types of hornfels
recognized at Antamina………………………………………………………………... 26
Figure 2.6: Plots of major elements vs. silica for a green exoskarn, brown endoskarn
and seven samples of intrusive rocks from Antamina and surroundings……………… 27
Figure 2.7: Bivariate plots of selected immobile elements for limestone, marble,
hornfels and skarn from Antamina…………………………………………………….. 29
Figure 2.8: Bivariate plots of TiO2 vs. SiO2/Al2O3, SiO2 vs. La and Al2O3 vs. La for
limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina……………………………………….. 30
Figure 2.9: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of limestone and marble from
Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 34
Figure 2.10: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of hornfels from Antamina……. 35
Figure 2.11: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of exo-, endoskarn and intrusive
rocks from Antamina…………………………………………………………………... 36
Figure 2.12: Plots of Eu/Eu* vs. SiO2, Ce/Ce* vs. Eu/Eu*, and plots of Ce/Ce* vs.
Pr/Pr* for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina……………………………. 37
Figure 2.13: Histograms of metals for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. 45
Figure 2.14: Histograms of log-transformed values of metals for limestone, hornfels
and marble from Antamina…………………………………………………………….. 47
Figure 2.15: Histograms of metal/La ratios for limestone, hornfels and marble from
Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 49

xiv
Figure 2.16: Histograms of the logarithm of metal/La ratios for limestone, hornfels
and marble from Antamina…………………………………………………………….. 50
Figure 2.17: Copper content versus lanthanum graphs for limestone, marble and
hornfels from Antamina……………………………………………………………….. 52
Figure 2.18: Plots of Cu abundance in marble versus distance to the skarn front at
Antamina West………………………………………………………………………… 54
Figure 2.19: Anomalous halos of Cu to the paleo fluid escape conduits between
Antamina and Condorcocha skarn systems……………………………………………. 58
Figure 2.20A: Trace element halo distribution proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn
Antamina skarn deposit: groups 1 and 2……………………………………………... 59
Figure 2.20B: Trace element halo distribution proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn
Antamina skarn deposit: groups 3 and 4……………………………………………... 60
Figure 2.21: Synthesis of geochemical halos proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn
Antamina skarn deposit………………………………………………………………... 62
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1: Geographic, regional and district geological maps of Antamina………….. 74
Figure 3.2: Schematic geological cross section of the Antamina – Fortuna area…........ 76
Figure 3.3: Photographs of the intrusive rocks at Antamina, Fortuna and
Condorcocha…………………………………………………………………………… 78
Figure 3.4: Photographs and photomicrographs showing mineral assemblage and
alteration of dikes from Condorcocha, Fortuna and Quarry Bench…………………… 81
Figure 3.5: Photographs showing the alteration zoning around the QFP dike-sills at
the Ridge Road………………………………………………………………………… 84
Figure 3.6: Simplified geological map of Antamina with the location of previous and
new samples taken for geochronology………………………………………………… 89
Figure 3.7: 40Ar/39Ar apparent age spectra and 36Ar/40Ar vs. 39Ar/40Ar isochron
diagrams for samples from the QFP dikes at Fortuna, Quarry Bench and
Condorcocha…………………………………………………………………………… 91
40 39 36 40 39 40
Figure 3.8: Ar/ Ar apparent age spectra and Ar/ Ar vs. Ar/ Ar isochron
diagrams for samples from the Oscarina dike and Taco Pit porphyry………………… 93

xv
Figure 3.9: Photographs of representative zircons from 2PAT series of samples, and
206
Pb/238U vs. 207Pb/235U concordia plots for three intrusive rocks from Taco Pit……. 97
Figure 3.10: Summary diagram of geologic ages and interpreted events between
Antamina and Condorcocha…………………………………………………………… 99
Figure 3.11 Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of limestone from
Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 103
Figure 3.12: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of gray hornfels from
Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 106
Figure 3.13: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of green to light green
hornfels………………………………………………………………………………… 108
Figure 3.14: Photographs and SEM images of white hornfels……………………….... 111
Figure 3.15: Photographs and SEM images of tan hornfels………………………….... 113
Figure 3.16: Photographs and SEM images of white marble………………………….. 116
Figure 3.17: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of gray marble………. 119
Figure 3.18: Photographs and SEM images of tan marble…………………………….. 122
Figure 3.19: Photographs and SEM images of green, light green to gray and tan
marble………………………………………………………………………………….. 125
Figure 3.20: Simplified bench wall sketch, 4193 level of Antamina Pit west wall…… 127
Figure 3.21: Photographs of representative skarn samples at Antamina……………… 128
Figure 3.22: Photomicrographs and SEM images of exo and endoskarn samples from
Antamina………………………………………………………………………………. 130
Figure 3.23: Proximal to distal veins to the Antamina skarn deposit…………………. 133
Figure 3.24: Vein-types at Antamina………………………………………………….. 135
Figure 3.25: Simplified bench wall sketch, 4330 level of Antamina Pit at Quarry
Bench…………………………………………………………………………………... 139
Figure 3.26: Mineral distribution in the alteration aureole to the Antamina skarn
deposit………………………………………………………………………………….. 141
Figure 3.27A: Summary of trace element halos with depth proximal and distal to the
Antamina skarn deposit: groups 1 and 2……………………………………………… 142
Figure 3.27B: Summary of trace element halos with depth proximal and distal to the
Antamina skarn deposit: groups 3 and 4……………………………………………… 143

xvi
Figure 3.28: UVF in calcite from Antamina…………………………………………... 145
Figure 3.29: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Antamina skarn
deposit………………………………………………………………………………….. 147
Figure 3.30: Plot of oxygen versus carbon isotope in the host rocks to Antamina
skarn deposit sorted by traverses………………………………………………………. 150
Figure 3.31: Oxygen isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Antamina and
Condorcocha…………………………………………………………………………… 152
Figure 3.32: Oxygen isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Quarry Bench
and Fortuna East……………………………………………………………………….. 153
Figure 3.33: Carbon isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Antamina and
Condorcocha…………………………………………………………………………… 154
Figure 3.34: Carbon isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Quarry Bench
and Fortuna East……………………………………………………………………….. 155
Figure 3.35: Isotope composition of calcite veins from Antamina……………………. 160
Figure 3.36: Plot of temperature dependence of calcite δ18O in equilibrium with
magmatic volatiles from Antamina intrusive rocks……………………………………. 162
Figure 3.37: Strontium and oxygen isotope composition of veins and host rocks at
Antamina in relation to the intrusive rocks from Taco Pit and Cordillera Blanca
Batholith……………………………………………………………………………….. 168
Figure 3.38: Mineral assemblages and reaction paths…………………………………. 171
Figure 3.39: Isobaric T-XCO2 diagrams showing the possible equilibria for marble
and hornfels at Antamina………………………………………………………………. 173
Figure 3.40: Tracers of fluid sources at Antamina…………………………………….. 180
Figure 3.41: Synthesis of distal alteration to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit……... 185
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1: Location and regional geologic map of Uchucchacua mining district……. 195
Figure 4.2: Geological map and schematic cross section of the Uchucchacua mining
district…………………………………………………………………………………. 197
Figure 4.3: Photomicrographs of intrusive rocks from Uchucchacua…………………. 199
Figure 4.4: Photographs and micrographs of limestone from Uchucchacua…………... 202
Figure 4.5: Photographs of hornfels, marble and veins from Uchucchacua…………... 203

xvii
Figure 4.6: Geology and sampling map of Rosa vein at surface……………………… 208
Figure 4.7: Comparative graphs of lithium borate fusion and XRF results versus four
acid digestion results for aluminum, lanthanum, yttrium and zirconium from
Antamina rock samples………………………………………………………………... 212
Figure 4.8: Bivariate plots of immobile elements contained in limestone rocks from
Uchucchacua…………………………………………………………………………… 213
Figure 4.9: Bivariate plots of immobile elements in limestone for levels and table of
regression values for each pair of elements plotted……………………………………. 214
Figure 4.10: Histograms of metals for limestone rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein……. 216
Figure 4.11: Log 10 transformed histograms of metals for limestone rocks adjacent to
the Rosa vein…………………………………………………………………………... 217
Figure 4.12: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the
Rosa vein………………………………………………………………………………. 221
Figure 4.13: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the
Plomopampa vein……………………………………………………………………… 224
Figure 4.14A: Summary of trace element halo distribution with depth on the Rosa
vein: groups 1 and 2…………………………………………………………………… 226
Figure 4.14B: Summary of trace element halo distribution with depth on the Rosa
vein: groups 3 and 4…………………………………………………………………… 227
Figure 4.15: Calcite vein fluorescence at Uchucchacua……………………………….. 229
Figure 4.16: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein……………... 231
Figure 4.17: Oxygen versus carbon isotope composition plots for samples taken
proximal to the Rosa, Marion and Plomopampa veins………………………………… 233
Figure 4.18: Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of limestone in relation to its Sr
and Mn content for samples taken close to the Marion and Plomopampa veins……… 235
Figure 4.19: Oxygen isotope zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein…………... 236
Figure 4.20: Carbon isotope zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein…………… 237
Figure 4.21: Vertical and horizontal variation of δ18O and the density of calcite veins
in the host rocks to the Rosa vein……………………………………………………… 240
Figure 4.22: Carbon and oxygen isotope composition of calcite veins associated with
the Rosa vein, and Marion, Morococha and Plomopampa veins……………………… 243

xviii
Figure 4.23: Oxygen isotope composition of calcite veins at different levels and their
relation with calcite δ18O in equilibrium with magmatic water……………………….. 245
Figure 4.24: Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins from Uchucchacua in
relation to the Sr isotope composition of some intrusive rocks along the Western
Peruvian Cordillera and the unaltered limestone rocks……………………………… 248
Figure 4.25: Synthesis of distal alteration to the Rosa vein…………………………… 256
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1: Schematic location and geology maps of Antamina and Uchucchacua…... 266
Figure 5.2: Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of fluorescent and non-
fluorescent veins from Antamina……………………………………………………… 276
Figure 5.3: UVF in calcite from Antamina……………………………………………. 280
Figure 5.4: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Antamina skarn deposit... 281
Figure 5.5: Compositional diagrams for fluorescent and non-fluorescent (fls) pre-,
syn- and post–mineral calcite veins from Antamina…………………………………... 283
Figure 5.6: Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of fluorescent and non-
fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua…………………………………………………... 285
Figure 5.7: UVF in calcite from Uchucchacua………………………………………… 288
Figure 5.8: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein………………. 290
Figure 5.9: Metal indicators of calcite fluorescence at Uchucchacua based on the
ICP-MS content of drilled samples……………………………………………………. 292
Figure 5.10: Compositional diagrams for fluorescent (fls) and non-fluorescent pre,
syn and post-mineral calcite veins from Uchucchacua………………………………... 293
Figure 5.11: Carbonate compositional ternary plots for fluorescent (fls) and non-
fluorescent pre-, syn and post-mineral calcite veins from Antamina and Uchucchacua. 295
CHAPTER 6
Figure 6.1: Integrated trace elements and visible distal alteration zoning profile for
Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits…………………………………………. 307
Figure 6.2: Vein composition zoning and oxygen isotope thermometry of veins for
Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits…………………………………………. 308

xix
 List of abbreviations
ALS – Australian laboratory services
CBB – Cordillera Blanca Batholith
CMA – Compania Minera Antamina
CMAS - CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2
CRD – Carbonate replacement deposit
EDS – Energy dispersive spectroscopy
FCs – Fish Canyon sanidine standard
HCl – Hydrochloric acid
HClO4 – Perchloric acid
HF – Hydrofluoric acid
HFS – High field strength elements
HNO3 – Nitric acid
HREE – Heavy rare earth element(s)
ICP-MS – Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ID-TIMS – Isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry
IPPA – Plagioclase-rich porphyry
IPPAMO – Plagioclase-rich porphyry with K-feldspar megacrysts
IPPAO – Plagioclase and K-feldspar rich porphyry
IPPEO – K-feldspar porphyry with low plagioclase content
J – Neutron fluence
KCMAS – K2O-CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2
LREE – Light rare earth element(s)
Ma – Mega annum (one million years)
MAD – Median absolute deviation
m.a.s.l. – metres above sea level
MSWD - Mean standard weighted deviation
NBS – National bureau of standards
NE – North-east
NW – North-west
ORF – Orange red fluorescence

xx
PCIGR – Pacific centre for isotopic and geochemical research
PIMA – Portable infrared mineral analyzer
ppb – Parts per billion
ppm – Parts per million
Pr/Pr* - Pr anomaly
QFP – Quartz feldspar porphyry
REE – Rare earth elements
S.D. – standard deviation
SEM – Scanning electron microscope
SW – South-west
UV – Ultraviolet
UVF – Ultraviolet fluorescence
VHMS – Volcanic-hosted massive sulfide
V-PDB – Vienna Pee Dee belemnite
V-SMOW – Vienna standard mean ocean water
XRD – X-ray diffractometer
XRF – X-ray fluorescence

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 List of symbols
13
C, δ13C – Carbon isotope
18
O, δ18O – Oxygen isotope
87
Sr – Strontium isotope 87
Ce/Ce* - Ce anomaly is a measure of how enriched or depleted Ce is relative to adjacent
REE in a given sample compared with concentrations of the same REE’s in a given
standard (de Baar et al., 1988)
d calcite high – δ18O calcite in equilibrium with δ18O magmatic volatiles of 11.20 per mil
VSMOW
d calcite low – δ18O calcite in equilibrium with δ18O magmatic volatiles of 9.6 per mil
VSMOW
Eu/Eu* - Eu anomaly
max – Maximum
Me 50-75 – 50 to 75 mol percent meionite
min – Minimum
mm – milimetre
nm - Nanometre
r – regression coefficient
R2 – Transect 2
T – Temperature
T2 – Transect 2
Wt% -Weight percent oxide
XCO2 – Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
∆ calcite-water – Fractionation of calcite relative to water
µ – Micron-metre
σ – One standard deviation

xxii
 Minerals
alb – Albite
apat – Apatite
aug – Augite
bio – biotite
ca, calc – Calcite
chl – Chlorite
cpy – Chalcopyrite
diop – Diopside
dol – dolomite
epd – Epidote
Fe-dol – Fe dolomite
ga, gn – Galena
gt – Garnet
hfls - Hornfels
Ksp – K-feldspar
Kut – Kutnohorite
lms - Limestone
LREE-epd – Light REE epidote
Mn-dol – Mn dolomite
Mn-rich ca – Mn rich calcite
phlog bio – Phlogopitic biotite
plg – Plagioclase
po – Pyrrhotite
py – Pyrite
Qtz – Quartz
scap – Scapolite
sph – Sphalerite
sulf – Sulfides
titan – Titanite
trem – Tremolite

xxiii
vesuv – Vesuvianite
woll – Wollastonite

xxiv
 Foreword
This dissertation is part of the “Sources and Exhausts in Polymetallic Carbonate
Rock-Hosted Ore Deposits: Miocene Magmatism and Alteration in Central Peru” project
undertaken by the Mineral Deposit Research Unit at the University of British Columbia, in
collaboration with both industry and government. Fieldwork for this study included
geological mapping, logging of representative drill core sections and rock sampling at
Antamina Cu-Zn skarn and Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposits. This work was
performed in two campaigns between May and June 2003, and May and June 2004. The
analytical work, interpretation and writing of this thesis were carried out at the Mineral
Deposit Research Unit, University of British Columbia from September 2003 to April
2008. Most of the contributions of this thesis correspond to its author supported by the
guidance of Dr. Greg Dipple. Janet Gabites made the oxygen and carbon isotope
measurements; Dr. Bruno Kieffer made the strontium isotope measurements, and Tom
40
Ullrich and Dr. Richard Friedman contributed with the Ar/39Ar and U-Pb laboratory
analyses and interpretations of age results, respectively. These analyses were performed at
the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at UBC. Powder X-ray
diffraction (XRD) data collection was performed by Elisabetta Pani and Sasha Wilson, and
Dr. Matti Raudsep helped in the procedures of the electron microprobe analyses of veins.
This thesis is composed of four main chapters, which are in preparation for
publication, and a final chapter that summarizes the conclusions of this research. The titles
and brief outlines of the body chapters are as follows:
Chapter 2: Geochemical characterization of host rocks and geochemical halos to the fluid
escape pathways at Antamina, Perú.
This chapter proposes a statistical and graphical method to determine the
geochemical threshold of alteration associated with the host rocks that commonly surround
skarn deposits. Major and trace element compositions of marble, hornfels and limestone are
used to determine the influence of alteration and mineralization in the mobility of elements
contained in the host rocks, while considering the variable nature of the protolith. The
individual characterization of the threshold permits a robust definition of geochemical
alteration halos to the fluid escape conduits of these deposits.

xxv
Chapter 3: Patterns of distal alteration zonation around Antamina: mineralogical,
chemical and isotopic evidence for fluid composition and infiltration.
The aim of this chapter is to detail the characteristics of the visible and cryptic
alteration around paleo-fluid zones, as well as its extension and large-scale zonation. Age
determination of the intrusive rocks, especially of the dikes that connect Antamina, Fortuna
and Condorcocha, is also discussed in order to understand the magmatic and hydrothermal
evolution of the District. The main contribution of this paper is the identification of the
linkages between the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit and the proximal Ag-base metal
Fortuna vein system.
Chapter 4: Distal alteration and source of fluids in the Ag-Pb-Zn-Mn Rosa vein and
associated replacement deposits at Uchucchacua.
This chapter focuses on the main characteristics of distal alteration, the fluid-rock
interaction processes and the source of fluids related to the Ag-base metal mineralization at
Uchucchacua Mineral deposit, taken as example the Rosa vein because of its high
dimensions and productivity. A systematic characterization of visible and cryptic alteration
is performed at different elevations. Time-space relationships in the veins, oxygen, carbon,
and strontium isotope geochemistry of calcite veins were applied to constrain the
temperature and source of fluids in this deposit.
Chapter 5: UV fluorescence of carbonate veins at Antamina Cu-Zn skarn and
Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposits, Northern Central Perú.
This chapter discusses the main mineral activators of the diverse Ultraviolet (UV)
fluorescence colors observed in carbonate veins, the relationship with ore mineral
concentrations and the implications of UV fluorescence (UVF) zonation to the skarn and
Ag-base metal vein deposits in the mineral exploration.
Chapter 6: Conclusions
This chapter discusses the field and analytical data from Antamina and
Uchucchacua to define the linkage between Cu-Zn skarn and Ag-base metal deposits. This
data yields a model that is expected to contribute to the mineral exploration of concealed
deposits.
Drs. Richard M. Tosdal and Gregory M. Dipple initiated the research project,
secured funding, and supervised the project.

xxvi
 Acknowledgements
There are many people who I would like to thank for their support during my
study. First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Gregory Dipple for being a patient supervisor
and for providing invaluable insights, ideas, criticism, encouragement and willingness to
read my endless drafts. In addition, special thanks are due to Dr. Richard Tosdal for
accepting me in the Mineral Deposit Research Unit, for securing funding for this project
and for providing guidance and constructive comments during the development of my
research. I would also like to thank Dr. Shane Ebert for sharing his wealth of knowledge in
the field and during my first two years at UBC.
This thesis would not have been possible without the financial support of Anglo
American Exploration Peru, BHP Billiton, Compania Minera Antamina, Compania de
Minas Buenaventura, Noranda, Phelps Dodge, Teck Cominco and the Natural Science and
Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). I am very grateful in particular to the
Compania Minera Antamina and Compania de Minas Buenaventura for providing
permission to access to their operation units, data, reports, drill core, computer and field
equipment. Thanks to Eric Lipten, Manuel Pacheco, Michael Sanchez and the team of
geologists at Antamina; and to Oscar Mayta, Hector Barrionuevo, Angel Sabastizagal,
Victor Sanchez, Javier Pari and the team of geologists and helpers at Uchucchacua for their
help during and after my fieldwork at Antamina and Uchucchacua, respectively.
Many thanks to the members of my committee: Drs. Jim Mortensen and Stephen
Rowins for their feedback any time I asked for it. To the academic research and technical
staff at the University of British Columbia who helped me in the collection of the analytical
data presented in this study, in particular to Janet Gabites, Bruno Kieffer, Tom Ullrich,
Richard Friedman, Mati Raudsepp, Elisabetta Pani and Sasha Wilson. Special thanks to
Karie Smith for helping me to understand the financial figures at UBC; to Arne Toma for
helping me at any moment with my graphs, posters and computer problems; and to Thomas
Bissig for his kind support and advice at any moment.
I also have to acknowledge to the graduate students at the Department of Earth
and Ocean Sciences at UBC and especially to the MDRU students who always offered me
friendship, and a stimulating and fun environment in which to learn. I am especially
grateful to Nick Williams, Claire Chamberlain, Mathew Richer and Lizzie Stock for

xxvii
helping me in the editing of my proposal and dissertation, especially with the English
grammar. Special thanks are due to my actual and former officemates: Rob, Emma, David,
Yamin, Andrew and Stuart, for their encouragement over the past several years, and to my
fellows during the field trips to Yerington, Nevada and Arizona.
Finally, I wish to thank my extended family who always offered me
encouragement and support to pursue this study. To my parents, Julio and Laura for their
love and guidance during the early years of my life made me a good man. My sister, my
brothers, my parents in law and some of my siblings in law were particularly supportive.
Lastly, and most importantly, I wish to thank my wife, Rebeca for always being
there, giving me love, encouragement and support, but never complaining, and to my
daughters Laura and Sara who taught me how marvelous life is. To them I dedicate this
dissertation.

xxviii
 Co-authorship statement
This is a manuscript-based thesis. General ideas about patterns of distal alteration
around carbonate rock-hosted deposits were generated by Drs. Richard Tosdal, Gregory
Dipple and Shane Ebert, who contributed the original design for the project. The
candidate, Abraham Escalante, was responsible for conducting the research, collect the
data, conduct the mathematical analysis, analyze and interpret the results, and write all
the manuscripts included in this thesis. Decisions on places to visit in the study areas and
the type and quantity of analytical results needed were made by the author of this thesis.
The four manuscripts in this dissertation were all co-authored by my supervisors
Gregory Dipple and Richard Tosdal. All the chapters were designed collaboratively by
Abraham Escalante and Gregory Dipple. Dr. Gregory Dipple provided continuous and
invaluable guidance, feedback and support for this research work.
Shane Ebert contributed to field and analytical aspects of the study described in
chapters 3, 4 and 5. Richard Friedman provided all U-Pb geochronological results,
including chemistry, analysis, data reduction and editing presented in chapter 3. Thomas
40
Ullrich provided all Ar/39Ar geochronological results, including chemistry, analysis,
data reduction and editing shown in chapter 3.
Eric Lipten and Manuel Pacheco from Compania Minera Antamina contributed
regional and mine geologic expertise and placed detailed study results in context of the
Antamina mine (chapter 3). Angel Sabastizagal from Compania de Minas Buenaventura
contributed regional and mine geologic expertise and placed detailed study results in
context of the Uchucchacua mine (chapter 4).

xxix
 Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 General overview
Intrusion-related carbonate rock-hosted replacement deposits are an important
source of global base metal production that includes: Cu-Zn skarn, Zn-Pb-Ag carbonate
replacement (CRD) and Ag-base metal deposits. These deposits occur in many tectonic
settings although they are commonly related to coeval, polyphase, intermediate to felsic, I-
type intrusions emplaced in a subduction-related continental back-arc environment (Einaudi
et al., 1981; Gilg, 1996; Meinert, 1997; Meinert et al., 2005).
These deposits show a distinct chemical zonation pattern characterized by
Cu±Au±Ag in the hotter, proximal core grading outward to Pb-Zn-Ag zones and Mn in the
cooler, distal part of the system (Cox and Singer, 1986; Gilg, 1996). This zonation reflects
a decrease in temperature of formation, the composition of the exsolved magmatic fluids,
and the depth of emplacement. However, this zonal arrangement of deposits and metals is
not always present, and telescoped systems are common.
Possible linkages between skarn, CRDs and Ag-base metal vein deposits have been
proposed because of their common occurrence within a specific district, but these linkages
have not been demonstrated. One way to demonstrate this link is to trace fluid flow
pathways and their alteration halos between deposit types, and constrain the timing of
magmatism associated with them.
Two deposits have been selected as the most representative economic examples of
the upper and lower levels of these systems: the Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn Uchucchacua vein system
and the giant Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit, both of which are located on the eastern flank
of the western Peruvian Andes (Fig. 1.1). These deposits provide excellent exposures to
examine the margins and tops of these systems.

1.2 Previous work

There is extensive literature related to these deposit types that describe the geologic
setting, alteration zonation, temperature and fluid sources of skarns, CRDs or Ag-base
metal vein deposits considered as single districts (Beaty et al., 1990; Titley and Megaw,
1985; Bussell et al., 1990; Meinert et al., 2005; among others) or as independent subtype of
deposits (Einaudi et al., 1981; Cox and Singer, 1986; Meinert et al., 2005; Megaw, 1998;

1
 Figure 1.1: Location map of the study area. A. Sketch map of Peru showing the location of Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits. B. Geology map of
Central Peru showing the location of Antamina and Uchucchacua. Map modified from Instituto de Geologia y Mineria, Peru, 1977.
2
etc.). Some authors have tried to define their linkages based on their mineralogical and
geochemical zonation (Einaudi et al., 1981; Sillitoe and Bonham Jr., 1990; Gilg, 1996;
Meinert et al., 2005), but without demonstrating them. Geologic descriptions, age of
intrusions, and stratigraphy and structural relationships of Antamina have been published
by Petersen (1965), McKee et al. (1979), Love et al. (2004), Redwood (2004), Lipten and
Smith (2005), whereas Bussell et al. (1990), and Petersen et al. (2004) have published on
the geological setting, geochemistry and source of fluids at Uchucchacua. A brief
description of the geologic setting of the Peruvian Central Andes is presented in the next
section.

1.3 Geologic setting of the Peruvian Central Andes

1.3.1 Stratigraphy and tectonism
A Mesozoic carbonate rock sequence hosts the most important polymetallic ore
deposits in the Western Central Andes. The deposition of this sequence started in the Upper
Triassic period in a northwest oriented regional shallow marine basin marking the
beginning of the Andean cycle (Megard, 1984, 1987). Protracted uplift and subsidence of
this basin characterized the Andean sedimentary cycle leading to the formation of an
intercalated sequence of carbonate and siliciclastic sedimentary deposits. Two roughly
parallel subduction-related magmatic belts were intermittently active since the Cambrian
(Petersen, 1999), and they marked the limits of this sedimentary basin. Most of the mineral
deposits along the western margin of the cordillera have a direct relationship with a western
magmatic belt generated by a subducting oceanic plate 100- to 125-km depth below the arc,
whereas the eastern magmatic belt corresponds to a back-arc tectonic setting (Fig. 1.1).
The mainly compressive Andean tectonic cycle started in the west and moved
progressively to the east, explaining the eastern migration of the sub-Andean thrust system
(Noblet et al., 1996). These compressive tectonic events are recognized by the presence of
numerous angular unconformities and progressive deformation events, which range in age
from Santonian to Early Eocene (Peruvian phase: 85-55 Ma), and are considered to be
responsible for the emergence of the western Andean Cordillera; the Incaic phase (40 Ma)
and the Quechua phase, which range from the Early Oligocene to Miocene (27-5 Ma).
However, the main uplift is considered to have occurred between Miocene and Plio-

3
Pleistocene, as given by the common ages of zircon fission track samples taken in the
Huayhuash Cordillera, which also indicates a single rapid cooling event for this part of the
Central Andes (Garver et al., 2005). This widespread cooling age represents a falling
geotherm and not a period of significant exhumation. Much of the exhumation in the
Antamina region is attributed to the movement on the Cordillera Blanca normal fault
(McNulty and Farber, 2002), and this process has been rapid and continuous since ca. 5.5
Ma (Garver et al., 2005).

1.3.2 Cenozoic magmatism and metallogenesis of the Central Andes

Episodic magmatic activity characterizes the Peruvian Central Andes between Late
Eocene and Late Miocene times. This magmatic arc extends for at least 900 km along the
Western Cordillera and is represented by scattered domes of dacitic and andesitic
composition, which are hosted by a coeval thick sequence of volcanic rocks (Calipuy
Group). The latter mainly deposited in the western part of the western cordillera (Noble and
McKee, 1999) – see Figure 1.1.
The overall age of the Peruvian polymetallic deposits between latitudes 6-13.5° S
ranges from Late Eocene to late Miocene, with the most important stage of mineralization
emplaced between the middle and late Miocene (Noble and McKee, 1999). Age
determinations of the igneous rocks at Antamina and Uchucchacua deposits yielded ages of
10-11 Ma (Mckee et al., 1979, Love et al., 2004) and 24.5 Ma (Noble and McKee, 1999),
respectively. However, it is still unclear which suite of intrusive rocks is related to Ag-
mineralization at Uchucchacua.

1.4 Objectives
The primary goals of this research project have been to: document the
characteristics of the host rock alteration patterns (visible and cryptic) around paleo-fluid
zones at different distances and elevations from the centre of mineralization, to identify the
controls of alteration, to determine the sources of fluids for veins proximal and distal to the
ore zones and to identify linkage patterns between deep, high temperature skarn and
shallow, low-temperature Ag-base metal vein deposits hosted in carbonate rocks.
The outcomes of this research include: the development of a statistical and
graphical method to determine the threshold values of metals in the marble, hornfels and

4
limestone rocks that commonly surround these deposits, a better understanding of the
magnitude, extent, and zonation of the host rock alteration, the mechanisms and effects of
fluid infiltration into distal portions of the hydrothermal system, the recognition of exhaust
systems of these deposits during exploration, and the identification of the linkages between
Ag-base metal veins and Cu-Zn skarn deposits.

1.5 Methods
Most of the observations presented in this thesis are based on the detailed
examination of the visible and cryptic alteration of traverses to the most evident fluid
escape conduits to the Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits. These traverses were
established at different elevations to identify the existence of a large-scale alteration
zonation around these deposits. Mineralogy, major and trace element geochemistry, oxygen
and carbon isotopes and the color of fluorescence of calcite veins were used as the main
tracers to the “spent” mineralizing fluids of these deposits.
Optical mineralogy, the Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA), powder X-ray
diffraction (XRD) and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize
the mineral assemblage of the host-rocks and veins, and to constrain the mineral reactions
related to the visible alteration features. Major and rare earth element analyses were used to
characterize zonation from the Cu-Zn skarn to its margins and to distinguish the thermal
effects from chemical alteration for the visible alteration aureoles at Antamina. Trace
element geochemistry was used to infer the metal content and the magnitude of the fluid
infiltration within the host rocks. Major and trace element chemistry were also used to
define the presence of immobile elements and constrain the existence of real geochemical
anomalous halos to the fluid conduits at both deposits.
Oxygen and carbon isotope signatures of the host-rocks were used to define the
influence of fluids at different distances from the heat source, fluid temperatures and
commonalities between the fluid sources. Strontium isotope analysis on calcite veins was
performed to constrain the source of the fluids that generated these deposits.
A detailed record of the vein distribution outside the main fluid escape conduits,
including their size, abundance and fluorescence were used to assess the extent of the
mineralogical, geochemical and isotope halos, and hydrothermal plumbing system.

5
Electron microprobe analysis of calcite veins was performed to characterize the possible
activators of the different colors of fluorescence and constrain their linkage with the
mineralization. Finally, 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb analyses of the intrusive rocks from Antamina
were performed to constrain on the evolution of the magmatic and hydrothermal system
and define the genetic linkage between Cu-Zn skarn and Ag-base metal vein deposits.

1.6 Presentation
This dissertation constitutes a collection of research manuscripts that each present
supporting data for the large-scale zonation of distal alteration and the linkages between
Cu-Zn skarn and Ag-base metal vein deposits. Four manuscripts were prepared for
publication and form the body of this thesis. The subject of each chapter is outlined below:
Chapter II provides a detailed account of the major and minor element content of
the host rocks around Antamina, the reasons being to normalize the trace element content
of impure limestone against the least mobile element in the system, and the systematics
followed to estimate the geochemical background and threshold of impure carbonate rocks
and the criteria to identify geochemical halos to the fluid escape pathways of a skarn
deposit.
Chapter III discusses the mineralogical assemblages, textures and mineral reactions
of the thermal alteration envelope to the Antamina skarn deposit, as well as of the
limestone adjacent to the fluid escape conduits of this deposit. Trace element geochemistry,
oxygen and carbon isotope compositions on host rocks and UVF signature of veins were
used to track the migration of spent mineralizing fluids. Oxygen and strontium isotope
analysis of veins are used to constrain the source of fluids at the distal portions of the
40
system. Ar/39Ar and U-Pb dating of minerals separated from fresh and altered intrusive
rocks closely related to the mineralization were used to support the genetic link between
deep skarn and the nearby occurrences of Ag-base metal veins.
Chapter IV documents the visible and cryptic alteration around the highly
productive Rosa vein at the Uchucchacua and discusses the visible and cryptic alteration
zonation throughout the almost 1000 metre vertical section of this vein. Size and spacing
distributions of veins and cracks, as well as field relationships were used to constrain the
permeability and mineral transformation processes. As at Antamina, trace element

6
geochemistry, oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of host rocks and veins, as well as
the UVF signature of veins, were used to constrain the extension of fluid/rock interactions
and mass transfer processes. The zonation of these features was used to demonstrate the
continuum between proximal and distal portions of the system. Strontium isotopes on
veins were used to constrain the source of fluids, particularly of the fluorescent veins.
Chapter V discusses the distribution, mineralogy and trace element composition of
UV fluorescent veins proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn and the Ag-base
metal Uchucchacua vein deposits. Microprobe analysis of these veins was used to constrain
the main activators of fluorescence. It is also demonstrated that the large-scale zonation of
the UVF of veins might be used successfully in the exploration of these deposits.
A discussion of the implications of the results presented in chapters II, III, IV and V
is presented in Chapter VI.

1.7 The scientific contributions of this study

The results of this study demonstrate the existence of a large-scale zonation of
cryptic alteration, especially around the fluid escape conduits to these deposits based on the
trace element geochemistry and stable isotopes of host rocks and UVF of calcite veins.
Considering the common occurrence of impure limestone rocks surrounding these
deposits and the relatively low geochemical values obtained in the host rocks, geochemical
data were normalized against the least mobile element (La or Al) to avoid the possible bias
caused by the metal content of insoluble minerals (McLean and Barrett, 1993).
Examination of major elements and rare earth elements in the host rocks in relation to the
relatively immobile elements permit the recognition of addition or subtraction of elements
from the host rocks, and therefore identify which rocks were affected by hydrothermal
alteration. Normalized trace element concentrations were then used to calculate the
geochemical background of the host rocks and to define the threshold of alteration. The
geochemical threshold was calculated by using the median ± 2 median absolute deviation
of data, considering the uncertainty of having log or lognormal data in the original
geochemical results (Reimann et al., 2005). The main implications of using trace element
concentrations normalized against an immobile element to estimate the geochemical
threshold of alteration are the precise recognition of anomalous values. Examination of the

7
distribution of these values in relation to a mineralizing fluid conduits are shown to provide
an accurate way to define anomalous halos and to track the fluid-rock interactions to these
conduits.
40
The present study also contributes field observations, Ar/39Ar and U-Pb
geochronology of quartz-feldspar porphyry dikes and plugs within and around the
Antamina skarn deposit to constrain the age of mineralization-alteration of the mine and
along these fluid pathways. Intrusive age data demonstrate the genetic linkage between
mineralization at the skarn and the polymetallic veins at the shallow levels of the Antamina
ore deposit.
Mineral reactions in the marble-hornfels and in the proximal limestone aureole to
the skarn at Antamina indicate the development of an initial prograde metamorphism
caused by the intrusion that was followed by a prograde metasomatism that formed the
skarn and most of the ore mineralization at Antamina. This study also shows the imprint of
potassic alteration on the marble–hornfels aureole around Antamina, a distinctive feature
not recognized around the neighbor relatively barren Condorcocha skarn system.
Cryptic alteration halos to fluid pathways and the temperature zonation of calcite
veins were used to demonstrate the linkages between hotter, proximal core (Antamina) and
low temperature, distal parts of these systems (Uchucchacua). These halos indicate
dominant fracture controlled permeability in exhausts of these systems and are shown to be
useful as an exploration pattern to define concealed intrusion-related carbonate rock hosted
deposits and also porphyry type deposits hosted in carbonate rocks.

8
1.8 References
Beaty, D.W., Merchant, J.S., O’Neill, T.F., Titley, S.R., Naeser, C.W., Cunningham, C.G.,
Landis, G.P., Wendlandt, R.F., Harrison, W.J., 1990, Origin of the ore deposits at
Gilman, Colorado. Economic Geology Monograph 7, p. 193-265.
Bussell, M.A., Alpers, C.M., Petersen, U., Shepherd, T.J., Bermudez, C., and Baxter, A.M.,
1990, The Ag- Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of Uchucchacua,
Peru: Studies of structure, mineralogy, metal zoning, Sr isotopes and fluid
inclusions. Economic Geology, vol. 85, p. 1348-1383.
Cox, D.P. and Singer, D.A. (1986): Mineral Deposit Models. U.S. Geological Survey,
Bulletin 1693, 379 pages.
Einaudi, M.T., Meinert, L.D., and Newberry, R.J., 1981, Skarn deposits. In: Economic
Geology 75th Anniversary Volume (Skinner, B.J., ed.), p. 317-391.
Garver, J.I., Reiners, P.W., Walker, L.J., Ramage, J.M., and Perry, S.E., 2005, Implications
for timing of Andean uplift from thermal resetting of radiation-damaged zircon in
the cordillera Huayhuash, Northern Peru. The Journal of Geology, vol. 113, p. 117-
138.
Gilg, H.A., 1996, Fluid inclusion and isotope constraints on the genesis of high-
temperature carbonate- hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits. Society of Economic Geologists
Special Publication N°4, p. 501-514.
Instituto de Geologia y Mineria, 1977, Sinopsis explicativa del mapa geologico del Peru,
escala 1:1000000, Boletin 28A. Serie A: Boletines de la Carta Geologica Nacional,
Ministerio de Energia y Minas del Peru, 41 pages, 1 map.
McLean, W.H., and Barrett, T.J., 1993, Lithogeochemical techniques using immobile
elements. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 48, p. 109-133.
Lipten, E. J., and Smith, S.W., 2005, The geology of the Antamina copper-zinc deposit,
Peru, South America. In Super Porphyry Copper & Gold Deposits: A Global
Perspective (Porter, T.M., eds.), PGC Publishing, Adelaide, vol.1, p. 189-204.
Love, D.A., Clark, A.H., and Glover, J.K., 2004, The lithologic, stratigraphic, and
structural setting of the giant Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit, Ancash, Peru.
Economic Geology, vol. 99, p. 887-916.
McKee, E.H., Noble, D.C., Scherkenbach, D.A., Drexler, J.W., Mendoza, J. and

9
 Eyzaguirre,V.R., 1979, Age of porphyry intrusion, potassic alteration, and related
skarn mineralization, Antamina district, northern Peru. Economic Geology, vol.74,
p. 928-930.
McNulty, B., and Farber, D., 2002. Active detachment faulting above the Peruvian flat
slab. Geology 30, p. 567-570.
Megard, F., 1984, The Andean orogenic period and its major structures in central and
northern Peru. Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 141, p. 893-900.
Megard, F., 1987, Cordilleran Andes and marginal Andes: a review of Andean geology
north of the Arica elbow (18°). In Circum-Pacific Orogenic Belts and Evolution of
the Pacific Ocean Basin (J.W.H. Monger and J. Francheteau, eds.). American
Geophysical Union, Geodynamics Series, vol.18, p. 71-95.
Megaw, P.K.M., 1998, Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Au replacement deposits: An
exploration perspective. In Mineralized Intrusion-Related Skarn Systems (D.R.
Lentz and J.L. Jambor, eds.). Mineral Association of Canada, Shortcourse series,
vol 26, p. 337-357.
Meinert, L.D., 1997, Application of skarn deposit zonation models to mineral exploration.
Exploration and Mining Geology, vol. 6, p. 185-208.
Meinert, L.D., Dipple, G.M. and Nicolescu, S., 2005, World skarn deposits. In: Economic
Geology, 100th Anniversary Volume (Hedenquist, J.W., Thompson, J.F.H.,
Goldfarb, R.J. and Richards, J.P., eds.), p. 299-335.
Noble, D.C., and McKee, E.H., 1999, The Miocene metallogenic belt of central and
northern Peru. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 155-193.
Noblet, C., Lavenu, A., and Marocco, R., 1996, Concept of continuum as opposed to
periodic tectonism in the Andes. Tectonophysics 255, p. 65-78.
Petersen, U., Mayta, O., Gamarra, L., Vidal, C.E., and Sabastizagal, A., 2004,
Uchucchacua: A major silver producer in South America. Society of Economic
Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 243-257.
Redwood, S.D., 2004, Geology and development history of the Antamina copper-zinc
skarn deposit, Peru. Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication 11, p.
259-277.
Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., and Garrett, R., 2005, Background and threshold: critical

10
 comparison of methods of determination. Science of the Total Environment 346, p.
1-16.
Sillitoe, R.H., and Bonham, Jr.,H.F., 1990, Sediment-hosted gold deposits: Distal products
of magmatic-hydrothermal systems. Geology, vol. 18, p. 157-161.
Titley, S. and Megaw, P.K.M., 1985, Carbonate-hosted ores of the western cordillera; an
overview. The American Institute of Mining, Metallurgicall and Petroleum
Engineers (A.I.M.E.), preprint 85-115, 17 pages.

11
 Chapter 2: Geochemical characterization of host rocks and
geochemical halos to the fluid escape pathways at Antamina,
Perú1
2.1 Introduction
Trace element leakage from a mineralizing fluid conduit depends on the
permeability, mineralogical and geochemical composition of the host rocks, and the time of
exposure to the fluid circulation. Fluid flow through rocks can be mainly “pervasive” or
“channelized” (Ague, 2003). One way to measure the intensity of the fluid flow circulation
through a porous media is from recording the variation of the geochemical signature of the
media (host rock(s)). This process implies the recognition of “high and low values” or
outliers to a supposedly unaltered population of samples. Outliers normally belong to a
different population because they are derived from another process or source (Barnett and
Lewis, 1994). Therefore the identification of outliers in a sequence of rocks with or without
the presence of visible alteration might indicate the existence of an active or fossil agent
that produced this change. Impure carbonate rocks contain fine clastic material that might
be the source of a broad range of trace elements and metals that could give a false
indication of anomalous geochemical values. Clastic material commonly contains elements
that remained immobile during processes of metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration
(McLean and Barret, 1993). In that sense, determination of geochemical anomalies,
specifically threshold and background of impure limestone rocks must take into account the
existence of these elements related to their variable original detrital content. The chemical
composition of carbonate rocks can be used to constrain their source and depositional
environment (Rollinson, 1993). Comparative diagrams of major element content in
limestone, marble and hornfels may indicate if they have received the addition or
subtraction of new elements and if they are products of hydrothermal alteration. As a
consequence, the normalization of trace element concentration against a least-mobile
element should be considered to define reliable geochemical anomalies.

1
A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication. Escalante, A., Dipple, G. and Tosdal, R.
Geochemical Characterization of Host Rocks and Geochemical Halos to the Fluid Escape Pathways at
Antamina, Peru.

12
 This study proposes a statistical and graphical method to determine the threshold
values of metals in the marble, hornfels and limestone rocks that commonly surround skarn
deposits, while considering the variable nature of the protolith. The individual
characterization of threshold will permit a robust definition of geochemical alteration halos
to the fluid escape conduits of these deposits. The lateral and vertical zoning of these halos
may be very useful in the exploration of skarn and other intrusion-related carbonate rock-
hosted deposits, especially where visible alteration features are subtle or indistinguishable.

2.2 Problem definition

The most important question that arises about any type of altered rock is to
understand the main gains and losses of the rock relative to the protolith. One way to
identify elemental gains or losses is to compare the elemental concentration of both altered
and unaltered rocks in relation to a group of immobile elements that commonly are hosted
in resistant minerals (Gresens, 1967). Gresens (1967) designed a method to estimate the
changes in volume and concentrations during metasomatism using mathematical
calculation. This method was modified by Grant (1986) who determined the gain or loss of
the elements graphically, comparing the concentrations of two samples of altered and
unaltered rocks relative to the presence of immobile elements. However, this method is
more appropriate for sparse datasets.
Identification of immobile elements can be problematic especially in a skarn
environment where several thermal and fluid alteration processes may have happened.
Aluminum and some high field strength elements (HFS) such as niobium, zirconium,
yttrium and titanium have been used as immobile elements during intense hydrothermal
alteration (Finlow-Bates and Stumpfl, 1981; Campbell et al., 1984). Some rare earth
elements (REE) like lanthanum, cerium and neodymium might be used to infer the gains
and losses of other elements because of their relative immobility (McLean and Barret,
1993). Lanthanum is a lithophile element that occurs widely dispersed in trace quantities in
several rock-forming minerals such as biotite, apatite, pyroxene, feldspar, and also in
resistant accessory minerals like monazite and cerite. In that sense, normalization of
measured metal values against a least-mobile element such as lanthanum especially in
carbonate rocks would provide reliable information about the alteration of these rocks,

13
assuming that the high lanthanum content of these rocks might be related to their original
composition.
The determination of outliers or anomalous values in a large group of samples is
better determined by statistical methods. The identification of outliers demands the
estimation of threshold values that usually represent the extreme values of a statistical
distribution (Reimann et al., 2005). Background is defined as the normal range of a sample
(mean ± 2σ) assuming that the sample belongs to a normal or lognormal distribution
(Matschullat et al., 2000). However, geochemical data rarely follow a normal distribution
(Reimann and Filzmoser, 2000). In that case, the mean ± 2σ does not represent a robust
estimator of background and threshold, because of the strong influence of extreme values
derived from the data distribution or from a contaminating distribution (Reimann et al.,
2005). One method to avoid assumptions of normality and identical distributions considers
using the median instead of the arithmetic mean and the median absolute deviation (MAD)
instead of the standard deviation (σ) because these estimators provide the lowest threshold
and thus, help to identify the highest number of outliers (Reimann et al., 2005).
Determination of geochemical halos distal to a skarn deposit must require the use of
accurate background and threshold estimation especially if the composition of the host
rocks is heterogeneous. The Antamina Cu-Zn skarn deposit provides an excellent example
to use considering the development of marble and hornfels aureole around the ore deposit
and the topographic exposure of these zones. This study proposes the geochemical
characterization and the analysis of the trace element distribution in the host rocks around
the skarn deposit to properly define the existence of outliers and the alteration halos at
different distances and levels outside this deposit.
Petrography and bulk chemical composition of country rocks indicate a variable
input of clastic material during the sedimentation of carbonates that form the actual
sequence of limestone at the Antamina-Condorcocha area. Bivariate plots of SiO2 and
other potentially immobile elements (e.g., Al2O3, TiO2, Zr, La, Ce and Nd) were used to
identify the least-mobile elements as well as the removal or addition of other components.
Lanthanum was considered as a parameter to calculate the threshold of samples because of
its relative abundance and highly correlated trends with other insoluble elements. It is
demonstrated in this study that threshold values calculated by using the ratio of

14
metal/lanthanum content for each sample permit to identify reliable anomalous values
rather than the traditional statistical methods, which analyze only metal values.
Normalization of measured metal values against an “immobile” element like lanthanum
permits the identification of the effects of the addition or subtraction of elements. The
extent of alteration in a similar way it is used in VHMS environments (Finlow-Bates and
Stumpfl, 1981; McLean and Barret, 1993, Gifkins, Herrmann and Large, 2005). The
inclusion of individual threshold values in the plots of measured metal values versus
distance from dikes identifies geochemical halos to these conduits more accurately.

2.3 Geologic framework

The Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit is located in the eastern flank of the
western Peruvian Andes, at 9°32’S and 77°03’W, and at 4300 m altitude. This deposit, 270
km northeast of Lima, consists of several high-grade copper and zinc skarn ore bodies
developed on a series of Miocene high-level quartz-monzonite porphyries and dikes dated
between 10.57 and 10.83 Ma by U-Pb zircon geochronology (this study, Figure 2.1).
Previous work provided ages of 9.8 Ma (K-Ar method - McKee et al., 1979) and 10.32 ±
0.09 Ma (40Ar/39Ar method - Love et al., 2004) for these intrusions. These porphyritic
stocks intruded into the transition zone between the Upper Cretaceous Jumasha and
Celendín Formations. The skarn system is recognized in a NE-SW elliptical area of 4.5 x 2
km that coincides with a subtle deflection zone of the NW trending, Incaic thrust and fold
belt (Benavides, 1999; Love et al., 2004). Thrust faults at Antamina apparently reactivated
as extensional structures in the Late Miocene at the time of intrusion and skarn formation
(Redwood, 1999). The big Cu-Zn Antamina skarn is connected with the relatively barren
Condorcocha skarn, 1.3 km to the northeast, by a series of sub parallel quartz feldspar
porphyry dikes (QFP) dated between 10.79 and 11.03 Ma. Details about the petrography
and timing of the intrusions at Antamina are discussed in Chapter 3 of this study.
Sedimentary layering, dike emplacement, and pre-existing fold and thrust geometry
controlled ore and hydrothermal alteration zoning. Five visible alteration zones are
recognized around the central quartz-monzonite porphyry: a pink to brown skarn altered
intrusion (endoskarn), a brown to green garnet skarn (exoskarn), a white and gray marble

15
 Figure 2.1: Geographic, regional and district geological map of Antamina. A. Sketch map showing the location of Antamina. B. Regional geological map
vicinity of Antamina, modified from Cobbing, J. et al., 1996. C. Simplified geology map of the Antamina – Condorococha skarn systems, showing the
visible alteration zoning and the sampling areas during this study. Modified from Compania Minera Antamina S.A., 2002.
16
zone, a brown hornfels and marble zone, and a external zone of gray and light green
hornfels. Fossiliferous gray limestone predominates outside the hornfels zone (Figure 2.1).
Sulfide mineralization is concentrated in massive sulfide bodies and crosscutting
veinlets especially within garnet-bearing rocks. Sulfide minerals comprise pyrite,
chalcopyrite, and sphalerite, with lesser amounts of magnetite, pyrrhotite, bornite,
molybdenite, and copper-bismuth sulfosalts. Galena, bournonite, realgar and proustite are
present in trace amounts (Lehne, 1996, 1997).
Distal alteration at elevations above and to the north of the Antamina pit is
concentrated along quartz feldspar porphyry dikes (QFP) that connect the Antamina stock
to the poorly mineralized Condorcocha skarn (Figure 2.1). Metre-scale hornfels alteration
aureoles enclose the dikes. These dikes are accompanied by multiple generations of
centimeter-scale calcite ± base metal sulfide veinlets and quartz + fluorite ± calcite ±
sulfide veinlets. These veinlets occur parallel and crosscutting the QFP dikes suggesting
that the dikes acted as conduits for escaping fluids.

2.4 Sampling and methods

Ninety-eight samples chosen from a suite of over 600 hand-size rock samples
collected between 2002 and 2004 from drill core, the open pit, and vicinity represent the
various lithological units recognized between Antamina and Condorcocha skarn systems
(Figure 2.1). Most of the samples were taken from transects perpendicular to the strike of
quartz-feldspar porphyry dikes that are assumed to be the natural fluid escape conduits to
the skarn deposit. The vertical distance between each transect was approximately 30
metres, whereas the sampling interval in each transect was 5 metres on average or
depending on the rock exposure and the existence of striking geological features such as
veins, other dikes or patches of alteration mineralization. Great care was taken to exclude
visible veins from the analyzed sample, although it is probable that a few <1 mm-thick
calcite veins were unavoidably included.
Samples were analyzed at ALS Chemex Canada for major element oxides, rare
earth elements and trace elements on whole rocks. Major element oxides used in this study
were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF - ALS code ME-XRF06), whereas rare earth
elements were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ALS code ME-

17
MS81). These analytical methods include the fusion of samples with lithium borate that
insure the total acid dissolution of resistate minerals yielding reliable values of REE,
especially heavy REE that cannot easily be dissolved from very resistant phases (Hall and
Plant, 1992). Limits of detection for the major element oxides and rare earth elements are
listed in Table 2.1. Trace elements, especially chalcophile elements used in this study (Ag,
As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Ga, Hg, In, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, W and Zn) were analyzed by inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of samples previously dissolved with HF,
HNO3, HClO4 and HCl (Four acid “near total” digestion procedure of ALS-Chemex (code
ME-MS61)). This method was chosen because acid digestion of samples produces lower
detection limits for the trace elements than total fusion procedures (Kerrich and Wyman,
1996), and to check the results of samples fused with lithium borate. Limits of detection for
the trace elements by the ICP-MS61 are listed in Table 2.2. The selection of a specific
analytical method is of crucial importance in mineral exploration and it depends on many
factors such as element coverage, detection limits, reliability, cost, and host rock
mineralogy (Berkman, 1997).

2.5 Geochemical characterization of the host rocks at Antamina

Major and rare earth element analyses were undertaken to characterize zonation
from a Cu-Zn skarn to its margins and to distinguish the thermal effects from chemical
alteration for the major map units at Antamina. Average concentrations and ranges for
major elements, REE and trace elements in limestone, marble and hornfels are presented in
Table 2.1 for samples prepared with lithium borate fusion and Table 2.2 for samples
dissolved and leached by four acids. Results of the major and rare earth elements obtained
by ICP-MS analysis of samples prepared with lithium borate fusion, including sample
location and description are listed in Appendix A1, whereas trace element data obtained by
ICP-MS analysis of previously four acid digested samples are listed in Appendix A2.
Major element compositions are presented in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary diagrams
(Fig. 2.2) and as bivariate plots of major elements versus silica for all the rock types
identified at Antamina (Figs. 2.3 to 2.6). Bivariate plots of marble, hornfels and skarn also
include the field of limestone proximal (<100 m) and distal to the QFP dikes (>100 m),

18
 Table 2.1: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (major elements and REE)
Database obtained by XRF and ICP-MS analysis of samples previously fused with lithium borate

Detection Marble (n=32) Limestone (n=38) Hornfels (n=27)

Limit
XRF wt% (wt %) Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range
SiO 2 0.01 12.27 10.56 1.54 - 46.81 17.55 8.02 2.45 - 37.28 36.61 10.66 11.57 - 58.71
Al2 O3 0.01 3.53 3.40 0.35 -14.59 4.98 2.36 0.65 - 10.79 11.24 3.01 3.02 - 15.29
Fe2 O3 0.01 1.31 1.01 0.25 - 3.66 2.01 0.76 0.44 - 3.47 3.21 0.85 1.17 - 4.98
CaO 0.01 46.03 9.45 12.17 - 54.1 39.29 7.09 21.82 - 52.71 25.25 9.18 6.79 - 47.21
MgO 0.01 1.69 0.86 0.85 - 3.72 2.20 0.65 0.91 - 3.93 2.83 0.49 1.73 - 4.16
Na2O 0.01 0.20 0.19 0.01 - 0.83 0.24 0.22 0.02 - 0.77 0.66 0.41 0.06 - 1.48
K 2O 0.01 0.83 1.59 0.02 - 9.08 1.01 0.65 0.06 - 3.13 3.83 2.76 0.65 - 10.78
Cr2 O3 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.04 0.01 0.00 <0.01 - 0.03 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.02
TiO 2 0.01 0.21 0.17 0.04 - 0.76 0.29 0.14 0.04 - 0.65 0.57 0.16 0.18 - 0.8
MnO 0.01 0.05 0.04 0.02 - 0.19 0.06 0.04 0.02 - 0.31 0.08 0.08 0.02 - 0.44
P 2O 5 0.01 0.08 0.05 0.02 - 0.21 0.10 0.04 0.03 - 0.19 0.15 0.03 0.1 - 0.24
SrO 0.01 0.09 0.05 0.04 - 0.26 0.08 0.02 0.03 - 0.11 0.06 0.02 0.03 - 0.09
BaO 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.04 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 - 0.09

ICP-MS ppm
Ce 0.5 30.7 31.7 4.7 - 131 38.1 22.6 5.6 - 122 76.8 25.6 26 - 121
Cs 0.1 2.49 2.60 0.4 - 10.9 4.70 3.84 0.2 - 19.6 3.46 2.77 0.4 - 10.25
Dy 0.1 1.56 1.58 0.3 - 6.59 2.15 1.15 0.3 - 5.6 4.53 1.26 1.4 - 6.8
Er 0.1 0.96 0.96 0.2 - 4.02 1.31 0.72 0.2 - 3.4 2.81 0.79 0.8 - 4.4
Eu 0.1 0.44 0.40 <0.1 - 1.36 0.64 0.42 0.14 - 1.4 1.04 0.34 <0.1 - 1.8
Gd 0.1 2.04 2.07 0.3 - 8.58 2.63 1.39 0.4 - 7.4 5.42 1.45 1.8 - 7.83
Ho 0.1 0.32 0.33 <0.1 - 1.28 0.42 0.22 <0.1 - 1 0.88 0.25 0.2 - 1.21
La 0.5 13.7 15.9 1.7 - 70 16.5 9.5 2.3 - 52.5 39.2 13.0 11.8 - 63.4
Lu 0.1 0.14 0.13 <0.1 - 0.55 0.16 0.08 <0.1 - 0.4 0.38 0.13 <0.1 - 0.56
Nd 0.5 10.5 11.7 1.9 - 51.4 13.5 7.6 1.9 - 41.3 29.7 9.3 8.3 - 48.1
Pr 0.1 3.08 3.50 0.5 - 15.2 3.96 2.36 0.5 - 12.8 8.62 2.81 2.4 - 14.3
Rb 0.2 41.6 63.5 2.4 - 332 57.0 30.8 4.5 - 129.5 135.6 76.5 18.8 - 302
19

Sm 0.1 2.13 2.17 0.3 - 9.13 2.91 1.61 0.4 - 8.3 5.62 1.54 2 - 8.2
 Table 2.1: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (major elements and REE) continuation
Database obtained by XRF and ICP-MS analysis of samples previously fused with lithium borate

Detection Marble (n=32) Limestone (n=38) Hornfels (n=27)

limit
XRF wt% ppm Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range
Sr 0.1 765 416 354 - 2130 640 152 367 - 999 629 154 274 - 880
Tb 0.1 0.27 0.30 <0.1 - 1.25 0.34 0.19 <0.1 - 0.9 0.80 0.24 0.1 - 1.16
Tm 0.1 0.13 0.14 <0.1 - 0.59 0.16 0.08 <0.1 - 0.4 0.39 0.13 <0.1 - 0.58
Yb 0.1 0.89 0.88 0.2 - 3.77 1.20 0.67 0.2 - 3.1 2.62 0.78 0.7 - 4.3
LaN/YbN 9.79 2.39 5.43 - 13.93 9.54 1.60 6.96 - 14.27 10.36 2.25 2.53 - 13.20
Ce/Ce* 1.23 0.19 0.96 - 1.62 1.19 0.17 0.79 - 1.61 1.04 0.10 0.95 - 1.37
Eu/Eu* 0.87 0.80 0.048 - 3.41 0.74 0.39 0.23 - 2.29 0.57 0.15 0.08 - 1.02

0.667 0.333 0.5

Ce/Ce* = CeN/((LaN) * (Nd N) ); Eu/Eu* = EuN /(SmN * Gd N) ; N = chondrite-normalized (data from McDonough, W.F. and Sun, S.S., 1995)
20
 Table 2.2: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (trace elements)*
Database obtained by ICP-MS analysis of samples previously dissolved by four acids

Detection Marble (n=32) Limestone (n=38) Hornfels (n=28)

limit
Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range
Au 0.005 0.003 0.001 <0.005 - 0.008 0.006 0.017 <0.005 - 0.105 0.006 0.007 <0.005 - 0.021
Ag 0.01 0.68 1.98 0.05 - 11.3 0.19 0.32 <0.01 - 1.91 0.61 1.05 0.04 - 4.05
Al % 1.00% 2.13 1.97 0.24 - 8.09 3.04 1.43 0.4 - 6.63 6.46 1.59 1.94 - 8.31
As 0.2 14.6 23.3 <5 - 128 17.8 28.4 <5 - 143 47.1 54.5 5.1 - 243
Ba 10 65.9 72.1 10 - 330 85.0 49.3 10 -210 305.0 192.8 40 - 850
Be 0.05 0.66 0.62 <0.05 - 2.38 0.91 0.49 0.17 - 2.11 2.20 0.80 0.61 - 3.89
Bi 0.01 2.41 5.71 0.04 - 30.5 0.11 0.11 0.01 - 0.67 1.02 1.76 0.11 - 7.38
Ca % 0.01 29.44 5.70 9.05 - 36 25.39 4.58 14.8 - 35.3 17.21 5.97 5.48 - 30.1
Cd 0.02 0.41 0.49 <0.02 -1.6 0.48 0.41 0.02 - 1.89 0.55 1.25 <0.02 - 6.47
Ce 0.01 25.58 27.06 4.45 - 123.5 34.60 21.14 4.86 - 112 73.77 23.56 25.1 - 110.5
Co 0.1 3.3 2.5 1.2 - 10 5.4 2.0 1.4 - 9.3 9.6 4.4 3.9 - 23.3
Cr 1 17 12 4 - 52 25 26 6 - 174 42 18 13 - 93
Cs 0.05 2.96 3.14 0.45 - 13.75 5.76 4.77 0.31 - 23.6 3.79 3.06 0.58 - 12.05
Cu 0.2 58.6 69.9 6.6 - 222 9.2 4.7 2.5 - 31.5 71.6 173.5 4.8 - 904
Fe % 0,.01 0.90 0.73 0.17 - 2.68 1.37 0.53 0.33 - 2.45 2.23 0.58 0.79 - 3.41
Ga 0.05 5.22 4.91 0.69 - 21.4 7.25 3.39 1.01 - 15.9 16.49 6.77 4.43 - 44.8
Ge 0.05 0.12 0.04 0.05 - 0.21 0.16 0.06 0.05 - 0.31 0.16 0.05 0.11 - 0.32
Hf 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 - 1.6 0.8 0.3 0.2 - 1.5 1.1 0.3 0.4 - 1.6
Hg 0.01 0.01 0.00 <0.01 - 0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 - 0.06 0.02 0.06 <0.01 - 0.3
In 0.005 0.033 0.027 <0.005 - 0.116 0.026 0.013 <0.005 - 0.071 0.064 0.058 0.017 - 0.331
K% 0.01 0.71 1.00 0.03 - 5.56 1.01 0.61 0.09 - 3.12 3.10 1.72 0.65 - 6.88
La 0.5 12.9 13.2 2.3 - 56.3 17.6 10.4 2.8 - 55.9 38.2 14.2 13.1 - 80.9
Li 0.2 9.1 8.3 1.3 - 39.9 19.8 9.8 3.4 - 41.2 16.9 12.2 2 - 60.3
Mg % 0.01 1.05 0.55 0.48 - 2.41 1.38 0.41 0.56 - 2.46 1.69 0.28 1 - 2.34
Mn 5 289 263 99 - 1280 404 324 154 - 2240 601 563 224 - 2960
Mo 0.05 1.11 0.80 0.21 - 3.5 0.86 0.37 0.13 - 1.78 1.39 0.89 0.65 - 5.17
Na % 0.01 0.16 0.15 0.01 - 0.65 0.19 0.18 0.01 - 0.62 0.50 0.33 0.04 - 1.24
Nb 0.1 5.1 5.4 0.5 - 25.1 6.5 3.8 0.9 - 17.5 16.4 5.2 3.6 - 24.5
Ni 0.2 7.6 6.1 <0.2 - 21.6 12.5 4.9 <0.2 - 19.7 18.0 4.0 11.4 - 27.7
21
 Table 2.2: Averages and range of compositions of host rocks from Antamina (trace elements) continuation
Database obtained by ICP-MS analysis of samples previously dissolved by four acids

Detection Marble (n=32) Limestone (n=38) Hornfels (n=28)

limit
Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range Mean S.D. Range
P 10 365 229 80 - 1010 467 174 120 - 860 735 168 500 - 1210
Pb 0.5 56.5 161.4 2.9 - 915 14.9 28.9 1.1 - 180.5 108.0 338.4 3.6 - 1800
Rb 0.1 38.4 58.6 1.8 - 325 52.8 27.6 4 - 119 131.0 66.8 26.2 - 319
Re 0.002 0.002 0.002 <0.002 - 0.011 0.001 0.001 <0.002 - 0.004 0.001 0.001 <0.002 - 0.004
S% 0.01 0.43 0.39 0.03 - 1.67 0.49 0.21 0.006 - 1.06 0.83 0.44 0.16 - 2.56
Sb 0.05 0.77 1.10 0.1 - 5.97 0.70 0.89 0.05 - 3.56 1.30 1.16 0.36 - 5.48
Se 1 1 1 <1 - 3 1 1 <1 - 3 3 1 01 - 5
Sn 0.2 0.9 0.8 0.1 - 4 1.0 0.6 <0.2 - 2.2 2.4 0.7 0.7 - 3.5
Sr 0.2 878 446 361 - 2330 741 165 437 - 1090 662 164 298 - 889
Ta 0.05 0.37 0.40 <0.05 - 1.81 0.47 0.30 0.05 - 1.32 1.18 0.38 0.24 - 1.78
Te 0.05 0.23 0.21 0.08 - 1.03 0.10 0.05 <0.05 - 0.25 0.32 0.46 <0.05 - 2.29
Th 0.2 4.0 4.4 0.3 - 20.4 5.2 3.3 0.6 - 14.7 12.9 4.4 2.8 - 21.4
Ti % 0.005 0.102 0.100 0.009 - 0.416 0.145 0.074 0.016 - 0.344 0.335 0.088 0.086 - 0.455
Tl 0.02 0.33 0.36 0.03 - 1.68 0.54 0.32 0.05 - 1.84 0.78 0.67 0.18 - 3.45
U 0.1 1.5 0.7 0.5 - 3.3 1.5 0.4 0.7 - 2.5 2.0 0.6 0.9 - 4.4
V 1 34 35 5 - 118 71 32 5 - 133 110 19 58 - 148
W 0.1 1.1 1.9 0.1 - 9 0.7 0.5 0.1 - 2.2 2.4 3.8 0.3 - 21.4
Y 0.1 8.2 6.8 1.8 - 28.9 12.0 5.3 2 - 26.1 23.0 5.8 8.7 - 32.9
Zn 2 126 166 5 - 610 78 74 15 - 436 151 311 14 - 1650
Zr 0.5 12.7 12.3 1.4 - 48.3 27.7 10.6 5 - 49.3 30.4 8.8 12.6 - 49

* Trace elements data are in ppm, otherwise stated

Au results are based on 27 samples of marble, 36 samples of limestone and 6 samples of hornfels
S.D. = standard deviation
Data reported as not detected were assigned values to one-half the analytical detection limit (Sanford et al., 1993)
22
Figure 2.2: CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary plots for A: limestone, B. marble, C: hornfels, and D: skarn and
intrusive rocks from Antamina. Observe the variable siliciclastic content of limestone.

23
Figure 2.3: Plots of major elements vs. silica for limestone rocks from Antamina. Observe the relative low
silica content of samples taken at distances greater than 100 m from QFP dikes.

24
Figure 2.4: Plots of major elements vs. silica for marble units at Antamina. Fields of all limestone samples
as well as limestone located at distances greater than 100m from QFP are plotted for reference.

25
Figure 2.5: Plots of major elements vs. silica for the different types of hornfels recognized at Antamina.
Fields of all limestone samples as well as limestone located at distances greater than 100 m from QFP dikes
are plotted for reference

26
Figure 2.6: Plots of major elements vs. silica for a green exoskarn, brown endoskarn and seven samples of
intrusive rocks from Antamina and surroundings. Fields of all limestone samples as well as limestone
located at distances greater than 100 m from QFP dikes are plotted for reference.

27
which represent the fluid escape conduits to the Antamina skarn deposit. Previous
geochemical results of Celendin and Jumasha Formations (Redwood, 2004) and bivariate
plots of silica versus other major elements are presented in Appendix A3. Finally,
chondrite-normalized REE concentrations, Ce/Ce*, LaN/YbN, Eu/Eu* and Pr/Pr* values
estimated for each sample are shown in Appendix A4.
The Geochemistry is used in this study to fulfill two main objectives: (a) to
constrain about the processes that led to the different rock units present around Antamina,
and (b) to develop an assertive method to identify geochemical anomalies in the thermal
alteration aureole to a Cu-Zn skarn and within the limestone adjacent to it.
Detailed revision of major elemental abundance and interpretation of bivariate plots
of silica versus Al2O3, Na2O, Fe2O3, CaO, K2O, MnO and SrO for hornfels and marble in
combination with limestone compositions (Figs. 2.3 to 2.6) are used to characterize these
rocks and mainly to identify gains and losses in the thermal altered rocks. Bivariate plots of
relatively insoluble elements expressed as oxides, i.e., SiO2, Al2O3, and TiO2 versus
lanthanum, cerium, neodymium and zirconium (Fig. 2.7) are also shown to determine the
least mobile element contained in the host rocks, and to differentiate alteration from
dissolution products. Interpretation of REE systematics is used to constrain the degree of
fluid rock interaction and the source of siliciclastic material within the protolith.

2.5.1 Major elements

Limestone: Major element constituents of limestone are: CaO, MgO, SiO2, Al2O3,
Fe2O3, CO2, SO3, P2O5, K2O and Na2O. Cr2O3 and BaO are generally present below
detection limits (see Appendix A1). The major element content of limestone versus silica is
shown in Figure 2.3. These diagrams show the major element composition of limestone
around Antamina is similar to the Celendín Formation limestone taken at Yanacancha,
which contains more SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, K2O, Na2O, TiO2 and La than unaltered
Jumasha limestone. The limestone data is also similar to those of Redwood (2004) for the
Celendín Formation (Appendix A3). Chemical composition of unaltered limestone samples
taken distal to the QFP dikes (>100m) span a range of values between Celendin and
Jumasha, which makes it difficult to identify the stratigraphic unit that host the
mineralization at Antamina. In general, silica content correlates with aluminum, iron,
potassium and lanthanum (Figs. 2.3 and 2.8), which together are taken to reflect the

28
 Figure 2.7: Bivariate plots of selected immobile elements for limestone, marble, hornfels and skarn from Antamina. A, B, C: SiO2 vs. La, Ce and Nd. D, E, F:
Al2O3 vs. La, Ce and Nd. G, H, I: TiO2 vs. La, Ce and Nd.
29
 Figure 2.8: Bivariate plots of TiO2 vs. SiO2/Al2O3, SiO2 vs. La and Al2O3 vs. La for limestone (A, D, G), marble (B, E, H) and hornfels (C, F, I) from
Antamina.
30
siliciclastic component of these rocks. MnO content in limestone is low (0.062% in
average) and does not show an obvious relationship with SiO2 nor with CaO. Strontium
oxide has a random behavior with values ranging from 0.03 to 0.11-wt% where the lowest
values correspond to the unaltered Jumasha limestone from Yanacancha.
The major element composition indicates variable clastic input to limestones in the
Antamina area (Fig. 2.2A), Low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios for limestone (average 3.63) is
consistent with a detrital source of silica in limestone (Slack et al., 2004). To contrast plot
of SiO2/Al2O3 vs. TiO2 (Fig. 2.8A) for limestone show that samples taken at distances
greater than 100m from OFP dikes commonly contain less TiO2 than limestone proximal to
dikes.
Marble: Five different marble units are recognized in Antamina based on its color:
gray, light gray, light green, tan and white. Gray and white marble have higher CaO and
lower Al2O3, SiO2 and K2O content than average limestone (Figs. 2.2B and 2.4). Fine-
grained marble found outside the Antamina West zone (tan, light gray and light green)
generally contains more magnesium than the gray and white, coarse-grained marble units
(Fig. 2.4G). The chemical composition of marble units close to the skarn front especially at
Antamina West is very similar to that of the unaltered Jumasha limestone taken at
Yanacancha. There is no notable chemical distinction between white and gray marble,
however, white marble is slightly rich in MnO and poor in K2O and Na2O (Fig. 2.4). The
green and tan marble units are generally richer in most of the major elements (silica,
alumina, iron, magnesium, and lanthanum) than other marble units and unaltered limestone
(Figs. 2.2B and 2.4). The potassium and sodium content of the green and tan marbles is
also high with the exception of one sample of tan marble taken at Antamina West, which
contains the lowest value of K2O and Na2O (Fig. 2.4E). The green and tan marbles also
contain the lowest values of calcium. There is no striking variations between the strontium
content of white, gray, tan and green marbles and even hornfels and limestone, however
most of the scapolite rich coarse-grained marble (Antamina West) is characterized by its
high SrO content and lanthanum values less than 10 ppm. MnO, P2O5 and BaO contents of
marble are also inferior to that in limestone. Figure 2.8B shows a mixing line between tan
marble with low SiO2/Al2O3, white, light gray, green and gray marble with progressively
higher SiO2/Al2O3 values and lower TiO2 contents. Plots of La vs. SiO2 and La vs. Al2O3

31
show some scattered samples of tan marble outside the limestone field. The almost linear
correlation of La with SiO2 and Al2O3 suggests that tan marble with high La contents are
the products of a strong dissolved limestone (Figs. 2.8E and 2.8H).
Hornfels: Twenty-seven samples of hornfels were analyzed for major elements. In
general, hornfels silica content is greater than unaltered limestone (Fig. 2.2C and 2.5). Gray
hornfels show a broad range of values in SiO2 content but it is generally similar to those
found in limestone proximal to the QFP dikes (Fig. 2.5). Tan, white and green hornfels
contain slightly higher Al2O3, SiO2 and K2O values and lower CaO and SrO that may reflect
chemical alteration (Figs. 2.2C and 2.5). Average silica, aluminum and potassium content
of white hornfels are higher than hornfels with other colors. Potassium content of tan
marble and tan hornfels is quite similar to each other and slightly greater than limestone
(Figs. 2.4E and 2.5E). Potassium and titanium contents of tan hornfels are higher than gray
hornfels but similar to white and green hornfels contents (Figs. 2.5E and 2.8C). Potassium
content is related to the abundance of k-feldspar in the rocks. In general, there is not a
significant variation in the iron, magnesium, sodium and manganese content of all hornfels.
These values are similar to that in limestone and within tan, white and green marble.
Bivariate plots of relatively insoluble elements (Fig. 2.7) show high siliciclastic content in
hornfels. A plot of SiO2/Al2O3 vs. TiO2 for hornfels (Fig. 2.8C) shows that similar
SiO2/Al2O3 ratios between unaltered limestone and hornfels, but striking higher amounts of
TiO2 in hornfels especially in white, tan and green hornfels. Plots of lanthanum versus
silica and aluminum for hornfels show that most of the white, green and tan hornfels are the
products of limestone dissolution (Figs. 2.8F and 2.8I).
Skarn: A single sample of green garnet exoskarn from the Taco Pit was analyzed.
This sample is in close proximity to, and along strike with, white marble layers. It is
significantly richer in SiO2, Fe2O3 and MnO than marble (Figs. 2.2D, 2.6C and 2.6F). This
likely reflects the predominance of andradite garnet in skarn and indicates SiO2 and Fe2O3
addition during skarn formation. The Al2O3 and Na2O contents are within the range
observed in marble and may have been immobile during alteration. K2O content is
significantly depleted during alteration.
A single analysis of brown garnet endoskarn is compared to intrusive whole rock
major element composition in Fig. 2.6. Endoskarn contains higher Fe2O3, CaO, and MnO

32
and lower Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, Na2O, P2O5, SrO, BaO and TiO2 than intrusive rocks it likely
derives. The chemical composition of exo- and endoskarn is very similar to each other and
within the range determined by limestone and intrusive rocks (Fig. 2.6).

2.5.2 Rare earth elements (REE)

Rare earth element (REE) abundances normalized to chondrite (McDonough and
Sun, 1995) are presented in Appendix A4. The un-normalized data are given in Appendix
A1. Chondrite-normalized values were plotted for each rock type along with the REE
pattern for limestone in order to observe the REE variations in the different alteration zones
around Antamina. Representative plots are given in Figs. 2.9, 2.10 and 2.11. Cerium and
Europium anomalies in sedimentary rocks are commonly used to constrain the redox
conditions of the ocean, and identify the sources of REE in ancient seawater, respectively
(de Baar et al., 1988; Elderfield, 1988). These anomalies are usually referred to as positive
or negative, and they can be identified qualitatively in the REE chondrite-normalized plots
or defined quantitatively as Ce/Ce* = CeN/((LaN)0.667 * (NdN)0.333) and Eu/Eu* = EuN/(SmN
* GdN)0.5 where N is the chondrite-normalized value. Ce/Ce* and Eu/Eu* values greater
than one identify positive Ce and Eu anomalies respectively. Positive Eu anomalies might
indicate large fluid/rock interactions or the presence of abundant REE complexing agents in
the solutions (Lottermoser, 1992). Both negative Ce and Eu anomalies are indicative of
ocean redox conditions (de Baar et al., 1988), whereas negative Ce along with positive Eu
anomalies are used as evidence for alteration by oxidizing hydrothermal fluids (Slack et al.,
2004).
Plots of Eu/Eu* versus SiO2, and Ce/Ce* versus Eu/Eu* are used in this study to
constrain the source of REE anomalies (Fig. 2.12). Calculated LaN/YbN, Ce/Ce*, Eu/Eu*
and Pr/Pr* values for each sample are also shown in Appendix A4. Recognition of Ce
anomalies is often complicated by the anomalous behavior of lanthanum (Bau and Dulski,
1996) where anomalous enrichment of La might create false negative Ce anomalies. Plots
of Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr* permit to recognize true negative Ce anomalies from chondrite-
normalized data (Kato et al., 2006), where Pr/Pr* = PrN/(CeN * NdN)0.5. True negative Ce
anomalies are given by negative Ce/Ce* and positive Pr/Pr* values whereas true positive
Ce anomalies are given by positive Ce/Ce* and negative Pr/Pr* values (Fig. 2.12).

33
Figure 2.9: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of limestone and marble from Antamina. CI chondrite-
normalizing values from McDonough and Sun (1995). A. Limestone from Antamina and Yanacancha.
Graphs B, C, D, E and F show the REE content of gray, light gray, white, green and tan marble,
respectively, in relation to the field of REE determined by limestone samples.

34
Figure 2.10: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of hornfels from Antamina. CI chondrite-normalizing
values from McDonough and Sun (1995). Most of the hornfels occupy the upper sector of the limestone
field with the exception of gray and light gray hornfels, which are similar to the composition of tan marble.

35
Figure 2.11: CI chondrite-normalized REE diagrams of exo-, endoskarn and intrusive rocks from Antamina.
A. Green garnet exoskarn sample exhibits low heavy REE values. Values of Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and
Lu are at or below detection limit. B. Brown garnet endoskarn has lower light REE values than intrusive
rocks from Antamina. Tm value of Usu Pallares intrusion is below the detection limit of laboratory.

36
 Figure 2.12: Plots of Eu/Eu* vs. SiO2 for limestone (A), marble (B) and hornfels (C) showing the coincidence between gray and white marble with unaltered
limestone especially with Jumasha limestone. Graph C shows the high silica content and the negative Eu anomaly of hornfels.
Plots of Ce/Ce* vs. Eu/Eu* for limestone (D), marble (E) and hornfels (F) from Antamina showing almost no variations in the Ce signature of these rocks but
positive Eu anomalies of an important group of gray marble samples.
Plots of Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr* for limestone (G), marble (H) and hornfels (I) showing the relative absence of true negative Ce anomalies in limestone and marble.
The graph for hornfels shows the presence of 11 samples of hornfels with true negative Ce anomalies.
37
 Limestone: Chondrite-normalized REE values for limestone from Antamina (n=38)
are taken to represent the extent of siliciclastic input to these rocks. These values are mainly
1x to 100x chondrite, with LaN/YbN ratios of 6.96 to 14.27, predominant negative Eu
anomalies (Figs. 2.9A & 2.12A), and small negative and positive Ce anomalies (Table 2.1).
Eu/Eu* vs. Ce/Ce* plot for limestone indicates an almost linear correlation between Eu and
Ce anomalies (Fig. 2.12D). Calculated Eu anomalies (Taylor and McLennan, 1985) are
generally less than 1.0, with seven scattered samples showing positive anomalies. The
highest Eu anomaly corresponds to one sample of Jumasha Formation taken at Yanacancha
(2.29) (Fig. 2.12A). Samples from the Jumasha Formation taken at Yanacancha contain the
lowest REE values, whereas the rest of the samples show a broad range of REE that
overlaps with the REE composition of the Celendin Formation. The broad range of REE
suggests an important content of siliciclastic material in limestone around Antamina.
Marble: REE contents of gray, light gray and green marble span almost the same
range defined by limestone (Figs. 2.9B, C and E) where light gray marble shows a negative
Eu anomaly (Fig. 2.9C). REE contents of white marble occupy the lower part of the
limestone REE pattern, whereas REE values of tan marble are on average higher than those
in other marble types (Figs. 2.9D and F). Figure 2.12B shows a mixing line between gray
marble with positive to negative Eu anomalies, and tan and light green marble with
negative Eu anomalies and increasing silica content. Europium and cerium anomalies of
white marble mostly coincide with that of unaltered limestone (Fig. 2.12B). Range and
average of calculated Eu anomalies (Table 2.1) for marble are higher than those in
limestone and hornfels, where positive values (>1) are mainly related to coarse-grained
white and gray marble from Antamina West (Appendix A4). One plot of Ce/Ce* vs. Pr/Pr*
shows the relative absence of true negative Ce anomalies in marble with the exception of
only two samples of tan and light gray marble with negative Ce and positive Pr anomalies,
but close to the boundary of this anomaly (Fig. 2.12H).
Hornfels: REE contents of hornfels span the high end of the range defined by
limestone, especially gray hornfels (Figs. 2.10A and B). Light green, white, green and tan
hornfels have very similar profiles characterized by higher REE content than limestone
(Figs. 2.10C to F). These values are higher than those found in the REE profile of the
samples taken at Yanacancha and distal to the QFP dikes (>100 m), although Ce and Eu

38
anomalies of hornfels are within the range determined by distal unaltered samples
especially Celendin limestone (Fig. 2.10F). All the hornfels examined show negative Eu
anomalies and almost no Ce anomalies (Fig. 2.10) suggesting low temperatures and low
water/rock ratios during their formation (Campbell et al., 1984). However, the Ce/Ce* vs.
Pr/Pr* graph for hornfels shows true negative Ce anomalies mainly for 11 samples of
mainly light gray and light green hornfels (Fig. 2.12I).
Exoskarn: REE content of green garnet exoskarn is compared to limestone in Fig.
2.11A. Light to heavy REE abundance presents a steeper REE profile than generally
observed in limestone (LaN/YbN = 108.692), where LREE content is within the range given
by limestone samples. This trend likely reflects heavy REE immobility and light REE
addition to skarn during hydrothermal fluid flow. The exoskarn sample shows a markedly
high SiO2/Al2O3 ratio and a slight Eu positive anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 2.44). HREE contents
are equal to slightly lower than those of limestones and suggest the skarn formation
occurred at roughly constant mass (Gresens, 1967; Grant, 1986). However, REE pattern of
a single skarn sample is not enough to ascertain the source of fluids during the skarn
formation (Vander Auwera and Andre, 1991).
Endoskarn: Brown garnet endoskarn is compared to intrusive rocks in Fig. 2.11B.
The trend in REE abundances in the two rock types is similar, but endoskarn presents lower
REE values than intrusive rocks. This is consistent with an overall mass increase during
skarn formation. Calculated LREE/HREE ratio of endoskarn is smaller compared to that of
exoskarn, and slightly higher than intrusive rocks. None to slightly negative Eu anomaly is
also related to the endoskarn at Antamina (Eu/Eu* = 0.9). A slightly greater depletion of
light REE is consistent with leaching of this light REE and transport to exoskarn.
Intrusive Rocks: REE contents of the Taco porphyry and dacite dikes indicates a
similar fractionated igneous material with a slight depletion in the light REE in comparison
to a relatively fresh intrusive rock taken outside the mine (sample 2PAT25 – see Appendix
A1). This is demonstrated by the high LaN/YbN (17.47) ratio of intrusive rocks at Antamina.
Chondrite-normalized REE values for intrusive rocks indicate slightly negative Eu
anomalies and positive Ce anomalies, which correspond with Eu/Eu* = 0.711 and Ce/Ce* =
1.05. HREE content of intrusive rocks from Antamina are markedly lower than relatively
fresh intrusive rock.

39
2.5.3 Interpretation of major elements and REE systematics
Marble and hornfels span a greater range in major element content than limestone at
Antamina. Strong correlation of silica with aluminum, iron, potassium and lanthanum
reflects the siliciclastic component of limestone. The low siliciclastic component of
Jumasha limestone from Yanacancha indicates the predominance of Celendin Formation
around Antamina and Fortuna. Relative higher contents of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 in
limestone proximal to the fluid conduits (<100 m) suggest greater carbonate dissolution in
these rocks. The range of REE content of marble and hornfels would confirm siliciclastic
content of protolith Jumasha and Celendín limestone. Positive and negative europium and
ytterbium anomalies in limestone may reflect the provenance of diverse siliciclastic
material in the sediments (Rollinson, 1993).
The silica-poor, carbonate-rich extremes in marble composition reflect isochemical
derivation from Jumasha limestone, whereas the large overlap of limestone with marble in
major element composition reflects predominance of the Celendín Formation at Antamina
(Fig. 2.4). Samples of Jumasha limestone from Yanacancha are similar in composition to
gray and white marble at Antamina West and are broadly representative of protolith marble
at that area. The carbonate rich composition and REE pattern of white marble resemble that
of Jumasha limestone (Figs. 2.2B, 2.4 and 2.9D), whereas the broad range of REE values of
gray marble (Figs. 2.4, 2.9B and 2.9C) suggest they derive from both Jumasha and
Celendín Formations.
On the other hand, the tan and green marble siliciclastic content is at the high end of
the range defined by limestone (Figs. 2.9E and F). This may reflect carbonate dissolution
during hydrothermal circulation or derivation from limestone with above average
siliciclastic content. This is consistent with field and mineralogical data. The mixing line
between tan marble with low SiO2/Al2O3 and relative high TiO2, and light gray, green and
gray marble with progressively higher SiO2/Al2O3 and low TiO2 suggests that titanium
enrichment of tan marble is likely due to the carbonate dissolution (Fig. 2.8B).
Similar siliciclastic content of gray hornfels and limestone (Fig. 2.5) suggest a
thermal and isochemical metamorphic origin for gray hornfels and in some instances
silicification by hydrothermal fluid circulation. Green, white and tan hornfels values
suggest that they may represent the products of alteration and hydrothermal circulation

40
because of their relatively high Al2O3 and SiO2 content or simply reflect intense carbonate
dissolution of limestone (Figs. 2.3C and 2.5). Negative Eu anomalies in hornfels (Fig. 2.10)
support a mainly dissolution process because Eu positive anomalies are commonly
recognized as the fingerprints of hydrothermal fluids (Lottermoser, 1992). These
interpretations are also consistent with field and mineralogical data.
Limited data from skarn samples highlight the chemical alteration associated with
skarn formation. However, the lower REE contents of exo- and endoskarn might indicate
an insignificant addition of REE from hydrothermal fluids (Ochiai et al., 1993). REE
content of green garnet skarn reflects heavy REE immobility and light REE addition to the
skarn during hydrothermal process, as well as a roughly constant mass alteration during the
skarn formation. This is supported by the strong enrichment in iron and silica and the
removal of calcium and CO2. Positive Eu anomaly of exoskarn might indicate high oxygen
fugacity and temperature (>200° C) as well as mildly reducing conditions for the skarn
formation (Bau, 1991; Bau and Moller, 1992, Ochiai et al., 1993). Major and rare earth
element data indicate an overall mass increase during the endoskarn formation. The strong
depletion in aluminum, potassium and sodium of the brown garnet skarn (endoskarn) in
relation to the original content of the intrusive rocks indicates also the destruction of
plagioclase and orthoclase in the protolith.
Finally, the relative depletion of light REE of intrusive rocks from Antamina in
comparison to the relatively unaltered samples in the region suggest the leaching of these
elements by hydrothermal fluids, which postdated the porphyry formation.

2.5.4 Trace element composition of host rocks

In contrast to major and REE concentrations, trace element abundances vary
substantially within outcrops and consistently with proximity to major fluid conduits (i.e.
skarn front and QFP dikes). Samples proximal to these fluid conduits commonly contain
higher metal values than distal ones (Rose et al., 1979) because of disequilibrium between
fluids and wall rocks (Oliver and Bons, 2001); this feature lead to a strong bias in the
selection of background and threshold values. In general, trace element concentrations in
mine area, limestone, hornfels and marble located distal to dike and major vein systems
have similar trace element concentrations to the Yanacancha limestones. The distribution of
trace elements adjacent to the fluid conduits is in general irregular and is controlled by the

41
host-rock and the amount of sulfides associated with the mineralizing conduit. Trace
element components of the rocks were analyzed based on the linear combinations of
samples and elements. We opt for using linear correlation as the best measure of
association because trace elements represent a small part of the entire rock composition and
this measure is unlikely to be affected by closure like major oxides (Grunsky and Smee,
2003).

2.5.4.1 Analysis of correlation coefficients

A correlation coefficient between two variables (X and Y) is used in science and
particularly in mineral exploration to measure the extent to which these variables are
associated. The definition of strong correlated variables is especially important to predict an
uncommon Y value from a relatively more common X value. Statistical correlation among
49 elements was evaluated for Antamina West, Fortuna and Fortuna East to observe
element distribution within the deep and proximal Antamina West, and the progressively
distal and shallow Fortuna East and Fortuna. The complete list of correlation results for
these areas is presented in the Appendix A5. Table 2.3 shows the range of values and the
correlation associations found for Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W,
and Zn in Antamina West.
Silver has good correlation (>0.7) with Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb and Sb and moderate
correlation (0.5 – 0.7) with Cd, In, W, and Zn. No correlation with Hg and Tl has been
observed because of their low values in this area. Low correlation values for thallium,
mercury, selenium and tellurium is likely related to the depth of the system because these
elements are mainly associated with the suite of epithermal mineral deposits.
The range of measured values and correlation associations found within limestone
at Fortuna are listed in Table 2.4. At Fortuna, most of the elements of the suite of base
metals correlate between each other, especially silver, arsenic, manganese, lead, antimony
and thallium. This association indicates the interaction of low temperature fluids with the
host rocks at Fortuna. The presence of mercury and its strong correlation with low-
temperature metals (Emmons, 1936) confirm the low to medium temperature for the
mineral deposition at Fortuna. The moderate to strong correlation between bismuth, copper
and molybdenum at Fortuna, and the common association of Bi and Cu with Ag, As, Mn,

42
Table 2.3: Trace element correlation for marble at Antamina West
Element Range High correlation Moderate correlation
ppm >0.7 0.5 - 0.7
Ag 0.05 - 2.15 Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb Cd, In, Mn, W, Zn
As 2.5 - 50 Ag, Pb, Sb Bi, Cu, Mn, Mo
Ba 10 - 100 k, Na, Rb Sr
Bi 0.04 - 9.4 Ag, Cd, In, Mo, Pb, Zn As, Cu, Sb
Cd 0.02 - 1.6 Bi, In, Mo, Zn Ag
Cu 6.6 - 185 Ag, Pb As, Bi, Mo, Sb
Hg 0.005 - 0.01 negative and very low
correlation values
In 0.005 - 0.116 Bi, Cd, Mo, Zn Ag
Mn 99 - 1280 Sb, W Ag, As
Mo 0.21 - 3.5 Ag, Bi, Cd, In, Zn As, Cu, Pb, Sb
Pb 2.9 - 201 Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Mn, Sb, W Bi
Sb 0.1 - 5.97 Ag, As, Mn, Pb, W Bi, Cu, Mo
Tl 0.03 - 0.48 Rb
W 0.1 - 9 Mn, Pb, Sb
Zn 5 - 5.58 Mo, In, Cd, Bi Ag

Table 2.4: Trace element correlation for limestone at Fortuna

Element Range High correlation Moderate correlation
ppm >0.7 0.5 - 0.7
Ag 0.04 - 2.25 As, Ba, Bi, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Pb, Cd
Sb, Tl, W, Zn
As 2.00 - 151 Ag, Ba, Bi, Cu, In, Mn, Pb, Sb, Cd, Hg, Zn
Tl, W
Ba 20 - 210 Ag, As, Bi, Cu, In, Mn, Tl, W Mo, Pb, Sb
Bi 0.04 - 0.3 Ag, As, Ba, Cu, In, Mn, Sb, Tl, Cd, Mo, Pb
W
Cd 0.14 - 1.89 Zn Ag, As, Bi, In, Mn, Pb, Sb, Tl, W
Cu 3.3 - 34.6 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, In, Mn, Tl, W Mo, Pb, Sb
Hg 0.005 - 0.06 Ag, Pb, Sb, W, Zn As, In, Mn, Tl
In 0.011 - 0.073 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, Mn, Pb, Sb, Cd, Hg, Zn
Tl, W
Mn 192 - 2960 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, In, Pb, Sb, Tl, Cd, Hg
W, Zn
Mo 0.36 - 1.13 Ba, Bi, Cu
Pb 3.9 - 180.5 Ag, As, Hg, In, Mn, Sb, Tl, W, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu
Zn
Sb 0.14 - 3.56 Ag, As, Bi, Hg, In, Mn, Pb, Tl, Ba, Cd, Cu
W, Zn
Tl 0.23 - 3.45 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, In, Mn, Pb, Cd, Hg, Zn
Sb, W
0.2 - 2.4 Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cu, Hg, In, Mn,
W Pb, Sb, Tl, Zn Cd
Zn 15 - 436 Ag, Cd, Hg, Mn, Pb, Sb, W As, In, Tl

43
Mo, Pb, Sb and Tl might be used to demonstrate the link between the deep Antamina with
the shallow Fortuna.
In summary, statistical correlation values between trace elements indicate a strong
association between copper, silver, bismuth and molybdenum at depth that gradually
change into silver, arsenic, copper, manganese, lead, mercury, thallium and zinc at
shallower levels. Silver association with mercury, thallium and molybdenum trace the
relative depth of the mineralization in the district, due to the positive correlation of silver
with mercury and thallium only at shallow levels, and its strong correlation with
molybdenum only at deeper levels.

2.5.4.2 Statistical distribution

Standard statistical distributions are commonly used to describe low concentrations
of trace elements (Monecke et al., 2005). Frequency distribution of elements was used to
observe the shape, symmetry and modality of each element within the host rocks to
Antamina skarn deposit. Nine metals (Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn) were selected
to analyze their statistical distribution because of their abundance and strong association
between each other. Frequency histograms were prepared for these metals for each type of
rock. These histograms show the distribution of 38 samples of limestone, 25 of hornfels
and 31 of marble. Three samples of hornfels (2PAE233, 3PAA121, 4PAA211) and 1
sample of marble (3PAA134) were excluded from this analysis because of their extremely
high values in Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Pb and Zn. The histogram bin width was determined using
Scott’s formula (Scott, 1979):
Bin width = 3.49 * σ / N1/3
where σ is the standard deviation of the distribution and N is the number of samples. This
formula is assumed to provide the most efficient, unbiased estimation of a probability
density function (Scott, 1979). The frequency intervals used to construct the histograms of
Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina
are listed in Appendix A6.
Combined metal histograms for limestone, hornfels and marble at Antamina reveal
that Ag, As, Bi, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn show a J-shaped distribution whereas molybdenum and
thallium follow a moderate normal distribution with a positive skew (Fig. 2.13). Positive
right skew in hornfels and marble histograms might be due to the presence of local sulfide

44
 Figure 2.13: Histograms of metals for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. Observe the J-shaped distribution of most of the metals examined, where
only Mo and Tl show a moderate normal distribution with a clear positive skewness.
45
veins and ore patches within the sampling transect. The J-shaped frequency distribution of
these metals suggests their relation to an exponential dataset. Logarithm-transformed
histograms of the same group of metals confirm their exponential distribution by yielding
approximately normal distributions for Ag, Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn with slight
positive and negative skewness (Fig. 2.14). Arsenic data display bimodal distribution
clearly influenced by several samples with non-detectable values.
In summary, three types of statistical distributions are observed in the nine most
abundant metals in Antamina: normal (Mo and Tl), exponential (Ag, Bi, Cu, Pb, Sb, and
Zn) and bimodal (As). The proper selection of threshold values must need the statistical
estimation of the variability or dispersion of the dataset, which is discussed in the next
section.

2.5.5 Background and threshold determination

The selection of background geochemical for anomalous areas should consider the
frequency distribution of the element concentration, the spatial variability and the original
composition of the protolith. Traditionally, the geochemical threshold or the upper limit of
a range of background values is defined as the high value resulting in the mean ± 2σ
formula. However, considering the existence of a diverse group of limestone with different
statistical distributions (Fig. 2.13), estimation of threshold using the mean ± 2σ would yield
misleading results. Reimann et al., (2005) provided a specific method to overcome this
problem. He proposed the use of the median and the median absolute deviation (MAD) of
metal values instead of using the mean and the standard deviation because these estimators
are shown to provide the lowest threshold values and would help to identify the highest
number of outliers.
Considering the existence of a heterogeneous group of rocks at Antamina, false
outliers may arise from carbonate dissolution or other alteration processes. The main effect
of carbonate dissolution of impure limestones is to increase the concentration of immobile
elements in these rocks and in their alteration products such as marble and hornfels.
Obvious anomalous samples might be excluded in the estimation of the threshold, but this
procedure might not be accurate because it involves a subjective selection of outliers. In
that sense we propose to normalize the metal concentration of the host rocks to one of their
“immobile” element content. Ratios of metal concentrations to those of immobile elements

46
 Figure 2.14: Histograms of log-transformed values of metals for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. Observe the Log normal shape of Ag, Bi, Cu,
Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn for limestone with slight positive and negative skew. Arsenic data display bimodal distribution. Histograms of Ag for hornfels and As,
Bi and Tl for marble also show bimodal distributions.
47
have also been used by others (Farmer, 1991; Klassen, 2001) to determine the effects of
weathering and anthropogenic enrichment because their use does not account for
mineralogy, mineral partitioning among size, and the differential effects of acid digestion
on them. We have selected lanthanum as the “immobile” element to normalize the metal
values at Antamina because of its relative abundance and strong correlation with other
immobile elements (Fig. 2.7). Histograms of these normalized metal values for hornfels,
marble and limestone also show variable distributions (Fig. 2.15) with the predominance of
exponential distributions. Histograms of the logarithm of these normalized values provide
normal distributions for the majority of trace elements examined, however some bimodal
distributions are also observed in the histograms of Ag in limestone and, As, Mo and Zn in
marble (Fig. 2.16). Therefore, the use of the mean ± 2σ even of the metal/immobile
elements to estimate the geochemical threshold would lead to erroneous estimation of
anomalous geochemical halos to fluid conduits.
We consider that the geochemical background of a suite of impure carbonate rocks
should be estimated by using the median ± 2MAD formula of the normalized values of
metals to an immobile element, in this case lanthanum. Solving this formula will define the
range of background values for a specific metal, where the geochemical threshold will be
estimated using the result of the median + 2MAD formula.
The problem of the spatial variability of samples stated by Li et al., 2003, can be
ignored in this case because of the relative small number of samples and the small area they
represent. Eleven samples of limestone were used to calculate the background and
threshold values (Appendix A7). These samples included four samples of unaltered
limestone from Yanacancha (3 km south of the mine) and seven samples of limestone taken
at distances greater than 100 m from the QFP dikes, which are considered the most likely
fluid escape conduits to the Antamina ore deposit because of their prevalence from deep to
shallow levels.

2.5.5.1 Mathematical procedure

The procedure to calculate the geochemical background and threshold of one metal
(i.e. Ag) for the host rocks from Antamina considered the following steps:
• Estimation of the metal/La ratio of the 11 unaltered samples around Antamina.

48
 Figure 2.15: Histograms of metal/La ratios for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. Observe the J-shaped distribution of most of the elements, where
only Tl shows a positive skewed normal distribution.
49
 Figure 2.16: Histograms of the logarithm of metal/La ratios for limestone, hornfels and marble from Antamina. Observe the log-normal shape of most of the
elements with slight positive and negative skewness. Ag in limestone and As, Mo and Zn in marble display bimodal distributions.
50
 • Estimation of the median of the metal/La ratios of the unaltered samples that we
call the median.
• Calculation of the absolute value of the difference between the metal/La ratios of
each sample minus the median. Then, it is calculated the median of these absolute
values, which represents the Median absolute deviation (MAD) of the metal/La
ratios of the unaltered limestone from Antamina.
The range of geochemical background was then obtained by solving the formula:
Median ± 2MAD, where the higher value of this calculation represents the upper
background limit of the metal/La ratio for all the samples at Antamina. These background
results (U.B.) are shown in Table 2.5, whereas an excel worksheet showing the procedure
to estimate the geochemical background of metals using the median ± 2MAD of metal/La,
and the mean ± 2σ for the 11 unaltered limestone is shown in the Appendix A8.

Table 2.5: Upper background values of metal/La ratios calculated using the median +
2MAD formula on 11 unaltered samples from Antamina
Metal Geochemical Metal Geochemical Metal Geochemical
Background Background Background
Ag 0.01701 Hg 0.0023 Sn 0.0864
As 0.7829 In 0.0021 Sr 95.08
Ba 6.7045 Mn 38.97 Tl 0.0375
Bi 0.0085 Mo 0.0738 V 6.646
Cd 0.0609 Pb 0.706 W 0.0465
Cu 0.8939 Sb 0.0330 Zn 14.453

By using the median ± 2MAD, it is possible to define positive and negative

threshold values of one element for each sample multiplying its lanthanum value by
Median + 2MAD or Median -2MAD results respectively. Plotting these values in a metal
versus lanthanum graph will appear as two lines that we call the upper and lower limit of
threshold respectively. We use the upper limit of threshold in this study because we assume
that the positive anomalies we would identify derive from a source other than surrounding
country rocks (Shi Changyi and Wang Caifang, 1995). This graph can also be used to
identify true and false positive and negative anomalies in relation to an empirical threshold
line determined graphically or using the traditional statistical methods, as it is show in Fig.
2.17.

51
Figure 2.17: Copper content versus lanthanum graphs for (A) limestone, (B) marble and (C) hornfels from
Antamina. Observe the distribution of samples in relation to the upper and lower threshold lines, to the
mean and median of Cu/La, and relative to the visual cut-off obtained by construction of the graph of metal
content versus distance to a dike. Threshold values of these graphs have been estimated by using the
median ± 2 MAD of the Cu/La ratios.

52
 Results of the product of upper background value by the lanthanum content of each
sample permit to identify an individual threshold value for all the samples. Threshold
determination for each sample is considered to address the problem of spatial variation of
samples and mainly to determine the influence of the fluids spent outside a mineral deposit.
The plot of these values and the measured metal values versus the distance to a fluid
conduit is used to constrain the presence of geochemical halos in all the sampling transects
at Antamina (Fig. 2.18). An excel worksheet showing the procedure to calculate the
threshold values using the Median ± 2MAD formula is presented in the Appendix A9.

2.5.5.2 Detection of outliers

Bivariate plots of metals and lanthanum along with the values of the upper and
lower threshold values are used to determine the outliers in set of samples related to a
specific type of rock. Lanthanides are good tracers of the source of sediments because of
their low mobility, uniform distribution and it is also relative ease of measurement (Zhang
et al, 2001). Considering that threshold values are related to the ratio of metal/La, the
distribution of these values will follow a linear distribution (Fig. 2.17). All the values above
the upper threshold line will represent positive outliers probably derived from the alteration
of the rock. This type of plot also could be used to identify true and false anomalies in a
population of samples if we add a line representing the visual cut-off for the metal under
examination. Bivariate graphs of metal content in host rocks versus distance to the fluid
conduit are used to estimate the visual cut-off of a metal by tracing a line at the inflection
point of high and low values (Fig. 2.18C). Visual cut-offs determined at Antamina for the
16 elements used in exploration of base metal deposits are shown in Table 2.6.
In summary, values above the upper threshold and the visual cut-off lines will
represent true anomalous samples, values below the upper threshold line and above the
visual cut-off will represent false anomalies probably related to the dissolution of the rock,
whereas samples below the upper threshold and visual cut-off line will identify totally
unaltered samples (Fig. 2.17). Plots of metal content versus lanthanum for limestone,
hornfels and marble showing the upper limit of threshold and the visual cut-off are
presented in Appendix A10.

53
Figure 2.18: Plots of Cu abundance in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West. Graphs
A and B show the distribution of individual threshold values calculated by using the median + 2MAD of
Cu/La values multiplied by the La content of each sample. Lanthanum values used in figure A are from
lithium borate fusion + ICP-MS analysis (ME-MS81), whereas La values used in figure B come from four
acid digestion + ICP-MS analysis (ME-MS61). Figure C shows the geochemical halo determined by
comparison of the measured data with a visual cut-off line and with a threshold line estimated by the mean
+ 2SDEV (σ) of unnormalized data.

54
 Table 2.6: Visual cut-off values of trace elements in Antamina host rocks
Element ppm Element ppm Element ppm
Au 0.01 Hg 0.01 Sr
Ag 0.1 In 0.03 Tl 1
As 10 Mn 800 V
Ba 100 Mo 1 W 1
Bi 0.1 Pb 25 Zn 100
Cd 1 Sb 1
Cu 10 Sn

2.6 Geochemical halos to fluid conduits

2.6.1 Criteria of identification
Major and REE composition of samples indicate a varied suite of carbonate host-
rocks around Antamina. Therefore, the definition of geochemical halos should consider the
use of independent threshold values for each rock type. Examination of sampling transects
perpendicular to the fluid escape conduits (QFP dikes) at progressively further distances
and elevations from the mine are assumed to fulfill these requirements.
Measured and threshold values of samples are plotted versus their distance to a
closer mineralizing fluid conduit i.e. skarn front, sulfide vein or igneous intrusion body.
Geochemical anomalous or alteration halos can be defined as a cluster of one or more
samples close to a fluid conduit with measured values markedly higher than their respective
threshold values. Samples with low values might be included within a geochemical halo if
their presence is erratic within the cluster. Geochemical halos can vary in extension from a
centimeter to hundreds of meters. When threshold values are always higher than measured
values no halos are defined. In that case the existence of sporadic anomalous samples far
away from a main fluid conduit might indicate the proximity of another important fluid
conduit even though it is only represented by mm-scale mineralized structures. Erratic
anomalous samples in a sequence of heterogeneous rocks might also represent false
anomalies probably derived by the relatively high siliciclastic content of the protolith or
simply contaminated samples. The certainty of these anomalous values can be checked with
the metal vs. lanthanum plot (Fig. 2.17).
Three similar plots of metal content versus distance to the fluid conduit were
created for each transect. The first, considers threshold values calculated using lanthanum

55
values obtained by lithium borate fusion extraction, the second graph shows threshold
values calculated using lanthanum values obtained by four acid digestion methods, whereas
the third graph shows all the measured values in the sampling transect along with the
threshold lines determined visually and using the mean + 2σ formula. An example of these
plots showing the graphical procedure to define the geochemical anomalous halo for copper
at the Antamina West transect is shown in the Figure 2.18. Plots for Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd,
Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W and Zn are shown in the Appendix A11. The
purpose of these diagrams is to show the different geochemical halos that can be
determined by using threshold values estimated with the median + 2MAD of metal/La
ratios, the mean + 2σ formula of measured values or visually according to the distribution
of values in the plot. The complete list of alteration halos for the 17 elements examined at
Antamina West is shown in Table 2.7. This table also includes alteration halos estimated by
the use of the median + 2MAD and mean + 2σ of measured samples without normalization.
The list of alteration halos for all the sampling transects are shown in Appendix A12.

2.6.2 Results: definition of alteration halos

The graphs of alteration halos determined by different methods (Appendix A11)
indicate a high correlation between data obtained using lanthanum measured by lithium
borate fusion and four acid digestion chemical procedures. In that sense any of these
analytical methods can be used with reliability for defining the geochemical threshold in a
suite of carbonate rocks. Geochemical alteration halos determined and examined in this
study are based on threshold values of metal/La ratios where lanthanum values were
obtained by lithium borate fusion procedures.
Diagrams of metal abundance versus distance to the skarn front or the QFP dikes
were constructed for Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, W and Zn,
and plotted in relation to their distance to the Antamina skarn deposit. Halos of Cu to the
fluid conduits at Antamina is shown as example in Fig. 2.19. Graphs of the anomalous
halos determined for the 16 metals aforementioned are shown in the Appendix A13. These
graphs indicate the presence of four groups of elements based on the lateral and vertical
extension of the halos they determine (Figs. 2.20A and B). Copper, Bi, Mo and Zn form the
first group with strong halos at deeper levels (>100 m) that diminish in extension at
intermediate levels disappearing at shallower levels. Cadmium and Sn form the second

56
Table 2.7: Alteration halos to the skarn front at Antamina West determined by analytical
and empirical methods.

Lithium
borate Four acid Median + Mean + Visual cut-
Element fusion digestion 2MAD 2SDEV off
Ag 147 147 147 98 147
As 68 68 0 0 0
Ba 0 0 0 0 0
Bi 145 145 98 98 98
Cd 29 29 0 0 0
Cu 247 247 71 71 71
In 29 29 29 27 29
Mn 29 29 0 0 0
Mo 157 157 98 0 98
Pb 147 147 0 0 0
Sb 147 147 0 0 0
Sn 18 22 0 0 0
Sr 247 247 0 0 0
Tl 0 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 0 0
W 125 125 27 27 27
Zn 118 118 98 70 98

57
 Figure 2.19: Anomalous halos of Cu to the paleo fluid escape conduits between Antamina and Condorcocha skarn systems. Observe the wide halos at depth and
no halos at shallow levels.
58
 Figure 2.20A: Trace element halo distribution proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit: groups 1 and 2.
59
 Figure 2.20B: Trace element halo distribution proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit: groups 3 and 4.
60
group of elements with small halos only at deeper levels. Prevalent deep to shallow halos
characterize the third group of elements, which consists of Ag, As, Pb, Sb, In, Mn and W.
These elements form halos that range between 30 and 150 meters at depth, and 35 meters in
average at shallow levels. Thallium and barium form the fourth group of elements with
moderate (60 m) to thin halos (5 m) from shallow to intermediate levels. No halos are
recognized for mercury and vanadium.

2.6.3 Lateral and vertical zoning

A synthesis of the geochemical halos distal to the Antamina skarn deposit is shown
in Fig. 2.21. Large geochemical halos (~ 150 m) characterize the zone of coarse-grained
white and gray marble adjacent to the skarn (Antamina West), which include the presence
of anomalous values of Cu, Ag, Bi, Mo, Zn, Pb, Sb, Cd, Sn and W. Halos up to 85 meters
of Cu, Pb and In are distinguished in the aureole of fine-grained marble and hornfels zone
(Quarry Bench). Geochemical halos vary in extension from less than one metre up to 66
metres within the sequence of thin-layered limestone that surrounds Antamina. At
intermediate levels (4450 m to 4550 m) these halos are formed by Pb, Sb, Cu, Mo, As, Tl
and Ba, whereas at shallow levels (4700 m) they consists of As, Tl, Pb, Sb, In, Mn, Ag, W
and Ba. Halos in limestone correlate with the presence of sulfide veins along dikes,
suggesting a leakage from these mineralized structures.
In summary, high temperature indicator elements (Cu, Bi and Mo) form large
geochemical halos close to the skarn deposit, whereas moderate to low temperature
indicator elements such as thallium define halos at higher levels.

2.7 Discussion
2.7.1 Geochemical signatures of Antamina host rocks
Geochemical analysis of country rocks adjacent to the Antamina skarn deposit
indicate that they consist of mainly impure limestone, probably associated with the
Celendin Formation (Redwood, 1999). However, the presence of unaltered limestone with
chemical composition similar to Jumasha Formation and the structural complexity of the
area (folding and thrusting) make it difficult to define a formal stratigraphic sequence in the
area. A detailed microfossil study or the use of strontium isotopes on these rocks may help
to overcome this problem. The chemical composition of limestone reflects an important

61
 Figure 2.21: Synthesis of geochemical halos proximal and distal to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit.
62
siliciclastic component of these rocks. Low SiO2/Al2O3 ratios, and negative Eu and Ce
anomalies of limestone indicate no addition of silica in these rocks even in samples
proximal to the dikes; therefore, geochemical halos developed in limestone may be related
to processes of dissolution rather than alteration.
Marble and hornfels span a greater range in major element content than limestone.
However, the relative homogeneity and poor siliciclastic content of marble units close to
the skarn front suggest that these rocks may belong to the Jumasha Formation. Thin-layered
distribution and siliciclastic content of tan, light gray, light green and fine-grained white
marble is used to classify these units as part of the Celendin Formation. Tan marble
siliciclastic content is at the high end of range defined by other marble samples. This may
reflect chemical alteration due to hydrothermal circulation or derivation from less pure
marble. Green and white hornfels data also suggest they are the products of alteration and
hydrothermal circulation. However, the linear correlation of lanthanum with silica and
aluminum for limestone, marble and hornfels, as well as, the mixing line between tan
marble with low SiO2/Al2O3, white, light gray, green and gray marble with progressively
higher SiO2/Al2O3 (Fig. 2.8B) support the hypothesis of siliciclastic enrichment of these
rocks by processes of carbonate dissolution.
The range of REE contents in limestone define relative impure protoliths of marble
and hornfels. Low REE values of white marble suggest its derivation from less impure
limestone, whereas REE content of hornfels indicates its origin by thermal metamorphism
of dirty limestone. Positive anomalies of Eu in coarse-grained marble from Antamina West
(Fig. 9B) might indicate processes of intense fluid rock interaction in this zone, which is
consistent with its proximity to the skarn front. On the other hand, negative Eu anomalies
and almost no Ce anomalies found in hornfels would be associated with low temperature
and low water/rock reactions during their formation (Campbell et al., 1984).

2.7.2 Recognition of geochemical halos

Determination of anomalous values demands the appropriate estimation of
background and threshold values besides the proper selection of representative samples.
Drawbacks in the selection of the best method to determine threshold values in carbonate
rock environments may be solved by the proper geochemical characterization of the rocks,

63
and then by the analysis of the statistical distribution of samples to select the appropriate
threshold formula.
Major and REE analysis of samples is a procedure that should not be avoided in the
proper characterization of the host rocks and the alteration zonation. It is demonstrated in
this study that the relative enrichment of major and trace elements in marble and hornfels
around Antamina is due to processes of carbonate dissolution. In that sense the presence of
apparent “anomalous” values in the host rocks may reflect the original siliciclastic
component of the protolith. Therefore, metal values of samples normalized against their
lanthanum content would avoid the influence of the inherited siliciclastic material. We also
demonstrate that lanthanum is the least mobile element in the host rocks to Antamina, and
this metal can be measured by ICP-MS on samples previously prepared by lithium borate
fusion or four acid digestion of samples.
Another variable to take into account is the proper selection of the statistical method
to calculate the threshold value. In this study we have selected the use of the median ± 2
median absolute deviation of samples (MAD) based on the study of Reimann et al., 2005,
considering that most of the metals do not follow a normal distribution and the fact that the
use of the mean ± 2σ may be misleading and could lead to meaningless answers. Plot of
metal versus lanthanum along with the threshold value for each sample is key to identify
the existence of false positive and negative anomalous values, and is proven to be a robust
estimator of the anomalous geochemical halos to fluid conduits outside a mineral deposit.
Determination of halos using the threshold value for each sample can be a
straightforward process when measured values close to fluid conduits are several orders of
magnitude higher than threshold values. Measured values slightly higher than or similar to
threshold values close to the fluid conduits can yield some uncertainty to this procedure.
Therefore these values must not be considered as anomalous values and no halos should be
reported to these transects.

2.7.3 Implications for mineral exploration

The results of our lithogeochemical study of the Antamina skarn deposit and
surroundings have potential applications for mineral exploration throughout the carbonate
Mesozoic basin of the Peruvian Central Andes and elsewhere. Hornfels and marble units
without striking signs of mineralization are common especially along the fold and thrust

64
belt of the Peruvian western cordillera, which is host to world-class mineral deposits
(Petersen, 1965). Examination of major and rare earth element data of marble and hornfels
in comparison to nearby limestone units provide important information about the protolith
of the thermal altered rocks, the least mobile elements, the addition or subtraction of trace
elements, and most important the presence of alteration due to hydrothermal fluid
interaction.
Geochemical halos to fluid escape pathways commonly are formed at the time of
hypogene metallization. Our study demonstrates the large-scale zonation of trace elements
from the skarn to limestone with wide halos at depth and moderate to thin halos in
limestone particularly controlled by fluid conduits. As shown in this study, these halos
define patterns of alteration that also indicates the spatial variability of the elements
according to the typical patterns of zonation and paragenetic sequences established by
Emmons (1936) for many hydrothermal deposits. Anomalous geochemical halos at
Antamina can be used as a pattern in the exploration of other intrusion related carbonate
rock hosted deposits elsewhere in the world, because they provide the vertical and lateral
zoning of metal deposition and consistent evidence about the linkage between a deep skarn
and a silver-base metal vein deposit.

2.8 Conclusions
The major results of this study indicate the dominant presence of impure limestone
around Antamina similar in composition to limestone from Celendin Formation. Samples
taken from the coarse-grained white and gray marble units adjacent to the skarn (Antamina
West) are poor in siliciclastic materials and may reflect isochemical derivation from
Jumasha Formation. In contrast, fine-grained marble and hornfels are relatively rich in
major elements and they probable derived from Celendin Formation. Bivariate plots of
major elements for limestone, hornfels and marble show moderate linear distributions,
where the relative high siliciclastic content of green marble, tan marble, white hornfels, tan
hornfels and green hornfels suggest their formation due mainly to processes of carbonate
dissolution. The range of REE contents in limestone confirms the relative impure protoliths
of fine-grained marble and hornfels. The presence of some positive europium anomalies in
coarse-grained marble may be related to an intense fluid circulation through these rocks.

65
 It is demonstrated in this study that the relative enrichment of major and trace
elements in marble and hornfels around Antamina is mainly due to processes of carbonate
dissolution, and the existence of metal “outliers” may be related to the original siliciclastic
content of the protolith. In that sense, the normalization of measured metal values to an
“immobile” element like lanthanum may permit the identification of the effects of the
addition or subtraction of elements. It is also demonstrated in this study that the estimation
of the geochemical background using the Median ± 2 MAD of the metal/La ratios of
limestone samples taken at distances greater than 100 m away from fluid conduits is useful
to determine false positive and negative anomalous values.
Determination of geochemical anomalous halos can be a straightforward process
where the metal value of each sample needs to be compared with the upper limit of
background (median + 2 MAD) or geochemical threshold for that sample. Measured metal
values higher than threshold values in a sampling transect define anomalous halos to a fluid
conduit. Four groups of elements have been observed based on the lateral and vertical
extension of the halos they determine:
1. Strong halos at deeper levels: Cu, Bi, Mo and Zn
2. Moderate halos at deeper levels: Cd, Sn
3. Prevalent deep to shallow halos: Ag, As, Pb, Sb, In, Mn and W
4. Moderate halos at shallow levels: Ba, Tl
The vertical zoning of these groups of elements coincide with the thermal zoning of
elements around base metal hydrothermal deposits (Emmons, 1936) and is evidence of
linkage between a Cu-Zn skarn and a Ag-base metal vein deposit. This zoning can also be
used to vectorize the presence of hidden Cu-Zn skarn deposits such as Antamina in areas
with relative poor exposure of mineralized showings.

66
2.8 References
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Bau, M. and Moller, P., 1992, Rare earth element fractionation in metamorphogenic
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Geologico Minero y Metalurgico, Sector Energia y Minas, Peru, 281 pages, 5 maps,
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Elderfield, H., 1988, The oceanic chemistry of the rare-earth elements. Philosophical
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Farmer, J.G., 1991, The perturbation of historical pollution records in aquatic sediments.
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Finlow-Bates, T. and Stumpfl, E. F., 1981, The Behaviour of so-called immobile elements
in hydrothermally altered rocks associated with volcanogenic submarine-exhalative
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Gifkins, C., Herrmann, W. and Large, R., 2005, Altered Volcanic Rocks - A guide to
description and interpretation, Codes, Australia, 275 pages.
Grant, J.A., 1986, The Isocon Diagram – A simple solution to Gresens’ equation for
metasomatic alteration. Economic Geology, vol. 81, p. 1976-1982.
Gressens, R.L., 1967, Composition-volume relationships of metasomatism. Chemical
Geology, vol.2, p. 47-55.
Grunsky, E.C. and Smee, B.W., 2003, Enhancements in the interpretation of geochemical
data using multivariate methods and digital topography, Canadian Institute of
Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Bulletin, vol. 96, N˚ 1068, p. 39-43.
Hall, G.E.M., and Plant J.A., 1992, Analytical errors in the determination of high field
strength elements and their implications in tectonic interpretation studies. Chemical
Geology, vol. 95, p. 141-156.
Kato, Y., Yamaguchi, K.E. and Ohmoto, H., 2006, Rare-earth elements in Precambrian
banded iron formation: secular changes of Ce and Eu anomalies and evolution of
atmospheric oxygen. In: Evolution of Early Earth’s Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and
Biosphere – Constraints from Ore Deposits (Kesler, S.E. and Ohmoto, H., eds.).
The Geological Society of America, Memoir 198, p. 269-289.
Klassen, R.A., 2001, The interpretation of background variation in regional geochemical
surveys – an example from Nunavut, Canada. In Geochemistry: Exploration,
Environment, Analysis, Vol. 1, p. 163 – 173.
Kerrich, R. and Wyman, D.A., 1996, The trace element systematics of igneous rocks in

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 mineral exploration. In: Trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks: applications
for massive sulphide exploration. Short course notes – Geological Association of
Canada, p. 121-150.
Lehne, R.W., 1996, Microscopial investigation of selected drillhole samples from
Antamina, Peru. In: Sachtleben Bergbau GMBH & Co. Internal Report, 16 pages.
Lehne, R.W., 1997, Microscopial investigation of mineralized drillhole sections from the
CMA drilling campaign at Antamina, Peru (III), Inmet mining, Internal Rep., 20 p.
Li, C., Ma, T., and Shi, J., 2003, Application of a fractal method relating concentrations and
distances for separation of geochemical anomalies from background. Journal of
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Lottermoser, B.G., 1992, Rare earth elements and hydrothermal ore formation processes.
Ore Geology Reviews, 7, p. 25 – 41.
Love, D.A., Clark, A.H., and Glover, J.K., 2004, The Lithologic, Stratigraphic, and
Structural Setting of the Giant Antamina Copper-Zinc Skarn Deposit, Ancash, Peru:
Economic Geology, vol. 99, p. 887-916.
MacLean, W.H. and Barrett, T.J., 1993, Lithogeochemical techniques using immobile
Elements. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, vol 48, p. 109-133.
Matschullat, J., Ottenstein, R., and Reimann, C., 2000, Geochemical background – can we
calculate it?. Environmental Geology vol. 39 (9), p.990-1000.
McKee, E.H., Noble, D.C., Scherkenbach, D.A., Drexler, J.W., Mendoza, J. and
Eyzaguirre, V.R., 1979, Age of porphyry intrusion, potassic alteration, and related
skarn mineralization, Antamina District, Northern Peru. Economic Geology, vol.74,
p. 928-930.
Monecke, T., Monecke, J., Herzig, P.M., Gemmel, J.B., and Mönch, W., 2005, Truncated
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Gangue, Newsletter of the mineral Deposits Division, Geological Association of
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 Chapter 3: Patterns of distal alteration zonation around
Antamina: mineralogical, chemical and isotopic evidence for
fluid composition and infiltration2
3.1 Introduction
Chemical and mineralogical changes in rocks due to high-temperature fluid-rock
interactions are commonly termed hydrothermal alteration (e.g., Reed, 1997). This
alteration is commonly identified by characteristic mineral assemblages; it may however
also be invisible to the naked eye. Hydrothermal alteration in general may range from a few
centimetres to 100’s of metres and even kilometers around a certain hydrothermal fluid
conduit (Evans, 1993). Alteration zonation halos result from the changing nature of
hydrothermal solution as they passed through the wall rocks (Evans, 1993), and it
represents a local equilibrium between wall rocks and fluids (Reed, 1997). Visible
alteration features and zonation around polymetallic carbonate rock-hosted deposits,
specifically skarn deposits, include marble and hornfels zonation, type and distribution of
veins. These features are commonly observed close to the carbonate rock-intrusion contact
and have been documented in many examples (Einaudi et al, 1981; Meinert et al, 1997).
However, the effect of cryptic alteration around these deposits is poorly understood.
Cryptic alteration may extend beyond visible alteration because it is mostly geochemical in
nature and it includes variations in concentrations of trace elements in leakage halos or
anomalies and variations in stable isotopes in wall rocks (Siems, 1997). Intensity of fluid
activity can be determined by the amount of veins, visible hydrothermal alteration around
veins and fracture networks, and disturbance to isotopic systems (Cox, 2005).
The main goals of this study are to characterize the visible and cryptic alteration
envelope in terms of magnitude, extent and zonation. An understanding of these alteration
patterns will allow recognition of the type of processes that produced them, the exhaust
systems of the carbonate rock-hosted deposits during exploration, and identify the linkages
between skarn and other distal expressions of sulfide mineralization in carbonate rocks

2
A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication. Escalante, A., Dipple, G., Tosdal, R., Ebert, S.,
Friedman, R., Ullrich, T., Lipten, E. and Pacheco, M. Patterns of Distal Alteration Zonation around Antamina:
Mineralogical, Chemical and Isotopic Evidence for Fluid Composition and Infiltration.

72
such as CRDs and veins. Geochronology of intrusive plugs and dikes within and outside
Antamina provides a framework for understanding the magmatic-hydrothermal history of
the district and to constrain the genetic link between the skarn and the minor sulfide
occurrences lateral and above it.
The Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit provides an excellent site to document the
vertical extent of mineralization and fluid escape features, because of its large size and
topographic relief. Fluid flow structures were examined adjacent to and above the skarn
system to characterize the nature of the fluid escape, and to identify the widest and most
pervasive alteration halos. Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes from host rocks and
veins were used to constrain the temperature and source of the spent mineralizing fluids.

3.2 Deposit geology

The Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit is located 270 km northeast of Lima in the
eastern flank of the western Peruvian Andes, at 9˚32’S and 77˚03’W, at average altitude of
4300 metres (Fig. 3.1A). This deposit is hosted in an Upper Cretaceous sequence of
carbonate rocks regionally assigned to the Jumasha Formation (Cobbing et al., 1996, Fig.
3.1B). However, recent stratigraphic studies in the District area (Love et al., 2004) have
determined that the ore deposit is hosted in the transition between the Upper Cretaceous
Jumasha and Celendin Formations. Structurally, Antamina is located within a subtle
deflection zone of the NW-trending, Incaic Marañon thrust and fold belt (Petersen, 1965)
that apparently allowed the emplacement of several phases of intrusions especially in the
Antamina valley. This structural discontinuity, named the Querococha arch by Love et al.
(2001), is assumed to have been active during the skarn formation (Love et al., 2004).
Antamina mineralized skarn occurs in a NE-SW elliptical area of approximately 4.5
x 2 km forming a cap on a series of Miocene high-level quartz-monzonite porphyries and
dikes dated at 9.8 Ma (McKee et al., 1979) and 10.32 ± 0.09 Ma (Love et al., 2003). These
porphyries were mainly emplaced along listric thrust faults that also acted as conduits for
hydrothermal fluids, controlling the skarn distribution (Hathaway, 1997). Local small high-
grade polymetallic veins are also found around the Antamina skarn deposit and are
40
commonly associated with quartz feldspar porphyry dikes which, based on Ar/39Ar
geochronology (Love et al., 2003 and this study), predate the main stage of copper
mineralization in Antamina. These dikes are interpreted to belong to the same intrusion

73
 Figure 3.1: Geographic, regional and district geological maps of Antamina. A. Sketch map showing the location of Antamina. B. Regional geological map
vicinity of Antamina, modified from Cobbing, J. et al., 1996. C. Simplified geology map of the Antamina – Condorococha skarn systems showing the visible
alteration zoning and the sampling areas during this study, modified from Compania Minera Antamina S.A., 2002.
74
period that yielded the skarn alteration at Condorcocha, 1.3 km northwest of Antamina
(Fig. 3.1C).
Sedimentary layering, dike emplacement, pre-existing fold and thrust geometry
control alteration zonation. Four visible alteration zones are recognized around the central
quartz-monzonite porphyry: a pink to brown skarn altered intrusion (endoskarn), a brown to
green garnet skarn (exoskarn), a white and gray marble zone (Figs. 3.1C and 3.2), and a
zone of brown and gray hornfels. Fossiliferous gray limestone predominates outside the
hornfels zone.
Sulfide mineralization is concentrated in massive sulfide bodies and crosscutting
veinlets especially within skarn, and comprises abundant pyrite, chalcopyrite, and
sphalerite, with subordinate amounts of pyrrhotite, bornite, molybdenite, and copper-
bismuth sulfosalts (Lehne, 1996, 1997). Galena, bournonite, realgar and proustite occur in
traces amounts. Syn-mineralization vein morphology and mineral content vary
systematically with elevation. Base metal sulfide and quartz - sulfide veins are strictly
associated with the quartz feldspar stock and dikes that connect the Antamina stock and the
poorly mineralized Condorcocha skarn (Fig. 3.1C). Dense networks of calc-silicate +
calcite ± sulfide veins appear throughout the skarn, marble and hornfels zones. Quartz +
fluorite ± calcite and sulfide veins are associated with quartz feldspar porphyry dikes
peripheral to skarn. At the shallowest exposed levels, these same dikes contain light gray
calcite ± quartz, garnet, and sulfide veins.

3.3 Sampling strategy

Samples approximately 2 kg in mass were collected from traverses perpendicular to
the strike of the most obvious fluid escape channels to the deposit. Eighteen traverses were
made at progressively farther distances from the center of the deposit (Figs. 3.1C and 3.2).
Traverses were centered on suspect fluid flow conduits as evidenced by the presence of
visible alteration. Visible alteration includes skarn altered intrusion (endoskarn) and host
rocks (exoskarn); tan, gray, green and white marble and hornfels, and quartz, calcite ±
quartz, and calcite ± sulfides veins. The fluid flow conduits are controlled by quartz
feldspar porphyry (QFP) dikes and thrust faults. A detailed sample location and description
database of this study is shown in the Appendix B1.

75
 Figure 3.2: Schematic geological cross section of the Antamina – Fortuna area. Note the location of some of the geochron samples taken for this study, and also
sampling transects made at farther distances from the ore deposit and perpendicular to the QFP dikes.
76
 Petrography and age determination of the intrusive rocks at Antamina are
constrained in the following section considering that QFP stocks and dikes were the main
fluid flow escape conduits at Antamina and mark the obvious connection between the
porphyry, skarn and Ag-base metal vein mineralization present in the study area.

3.4 Intrusive rocks

3.4.1 Classification and distribution
Igneous intrusive activity was quite intense in the Antamina-Condorcocha area.
40
Ar/39Ar and U-Pb age determinations indicate middle to late Miocene age for all the
intrusive bodies recognized in the District (McKee et al., 1979; Love et al., 2004 and this
study). Three main intrusive rock centres can be recognized in the District: Antamina,
Condorcocha and Usu Pallares, where the Antamina and Condorcocha stocks are connected
by quartz feldspar porphyry dikes. Another set of dikes appears to the east and south east of
the deposit at the Oscarina and Ridge Road areas (Fig. 3.1C). Mineralization is focused on
a series of high-level quartz-monzonite porphyries and dikes that span an age between 10.4
and 10.8 Ma (U-Pb). These intrusive bodies were formerly dated at 9.8 Ma (McKee et al.,
1979) and 10.32 ± 0.09 Ma (Love et al., 2004). The poorly mineralized Condorcocha stock
to the north of Antamina predates the main intrusive phases found in the mine, whereas the
Usu Pallares quartz monzonite to the southwest of Antamina was intruded as mineralization
waned and has coeval intrusions within the center of the Antamina stock. Intrusions and
dikes at the Oscarina and Ridge road areas are slightly older than the intrusion suite
observed at Antamina. 40Ar/39Ar analyses on biotite, hornblende, as well as U-Pb analysis
on zircon crystals yield geologically reasonable results coherent with the field relationships.

3.4.2 Petrography and alteration

The Antamina stock is multi-phase quartz monzonite porphyry (CMA 2003).
Geologists from Antamina have classified the igneous rocks in the deposit based on their
texture and mineral composition:
1. Plagioclase-rich porphyry (IPPA - Fig. 3.3A),
2. Plagioclase and k-feldspar rich porphyry (IPPAO - Fig. 3.3B),
3. Plagioclase-rich porphyry with k-feldspar megacrysts (IPPAMO - Fig. 3.3C); and
4. K-feldspar porphyry with low plagioclase content (IPPEO).

77
Figure 3.3: Captions are on the next page.

78
Figure 3.3: Photographs of the intrusive rocks at Antamina, Fortuna and Condorcocha.
A. Plagioclase-rich porphyry (IPPA).
B. Plagioclase and K-feldspar rich porphyry (IPPAO).
C. Plagioclase-rich porphyry with K-feldspar megacrysts (IPPAMO).
D. Weakly sericitized QFP intrusion cut by thin qtz + K-spar veins at Condorcocha (sample 3PAA266).
E. Strongly silicified dacite porphyry dike at Condorcocha (sample 4PAA126).
F. Moderately argillized and pyritized QFP dike sample taken from transect 2 at Quarry Bench (sample
3PAA164).
G. Unaltered QFP dike (4PAA230) outcropping 100 m above sample 3PAA164.
H. Moderately chloritized feldspar ± quartz porphyry dike from approximately 400 m north of before sample.
A thin calcite + pyrite + galena vein goes along its contact with limestone.
I. Moderately chloritized quartz + feldspar porphyry dike adjacent to a calcite + galena + sphalerite vein at
Fotuna (sample 4PAA158).

79
 Contact relationships between these units are sometimes obscured, but the
plagioclase-rich porphyry is considered the initial magmatic phase, whereas the K-feldspar
porphyry with low content of plagioclase is the youngest phase in the area (CMA, 2003).
The former unit hosts potassic alteration, but apparently not skarn, and contains local
molybdenite and chalcopyrite mineralization in veinlets. Syn-mineralization intrusive
activity culminates in late dikes, which contains xenoliths of garnet skarn (CMA, 2003).
Late dikes have been dated at 10.5 ± 0.2 Ma. The plagioclase-poor porphyry is generally
unmineralized and may be coeval to the K-feldspar megacryst porphyry at Usu Pallares.
The Condorcocha stock is medium-grained quartz feldspar porphyry with 1% vol.
primary biotite, 0.5% vol. hornblende and 1% vol. quartz phenocrysts supported in a fine-
grained microcrystalline silicified and chloritized matrix (Figs. 3.3D, 3.4A and 3.4E).
Plagioclase is more abundant than K-feldspar and both are weakly sericitized. Biotite and
hornblende are partially replaced by shredded hydrothermal or late magmatic biotite. K-
feldspar also appears as fine veinlets within the core of the stock (Fig. 3.3D). The intrusion
is strongly fractured especially close to enclosing skarn. Quartz veinlets (6 veinlets per
metre in average) of 0.2-1.5 cm-width form isolated incipient stockwork textures. The
endoskarn zone of this intrusive contains fine-grained, brown garnet, diopside, epidote,
chlorite and pyrite, with local lenses of magnetite and traces of chalcopyrite. This intrusive
extends to the north and south of Condorcocha lake as meter-scale dikes using the
structures of former thin, strongly silicified feldspar porphyry dikes probably dacite in
composition (Fig. 3.3E)
Quartz-feldspar porphyry (QFP) dikes connect the Condorcocha system to the
Antamina porphyry and outcrop in the vicinity of Fortuna – Fortuna East (Figs. 3.3F to 3.3I
and 3.4A to 3.4D). They are mainly dacitic in composition. They consist of 60 to 75% vol.
microcrystalline quartz + feldspar matrix altering to kaolinite ± sericite (Figs. 3.4B and
3.4F), 15% vol. plagioclase phenocrysts, 5% vol. K-feldspar phenocrysts weakly altered to
kaolinite + sericite (Fig. 3.4G) or epidote; 3-12% vol. sub-rounded quartz eyes, 1-10% vol.
biotite locally altering to chlorite, 1-4% vol. sulfides and 1% vol. carbonates. Metre-scale
hornfels alteration aureoles enclose the dikes. Hornfels is cut by multiple generations of
centimetre-scale calcite ± base metal sulfide veinlets, calc-silicate + calcite ± sulfides

80
Figure 3.4: Captions are on the following page.

81
Figure 3.4: Photographs and photomicrographs showing mineral assemblage and alteration of dikes from
Condorcocha, Fortuna and Quarry Bench.
A.Condorcocha QFP dike (sample 4PAA127).
B. Fortuna quartz – feldspar porphyry dike (sample 4PAA125).
C. Quartz – feldspar porphyry dike from the top of Quarry Bench (sample 4PAA230).
D. Quartz–feldspar porphyry dike from transect 2 at Quarry Bench (sample 4PAA231).
E. Photomicrograph of Condorcocha dike (sample 4PAA127) showing biotite and hornblende phenocrysts
supported by a moderately argillized quartz-feldspar microcrystalline matrix.
F. Photomicrograph of Fortuna dike (sample 4PAA125) showing fresh biotite, chloritized hornblende and
argillized plagioclase phenocrysts in a moderately argillized feldspar ± quartz matrix. Opaques are mainly
magnetite.
G. Photomicrograph of a QFP dike at Quarry Bench (sample 4PAA230) showing epidotized and moderately
argillized plagioclase phenocrysts supported by fine-grained, moderately argillized quartz-feldspar matrix.
H. Photomicrograph of a moderately argillized QFP dike crosscut by a quartz + fibrous calc-silicate
(wollastonite?) vein. Sample taken from the tan and gray hornfels zone at Quarry Bench.

82
(Figure 3.4H) and quartz + fluorite ± calcite ± vesuvianite ± sulfide veinlets. The former
are closely related to the distal parts of the system and the two others to the marble-hornfels
aureole to the Antamina skarn. These veinlets occur parallel to the dike and crosscutting the
QFP dikes, suggesting that the dikes acted as conduits for escaping fluids.
Dikes at Ridge Road are 2 meters wide on average and commonly sub-parallel to
bedding (Fig. 3.5A). They vary from greenish gray, medium-grained quartz feldspar
porphyry to a strongly silicified light gray to white feldspar porphyry with an aphyric
matrix commonly containing patches of brown garnet and crosscut by calc-silicate ± sulfide
veins (Figs. 3.5B to 3.5F). Quartz feldspar porphyry dikes at the Ridge Road contain 10%
vol. quartz eyes, plagioclase greater than K-feldspar, 3% vol. biotite, 0.5% vol. chloritized
hornblende, and local chlorite + pyrite patches (Fig. 3.5G). These dikes are crosscut by
pyrite + chlorite ± epidote veinlets.

3.4.3 Age determination

3.4.3.1 Previous studies
Previous geochronological results are shown in Table 3.1. McKee et al., 1979
analyzed two biotite and three K-feldspar separates from different specimens of potassic
altered quartz monzonite porphyry intrusions with the K-Ar technique. They obtained an
average age of 9.8 Ma. However, this age could not address the magmatic-hydrothermal
history of the deposit. Love et al. (2003) constrained the age of intrusion and hydrothermal
40
activity in Antamina using the Ar/39Ar technique on biotite, sericite, plagioclase and K-
feldspar separates from the different types of intrusive rocks especially from the Taco Pit.
Love et al. (2003) estimated an interval for the intrusion activity of 10.02 to 10.47 Ma and
an alteration – mineralization age of 9.68 to 10.16 Ma. However, no information has been
found in relation to the QFP dikes that channelized the mineralizing fluids outwards
Antamina. This study revises the age of intrusion at the Antamina open Pit and also the
QFP dikes at Usu Pallares, Fortuna and Condorcocha in order to constrain the duration of
magmatism (crystallization and cooling), hydrothermal activity and alteration within and
outside the Antamina ore deposit.

83
Figure 3.5: Captions are on the next page.

84
Figure 3.5: Photographs showing the alteration zoning around the QFP dike-sills at the Ridge Road.
A. Composite photo of samples 4PAA197 to 4PAA202 showing the gradational contact between a partially
mineralized QFP sill and light gray hornfels. Ten centimeter average hand samples tied with a red ribbon are
used as scale.
B. Greenish gray hornfels with garnet patches, 2 m below QFP sill (sample 4PAA196).
C. Light gray hornfels 0.6 m below QFP sill (sample 4PAA203).
D. Strong silicified and pyritized QFP sill (sample 4PAA197).
E. Strong silicified light gray QFP with aphyric matrix from the middle of the sill (sample 4PAA198).
F. Strongly silicified, QFP with abundant fluorite + pyrite veins near the top of the sill (4PAA199).
G. Upper limit of fluorite-rich QFP close to the contact with fine-grained tan garnet skarn (sample 4PAA200).
H. Tan garnet skarn in contact with diopside-rich green hornfels (sample 4PAA201).
I. Light gray hornfels 0.9 m above QFP sill (sample 4PAA202). Bar-scale in centimetres.

85
 Table 3.1: Previous geochronology results for intrusive rocks from Antamina
Sample N° Location Collar North Collar East Depth (m) Method rock type Dated Age (Ma) References Code
UTM UTM material
ANT-198 Condorcocha 273000 8947000 0 40
Ar/39Ar Quartz feldspar porphyry dike biotite 11.02±0.09 Love et al., 2003 DL1

ANT-1 Oscarina 274970 8945516 0 K-Ar Potassic to propylitc altered biotite 9.1±0.4 McKee et al., 1979 EM1
quartz monzonite porphyry
ANT-EES Ridge road 274233 8946248 0 K-Ar Phyllic altered quartz K-feldspar 10.2±0.3 McKee et al., 1979 EM2
monzonite porphyry
DDH - CMA 179 Taco Pit 274040 8945310 338 40
Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite biotite 10.30±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL2
porphyry
DDH - CMA 179 Taco Pit 274043 8945306 338 40
Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite plg 9.98±0.09 Love et al., 2003 DL3
porphyry
DDH - CMA 190 Taco Pit 274048 8945310 303 40
Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite biotite 10.39±0.08 Love et al., 2003 DL4
porphyry
DDH - CMA 190 Taco Pit 274047 8945308 303 40
Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite Ksp 9.87±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL5
porphyry
DDH - CMA 238 Taco Pit 273670 8945480 311 40
Ar/39Ar Phyllic altered quartz biotite 10.12±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL6
monzonite porphyry
DDH - CMA 238 Taco Pit 273670 8945482 311 40
Ar/39Ar Phyllic altered quartz sericite 9.9±0.1 Love et al., 2003 DL7
monzonite porphyry
DDH- CMA 009 Taco Pit 274050 8945310 82.2 40
Ar/39Ar Phyllic altered quartz biotite 10.09±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL8
monzonite porphyry
DDH- CMA 009 Taco Pit 274050 8945310 82.2 40
Ar/39Ar Phyllic altered quartz sericite 9.81±0.06 Love et al., 2003 DL9
monzonite porphyry
DDH CMA 206 Taco Pit 273464 8944898 147.2 40
Ar/39Ar Early massive endoskarn ser,plg 10.00±0.16 Love et al., 2003 DL10
DDH CMA 206 Taco Pit 273464 8944898 45.5 40 39
Ar/ Ar Late white endoskarn ser,plg 9.8±0.1 Love et al., 2003 DL11

DDH CMA 226 Taco Pit 274100 8945180 459.6 40 39

Ar/ Ar Coarse grained porphyry biotite 10.18±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL12
DDH CMA 335 Taco Pit 273862 8945425 76.8 40
Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite sericite 9.75±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL13
porphyry
DDH CMA 335 Taco Pit 273862 8945425 76.8 40
Ar/39Ar K-altered quartz monzonite biotite 10.18±0.07 Love et al., 2003 DL14
porphyry
L-14 Taco Pit 273508 8945138 123-127 K-Ar K-altered quartz monzonite K-feldspar 9.6±0.2 McKee et al., 1979 EM3
porphyry
R-16 Taco Pit 273508 8945138 135-137 K-Ar K-altered quartz monzonite biotite 10.1±0.6 McKee et al., 1979 EM4
porphyry
ANT-183 Usu Pallares 272830 8943982 0 40
Ar/39Ar I-2-C porphyry Ksp 10.1±0.1 Love et al., 2003 DL15
ANT-WEST-F Usu Pallares 272599 8944026 0 K-Ar K-altered, plg-rich porphyry K-feldspar 10.4±0.4 McKee et al., 1979 EM5
86

with large Ksp megacrysts

3.4.3.2 Samples and analytical methods
Ten representative samples of intrusive rocks from Antamina, Usu Pallares, Fortuna
40
and Condorcocha have been dated using Ar/39Ar and U-Pb isotope dilution thermal
ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) to constrain the magmatic and hydrothermal
chronology at Antamina and surroundings. U-Pb zircon geochronology has been used on
the altered and mineralized intrusions from Taco Pit considering that ID-TMS analyses of
carefully selected single or multi-grain fractions of zircons provide precise dates (Richards
and Noble, 1998) on altered intrusive rocks (Richards et al., 1999), whereas the low Ar
40
retention temperatures of alteration minerals might affect the accuracy of Ar/39Ar ages
(Deckart et al., 2005). Four samples from the QFP dikes at Quarry Bench and Fortuna, one
sample from the Condorcocha stock, two mineral separates from Oscarina dike, and one
40
sample from the endoskarn at Taco Pit have been dated using the Ar/39Ar technique,
whereas three samples of the hydrothermal altered intrusions from Taco Pit (syn and post
mineral), and one of Usu Pallares were dated with U-Pb ID-TIMS technique (Table 3.2).
Biotite flakes from the QFP dikes from Fortuna, Quarry Bench and Oscarina, and
hornblende crystals from the Condorcocha intrusion and the Taco Pit endoskarn were
analyzed with the multistep 40Ar/39Ar age spectra, whereas pink selected zircon grains were
analyzed by U-Pb ID-TIMS.
Sample description and locations are given in Fig. 3.6 and Table 3.2.
Geochronology results herein is reported from the oldest to youngest sample by sample,
40
starting with the incremental heating Ar/39Ar spectra of biotite and hornblende from the
QFP dikes at Fortuna, Quarry Bench, Condorcocha, Oscarina and Taco Pit, and then with
the U-Pb zircon analyses of the apparent syn-mineral Taco pit porphyry, Usupallares and a
possible late dike within Taco pit.
Analyses, data processing and calculation of 40Ar/39Ar ages were performed by Tom
Ullrich of the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at the
University of British Columbia, whereas analyses, data processing and calculation of U-Pb
40
concordia ages were performed by Richard Friedman of the PCIGR. Ar/39Ar and U-Pb
ID-TIMS analytical procedures and systematics of data interpretation are described in
40
Appendix B2. Details of the Ar/39Ar analyses, including plateau (spectrum) and inverse

87
 Table 3.2: Description and age of intrusive rocks at Antamina

Sample N° Location Collar East Collar North rock type Mineral Method Description Age ± 2σ MSWD Code
UTM UTM dated
4PAA127 Condorcocha 273049 8947008 Quartz feldspar hornblende 40
Ar/ 39Ar Magmatic biotite partly replaced by sericite and epidote. 10.85±0.25 0.66 AE1
porphyry dike Few hornblende crystals moderately argillized and
chloritized
4PAA125 Fortuna dike 273323 8946332 Silicified dacite biotite 40
Ar/ 39Ar Magmatic biotite partly replaced by chlorite ± epidote. 10.94±0.08 0.77 AE2
porphyry dike Traces sericite in quartz feldspar rock matrix. Relicts of
hornblende replaced by chlorite
2PAT-06 Oscarina dike 274744 8945202 hb-bio-plg porphyry biotite 40 39
Ar/ Ar 10.76±0.16 0.84 AE3

2PAT-06 Oscarina dike 274744 8945202 hb-bio-plg porphyry hornblende 40 39

Ar/ Ar 10.6±1.1 0.21 AE4

4PAA230 Quarry Bench 273819 8946100 Quartz feldspar biotite 40

Ar/ 39Ar Moderately argillized QFP, with more plagioclase than 10.93±0.09 0.77 AE5
porphyry dike K-feldspar. Biotite is partly replaced by epidote and clay

4PAA231 Quarry Bench 273918 8945984 Quartz feldspar biotite 40

Ar/ 39Ar Magmatic biotite partly replaced by sericite and epidote. 10.85±0.07 0.77 AE6
porphyry dike Rock matrix is formed by microcrystalline quartz,
argillized feldspar and pyroxene needles.
2PAT-02 Taco Pit 273553 8945299 endoskarn hornblende 40 39
Ar/ Ar 10.29±0.36 0.74 AE7
2PAT-11 Taco Pit 273755 8945467 Biotite-plagioclase zircon 206
Pb/238U 10.73±0.10 N.A. AE8
porphyry
2PAT-18 Taco Pit 273621 8945324 Late dike zircon 206
Pb/238U 10.52±0.17 0.78 AE9
2PAT-08 Usu Pallares 273564 8945101 Biotite-orthoclase zircon 206 238
Pb/ U 10.56±0.21 0.02 AE10
megacryst dike
88
Figure 3.6: Simplified geological map of Antamina with the location of previous and new samples taken for
geochronology. Modified from Compania Minera Antamina S.A., 2002

89
correlation plots, are presented in Appendix B3, whereas U-Pb analytical data is presented
in Table 3.3.

3.4.3.3 40Ar/39Ar geochronology

Argon spectra were collected from biotite (1 to 1.5 mm size) extracted from the
Fortuna Dike (4PAA125) sample. Biotite grains were heated in 10 and 9 steps yielding
39
well-defined plateaus that represent almost 90% of the Ar released. These plateaus
correspond to a nearly constant radiogenic yield and almost constant low value of Ca/K
ratio. The plateau steps record an apparent age of 10.94 ± 0.08 Ma with a mean standard
weighted deviation (MSWD) = 0.77 for the first run (Fig. 3.7A), and an apparent age of
11.03 ± 0.08 Ma with a MSWD = 1.08 for the second run. The inverse isochron for both
runs yield well-defined regression lines - MSWD = 0.94 (Fig. 3.7A’) and 0.88, respectively
36
- for all the steps chosen. The Ar/40Ar intercept indicates an atmospheric trapped initial
component for biotite. Considering the similar values obtained in both runs, a value of
10.94 ± 0.08 Ma was chosen as the plateau age of the Fortuna dike, because it represents
the better plateau (Fig. 3.7A).
Biotites from two other QFP dikes at the Quarry Bench area (samples 4PAA230 and
40
4PAA231 – see Table 3.2) were also analyzed by the Ar/39Ar method. Biotite from
sample 4PAA230 (1 to 1.5 mm size) was heated in two runs of 11 and 10 steps,
respectively, that produced well-defined plateaus without discordant steps at the initial low-
temperature intervals of the process. These plateaus also indicate an almost constant
radiogenic yield and a steadily decreasing Ca/K ratio. The plateau steps record apparent
ages of 10.93 ± 0.09 Ma with a MSWD = 0.77 for the first run (Fig. 3.7B) and 10.91 ± 0.10
Ma with a MSWD = 0.69 for the second run. The inverse isochron for this sample yields
well-defined regression lines - MSWD = 0.69 (Fig. 3.7B’) and 0.49 - for all the steps
36
chosen in both runs. The Ar/40Ar intercept indicates an atmospheric trapped initial
component for the biotite of this dike. A plateau age of 10.93 ± 0.09 Ma was chosen
because it represents the better plateau of the two runs (Figure 3.7B).
Coarse-grained, 1-2 mm biotite flakes from sample 4PAA231were heated in two
runs of 9 steps yielding well-defined plateaus without discordant steps at the initial low-
temperature interval of the process. These plateaus also indicate an almost constant

90
 Figure 3.7: 40Ar/39Ar apparent age spectra and 36Ar/40Ar vs. 39Ar/40Ar isochron diagrams for samples from the QFP dikes at Fortuna, Quarry Bench and
Condorcocha.
91
radiogenic yield and a steadily decreasing Ca/K ratio. The plateau steps record apparent
ages of 10.86 ± 0.07 Ma with a MSWD = 0.77 for the first run (Fig. 3.7C) and 10.84 ± 0.07
Ma with a MSWD = 0.46 for the second run. The inverse isochron for this sample yields
well-defined regression lines - MSWD = 0.92 (Fig. 3.7C’) and 0.43, respectively - for all
36
the steps chosen in both runs. The Ar/40Ar intercept indicates an atmospheric trapped
initial component for the biotite of this dike. A plateau age of 10.86 ± 0.07 Ma was inferred
for this dike (Figure 3.7C).
Hornblende from sample 4PAA127 (1 to 2 mm size) was heated in two runs of 9
steps yielding well-defined plateaus without discordant steps at the initial low-temperature
interval of the process. The first plateau indicates an almost constant radiogenic yield but a
moderately high Ca/K ratio. The plateau steps record an apparent age of 10.85 ± 0.25 Ma
with a MSWD = 0.66 for the first run (Fig. 3.7D) and 10.90 ± 0.26 Ma with a MSWD =
0.28 for a second high temperature run. The inverse isochron for this sample yields a well-
defined regression line (MSWD = 0.63 for the first run (Fig. 3.7D’). The 36Ar/40Ar intercept
indicates an atmospheric trapped initial component for the biotite of this dike. A plateau
age of 10.85 ± 0.25 Ma was adopted for the Condorcocha dike (Fig. 3.7D).
Biotite (0.5 to 2 mm size) and hornblende (0.3 to 0.8 mm size) phenocrysts (sample
40
2PAT06) were analyzed by the Ar/39Ar method to constrain the timing of the Oscarina
dike at the southeastern margin of the Taco pit. The biotite spectrum is disturbed only in the
first low-temperature fractions and might be attributed to a minor argon loss (McDougall
and Harrison, 1988). The other fractions form a plateau and are highly radiogenic with an
apparent age of 10.76 ± 0.16 Ma (Fig. 3.8A). Low Ca/K and Cl/K values indicate the
uniform mica population with minor heterogeneity (Villa et al., 1997) or that the influence
of excess radiogenic 40Ar (40ArE) on the apparent age of the steps is minimal (Harpel et al.,
2004) (Appendix B3). Hornblende from the same sample yields an apparent flat plateau
with large errors that could be related to the relative lack of potassium in the sample.
Hornblende apparent age of 10.6 ± 1.1 Ma might be used as the relative age of the dike
considering the high radiogenic yield of the last steps (Fig. 3.8B).
Hornblende from endoskarn (0.5 to 0.8 mm size) at Taco pit (sample 2PAT02)
yielded a plateau age of 10.29 ± 0.36 Ma, despite the large errors of the medium to high-

92
 Figure 3.8: 40Ar/39Ar apparent age spectra and 36Ar/40Ar vs. 39Ar/40Ar isochron diagrams for samples from the Oscarina dike and Taco Pit porphyry.
93
temperature steps (Fig. 3.8C). The relatively large error may be related to the scarcity of
potassium in the minerals analyzed, however this age is consistent with field relationships.

3.4.3.4 U-Pb geochronology

All U-Pb results for zircon are shown in Table 3.3. Age interpretations of the three
samples analyzed with U-Pb zircon technique are shown in Table 3.4. Four unabraded
zircon fractions from the biotite and K-feldspar-phyric dike from Taco Pit (sample 2PAT8),
equivalent to the Usu Pallares porphyry dike, were analyzed using the ID-TIMS U-Pb
technique. Zircon grains were high quality, clear and vivid pink prisms (Fig. 3.9A). Two
three-point regressions were plotted (Figs. 3.9A’ and 3.9A”) and the regression with less
scatter (lower MSWD) was preferred (table 3.3 and Fig. 3.9A’). Two fractions (A and D)
are close to the concordia curve (Fig. 3.9A’) and a third fraction (B) is very discordant. A
regression through the three analyses gives calculated lower and upper regression ages of
10.56 ± 0.21 Ma and 1411 ± 11 Ma, respectively, with a MSWD = 0.020. The lower
intercept is considered to give the crystallization age of the dike and the upper intercept
indicates a Mesoproterozoic age for the inherited zircon component.
Three air-abraded fractions of zircon from the biotite-plagioclase porphyry from
Taco Pit (sample 2PAT11) were analyzed (Fig. 3.9B). Two fractions (A and D) yielded
ages of 10.72 ± 0.03 and 10.73 ± 0.10 Ma (Table 3.3). An age of 10.73 ± 0.10 Ma is
assigned based on two concordant and overlapping analyses. A third fraction (B) gives
older Pb/U and Pb/Pb ages, indicating the presence of a minor older, inherited zircon
component. The three-point regression interpreted age of 10.4 ± 3.1 Ma was not considered
because of its imprecise lower intercept (Fig. 3.9B’).
Four fractions of pink, prismatic, air abraded zircons from a late dike that cuts skarn
with massive veins at Taco Pit (sample 2PAT18) were analyzed (Fig. 3.9C). Fractions B
and C were almost concordant with ages of 10.60 ± 0.03 and 10.71 ± 0.02 Ma, whereas
fractions A and D yielded older ages of 11.45 ± 0.08 and 16.79 ± 0.05 Ma, suggesting the
presence of inherited components. The four analyses define a linear array (Fig. 3.9C’) with
calculated lower and upper intercepts of 10.52 ± 0.17 Ma and 1010 ± 35 Ma, respectively.
The lower intercepted age is interpreted to give the emplacement age of the late dike in the
Taco Pit and the upper intercept indicates a Mesoproterozoic age of inherited zircons.

94
 Table 3.3: Zircon U-Pb TIMS analytical data
1 2 *3 206 4 5 6 7 ∠ 9 7
Fraction Wt U Pb Pb Pb Th/U Isotopic ratios ±1∠,% ∠ % Apparent ages ±2∠,Ma
204
(∠g) (ppm) (ppm) Pb (pg)
206
Pb/ U
238 207 235
Pb/ U
207 206
Pb/ Pb discordant 206 238
Pb/ U
207 235
Pb/ U
207 206
Pb/ Pb
2PAT8
A 84 865.9 1.56 423.6 18.8 0.602 0.00169 ± 0.38 0.0111 ± 1.44 0.04758 ± 1.31 0.451585 86.1 10.91 ±0.08 11.22 ± 0.32 78.2 ± 61.2/63.5
B 139 665.92 3.46 1798 15.4 0.620 0.00478 ± 0.08 0.0493 ± 0.20 0.07474 ± 0.14 0.806446 97.3 30.74 ±0.05 48.82 ± 0.19 1061.5 ± 5.7/5.7
C 134 678.35 1.64 1146 11.7 0.485 0.00233 ± 0.14 0.0166 ± 0.43 0.05149 ± 0.38 0.521528 94.4 15.02 ±0.04 16.68 ± 0.14 263.0 ± 17.4/17.6
D 64 828.29 1.44 595.8 9.4 0.524 0.00166 ± 0.28 0.0107 ± 1.37 0.04680 ± 1.28 0.406782 72.6 10.68 ±0.06 10.80 ± 0.29 38.9 ± 60.0/62.3

2PAT11
A 2 91 590.7 0.99 596.0 9.6 0.399 0.00167 ± 0.16 0.01062 ± 1.03 0.04627 ± 0.97 0.425488 8.8 10.72 ±0.03 10.73 ± 0.22 11.8 ± 46.1/47.4
B 10 126 609.75 1.45 555.3 19.8 0.597 0.00223 ± 0.21 0.0145 ± 0.71 0.04715 ± 0.63 0.492012 74.8 14.36 ±0.06 14.61 ± 0.21 56.8 ± 29.9/30.4
D 3 71 721.75 1.21 725.8 7.5 0.380 0.00167 ± 0.45 0.01079 ± 3.20 0.04694 ± 2.98 0.538299 76.9 10.73 ±0.10 10.89 ± 0.69 46.4 ± 136.6/148.9

2PAT18
A 161 525.64 0.94 456.4 21.3 0.386 0.00178 ± 0.37 0.01193 ± 1.27 0.04865 ± 1.18 0.392587 91.3 11.45 ±0.08 12.04 ± 0.31 131.2 ± 54.5/56.4
B 163 562.81 0.93 933.8 10.2 0.365 0.00165 ± 0.13 0.0105 ± 0.62 0.04627 ± 0.58 0.430253 10.4 10.60 ±0.03 10.61 ± 0.13 11.8 ± 27.6/28.0
C 161 696.38 1.17 1086 10.8 0.385 0.00166 ± 0.11 0.0108 ± 0.90 0.04711 ± 0.86 0.474557 80.6 10.71 ±0.02 10.91 ± 0.20 54.9 ± 40.3/41.3
D 168 533.0 1.41 1131 13.0 0.391 0.00261 ± 0.15 0.02024 ± 0.40 0.05628 ± 0.36 0.489379 96.5 16.79 ±0.05 20.34 ± 0.16 463.5 ± 15.7/15.8
1
All zircon grains selected for analysis were air abraded prior to dissolution except 2PAT8, D. Fraction ID; A, B, etc, followed by number of grains.
2
U blank correction of 1pg ± 20%; U fractionation corrections were measured for each run with a double 233-235U spike.
3
Radiogenic Pb
4
Measured ratio corrected for spike and Pb % fractionation of 0.32/amu ± 20% (Daly collector) which was determined by repeated analysis of NBS Pb 981 reference
material throughout the course of this study.
5
Total common Pb in analysis based on blank isotopic composition: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.5 ± 3%, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.8 ± 3%, 208Pb/204Pb = 36.4 ± 0.5%.
6
Model Th/U derived from radiogenic 208Pb and the 207Pb/206Pb age of fraction; for monazites percent radiogenic 208Pb is listed.
7
Blank and common Pb corrected; blank corrections based on 5 pg procedural blanks; Common Pb concentrations are based on Stacey-Kramers model Pb at 10.6 Ma
(Stacey and Kramers, 1975)
8
Correlation coefficient
9
% discordance to origin
95
 Table 3.4: Summary of U-Pb zircon ages
sample rock type age (Ma) 2° (Ma) upper intercept ± 2° , MSWD comment
2PAT8 biotite-Kspar 10.56 0.21 1411 ± 11 [±13] 0.02 three point regression (preferred)
megacryst dike

2PAT8 biotite-orthoclase 10.18 0.64 683 ± 85 [±86] 0.29 three point regression
megacryst dike
2PAT11 biotite-plagioclase 10.73 0.10 NA NA two concordant fractions
porphyry

2PAT11 biotite-plagioclase 10.4 3.1 165 ± 160 0.20 three point regression
porphyry
2PAT18 plagioclase-poor 10.52 0.17 1010 ± 35 [±36] 0.78 four point regression
porphyry (late dike)

Preferred ages interpretations are shown in bold font.

2PAT8: two three-point regressions listed; regression with less scatter (lower MSWD) is preferred; the two lower intercept regression ages overlap within error.
2PAT11: age is based on two concordant and overlapping analyses; three point regression gives overlapping but imprecise lower intercept.
2PAT18: age is based on lower intercept of four point regression.
upper intercept errors in brackets include 2s errors associated with U decay constants.
96
 Figure 3.9: Photographs of representative zircons from 2PAT series of samples, and 206Pb/238U vs. 207Pb/235U concordia plots for three intrusive rocks from Taco
Pit. A. Biotite-orthoclase megacryst porphyry dike (2PAT-08). B. Biotite-plagioclase porphyry (2PAT-11). C. Late dike at Taco pit (2PAT-18).
97
3.4.3.5 Interpretation of 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb results
Dating results from Antamina and surroundings indicate a short span for the
40
intrusive activity in the area (Table 3.2). Biotite from QFP dikes yielded Ar/39Ar ages
consistent with crosscutting relationships and range between 10.86 ± 0.07 and 10.94 ± 0.08
Ma (Table 3.2, Fig. 3.10). These ages are slightly older than the U-Pb ages on zircon of the
main intrusive phases at Antamina: 10.7 Ma on average (this study) and, apparently
younger than the 40Ar/39Ar ages of dikes at Condorcocha: 11 to 11.5 Ma on biotite (Love et
al., 2003) and 10.85 ± 0.25 Ma on hornblende (this study). However, ages of QFP dikes and
the stock at Condorcocha are within analytical uncertainty of each other and may be coeval.
40
Biotite Ar/39Ar ages of the QFP dikes are interpreted to be cooling ages because
all dikes have approximately the same age despite being sampled at variable distances to
the mineralized pluton at Antamina. Moreover, age relationships between the intrusive
phases at Antamina (younger) and the QFP dikes (older) are not consistent with a process
of thermal resetting. The grain size of biotite from the QFP dikes is similar at different
locations from Antamina, and also with the nominal diffusion half-length used by Harrison
at al. (1985) to calculate a closure temperature of 350˚C. The closure temperature of QFP
dikes is likely higher than 350˚C because the cooling rate is likely an order of magnitude
faster than the value used by Harrison et al. (1985).
Previous studies (Love et al., 2003) on the dikes within the Taco Pit suggest an
interval for the intrusion and mineralization event in Antamina of 10.02 to 10.47 Ma and
9.68 to 10.16 Ma respectively (Fig. 3.10). These ages are younger than U-Pb ages
determined in this study and might be associated with the approximate age of intrusive
40
cooling and mineralization in Antamina. The Ar/39Ar age of an endoskarn sample taken
from the Taco pit (sample 2PAT02) would confirm this interpretation. In contrast, U-Pb
ages on zircons (closure temperature of about 940˚C, Cherniak and Watson, 2000) would
indicate the crystallization age of the Taco Pit dikes because radiogenic Pb cannot be lost
easily from magmatic zircon generated in high temperature crustal environments such as
short-lived magmatic bodies (Mezger and Krogstad, 1997).
The higher degree of potassic alteration and extensive zones of bleaching suggest a
protracted magmatic and hydrothermal activity at Antamina, where the late stage of
intrusive activity seems to have migrated to the south (Usu Pallares). Alteration and

98
Figure 3.10: Summary diagram of geologic ages and interpreted events between Antamina and Condorcocha.
Error bars indicate 2σ uncertainty associated with each age.

99
mineralization associated with the QFP dikes diminish in intensity from deep (Quarry
Bench) to shallow levels (Fortuna East). Alteration overprints dike crystallization textures
suggesting a younger age for the Ag-base metal mineralization along the dikes in
comparison to the skarn mineralization at Antamina. Therefore, alteration patterns observed
around the QFP dikes are directly related to the spent mineralizing fluids emerged from the
centre of Antamina skarn deposit. Similar 40Ar/39Ar ages of the QFP dikes at Fortuna and
Quarry Bench indicate that the later intrusion activity developed at Taco Pit did not reset
the ages of these dikes. In summary, QFP dikes between Antamina, Fortuna and
Condorcocha are older than the series of stocks and dikes present at Antamina (Taco Pit).
Age determination of dikes and stocks between Antamina and Condorcocha confirms that
mineralization at Antamina probably occurred over a period of a few hundred thousand of
years or 1 million years maximum, similar to many other mineralized systems in the world
(Henry et al., 1997; Pollard et al., 2005).

3.5 Host rocks and visible alteration patterns

3.5.1 Methods
Lithologic units identified and mapped in the field (Fig. 3.3) were classified using
the manual for core logging and codification prepared by the Antamina Geology
Department (CMA 2000). These units are named based on the predominance of one
lithology or the co-existence of two rock types with similar proportions. Lithological units
were taken from the geological map used in the mine (CMA 2002). Individual lithological
types found between Antamina and Condorcocha are described below starting in the
relatively unaltered rocks (limestone) and finishing with the description of the skarn and
veins. Mineral composition was determined by petrographic microscope, Portable Infrared
Mineral Analyzer (PIMA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by the Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy (EDS) on the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A summary of mineral
content of all the lithological units at Antamina is given in Table 3.5. The complete list of
all the mineralogical observations is shown in Appendix B4. X-ray diffractograms are
collected in Appendix B5.
Mineralogical composition of the rocks around the skarn of Antamina indicates that
alteration extended into the limestone units close to the hornfels aureole to the skarn.

100
 Table 3.5: Host rock mineral assemblage at Antamina

Lithology Mineralogy
Limestone volume %
Gray massive 70% calcite, 12% quartz, 8% albite, 5% k-spar, 3% chlorite, 2% Ca-plagioclase, 0.5%
pyrrhotite; traces augite, biotite, titanite, apatite. Local ankerite, rutile
Brownish gray fissile 92% calcite, 2% quartz, 2% albite, trz k-spar, 0.5% chlorite-clinochlore, 3% Ca-plagioclase,
0.5% pyrite; traces biotite, titanite, apatite. Local ankerite, illite
Hornfels volume %
Tan 40-60% calcite, 1-35% K-spar, 10-20% Ca-plagioclase, 5-10% quartz, 0.5-10% biotite, 2-
6% chlorite, 1-2% phlogopitic biotite, 2-3% epidote, 1-2% LREE rich epidote, 1-5%
pyrite, 0.5-3% titanite, trz-0.5% apatite, trz rutile. Local 4% diopside, 1% tremolite, albite,
grossular
Gray 60% calcite, 15-20% diopside, 5-15% k-spar, 5% Ca plagioclase, 1-2% epidote, trz-2%
quartz, trz-3% pyrite, 0.5-1% titanite, trz-1% apatite, trz albite, local amphibole, grossular,
mica, clinochlore, sphalerite, dolomite
Greenish gray 20-60% k-spar, 14-33% calcite, 6-35% diopside, 1-14% Ca-plagioclase, 0.5-2% LREE rich
epidote, trz-18% epidote, trz-3% chlorite, trz-1% quartz, trz-2% pyrite, trz-1% titanite,
apatite. Local trz-1% albite, trz scapolite, mica
Pale green to white 15-53% diopside, 18-60% k-spar, 5-30% calcite, 5-25% Ca-plagioclase, trz-3% epidote,
local 1-2% LREE epidote, trz-2% pyrite, trz-1% quartz, trz-0.5% chlorite, 0.5-2% titanite, trz-
0.5% apatite. Local 1% albite, grossular, sphalerite. Local trz augite, scapolite, biotite

Marble volume %
Tan 25-70% calcite, 20-55% k-spar, 10-15% phlogopitic biotite, 3-6% quartz, 0.5-3% Ca
plagioclase, 1-2% pyrite, 0.5-4% titanite, 0.5% chlorite-clinochlore, trz apatite. Local 2%
tremolite, 1% diopside, trz augite, wollastonite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite
Gray 65-80% calcite, 5-18% Ca-plagioclase, 0.5-10% k-spar, 7-8% scapolite, trz-10% quartz, 2-
3% phlogopitic biotite, 2% diopside, 1-2% pyrrhotite, 0.5-2% titanite, trz apatite. Local 0.5%
tremolite, epidote, 1% chlorite, 2% pyrite, trz biotite, zircon, chalcopyrite. Local albite,
grossular, augite
Greenish gray ~70% calcite, 10-12% diopside, 5-10% k-spar, 5-8% Ca-plagioclase, 2-3% tremolite, 2%
quartz, 1% pyrite, trz-0.5% epidote, titanite, trz-1% apatite, trz augite, wollastonite. Local
amphibole, grossular, mica, clinochlore, sphalerite
Massive white 84-92% calcite, 3-5% diopside, 0.5-3% scapolite, 1-2% Ca-plagioclase, pyrite; trz-2% k-
spar, trz-1% tremolite, 0.5% phlogopitic biotite, titanite; trz-0.5% quartz, sphalerite, apatite.
Local andradite, grossular, vesuvianite, clinochlore
Diffusional white 30-50% k-spar, 20-30% calcite, 5-20% diopside, 2-10% quartz, 3-10% pyrite, trz-1% Ca-
plagioclase, 0.5-1% titanite, 0.5% apatite. Local 5% phlogopitic biotite, 1% albite, pyrrhotite,
sphalerite; 0.5% augite, trz tremolite, chlorite, chalcopyrite.
Skarn volume %
Brown garnet 88% andradite, 4.5% diopside, 4% calcite, 2% corundum, 1% quartz, 0.5% chalcopyrite, trz
endoskarn sphalerite
Green garnet exoskarn 56% andradite, 20% diopside, 12% chalcopyrite, 6% corundum, 5% sphalerite, 1% quartz

101
Protolith composition of the interbedded sequence of marble and hornfels are defined by
the samples taken at more than 100 meters from dikes. The composition of these rocks is as
follows: calcite + quartz + albite ± biotite ± chlorite ± dolomite ± ankerite. It is possible
that dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and ankerite (Ca2MgFe(CO3)4) reported by the powder XRD
examination in the limestones at Fortuna are the last products of rock diagenesis.

3.5.2 Limestone
Gray to brownish gray limestone and marly limestone are the predominant rock
types around Antamina (Figs. 3.11A and B). These rocks appear as thin to thick-bedded
units striking NNW and dipping mainly to the west, despite the moderate to strong folding
and faulting they were affected. Most limestone units are fossiliferous and contain
diagenetic pyrite.
Gray massive limestone is not as abundant as marly limestone and it consists of fine
to medium-grained calcite, with minor amounts of quartz, plagioclase (albite > anorthite),
K-feldspar, biotite and chlorite (Figs. 3.11C and D). Sulfides account for 0.5% vol. of the
sample and they consist of minute disseminated pyrite and local pyrrhotite. Pyrite also
appears as parallel and planar veins sometimes with thin bleached halos, whereas pyrrhotite
is mainly observed in the moderately silicified limestone within the proximal 75 metres to
the thermal aureole of Antamina and Condorcocha skarn systems (traverses 1, 13, 7 and
10). However, pyrrhotite is not detected in limestone relatively distal from the ore skarn at
Antamina West, where it is concentrated in the tan to light gray marble units 300 metres
from the skarn-marble contact (Fig. 3.1C). Gray limestone outcrops in thick layers with a
rough flutted surface (lapiaz texture) developed by weathering. These rocks have a high
fossiliferous content, especially foraminifera and radiolaria (5-60%) supported in a micritic,
brown calcite groundmass (Fig. 3.11C) varying texturally from mudstone to wackestone.
Reflecting optical microscopy did not identify black organic carbon. However, it might be
present in small amounts and as very fine dispersed grains within the rock matrix to yield
the gray color of limestone.
Marly limestone is distinguished by laminations and a pencil texture that develops
during weathering (Fig. 3.11B). These rocks are interbedded with gray massive limestone
forming beds up to 2 metres thick. Marly limestone is more abundant than gray massive
limestone between Antamina, Fortuna and Condorcocha and exhibit relicts of stromatolite

102
Figure 3.11 Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of limestone from Antamina. A. Massive
limestone at transect 13 (3PAA255 sample location). B. Brownish gray marly limestone at Yanacancha
showing pencil texture (4PAA238 sample location). C. Photomicrograph of a coarse-grained fossiliferous
limestone from transect 13 (sample 3PAA257, cross polars). D. SEM image of massive limestone showing a
high siliciclastic content (sample 3PAA257). E. Photomicrograph of a fine-grained, laminar, fossiliferous
limestone from Yanacancha (sample 4PAA238, cross polars). F. SEM image of marly limestone from
Yanacancha. Observe also the relative high content of siliciclastic material (sample 4PAA238).

103
similar to those observed in the Celendin Formation (Cobbing, et al., 1996). There is no
discernable significant mineralogical and petrographic difference between massive and
marly limestone other than the presence of ooids (Fig. 3.11E), and local trace amounts of
dolomite and ankerite in the latter. Massive and marly limestone at Yanacancha shows a
slight brownish tint (Fig. 3.11B). No micas were identified in these rocks and the brownish
color is probably due to the presence of chlorite and the oxidation of pyrite (Fig. 3.11F).

3.5.3 Sedimentological and stratigraphic constraints

Field and petrographic evidence around Antamina documents widespread impure
limestone rocks with minor but important amounts of detrital quartz, plagioclase, k-
feldspar, biotite and chlorite. Microfossils and cubic and framboidal pyrite are other
important components of these rocks that it can be suggested the influx of deltaic material
into a relatively anoxic marine environment as the possible sedimentological scenario for
the host-rocks around Antamina. These sedimentological features may correspond to the
Upper Cenomanian – Lower Turonian unit IV of Jumasha Formation (Jaillard, 1986;
Angeles, 2002). Coarse-grained white and gray marble adjacent to the skarn ore body are
likely associated with pure limestone protolith and therefore to the Jumasha Formation.
Silica-rich units have not been recognized within the limestone sequence around Antamina
suggesting the relative scarcity of biogenic silica. However, the presence of stromatolites
and the predominance of hornfels may reflect Celendin protolith. In conclusion, Antamina
skarn deposit should have formed in the transition between Jumasha and Celendin
Formation as stated by Love et al. (2004). Since limestone rocks are rich in fossils,
biostratigraphic assessment of the host rocks around Antamina may help to overcome this
problem.

3.5.4 Hornfels
Hornfels form the outer alteration halo to the Antamina and Condorcocha skarn
systems and also occurs adjacent to QFP dikes. Hornfels is more abundant in the eastern
and southern margin of the deposit (Fig. 3.1C) where it consists of alternating gray and
greenish gray thin layers. At the northwestern margin of the deposit, brownish gray
hornfels occurs as thicker layers interbedded with white, gray and brown marble horizons.

104
Hornfels dominate the aureole at Condorcocha although no tan hornfels has been
recognized in this area.
In general, four different hornfels units are recognized in the Antamina District
based on color: gray, greenish gray, pale green to white and tan. All hornfels are fine-
grained.
Gray hornfels occurs at Quarry Bench as thin beds inter-layered with tan marble
and limestone, at Fortuna and Fortuna East as metre-scale halos to QFP dikes, at
Condorcocha as an outer alteration halo to the skarn system (Fig. 3.1C), and at Ridge Road
and Peak Nine as interlayers with tan and greenish gray hornfels (Figs. 3.12A and B). Gray
hornfels appears as fine-grained mass of carbonates supporting 1-2% volume of detrital
material mainly microfossils and opaque minerals (Figs. 3.12C and D). SEM examination
of these samples determined the presence of calcite, diopside, K-feldspar and scapolite with
minor amounts of quartz, plagioclase (albite), epidote, titanite and apatite.
Scapolite occurs as cm-scale euhedral crystals (porphyroblasts) partially replaced by
k-feldspar, diopside, epidote and calcite, suggesting the early growth for scapolite (Fig.
3.12E). K-feldspar, plagioclase and calcite form the rock matrix, which is initially invaded
by diopside and then by epidote (Fig. 3.12F). Two generations of calcite are recognized, the
former associated with K-feldspar and plagioclase whereas the latter appear associated with
diopside, epidote and sulfides.
Sulfide mineral content ranges between trace to two percent by volume. They
consist of disseminated pyrite and pyrrhotite, where the latter appear predominantly in the
traverses proximal to Condorcocha and in the Ridge Road. Gray hornfels is texturally very
similar to limestones and likely represents the thermal altered product of gray limestone.
The gray color of hornfels is probably due to the presence of very fine grains of black
organic matter within the calcite aggregates.
Greenish gray hornfels is interbedded with gray hornfels and tan marble at Quarry
Bench, Ridge Road, Oscarina and Peak Nine (Fig. 3.1C). It also forms the transition
between garnet skarn and gray hornfels at Condorcocha and Ridge Road, and between
garnet skarn and tan marble at Quarry Bench (Fig. 3.13A). Greenish gray hornfels is
typically intermingled with green calc-silicate + calcite + sulfides lenses and veinlets with
cm-scale bleaching halos (Fig. 3.13B). It contains K-feldspar, diopside, calcite, plagioclase,

105
 A B
QFP

gray hornfels

C D

0 125µ 0 250µ

E F
Scap Diop
Calc Calc
Epd Diop
Py Ksp
Plg
Ksp Plg
Epd
Alb
Py
Plg Ksp Apat Ksp Ksp
Epd

Plg
Ksp Plg Diop Calc Diop
Ksp
Ksp
Scap
Calc
0 50µ
0 50µ

Figure 3.12: Captions are on the following page

106
Figure 3.12: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of gray hornfels from Antamina.
A. Pod of dark gray hornfels/marble surrounded by light gray marble at Peak Nine.
B. Light gray hornfels bed in contact with a QFP sill at the Ridge Road. A metre-scale skarn halo appears in
both sides of the intrusive-hornfels contact.
C. Photomicrograph of a local sulfide-rich centimeter-scale band of gray hornfels taken at 0.6 m from a QFP
sill (sample 4PAA203, crossed nicols).
D. Photomicrograph of a sulfide-poor gray hornfels taken at 0.6 m from a QFP sill (sample 4PAA203, crossed
nicols).
E. SEM image of the sulfide-rich gray hornfels showing K-spar and diopside replacing scapolite
porphyroblasts, where K-spar pre-dates diopside (sample 4PAA203).
F. SEM image of gray hornfels showing a K-feldspar + calcite assemblage replaced initially by diopside and
then by epidote (sample 4PAA203, Ridge Road).

107
Figure 3.13: Captions are on the next page.

108
Figure 3.13: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of green to light green hornfels.
A. Lateral variation of tan marble (sample 3PAA121) changing from right to left into bleached marble
(sample 3PAA122), then into light green hornfels (sample 3PAA123) and finally into a green hornfels
(sample 3PAA124). Photo taken at transect 2, Quarry Bench.
B. Vertical variation of tan marble to light gray hornfels and then to green hornfels at Quarry Bench.
C. Photomicrograph of green hornfels showing fine-grained calc-silicates + calcite + biotite? ± quartz and
coarse-grained epidote + sulfide patches (sample 3PAA124, crossed nicols).
D. Photomicrograph of light green hornfels showing aggregates of epidote + sulfide in a fine-grained calcite +
calc-silicate matrix (sample 3PAA123, parallel nicols).
E. SEM image of green hornfels showing K-feldspar replacing plagioclase and epidote replacing diopside
(sample 3PAA124).
F. SEM image of light green hornfels showing K-feldspar replacing plagioclase, diopside replacing K-
feldspar, whereas epidote, calcite and chlorite replace diopside (sample 3PAA123).

109
epidote and chlorite, with minor amounts of quartz, where epidote appears forming patches
associated with sulfides mainly pyrite (Figs. 3.13C and D). Trace amounts of chalcopyrite,
galena and sphalerite are also recognized within these rocks especially as fracture fillings.
Rock matrix consists of calcite, K-feldspar and plagioclase. Traces of microfossils are also
distinguished within the rock matrix. K-feldspar replaces plagioclase and it is replaced by
diopside and calcite (Figs. 3.13E and F). Chlorite and epidote are abundant close to the
mineralized QFP dikes suggesting that retrograde alteration at Antamina was centered on
these dikes. Epidote appears associated with calcite forming aggregates replacing diopside
and in contact with plagioclase and K-feldspar suggesting the last stage formation of
epidote (Fig. 3.13F). According to the mineral composition of these rocks, the green color
of hornfels seems to be due to the combined presence of diopside, epidote and chlorite.
Pale green to white hornfels appears as meter-scale layers interbedded with
greenish gray hornfels and fine-grained green garnet skarn or skarnoids (Fig. 3.14A). There
is not a conspicuous mineralogical and textural difference between white and light green
hornfels. White hornfels mainly appear as cm to metre scale halos to calc-silicate ± sulfide
veins and patches (Fig. 3.14B) or in proximity to mineralized quartz-feldspar porphyry
dikes (Fig. 3.13A) especially at the Quarry Bench, Ridge Road and Oscarina areas. It is
also a mappable unit at Condorcocha where it is intermingled with lenses of fine-grained
green garnet skarn (Fig. 3.1C). Pale green to white hornfels consist of calcite, K-feldspar,
diopside, epidote (Figs. 3.14C, D and E), and chlorite (Fig. 3.14F) with minor amounts of
quartz, albite, pyrite, titanite and sphalerite, biotite, vesuvianite, scapolite and Ca-
plagioclase. However, it is worth noting the relative high diopside content of white
hornfels. Epidote with LREE epidote halos appears replacing diopside, which formerly
replaced a K-feldspar + calcite matrix. Based on the mineral content, the pale green to
white color of hornfels is probably due to the relatively high content of diopside, the
absence of phlogopitic biotite and organic carbon.
Tan hornfels outcrops west of the Antamina open pit and sparsely within the Ridge
Road, Oscarina and Peak Nine zones (Fig. 3.1C). It commonly occurs intermingled with tan
and gray marble and gray hornfels. The contacts between tan, white and green hornfels
commonly crosscut sedimentary layering at Quarry Bench and Peak Nine (Figs. 3.15A,B).
Tan hornfels appears also as alteration patches within bleached tan marble especially close

110
Figure 3.14: Captions are on the following page.

111
Figure 3.14: Photographs and SEM images of white hornfels.
A. Pattern of hornfels bleaching at Peak Nine.
B. Light gray to white hornfels halo around a calc-silicate vein that crosscut tan marble (sample 3PAA115,
Quarry Bench).
C. SEM image of massive bleached hornfels mainly composed of K-feldspar and diopside. Calcite,
plagioclase, chlorite and titanite occur in minor amounts (sample 2PAG59, Peak Nine).
D. SEM image of massive bleached hornfels showing K-feldspar, diopside, calcite and epidote with local
plagioclase and scapolite. Epidote and LREE epidote appear replacing diopside (sample 3PAA122, Quarry
Bench).
E. SEM image of bleached hornfels close to a green calc-silicate vein. Diopside appears replacing K-feldspar
and plagioclase, whereas epidote is replacing diopside (sample 3PAA115, Quarry Bench).
F. SEM image of a bleached tan hornfels 200 metres from the skarn front at Antamina West (sample
4PAA228). Rock texture is similar to the unaltered limestone.

112
Figure 3.15: Captions are on the next page.

113
Figure 3.15: Photographs and SEM images of tan hornfels.
A. Tan hornfels with bleaching centimeter-scale halo around calc-silicate + sulfide veinlet (sample 3PAA115,
Quarry Bench).
B. Tan hornfels with centimeter – scale bleaching halo around quartz + calcite + sulfide vein (sample
4PAA228).
C. SEM image of tan hornfels adjacent to a bleached halo showing the assemblage K-feldspar, calcite,
diopside and epidote, where epidote is replacing diopside (sample 3PAA115).
D. SEM image of massive tan hornfels showing phlogopitic biotite + K-feldspar + calcite ± plagioclase
matrix. Diopside occurs associated with calcite and sulfides (sample 3PAA115).
E. SEM image of massive tan hornfels showing quartz and plagioclase grains in a calcite + K-feldspar +
phlogopitic biotite matrix (sample 3PAA121).
F. SEM image of tan hornfels distal to Antamina showing a detrital texture similar to unaltered limestone
(sample 4PAA228).

114
to calc-silicates + calcite ± sulfides veinlets (Figs. 3.14B). Tan hornfels have not been
identified around the unmineralized Condorcocha skarn system. Tan hornfels contains fine-
grained calcite, K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite, phlogopitic biotite and chlorite
(Figs. 3.15C to F) with minor amounts of diopside, tremolite, albite, epidote, rutile, titanite
and apatite. K-feldspar content of tan hornfels is higher in samples proximal to the
Antamina skarn deposit (Figs. 3.15C, D and E) than in distal tan hornfels (Fig. 3.15F). This
feature is reflected in the K-feldspar/plagioclase ratio, which varies from 3/1 at Quarry
Bench to 1/15 outside of the deposit. In contrast, Fe-poor biotite (phlogopite), tremolite and
epidote are only observed in samples close to the skarn whereas biotite, chlorite and quartz
of likely detrital origin are more abundant distal to the skarn. Chlorite occurs in apparent
textural equilibrium with biotite, calcite, and K-feldspar distal to the ore deposit whereas it
is associated with pyrite, epidote and traces of diopside and tremolite close to the calcite +
sulfide (pyrite ± sphalerite) veins. Chlorite and epidote in samples proximal to the skarn
appears replacing plagioclase + K-feldspar matrix. In summary, tan color of hornfels is
probably due to the presence of biotite, K-feldspar and chlorite and may reflect a potassic
alteration event in Antamina.

3.5.5 Marble
Marble forms the closest alteration halo to the Antamina skarn, and is especially
prevalent in the lower southwestern half part of the deposit likely within the Jumasha
Formation (Figs. 3.1C and 3.2). Marble is best developed in the Antamina West area, where
it is zoned from white marble near skarn to gray marble distal to skarn (Fig. 3.2). Marble
zonation is oblique to sedimentary layering and defines a flame structure adjacent to
exoskarn (Figs. 3.2 and 3.16A). Marble is also identified in the upper and eastern parts of
the deposit (Quarry Bench, Ridge Road and Peak Nine), where it is fine-grained, and it
appears interbedded with hornfels, skarnoids and quartz feldspar porphyry dikes. Marble
and hornfels at these zones show gray, green, white and tan colors.
White marble occurs in massive zones that crosscut sedimentary bedding near the
Antamina skarn (Fig. 3.2) and as bedding-parallel units that extend several hundreds of
meters from skarn. Massive white marble and bedded white marble both contain irregular
calc-silicate veins and lenses that impart a greenish tint to the rock (Fig. 3.16B). Massive
white marble contains in excess of 90% volume coarse-grained calcite forming a mosaic

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Figure 3.16: Captions are on the next page.

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Figure 3.16: Photographs and SEM images of white marble.
A. Skarn – marble zoning around the Taco Pit intrusion at Antamina West showing the massive and layer
controlled bleaching.
B. Bleached margin to a diopside + wollastonite vein. Observe the light green hue of white marble (CMA 548
– 122 m depth).
C. SEM image of bleached marble close to a calc-silicate + sulfide vein. Scapolite is replaced by K-feldspar,
whereas both are replaced by diopside + calcite (sample 4PAA186).
D. SEM image of a sulfide-rich stylolite within a massive white marble. Scapolite and tremolite are replaced
by diopside (sample 4PAA186).
E. SEM image of light gray marble band within massive bleached marble showing plagioclase, diopside,
phlogopitic biotite, and probably organic matter along the grain boundaries of calcite (sample 4PAA136).
F. SEM image of bleached marble adjacent to a tan marble. Diopside appears replacing the K-feldspar +
calcite rock matrix (sample 3PAA114).

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texture (Fig. 3.16E) with 1-2% vol. Ca-rich plagioclase, 0.5% vol. phlogopitic biotite, 3-5%
vol. diopside, traces to 2% vol. K-feldspar, traces to 1% vol. tremolite, 0.5-3% vol.
scapolite, minor amounts of quartz, titanite and apatite, and local traces of andradite,
grossular, chlorite and vesuvianite (Figs. 3.16C, D, E ad F). Plagioclase, quartz, phlogopitic
biotite, K-feldspar, tremolite and scapolite are more abundant along stylolites (Fig. 3.16E).
K-feldspar appears replacing plagioclase and scapolite. Diopside is the most abundant calc-
silicate in white marble. It is observed replacing Ca-plagioclase, scapolite, tremolite and K-
feldspar (Figs. 3.16C and D). No epidote has been observed in white marble. Pyrite (1-2%
vol.) and sphalerite (0.5% vol.) are the most common sulfides in this zone, whereas
pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite only occur in trace amounts.
White marble distal to the skarn is fine to medium grained and it occurs as bedding
controlled thin layers, patches and halos adjacent to calcite + sulfide veinlets. The
mineralogical composition of this rock unit is similar to the proximal white marble
containing also albite, chlorite and augite (Fig. 3.16F).
Sharp boundaries between gray and white marble correspond to changes in black
organic carbon abundance. Organic carbon is lacking in white marble and disseminated in
gray marble. Gray to white marble zonation is often parallel to sedimentary bedding, but in
some instances clearly crosscut sedimentary layering (Figs. 3.17A and B). Bleached marble
decorates fluid flow pathways that are more pervasive near skarn and are thinner and
controlled by sedimentary layering distal to skarn. The ubiquity of green calc-silicate veins
and lenses in white marble suggests that in both massive and bedded white marble,
permeability was fracture controlled. These veins are sparse to absent in gray marble.
Gray marble is the dominant rock-type at Antamina West and forms an irregular 30
to 150 metres thick zone that lies immediately outboard of white marble (Fig. 3.1C). Gray
marble typically contains fewer sulfide and calc-silicate veins than white marble. It consists
of 65-80% vol. coarse-grained calcite, 7-8% vol. scapolite, 2-3% vol. phlogopitic biotite, 5-
8% vol. Ca-rich plagioclase, 1 to local 10% vol. K-feldspar, 2% vol. diopside, traces to
0.5% vol. tremolite, 1-2% vol. pyrrhotite, 0.5-1% vol. titanite and trace amounts of quartz,
grossular, augite, apatite, zircon, pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite (Figs. 3.17C, D and E).
It is worth noting that pyrrhotite is more abundant than pyrite in coarse-grained gray marble

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Figure 3.17: Captions are on the following page.

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Figure 3.17: Photographs, photomicrographs and SEM images of gray marble.
A. Partially bleached scapolite-rich coarse-grained gray marble with dark stylolites parallel to bedding
(sample 4PAA148).
B. Bleaching controlled by host rock fabric at Antamina West.
C. Photomicrograph of dark gray marble showing subhedral scapolite porphyroblasts associated with
plagioclase and partially replaced by diopside and calcite (sample 4PAA148).
D. SEM image of dark gray marble containing grains of K-feldspar, plagioclase, and phlogopitic biotite
mainly along the grain boundaries of calcite. Diopside appears replacing plagioclase.
E. SEM image of dark gray marble matrix close to a scapolite porphyroblast. Plagioclase appears as a halo to
scapolite, whereas diopside seems to replace scapolite (sample 3PAA332).
F. SEM image of fine-grained gray marble compositional and texturally similar to unaltered limestone but
with epidote-chlorite and pyrite as alteration products (sample 2PAG60, Peak Nine).

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proximal to the skarn. Textural relationships observed in coarse-grained gray marble
suggest the following sequence of mineral development:
scapolite, tremolite, calcite → K-feldspar → phlogopitic biotite, diopside → sulfides
Fine-grained, gray marble is also recognized distal to the deposit as thin layers
interbedded with hornfels units. It consists of 65% vol. calcite, 18% vol. plagioclase, 10%
vol. quartz, 2% vol. titanite, 0.5% vol. K-feldspar, 1% vol. chlorite, 0.5% vol. epidote, 2%
vol. pyrite, and trace amounts of albite, biotite, apatite and probably very fine black organic
carbon dispersed in the rock matrix (Fig. 3.17F).
Likewise in gray limestone and hornfels, the gray color of marble is likely due to
the presence of trace amounts of disseminated black organic carbon. Areas mapped as gray
marble commonly contain white marble as cm-scale halos to sulfide veins and as individual
metre-scale sedimentary beds (Fig. 3.17A). The former occurrence of white marble is
interpreted to reflect carbon destruction by fluid leakage and/or diffusion from veins.
Massive bleached marble beds reflect bedding control of fluid flow as described above.
Tan marble is interbedded with tan and gray hornfels at Quarry Bench, Ridge Road,
and Peak Nine; and as irregular patches within greenish gray marble (Figs. 3.18A and B).
These rocks have not been identified at Condorcocha. Tan marble contains up to 15% vol.
microfossils and consists of fine to medium grained calcite with quartz, K-feldspar,
phlogopitic biotite, plagioclase, tremolite, chlorite, pyrite, titanite (Figs. 3.18C to F) and
local traces of diopside, wollastonite, augite, garnet, vesuvianite, pyrrhotite and sphalerite
(Figs. 3.18B and C). Sulfides are more abundant in the vicinity of calc-silicate veinlets.
Phlogopitic biotite appears surrounded by calcite halos within a dominant K-spar massive
matrix (Figs. 3.18 C and D). It also appears filling fractures within the rock matrix and also
in contact with K-feldspar (Fig. 3.18E and F). This feature suggests the last formation of
phlogopitic biotite within tan marble. Tremolite occurs as isolated corroded porphyroblasts
associated with K-feldspar, calcite, chlorite and with thin halos of diopside (Fig. 3.18E).
Diopside occurs sporadically only close to the bleached zones. Tan color of marble is likely
due to the presence of phlogopite, chlorite and K-feldspar.
Greenish gray marble forms at the transition between tan marble and white marble
at Quarry Bench, Ridge Road and Peak Nine. It also appears as the cm-scale envelope to
the bleaching halo produced by quartz + calcite ± calc-silicate + sulfide veins in tan marble

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Figure 3.18: Captions are on the following page.

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Figure 3.18: Photographs and SEM images of tan marble.
A. Bleaching of tan marble caused by calc-silicate veins (sample 3PAA168, Peak Nine).
B. Vein controlled calc-silicate alteration affecting tan marble (sample 3PAA171, Peak Nine).
C. SEM image of tan marble sample taken 140 m away from a QFP dike composed of calcite + K-feldspar +
phlogopitic biotite and subordinate amounts of titanite and euhedral pyrite (sample 3PAA114, Quarry Bench).
D. Another view of sample 3PAA114 showing the pervasive distribution of K-feldspar within the rock matrix
in association with calcite and phlogopitic biotite. Observe also the common association between titanite and
pyrite, whereas quartz and chlorite appear in trace amounts.
E and F. SEM images of tan marble 16 m from a QFP dike. Phlogopitc biotite is mainly filling the
boundaries of calcite grains. K-feldspar and plagioclase appear together whereas quartz, chlorite and titanite
appear as detrital grains (sample 3PAA154, Quarry Bench).

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(Figs. 3.19A and B). Green marble is fossil-rich and contains fine-grained calcite, diopside,
K-feldspar, plagioclase, tremolite, quartz and trace amounts of epidote, titanite, apatite,
augite, wollastonite, garnet, biotite, chlorite and pyrite (Figs. 3.19C and D). Plagioclase
appears as the relict of former limestone. It contains inclusions of quartz and is partly
replaced by K-feldspar (Fig. 3.19C). Tremolite and diopside content is relatively higher
than that observed in other types of marble. Tremolite occurs as subhedral porphyroblasts
with halos of diopside, which also appears replacing plagioclase and K-feldspar (Figs.
3.19C to E). Diopside is more abundant close to the calcite + sulfide veins (Fig. 3.19F).
Epidote and quartz are apparently the last minerals formed in the greenish gray marble.
Textural relationships between minerals suggest the following sequence of mineral
deposition in these rocks:
calcite, plagioclase → tremolite → K-feldspar → diopside → quartz, calcite, epidote
Wollastonite appears in trace amounts as small grains associated with quartz,
calcite, K-feldspar, tremolite and plagioclase, which all together appear within voids filled
up with quartz. Based on the mineral content, green color of marble is probably due to the
presence of the mineral association: tremolite, diopside and epidote.

3.5.6 Skarn
Skarn comprises a broad spectrum of mainly garnet bearing rocks at Antamina that
surround the quartz – feldspar porphyry stock in the Antamina valley cirque. It has been
classified based on color and its inferred protolith. Skarn grades outwards from brown
garnet endoskarn to green garnet exoskarn (Figs. 3.20 and 3.21A to F). Undetermined
skarn, mixed green and brown garnet exoskarn are found in between (Fig. 3.21E).
Endoskarn is highly fractured and irregular; metre-scale breccia bodies can be recognized
within it. CMA geologists (CMA 2000) have differentiated 3 types of breccias based on the
texture, rock-fragment and mineralogical composition in crackle, heterolithic and mosaic
breccias. Additionally, a local wollastonite-bornite exoskarn has also been recognized in
the southwestern margin of the deposit (Fig. 3.21C). Because the focus of this project is the
study of the distal alteration around the skarn and not the skarn itself, skarn is grouped into
two main units.

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Figure 3.19: Captions are on the following page.

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Figure 3.19: Photographs and SEM images of green, light green to gray and tan marble.
A. Centimetre-scale green marble halo developed around a calcite + calc-silicate + sulfide vein that cut tan
marble (sample 3PAA154).
B. Gradational contact of green, light gray to tan marble (sample 3PAA154).
C. SEM image of green marble composed mainly of calcite, tremolite, plagioclase and diopside with quartz
voids containing wollastonite, apatite and local epidote. Diopside appears as halos around tremolite
suggesting the formation of diopside at expense of tremolite (sample 3PAA154).
D. SEM image of light green marble showing more K-feldspar and diopside than plagioclase and tremolite
(sample 3PAA154).
E. SEM image of light gray marble composed mainly of calcite + K-feldspar + tremolite + diopside. Quartz
and plagioclase appear as accessory minerals (sample 3PAA154).
F. SEM image of diffusional bleaching halo around a quartz + calcite + sulfide vein that cuts green marble.
Observe the predominance of diopside along the halo (sample 3PAA154).

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127

Figure 3.20: Simplified bench wall sketch, 4193 level of Antamina Pit west wall.
Figure 3.21: Photographs of representative skarn samples at Antamina. A. Brown garnet endoskarn with relict
porphyry texture (NGC1). B. Pink garnet endoskarn with wollastonite filling residual porosity. C.
Wollastonite exoskarn with disseminated bornite and showing “wrigglite” texture (XW). D. Crackle breccia
with fragments of tan to green hornfels rich in diopside (BC). E. Coarse-grained, brown and green garnet
exoskarn showing brown garnet overgrowths on green garnet with calcite filling residual porosity (XGCV3).
F. Coarse-grained green garnet exoskarn with zoned garnets and mineralization of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and
pyrite (XGV3).

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 Endoskarn varies from poorly metasomatized and mineralized quartz feldspar
porphyry (plagioclase endoskarn); moderate mineralized pink garnet ± epidote endoskarn
with some relicts of white plagioclase; to a copper-rich, coarse-grained brown garnet
endoskarn.
The former consists of cm-scale pink and brown garnet crystals supported in a
plagioclase-rich porphyritic matrix with trace amounts of sulfides, whereas the latter
usually hosts the crackle heterolithic breccia (Fig. 3.21D). Endoskarn is Mo mineralized;
Cu is present in veinlets related to the retrograde alteration of the deposit (CMA, 2003).
The transition between endo- and exoskarn is marked by a medium-grained brown
indeterminate skarn, which appear as isolated patches between the coarse-grained brown
endoskarn and the mixed brown and green aphanitic exoskarn.
Petrographic characterization of the brown garnet endoskarn indicates the presence
of garnet, quartz and sulfides supported in a calcite + sericite matrix, with subordinate
amounts of chlorite. Andradite garnet is the main component of these rocks but quartz,
calcite, K-feldspar, clinopyroxene, phlogopitic biotite and vesuvianite are locally present
(Figs. 3.22A and B). Sulfides are mainly composed of pyrite, sphalerite with minor
amounts of chalcopyrite. Pinkish brown garnet skarn has a similar mineral content.
Clinopyroxene + quartz + calcite aggregates commonly replace brown garnet
porphyroblasts yielding a yellowish green skarn mass. The colour difference may reflect
higher grossular content to garnet in pink garnet skarn. Quartz feldspar porphyry dikes are
partly converted to skarn especially within the marble-hornfels aureole to the deposit. They
contain zoned garnet, anhedral K-feldspar, calcite, vesuvianite and local phlogopitic biotite
(Fig. 3.22C). Garnet replaces K-feldspar whereas vesuvianite replaces both garnet and K-
feldspar (Fig. 3.22D). Sulfides consist of pyrite and galena with minor sphalerite and
chalcopyrite.
Exoskarn forms the external front of the massive calc-silicate + sulfide replacement
found in Antamina and it is in sharp but irregular contact with white marble at Antamina
West (Fig. 3.16A), and with greenish gray hornfels near the Ridge Road, Oscarina and
Peak Nine areas (Figs. 3.5A and F). This variation likely reflects differences in the host-
rock (Jumasha versus Celendin). Exoskarn consists of a coarse-grained, green garnetite
with local pods and veins of calcite + sphalerite with subordinate amounts of chalcopyrite

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Figure 3.22: Captions are on the following page.

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Figure 3.22: Photomicrographs and SEM images of exo and endoskarn samples from Antamina.
A. Photomicrograph of a light brown endoskarn. Calcite + quartz + sericite + sulfides fill the residual porosity
(sample 4PAA219, parallel nicols).
B. SEM image of brown endoskarn close to a calcite + phlogopite + sulfide vein. Phlogopitic biotite replaces
K-feldspar. Sulfides appear associated with K-feldspar (sample 4PAA219, Taco Pit).
C and D. Photomicrograph and SEM image of skarn altered QFP dike composed of zoned garnet, K-feldspar,
calcite, vesuvianite and local phlogopitic biotite. Garnet replaces K-feldspar, whereas vesuvianite replaces
both garnet and K-feldspar (sample 3PAA130, Quarry Bench).
E. Photomicrograph of green garnet exoskarn showing euhedral zoned garnets partly replaced by calcite ±
illite, traces of chlorite and diopside (sample 4PAA144, Antamina West, crossed nicols).
F. Photomicrograph of green garnet exoskarn from Taco Pit showing zoned garnet crystals associated with
diopside and cut by a calcite + chalcopyrite + sphalerite vein (sample 3PAA263, crossed nicols).

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and galena (Figs. 3.22E and F). The massive green garnet skarn has an average thickness of
60 metres but ranges up to 100 metres. Thin layers do not have economic mineralization
and are mainly controlled by the bedding. This unit grades towards the intrusion into a
mixed brown and green exoskarn characterized by a mixed aphanitic green garnet matrix
crosscut by brown garnet + pyrite + chalcopyrite veins (Fig. 3.21E).
Petrographic examination of these rocks indicates the presence of fifty to eighty-
five percent of coarse-grained, zoned garnet, most of them broken and partially replaced by
a mixture of quartz, diopside, calcite or illite, and traces amounts of chlorite. Sulfides form
up to 30% vol. of the sample and they consist of pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite.
Sulfides commonly appear filling voids and fractures within garnet (Figs. 3.22F).

3.5.7 Veins
Crosscutting relations indicate a three-stage chronology of veining at Antamina.
Pre- to syn-tectonic calcite ± dolomite ± Fe-dolomite veins predate mineralization. They
occur as white ptygmatic, centimetre-scale, discontinuous and locally fibrous associated
with low angle faults. Syn mineralization veins comprise quartz + sulfides ± fluorite ±
calcite, calc-silicate + calcite ± sulfides and calcite + sulfide veins that appear in the
vicinity of the mine and are associated with QFP dikes up to 1 km away from the mine
(Figs. 3.23A to F). Brown to orange red millimetre- to centimetre-scale carbonate veinlets,
centimetre-scale, dark brown, Mn-oxide rich calcite veins, and orange to yellow white,
coarse-grained dolomite stringers and patches are also included in this group (Fig. 3.23G).
Late calcite veins consist of white to light gray planar, millimeter wide veinlets sometimes
associated with trace amounts of sulfides mainly pyrite, that clearly crosscut mineralization
at Antamina (Fig. 3.23E). Detailed description of veins based on timing and UVF is
presented and discussed in Chapter 5.
Syn-mineralization veins display a systematic vertical zonation, which varies from
the bottom of the Antamina pit to Fortuna area as follows:
• Quartz + sulfides (pyrite + chalcopyrite + molybdenite ± bornite, sphalerite,
magnetite, tennantite, tetrahedrite), and sulfide veins (base metal sulfides ± pyrite)
strictly associated with the quartz feldspar porphyry stock and dikes that emerge
from the deposit (Figure 3.23A, B and 3.24A).

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Figure 3.23: Captions are on the following page.

133
Figure 3.23: Proximal to distal veins to the Antamina skarn deposit.
A. Quartz ± chalcopyrite stockwork developed in a potassic altered plagioclase and K-feldspar rich porphyry
(sample 3PAA265, Taco Pit).
B. Moderately sericitized, plagioclase-rich porphyry at the bottom of the Oscarina dike crosscut by quartz +
pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± molybdenite veins (sample 4PAA221, Taco Pit).
C. Pink garnet endoskarn cut by calcite ± pyrite ± galena ± sphalerite ± realgar vein (sample 4PAA204, Ridge
road).
D. Sphalerite + chalcopyrite vein with wollastonite margins and diffusional bleaching halo cutting gray and
massive bleached marble at Antamina West.
E. Late calcite vein in the middle of a calc-silicate + sulfide vein crosscutting a chalcopyrite + galena +
sphalerite vein. These veins are hosted in tan marble at Peak Nine.
F. Quartz + calcite + sulfide veins cutting tan hornfels 130 m above the skarn front at Antamina West. G.
Calcite + Mn-oxide veins crosscutting orange brown carbonate veins at Fortuna, 800 m north of Antamina
skarn deposit.

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Figure 3.24: Captions are on the following page

135
Figure 3.24: Vein-types at Antamina.
A. Pyrite and chalcopyrite replaced by galena and sphalerite in a quartz + calcite vein (sample 4PAA219, base
of the Oscarina dike).
B. SEM image of a pyrite + epidote vein crosscutting a potassic altered green hornfels (sample 3PAA124,
Quarry Bench).
C. Vesuvianite + calcite ± scapolite vein crosscutting a garnet + K-feldspar ± quartz ± epidote altered QFP
dike (sample 3PAA130, Quarry Bench).
D. Quartz + chalcopyrite + galena ± sphalerite vein crosscutting tan hornfels (sample 4PAA228, 130 m above
the skarn front at Antamina West).
E. Photomicrograph of a banded calcite + galena + pyrite ± sphalerite ± garnet showing the predominant
base-metal mineralization at Fortuna (sample 4PAA129, Fortuna vein).
F. Calcite + pyrite + Mn-oxide and Fe-oxide vein crosscutting marly limestone at Fortuna.

136
 • Calc-silicate + calcite ± sulfides and calcite + sphalerite + galena ± chalcopyrite +
realgar veins appear throughout the skarn-marble-hornfels zone (Figs. 3.23C and
D). These veins normally form dense networks close to the skarn front and decrease
in abundance outward from the deposit. They typically form centimetre-scale
bleaching halos with anomalous content of k-feldspar, diopside and calcite in the
marble aureole and K-feldspar, diopside, epidote and calcite in the hornfels aureole
(Figure 3.24B). Calc-silicate + sulfide veins perpendicular and parallel to the
bedding are more abundant in the white marble aureole. The interface between gray
and white marble is characterized by a moderate density of calcite + pyrite ±
sphalerite veinlets, which are sub parallel and slightly oblique to the bedding. Calc-
silicate + calcite veinlets are not common in this zone.
• Quartz + fluorite ± calcite ± vesuvianite ± base metal sulfide veins associated to the
QFP dikes (dacite) in the periphery of the skarn (Fig. 3.24C). These centimetre-
scale quartz veins are also observable 200 metres above the skarn front at Antamina
West within the brown – gray hornfels aureole (Figs. 3.23F and 3.24D) although
fluorite and vesuvianite have not been recognized in this sequence.
• Light gray calcite ± quartz, garnet, sulfides (mainly pyrite) veins closely related to
the QFP (dacite) dikes (Figure 3.24E). These planar, centimetre-scale veins form
local small orebodies at shallow levels mainly of galena, sphalerite and pyrite and
represent the extension of quartz + calcite ± fluorite + sulfide veins that occur
within the skarn-marble-hornfels zone. Weathering of calcite ± sulfide veins yields
orange brown Fe-oxide coatings that mix with minor amounts of Mn-oxide (Figs
3.23G and 3.24F). The presence of garnet in some veins at Fortuna suggests
circulation of high temperature fluids and may indicate a connection with the
Antamina skarn system.
Syn-mineral veins in limestone are restricted to the contact between QFP dike and
limestone with the exception at the Fortuna area, where they reach a density of 18 veins per
metre with an average thickness of 0.5 centimetres. Planar light gray to white millimeter-
scale calcite veins predominates in the area and they usually appear perpendicular to the
host rock bedding. Sporadic and discontinuous, white calcite veins, 5 to 20 centimetre wide

137
appear associated with the low-angle faults. These veins are also recognized around the
Condorcocha area and usually contain trace amounts of Cu-oxide, pyrite and chalcopyrite.

3.5.8 Visible alteration zoning (summary)

Proximal to the skarn: The alteration is characterized by pervasive massive
bleaching of marble passing laterally into a sequence of gray and white coarse-grained
marble units up to 100 metres from the skarn front. White marble usually shows a slight
greenish tint due to the presence of diopside and grossular in veinlets.
Intermediate to the skarn: Coarse-grained gray marble interbedded with thin layers
and lenses of white marble is present at distances greater than approximately 200 metres
from the pluton and ore. Both the proximal (massive bleached) and intermediate (gray)
marble aureoles around the skarn are crosscut by a random distribution of calc-silicate +
calcite ± sulfides and calcite + sphalerite + galena ± chalcopyrite + realgar veins. These
veins diminish in density progressively outwards from the skarn contact, and are enclosed
by centimetre-scale diffusional bleaching aureoles in the wall rocks with mineralogy
dominated by calcite, K-feldspar and diopside.
Distal to the skarn: Fine-grained, tan, green and gray marble and tan, green and
gray hornfels occur intermingled distal to the skarn especially controlled by the
sedimentary layering (Fig. 3.25). White hornfels and marble extend in excess of 500 metres
from the pluton and ore zone, where most of the bleached layering prevalent at distances
greater than 250 metres from the skarn front is bleached hornfels layers, not bleached
marble. Bleached hornfels and marble are also common close to the QFP dikes (Fig. 3.25)
and around calcite + calc-silicate ± sulfide veins.
Tan hornfels and tan marble are related to high phlogopitic biotite content and
appear to be a fluid controlled alteration product. However, tan hornfels contain less
phlogopite than tan marble. Calc-silicate ± sulfide layers, lenses or veins are commonly
surrounded by cm-to metre scale aureoles bleached hornfels that grades outwards into green
and gray hornfels and tan marble (Figs. 3.13A and B) whereas green marble represents the
transition between the tan marble and bleached marble.
The limestone sequence outside the hornfels and marble aureole to the Antamina
skarn seem to be unaltered although it is worth noting the presence of disseminated
pyrrhotite within the adjacent 75 metres to the gray hornfels aureole of Antamina and

138
 Figure 3.25: Simplified bench wall sketch, 4330 level of Antamina Pit at Quarry Bench. Note the distribution of marble and hornfels controlled by the
sedimentary bedding and the QFP intrusions.
139
Condorcocha skarn systems. Mineral distribution based on the mineral assemblages found
in the marble and hornfels aureole to the skarn at Antamina is shown in Fig. 3.26.

3.6 Patterns of cryptic alteration

Trace element geochemistry, oxygen and carbon isotopes and the UVF signature of
the calcite veinlets around the fluid flow escape conduits were evaluated in order to
determine the magnitude and extent of the water rock interaction and link it to the
mineralized system.

3.6.1 Trace element geochemistry

Rock sampling along traverses perpendicular to the major fluid escape paths
indicate that trace element abundances vary substantially within outcrops and consistently
with proximity to these conduits. Major element compositions indicate the abundance of
impure limestone around Antamina. For that reason geochemical background and threshold
values for trace elements were estimated by normalizing metal values against an immobile
element to avoid the influence of the original siliciclastic content of the protolith. A
detailed description of the methods of estimation of background and threshold for trace
elements is presented in chapter 2 of this study (Geochemical halos around Antamina).
Measured values greater than individual threshold values represent anomalous
values within a sampling transect. These anomalous values commonly cluster close to a
fluid conduit probably related to a leakage of metals from these conduits. However, the
presence of isolated anomalous values within a traverse might indicate the proximity of
another mineralizing source or simply represent contaminated samples. Therefore,
geochemical anomalous halos are defined based on clusters of anomalous values adjacent
to an inferred fluid escape conduit. Examples and detailed procedure to identify
geochemical halos are shown in chapter 2.
Diagrams of metal abundance versus distance to the main fluid conduit show trace
element halos are in some cases greater than 100 m and the extension of these halos is
directly related to the relative abundance of ore mineral in the fluid conduit and the
proximity to the center of mineralization. Four groups of elements were determined
according to the magnitude of its halos (Figs. 3.27A and B):

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Figure 3.26: Mineral distribution in the alteration aureole to the Antamina skarn deposit.

141
 Figure 3.27A: Summary of trace element halos with depth proximal and distal to the Antamina skarn deposit: groups 1 and 2.
142
 Figure 3.27B: Summary of trace element halos with depth proximal and distal to the Antamina skarn deposit: groups 3 and 4.
143
 • Group 1 – with strong halos at deeper levels as given by high temperature indicator
elements such as Cu, Bi, Mo and Zn
• Group 2 – with moderate halos at deeper levels given by Sn and Cd
• Group 3 – with prevalent to deep shallow halos given by Ag, As, Pb, Sb, In, Mn
and W
• Group 4 – with moderate halos at shallow levels given by Ba and Tl, which are
related to low temperature mineral deposits.
The distribution of these groups is consistent with the thermal distribution of metals
in veins defined by Emmons (1936) and shows the geochemical linkage between the skarn
at Antamina and the Ag-base metal mineralization at Fortuna.

3.6.2 Ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF) of calcite veins

The UVF of all major vein and rock types was assessed in hand sample by using a
short-wave hand UV lamp (254 nm wavelength) considering that fluorescence of calcite
reflects the presence of ion impurities (Marfunin, 1979) that may be indicative of the
circulation of fluids derived from an external source and not only from the host rocks.
There is a general correspondence between orange-red UVF in calcite and veins or
alteration features associated with mineralization. Orange-red UVF in calcite has been
linked to high manganese contents with or without other activators (Gies, 1975; White,
1975, Marfunin, 1979). Fluorescence is generally lacking within unaltered and unveined
limestone and hornfels. Likewise, pre-mineralization ptygmatic veins do not fluoresce, nor
do post-mineralization planar gray calcite veins. Details about the main activators of UVF
of carbonate veins are presented and discussed in chapter 5.

3.6.2.1 UVF observations and halos to fluid conduits

Feldspar and groundmass of hydrothermally altered quartz monzonite porphyry
stock from the Taco Pit fluoresce with weak to moderate purple-red (Figure 3.28). Quartz +
pyrite + chalcopyrite + molybdenite veins that cut the porphyry, however, do not fluoresce.
Garnet skarn does not fluoresce, but some calcite + sulfide veins and patches within the
green exoskarn show moderate to strong orange-red fluorescence.
We define UVF halos as clusters of three or more calcite veins with moderate to
strong orange red fluorescence adjacent to a main fluid escape structure (dike, sulfide ore

144
Figure 3.28: UVF in calcite from Antamina. A. Red fluorescence of the endoskarn associated with the Taco
porphyry. Quartz veins do not fluoresce. B. Intense ORF of calcite + quartz + phlogopitic biotite + K-spar +
sulfide veins in the endoskarn associated with the base of Oscarina dike. C. ORF of calcite + fluorite + sulfide
in quartz feldspar porphyry dike at Quarry Bench. D. ORF along sulfide vein in coarse-grained white marble
at Antamina West. E. Moderate ORF of a late Mn-rich calcite ± sulfide vein invading a non-fluorescent
dolomite vein north of Fortuna. F. Strong ORF of calcite + Mn oxide ± sulfide vein northwest of Fortuna.

145
body or skarn front). UVF intensity is determined visually and recorded on an arbitrary
scale where the high number represents the strong intensity to the UV lamp.
A UVF halo extends approximately 100 m into marble in the Taco Pit. Strong red-
orange fluorescence is common on fresh irregular fractures within marble, and occasionally
within the marble matrix. Calc-silicate + calcite + sulfide veins within marble also
fluoresce with strong orange-red (Figure 3.28).
Outside of the Taco Pit, UVF is limited to syn-mineralization veins that define a
halo around QFP dike fluid conduits. All three syn-mineral vein types associated with QFP
dikes in the hornfels aureole fluoresce. Quartz + fluorite ± calcite ± sulfide veins (Figure
3.28) and calc-silicate + calcite + sulfide veins consistently fluoresce moderate to strong
orange-red. Some calcite + pyrite veins fluoresce, but many do not. In transect 2 the UVF
halo surrounding the QFP dike is 102 metres wide (Figure 3.29). At Fortuna, UVF is
restricted to calcite veins associated with dolomite patches and calcite ± Mn-oxide veins
within about one metre of the main mineralized structure. Orange brown calcite veins at
Fortuna do not fluoresce.
Ultraviolet fluorescence is limited to zones of visible alteration (white- brown
marble, and white- brown hornfels) and syn-mineralization veins, and appears to track fluid
circulation. UVF defines two zones of fluid circulation: the marble aureole and the
porphyry dike-vein zones. The moderate to strong orange-red fluorescence in calcite veins
and in fractures within the marble aureole indicates fracture-controlled fluid circulation.
Fractures controlling fluid circulation are parallel and perpendicular to the bedding. At
shallow levels, mineralizing fluids were restricted to the calcite + sulfide and calcite - Mn-
oxide veins in the vicinity of QFP dikes.

3.6.2.2 Summary of main points

Orange-red UVF in calcite is restricted to zones of visible hydrothermal alteration
and to syn-mineralization veins.
Fluorescence defines two zones of fluid flow and fracture permeability: the
bleached marble halo adjacent to exoskarn and the fracture permeability system centered on
QFP dikes above and distal to the Antamina pit.

146
Figure 3.29: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Antamina skarn deposit.

147
3.6.3 Oxygen and carbon Isotopes
3.6.3.1 Sampling and analysis
Three hundred and thirty-three samples were analyzed for oxygen and carbon
isotope ratios to trace hydrothermal fluid circulation outside the Antamina copper-zinc
skarn deposit. All data are given in Appendix B6; the results have been grouped into
transects that identify zones progressively farther away horizontally and vertically from the
skarn system. These zones are: Antamina West (transects 16 and 17), Quarry Bench
(transects 1 and 2), Fortuna East (transects 13, 14, 11, 12, 10, 9 and 15), Fortuna (transects
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 18) and Ridge Road (Transect 19).
Samples for oxygen and carbon isotope analysis were obtained by drilling specific
spots within each rock slab. Sometimes more than two samples for oxygen and carbon
analyses were extracted from a single rock slab to take detail of cm-scale bleaching halos to
veins or variations in color of the host-rock. These powdered carbonate samples were
analyzed by Janet Gabites in a Finnigan Delta XL Plus mass spectrometer at the Pacific
Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at the University of British
Columbia (one of the first datasets for light stable isotopes from the PCIGR). The analytical
procedure of these analyses is shown in Appendix B7. The results are reported relative to
Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (V-PDB) for carbon and to the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean
Water (V-SMOW) for oxygen, which are represented by the δ notation (Craig, 1961) and
were measured in parts per thousand (‰). After correction for fractionation, repeat analysis
of NBS 18 gave an average δ13C value of -5.01 ± 0.07‰ and δ18O value of 7.22 ± 0.08‰,
NBS 19 gave an average δ13C value of 1.93 ± 0.08‰ and δ18O value of 28.74 ± 0.18.

3.6.3.2 Host rocks

During the first year a reconnaissance sampling survey was conducted around
Antamina and we observed that isotopic compositions of gray marble and limestone cluster
near normal marine carbonate compositions in δ18O and δ13C. We defined a range of 21 to
25 δ18O per mil VSMOW and 1 to 3 per mil δ13C VPDB for most gray marbles within 800
metres of the plutonic system at Antamina. This range is interpreted as the isotopic
composition of the protolith limestone, and was confirmed with the values obtained from
unaltered limestones at Yanacancha (3 km south of the mine). On this basis we consider

148
limestone, marble, and hornfels with δ18O and δ13C values less than 20 per mil VSMOW
and 1 per mil VPDB to be depleted.
Carbon and oxygen isotope results from most of the coarse-grained marble samples
taken proximal to the skarn ore (Antamina West) show values similar to the unaltered
limestone (Fig. 3.30A). However, fine-grained marble relatively distal to the skarn (Quarry
Bench) show lower carbon and oxygen isotope values than unaltered limestone (Fig.
3.30A). Hornfels spans a wide range of oxygen isotope values between 13.5 and 23.6 ‰
VSMOW and markedly light carbon isotope values (-0.1 to -7.66 ‰ VPDB) (Fig. 3.30B).
Carbon and oxygen isotope values of limestone between Antamina and Fortuna are lighter
than samples taken at Yanacancha (Fig. 3.30C). However, it is worth noting that carbon
isotope values from limestone taken at Fortuna (Fig. 3.30D) are not as strongly depleted as
limestone samples taken at Fortuna East (transects 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 - Figs. 3.30E) and
at Quarry Bench (transects 1 and 2 – Fig. 3.30F).
Lateral and vertical variations of oxygen and carbon isotopes in the host rocks to
Antamina skarn deposit are shown in figures 3.31 to 3.34.
Gray and white marble compositions generally fall in the range 20.4 to 25.2 δ18O
per mil and 1.7 to 2.9 per mil δ13C, defining, local small oxygen depletion halos (1 to 2
metres wide) close to pluton and always within white marble (Fig. 3.20). Oxygen and
carbon isotope results from transects 16 and 17 however, do not show anomalous halos
18
even close to the skarn front (Figs. 3.31 and 3.33). The lack of pervasive O alteration
beyond a few metres suggests that fluid escape via percolation through marble was not
vigorous. Any fluid escape through marble was fracture-controlled. Isolated 18O depletions
within white and gray marble far from pluton are enigmatic and may record cryptic
fracture-controlled fluid escape structures. On the contrary, fine-grained, tan to brown
marble shows wider depletion halos (~100m) than white marble (Fig. 3.32) and even δ13C
are markedly lower than the suite of unaltered limestone (Fig. 3.34).
Hornfels oxygen isotope compositions are markedly depleted proximal to the
Antamina skarn deposit (traverses 1, 2 and 19 – Figs. 3.31 and 32). This feature is not
observed in hornfels proximal to the skarn at Condorcocha (traverses 7, 8 and 9 – Figs. 3.31
and 3.32). Thin hornfels halos adjacent to the Ag-base metal vein at Fortuna have strongly
oxygen-depleted values reflecting the interaction with an infiltrating fluid of relatively low

149
Figure 3.30: Captions are on the following page.

150
Figure 3.30: Plot of oxygen versus carbon isotope in the host rocks to Antamina skarn deposit sorted by
traverses.
A. δ18O versus δ13C plot for marble. Observe the stronger δ18O and δ13C depletion of fine-grained marble
from traverses 1 and 2 (Quarry Bench) than coarse-grained marble from traverses 16 and 17 (Antamina
West).
B. δ18O versus δ13C graph for hornfels. Observe the light δ18O and δ13C values of these samples in comparison
to the unaltered limestone.
C. δ18O versus δ13C graph for limestone. Observe the wide range of isotope values where the lighter values
correspond to the samples taken from the traverses proximal to the ore deposit (traverses 1 and 2).
D, E and F. δ18O versus δ13C plot for limestone at Fortuna, Fortuna East and Quarry Bench. Observe the
lighter δ13C of limestone proximal to the skarn (Quarry Bench) than in distal areas.
G. δ18O versus δ13C in calcareous argillites and limestone around Notch Peak, Utah (Nabelek et al., 1984)
used as reference to indicate that light δ values of most hornfels and limestone proximal to the Antamina
skarn are due only to decarbonation processes.

151
 Figure 3.31: Oxygen isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Antamina and Condorcocha.
152
153

Figure 3.32: Oxygen isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Quarry Bench and Fortuna East.
154

Figure 3.33: Carbon isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Antamina and Condorcocha.
 Figure 3.34: Carbon isotope depletion halos to fluid conduits between Quarry Bench and Fortuna East.
155
δ18O value. All five analyzed green, white, and brown hornfels have δ18O less than 20‰
VSMOW. Green and brown hornfels define 18O depletion halos up to 100 metres from QFP
dikes at Quarry Bench (e.g. traverse 2 in Fig. 3.32). Carbon isotope values of hornfels are
always less than unaltered limestone with values down to nearly -8.0 ‰ VPDB mainly
proximal to the skarn deposit (e.g. traverses 1, 2 and 19 in Figs. 3.33 and 3.34).
Limestone: Oxygen isotope halos can be traced in limestone up to 1000 metres
horizontal and 500 metres vertically away from the marble aureole of the Antamina Cu-Zn
skarn deposit. Limestone oxygen isotope data are also presented in traverse format in Figs.
3.31 and 3.32. Halos are asymmetric to the fluid conduits; however, they are widest
proximal to the Antamina skarn (>100 metres) getting narrow towards the shallow levels.
The δ18O halos in limestone extend far beyond visible alteration. Wide oxygen isotope
halos (up to 90 metres) are observed around the dikes associated with the mineralization at
Fortuna even in the absence of sulfide mineralization (traverses 3 to 6). The QFP dikes
from Fortuna and Fortuna East when traversed northwards to Condorcocha have thin to
none 18O depletion halos. The lack of halos at Condorcocha supports the interpretation that
the dikes were escape conduits for fluids from the Antamina system.
Carbon isotope values of limestone are mostly depleted and extend farther than
oxygen isotope halos being exceptionally thin (~ 15 m) at traverse 14 (Fig. 3.34). Carbon
and oxygen isotope values within traverses have almost similar distribution and sometimes
coincide in extension as at Fortuna (Figs 3.31 and 3.33).

3.6.3.3 Summary of main observations

Oxygen isotope depletions mark major fluid escape paths. At depth in the marble
and hornfels aureoles, δ18O depletion halos lie within the zone of visible alteration
(bleached and brown marble and hornfels). The lack of δ18O depletion halos in the white
marble zone indicates the effectiveness of marble as a seal to the mineralizing fluids. Any
fluid escape was fracture controlled.
Oxygen isotope depletion halos can be traced up to 1000 metres horizontal and 500
metres vertically away from the Taco Pit. At shallow levels 18O depletion halos lie outboard
of visible alteration.

156
3.7 Source of fluids
Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotopes are used to constrain the sources of spent
mineralizing fluids and the temperature of deposition of calcite veins at Antamina. Twenty-
two samples of pre-, syn- and post mineral calcite veins were analyzed for stable oxygen
and carbon isotope composition (Table 3.6). Garnet and quartz (veins and phenocrysts)
have also been analyzed to constrain the isotopic equilibrium of silicates with magmatic
volatiles (Table 3.7). Strontium composition of calcite veins, hornfels and marble is used to
characterize the source(s) of strontium and to infer the magnitude of fluid–rock interactions
at the marble and hornfels halos to the Antamina skarn deposit.

3.7.1 Oxygen and carbon isotopes in carbonate minerals

The isotopic composition of carbonate veins is presented in figure 3.35A. Pre- to
syn-tectonic veins that predate mineralization generally have δ13C and δ18O values near
pristine sedimentary values (Fig. 3.35B). Syn-mineral veins, including calcite + sulfide,
calcite + dolomite, and calcite + oxide veins, have low δ18O values, and cluster near values
of 13 to 14 per mil VSMOW despite their fluorescence color (Fig. 3.35C). Two anomalous
samples of moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins can also be distinguished. These
samples have very low δ13C and they were taken from calcite associated with calc-silicates
and sulfides at Quarry Bench and Peak Nine (Fig. 3.35C).
Late clear and white, millimetre-scale calcite and calcite ± pyrite veins span a wide
range of oxygen and carbon isotope values (Fig. 3.35D). Most of these veins have δ18O
values similar to unaltered limestone. However, two samples of calcite from the marble
aureole close to the skarn show δ18O values around 15 ‰ VSMOW, and one calcite vein
that clearly crosscut the Ag-base metal mineralization at Fortuna presents very low δ18O
and δ13C values that might be unambiguously linked to surface fluids.
In general, moderate to strong orange red fluorescent calcite veins have δ18O values
between 11 and 19 ‰ VSMOW (Fig. 3.35C) whereas weak ORF veins show δ18O values
not as much depleted as moderate to strong ORF samples. Syn and post-mineral non-
fluorescent veins span oxygen isotope values between 12 and 23.0 ‰ VSMOW. Only pre-
mineral veins have δ18O and δ13C values very similar to the unaltered limestone (Fig.
3.35B).

157
Table 3.6: Oxygen and carbon isotope values of calcite vein and unaltered limestone
from Antamina

13 18
Sample δ C δ O Vein type Chronology UVF Location
VPDB VSMOW
3PAA135 0.7 23.3 Light gray calcite pre-mineral none NE Antamina
3PAA273B 1.3 23.8 Light gray calcite pre-mineral none Fortuna T6
3PAA200A 0.6 22.7 Light gray calcite pre-mineral none Fortuna T3
2PAE227B -1.4 14.5 calcite + oxides syn-mineral none Fortuna East T10
2PAE229B -2.8 12.3 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral none Fortuna
4PAA157 0.1 14.9 calcite + dolomite syn-mineral none Fortuna
3PAA102A -1.4 18.7 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral weak ORF Quarry Bench
2PAE227A -2.2 13.6 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral mod ORF Fortuna East T10
4PAA132 -3.2 12.1 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral mod ORF Fortuna
4PAA178 -3.0 13.7 calcite + oxides syn-mineral mod ORF Fortuna
2PAE233 -6.7 13.6 calcite+calc-sil ± sulf syn-mineral mod ORF Peak nine
3PAA130 -9.4 16.2 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral strong ORF Quarry Bench
3PAA278 0.5 18.0 calcite + dolomite syn-mineral strong ORF Fortuna T6
4PAA129 -3.1 11.5 calcite + sulfides syn-mineral strong ORF Fortuna
4PAA163 -0.9 13.4 calcite + oxides syn-mineral strong ORF Fortuna
2PAG147C -8.7 15.7 late white calcite post-mineral none CMA231A
2PAG163B -1.5 15.4 late planar calcite post-mineral none CMA231A
2PAG179C 2.1 22.8 Late ptigmatic calcite post-mineral none Antamina West
3PAA223B 0.0 23.0 calcite + sulfides post-mineral none Fortuna East T10
3PAA294 0.1 22.8 calcite + sulfides post-mineral none Fortuna T8
3PAA103A -1.0 22.2 calcite + sulfides post-mineral weak ORF Quarry Bench
2PAE229A -6.0 6.0 late white calcite post-mineral mod ORF Fortuna

4PAA233 2.1 25.8 Brown limestone none Yanacancha

4PAA235 2.6 26.0 Brown limestone none Yanacancha
4PAA236 3.2 26.1 Brown limestone none Yanacancha
4PAA238 1.8 23.9 Brown limestone none Yanacancha

158
 Table 3.7: Oxygen isotope composition of quartz, silicates and intrusive rocks from
Antamina

18
Sample Lithology Locality Sample type δ O Observations
(VSMOW)
2PAE211 qtz-hb-bio- feldspar Condorcocha whole rock 10.0 late intrusion
porphyry dike
2PAT-06 hb-bio-plg porphyry dike Oscarina qtz 10.1

2PAT-08 Biotite-orthoclase Taco pit qtz 12.7 Usupallares intrusion

megacryst dike
2PAT-11 Biotite-plagioclase Taco pit qtz 2.5
porphyry
2PAT-12 K-spar megacryst Usupallares qtz 10.5
porphyry
3PAA-263 Green garnet skarn Antamina West garnet grains 8.2 Coarse-grained and
(exoskarn) mineralized skarn
3PAA-264 Brown to yellow garnet Taco pit garnet grains 7.8 Coarse-grained and
skarn (endoskarn) mineralized skarn
3PAA-265 Potassic altered qtz- Taco pit qtz veins 11.1
monzonite
4PAA-125A Silicified dacite porphyry Fortuna qtz grains 13.8
dike
4PAA-126 Silicified dacite porphyry Condorcocha qtz grains 18.3 early intrusion in
dike contact with light
brown endoskarn
4PAA-127 qtz feldspar porphyry dike Condorcocha whole rock 10.6 late intrusion

4PAA-219 Light brown garnet Oscarina qtz veins 13.2

endoskarn
4PAA-221A Phyllic altered qtz- Oscarina qtz grains 11.8
feldspar-biotite porphyry

4PAA-221B Phyllic altered qtz- Oscarina qtz veins 11.5

feldspar-biotite porphyry

4PAA-230 qtz-feldspar bio porphyry Quarry Bench qtz grains 9.7

dike
min 9.7
max 13.8

159
Figure 3.35: Isotope composition of calcite veins from Antamina. A. δ18O versus δ13C plot of pre, syn- and
post-mineral fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins. B. Isotope composition of pre-mineral veins. C. Isotope
composition of syn-mineral veins. D. Isotope composition of post-mineral veins.

160
3.7.2 Oxygen isotope thermometry
3.7.2.1 Oxygen isotopes in silicates
Eight samples of quartz phenocrysts, three of quartz veins, two of skarn garnet and
two of whole rock intrusive dike were analyzed for oxygen isotope content to estimate the
temperature of mineral deposition and determine the source of the hydrothermal fluids,
considering the temperature dependence of stable isotope fractionation between minerals
and solutions (Krauskopf and Bird, 1995). The analytical results are tabulated in Table 3.7.
Quartz phenocrysts from Antamina porphyries are relatively constant, spanning the range
10.1 to 11.8 per mil δ18O VSMOW (four samples). This range of δ18O is in equilibrium
with magmatic volatiles of 9.6 to 11.2 per mil at temperatures of 700 to 800ºC (Matsuhisa
et al., 1979). One quartz phenocryst from biotite-plagioclase porphyry at Taco Pit has δ18O
of 2.5 per mil and has clearly interacted with meteoric fluids. Three samples of quartz
phenocryst in dikes (Quarry Bench, Fortuna and Usu Pallares) span 9.7 to 13.8 per mil.
Quartz veins within the Antamina stock have δ18O 11.1 to 13.2 per mil. The quartz veins
are in isotopic equilibrium with magmatic volatiles at high temperature. Quartz phenocrysts
from an early dike at Condorcocha in contact with light brown endoskarn has δ18O of 18.3
per mil, whilst δ18O on late intrusion dikes at Condorcocha are relatively constant, spanning
the range 10.0 to 10.6 per mil VSMOW. Garnet from endoskarn and exoskarn have δ18O
values in the range 7.8 to 8.2 per mil VSMOW and are in equilibrium with magmatic
volatiles at temperatures of about 600ºC (Zheng, 1993).

3.7.2.2 Oxygen isotopes in calcite veins

The temperature dependence of δ18O calcite in equilibrium with magmatic fluids in
the range 9.6 to 11.2 per mil is plotted in Figure 3.36 by using the calcite-water
fractionation values of O’Neil et al. (1969). Also plotted are the oxygen isotope values of
twenty-two pre, syn- and post mineral veins according to their UVF signature (Table 3.6).
Oxygen isotope data and delta values of calcite-water exchange for a temperature range of
200 to 800˚C are shown in Table 3.8. Oxygen isotope of calcite in equilibrium with
magmatic water (δ18O calcite) is found by solving the following formula:
δ18O calcite = delta (∆) calcite-water – δ18O water

161
Figure 3.36: Plot of temperature dependence of calcite δ18O in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles from
Antamina intrusive rocks. A. Pre-mineral non-fluorescent veins. B. Syn-mineral none to weak ORF veins. C.
Syn-mineral moderate to strong ORF veins. D. Post-mineral non-fluorescent veins. E. Post-mineral weak to
moderate ORF veins. These plots also show the vertical variation in oxygen isotope composition and
temperature of calcite veins at Antamina.

162
Table 3.8: Delta values of calcite-water exchange, temperature range: 200 and 800˚C

δ18O water min δ18 O water max

VSMOW VSMOW
18
δ O magmatic fluids (Matsuhisa et al., 1979) 9.6 11.2

∆ cal-H2 O (O'Neil Temperature low δ18O calcite high δ18 O calcite

o
et al., 1969) ( C) VSMOW VSMOW

-0.48 800 9.1 10.7

0.76 600 10.4 12.0
1.76 500 11.4 13.0
3.25 400 12.9 14.5
5.57 300 15.2 16.8
9.53 200 19.1 20.7

where:
18 18
low δ O calcite = ∆ cal-water + δ O water min
high δ 18 O calcite = ∆ cal-water + δ18 O water max

163
 Pre-mineral, non-fluorescent calcite veins with δ18O greater than 22.0 ‰VSMOW
fall outside the curve of equilibrium with magmatic fluids (Fig. 3.36A). Syn-mineralization
non-fluorescent veins with δ18O in the range of 12.3 to 14.9 ‰ are in equilibrium with
magmatic fluid at temperatures between 350 and 500˚C (Fig. 3.36B). Moderate to strong
orange red fluorescent, syn-mineralization calcite + sulfide veins with δ18O in the range of
11.5 to 16.2 per mil (Fig. 3.36C) are in equilibrium with magmatic fluid at temperatures of
350 to 550°C. Post mineral, fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins span a wide range of
δ18O values that may be related to a diagenetic origin, and calcite in isotopic equilibrium
with magmatic and meteoric fluids (Figs. 3.36D and E).

3.7.3 Strontium isotopes

3.7.3.1 Sampling and analytical procedures
Three calcite veins, four marble and one hornfels samples were selected for
strontium isotope measurements in order to assess the possible source of fluids at
Antamina. Two of the three samples of calcite represent moderate to strong orange red
fluorescent veins taken at Fortuna, while the other is a non-fluorescent pre-mineral vein
taken approximately 350 metres above the skarn front at the Antamina West zone.
Additionally, one sample of the Taco Pit porphyry and four samples of unaltered limestone
from Yanacancha were analyzed for comparison. Oxygen, carbon and strontium isotope
composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestone is shown in Table 3.9. Estimated
strontium isotope values for the period of sedimentation of the Jumasha Formation and for
the Cretaceous system based on the charts of Burke et al., 1982 and Jones and Jenkyns,
2001 are also presented in Table 3.9. Oxygen and strontium isotope composition of
intrusive rocks from Antamina as well as intrusive rocks from the Cordillera Blanca
(Petford et al., 1996) are shown in Table 3.10. For the analysis of the calcite and the
removal of secondary phases or potential contaminants, sample powders were leached
using the procedure designed by Weis and Frey (1991, 1996) and Weis et al. (2005). This
procedure ensures the maximum removal of secondary phases that may be present in the
sample and consist of the following steps:
Approximately 0.2 grams of pulp or drilled material is weighed into an acid-washed
15mL Savillex® beaker, then ten mL of 6N sub-boiled HCl is added and the suspension is
ultra-sonicated for 20 minutes. After that, the supernatant is decanted. This process is

164
 Table 3.9: Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestones from Antamina
MS61 MS61 MS61 MS61
Sample 13 18 Vein type Chronology UVF Location 87 86 2 sigma (m) Sr Rb Mn Al
δ C δ O Sr/ Sr
VPDB VSMOW ppm ppm ppm %
3PAA200A 0.6 22.7 Light gray calcite pre-mineral none Fortuna T3 0.708252 0.000010
4PAA178 -3.0 13.7 calcite + oxides syn-mineral mod ORF Fortuna 0.707665 0.000008
4PAA163 -0.9 13.4 calcite + oxides syn-mineral strong ORF Fortuna 0.707772 0.000008 245 2.1 42800 0.1
3PAA115 -14.6 12.0 Tan hornfels weak ORF of Quarry Bench 0.709221 0.000010 357 319 380 7.62
some ca+py vlts
3PAA154A -1.4 16.3 Tan marble none Quarry Bench 0.707979 0.000009 737 51.5 335 2.72
4PAA191 -1.6 22.9 Light gray marble none Antamina West 0.707791 0.000007 762 13.2 238 0.8
4PAA134 2.5 22.2 White marble strong ORF in Antamina West 0.708075 0.000010 447 12 292 1.01
fract.
4PAA150 1.9 22.7 White marble wk-mod ORF Antamina West 0.707768 0.000008 1130 7.9 162 0.94
(mtx), strong ORF
ca+py vein
4PAA233 2.1 25.8 Brown limestone Celendin none Yanacancha 0.707974 0.000008 721 44.7 249 3.15
Fm.
4PAA238 1.8 23.9 Brown limestone Celendin none Yanacancha 0.708312 0.000007 527 40 278 3.03
Fm.
4PAA235 2.6 26.0 Brown limestone Jumasha Fm. none Yanacancha 0.707721 0.000008 437 11 154 0.69

4PAA236 3.2 26.1 Brown limestone Jumasha Fm. none Yanacancha 0.707507 0.000010 473 4 172 0.4

Jumasha period 20.0 0.707150

minimum*
Jumasha period 20.0 0.707350
maximum*
Cretaceous system 22.0 0.707140
minimum*

Cretaceous system 22.0 0.707720

maximum*

* Approximate values based on Burke et al., 1982, and Jones and Jenkyns, 2001
165
 Table 3.10: Oxygen and strontium isotope composition of intrusive rocks from Antamina and Cordillera Blanca

Sample/location δ18O Lithology Age (Ma) Sample type Location 87

Sr/86Sr (initial) Sr Rb

VSMOW min. error ppm ppm

2PAT-11 2.5 Bt-plg porphyry 10.73 ± 0.10 qtz grains Taco pit 0.705577 630 155
Antamina
18 9.7 Silicified dacite 10.93 ± 0.09 qtz grains Quarry Bench 0.705500
Min δ O QFP
dike (4PAA230) porphyry
18 13.8 qtz-feldspar bio 10.94 ± 0.08 qtz grains Fortuna 0.705500
Max. δ O QFP
dike (4PAA125) porphyry dike
918* 10.1 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 qtz grains Cordillera Blanca
(qtz)
918* 9.2 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705447 0.000011 576 128
900* 8.1 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705317 0.000012 436 119
93* 8.5 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705248 0.000008 389 155
884* 4.1 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705474 0.000011 427 133
915* 9.2 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705571 0.000011 380 119
925* 9.2 Leucogranodiorite 6 - 2.7 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.705710 0.000008 471 141
901* 6.2 Quartz diorite 16.5 - 9 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.704911 0.00001 895 71
920* 9.2 Tonalite 16.5 - 9 whole rock Cordillera Blanca 0.704737 0.000009 947 61

Values in red are assumed data

* Values taken from Petford and Atherton, 1996; and Petford et al., 1996
166
repeated 5 to 6 times until the supernatant is clear and pale yellow to colorless. The process
is repeated 2-4 times with milli-Q H2O (i.e. water that is 18.2 megohm (ion free), pyrogen
free, with reduced organic contamination as well as with bacterial and particulate removal
in place of 6N sub-boiled HCl to eliminate the excess HCl. The leached rock powder is
dried on a hot plate at ~120˚C and then weighed after cooling.
Isotopic measurements were made by Bruno Kieffer using the Finnigan Triton
thermo-ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) at the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and
Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at the University of British Columbia. Strontium
composition was measured in static mode multicollection with relay matrix rotation (the
“virtual amplifier” of Finnigan) on a single Ta and double Re-Ta filament.
86
Thesemeasurements were corrected for mass fractionation using Sr/88Sr = 0.1194. Six
analyses of the NBS987 Sr standard made during the course of this study have a mean
value of 87Sr/86Sr = 0.710259 ± 0.000016 (2σ). A single analysis typically consists of 135
cycles (9 blocks of 15) to allow a full rotation of the virtual amplifier.

3.7.3.2 Results
The 87Sr/86Sr composition of veins and host rocks were plotted versus their δ18O, Rb
and Al content along with the unaltered limestone, Taco Pit quartz monzonite and the
values of Cordillera Blanca Batholith (CBB) (Petford et al., 1996, Petford and Atherton,
1996). Oxygen isotope composition of quartz and garnet derived from selected intrusive
rocks from Antamina were also plotted for reference. Data from CBB was selected because
of similar ages with the intrusive rocks from Antamina. Strontium and oxygen composition
of the intrusive rocks are markedly lower than host rocks (Fig. 3.37A). Strontium and
oxygen composition of light gray and white marble is very similar to the unaltered
limestone. Tan marble has 87Sr/86Sr composition similar to other marble samples, but δ18O
values lower than unaltered limestone, gray and white marble. Tan hornfels has the lower
δ18O and higher 87Sr/86Sr values than the marble and limestone samples examined. Oxygen
composition of tan hornfels and tan marble are similar to that of orange red fluorescent
veins, which also correspond to the upper limit of δ18O values of intrusive rocks (Fig.
3.37A and B).
87
The Sr/86Sr composition for two strong orange red fluorescent calcite veins
(0.707772 and 0.707665) is slightly lower than that of the non-fluorescent vein (0.708252)

167
Figure 3.37: Strontium and oxygen isotope composition of veins and host rocks at Antamina in relation to the
intrusive rocks from Taco Pit and Cordillera Blanca Batholith. A. δ18O versus 87Sr/86Sr for marble and
hornfels showing the low δ18O and high Sr composition of tan hornfels. B. δ18O versus 87Sr/86Sr for non-
fluorescent and moderate to strong ORF calcite veins. C. δ18O versus Rb content of marble, hornfels and
strong ORF calcite vein. D. δ18O versus Sr content of marble, hornfels and strong ORF calcite vein. E. Rb
versus 87Sr/86Sr of host rocks and an ORF vein from Antamina. F. Al versus 87Sr/86Sr of host rocks and an
ORF vein from Antamina. Observe the relative higher Al and Rb content and the high 87Sr/86Sr composition
of tan hornfels in relation to limestone, marble and even intrusive rocks.

168
but greater than the Sr composition of the mineralized Taco porphyry (0.705577) and the
intrusive rocks from the CBB (Fig. 3.37B). Rubidium content of intrusive rocks from CBB
is higher than marble, limestone and calcite veins but markedly lower than the Rb content
of tan hornfels (Table 3.9, Fig. 3.37C). However, Sr content of all the rocks examined in
this study fall in the same range of values, where calcite and one sample of white marble
have the lowest and highest Sr content, respectively (Fig. 3.37D). Strontium isotope
composition of most of the host rocks examined and the intrusive rocks from CBB form
two clusters that show no connection between these samples (Fig. 3.37E). Strontium
isotope composition of host rocks is also slightly more radiogenic than the Jumasha and
Upper Cretaceous seawater (Jones and Jenkyns, 2001). Tan hornfels sample is the
exception because of its high 87Sr/86Sr, Rb and Al content suggesting the presence of more
radiogenic material in this rock (Figs. 3.37E &F).

3.8 Discussion
3.8.1 Mineral reactions and alteration zoning
Mineral composition of the thermal aureole around Antamina (Figs. 3.1C and 3.26)
especially that developed at the north and east side of the open pit (Quarry Bench and
Ridge road) is similar to the typical metamorphic mineral zonation of dolomitic rocks:
garnet – clinopyroxene – tremolite – talc/phlogopite (Robb, 2005), where phlogopite is
distal to the mineralizing centre. Mineral composition of the limestone adjacent to these
zones consists of calcite, quartz, k feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, chlorite and minor ankerite.
However, coarse-grained marble units adjacent to the skarn at the Antamina West
zone indicate that pure limestone was the protolith to the skarn ore at this zone. According
to the mineral assemblage of marble adjacent to the mineralized skarn, its protolith should
have contained: calcite + Ca-rich plagioclase + albite ± biotite ± quartz ± dolomite.
Mineral textures indicate that a prograde metamorphic process predated
metasomatism and mineralization at Antamina. The thermal effect of intrusive activity at
Antamina and Condorcocha is represented by wide aureoles of marble and hornfels. The
depth of the skarn formation is not constrained in this study, but considering the sharply
discordant contacts between skarn and bedding Antamina may be considered as a shallow

169
skarn deposit (Meinert et al., 2005), which probably formed between 1 and 2 kilobars of
pressure.
Tremolite, scapolite and possibly phlogopite as well as recrystallization of calcite
are likely to be the early products of the contact metamorphism at Antamina (Figs. 3.38A
and B) assuming that the intrusion of magma heated the rocks to temperatures between
500˚C (proximal) and 400°C (distal) to the intrusion. Pyrrhotite is also constrained as a
product of thermal metamorphism within the marble/hornfels aureole and even in the
adjacent limestone.

3.8.1.1 Prograde metamorphism

Scapolite formation
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) on selected scapolite porphyroblasts
suggests they are relatively Ca-rich with some sodic component (Figs. 3.38C) probably 50
to 75 mol percent meionite (Me50-75). The presence of Ca-rich scapolite (Me75) and the
relative absence of albite in the coarse-grained marble units especially in the Antamina
West area, suggest that scapolite may have formed according to the following reaction
(Pan, 1998):
2 anorthite + 1 albite + 1 calcite → 1 scapolite (Me75)
However, a more realistic equilibrium reaction can be expressed as follows
according to Kerrick et al., 1973, since it includes NaCl as one of the reactants:
MeXMaY = 3Xanorthite + Xcalcite + 3Y albite + Y(NaCl)fluid
where Me is meionite, Ma is marialite, X is the molar percent meionite and Y molar
percent marialite.
The source of Cl is uncertain, but it may have come from halite content in the
protolith or introduced in the rocks by fluids. The intermediate composition of scapolite
suggests a temperature of formation in the range of 500 to 550˚C because Ca pure scapolite
(meionite) from calcite + anorthite only occurs at temperatures greater than 800˚C
(Moecher and Essene, 1990). This is consistent with its abundance within the coarse-
grained marble aureole close to the skarn front at Antamina. T-XCO2 diagram at 1.5
kilobars pressure (Nabelek, 2002) show the scapolite-forming reaction at Notch Peak
aureole may be similar to that in Antamina (Fig. 3.39 B).

170
Figure 3.38: Captions are on the following page.

171
Figure 3.38: Mineral assemblages and reaction paths.
A. SEM image of coarse-grained white marble showing scapolite replaced by calcite and diopside (sample
4PAA186).
B. SEM image of coarse-grained gray marble showing K-feldspar replaced by phlogopite, calcite and quartz
while tremolite is replaced by diopside. Note also the presence of pyrrhotite probably associated with the
reducing conditions of the system (sample 4PAA148).
C. Energy dispersive spectra of scapolite from coarse-grained gray marble show a small amount of Na
suggesting a 50 to 75 mol percent meionite in the scapolite (Me 50-75).

172
Figure 3.39: Captions are on the following page.

173
Figure 3.39: Isobaric T-XCO2 diagrams showing the possible equilibria for marble and hornfels at Antamina.
Arrowed lines indicate the interpreted reaction paths of metamorphism and metasomatism.
A. T-XCO2 diagram at 1000 bars for selected equilibria in the CMAS (H2O-CO2) system showing the
possible reaction paths followed within the marble-hornfels aureole at Antamina. Diagram taken and modified
from Tracy and Frost, 1991.
B. T-XCO2 diagram at 1500 bars for selected equilibria CMAS (H2O-CO2) system showing the reactions
related to the production of scapolite, vesuvianite and zoisite. Scapolite in this diagram has 50% meionite
component. Diagram taken and modified from Nabelek, 2002.

174
 None to very small amounts of scapolite in the bleached zones close to the dikes
and the mineralized skarn bodies suggest that scapolite was partially consumed during the
formation of the garnet skarn. This process can be explained by the following reaction:
1 meionite + quartz → anorthite + grossular + CO2 (Pan, 1998)
Scapolite appears replaced by K-feldspar, calcite and diopside close to the skarn
(Fig. 3.16) and by epidote (zoisite) distal to it (Gray hornfels), the latter likely related to the
retrograde alteration at low temperatures (Fig. 3.12E).

Tremolite formation
Tremolite may have grown at expenses of dolomite and quartz in presence of water
at temperatures of 400 to 425°C (Fig. 3.39A) according to the following reaction:
Dolomite + quartz + H2O → tremolite + calcite + CO2 (Tracy and Frost, 1991)
Low amounts of tremolite were formed considering the low amounts of quartz and
dolomite in the protolith.

Phlogopite formation
Love et al., 2004, considered phlogopite distal to the skarn as an early product of
prograde metamorphism formed at expenses of dolomite and K-feldspar. However,
phlogopite is commonly found replacing tremolite so it may have formed according to the
following reaction: Tremolite + K-feldspar → phlogopite + calcite + quartz (Tracy and
Frost, 1991). This reaction would imply a reduction in temperature of the metamorphic
event from 425 to 400°C (Fig. 3.39A) previous to the metasomatic process.

The presence of pyrrhotite

The effects of thermal metamorphism seem to have extended into the enclosed
limestone rocks as it is evidenced by the presence of disseminated pyrrhotite in the marble-
hornfels aureole (Fig. 3.38B) and within the adjacent 75 metres in limestone, particularly
around Condorcocha (Fig. 3.1C). Pyrrhotite formation can form at low temperatures
(<200˚C) at the expense of pyrite or magnetite under increasing reducing conditions
(Gillett, 2003) given by the thermal reaction of diagenetic pyrite with organic carbon and
H2O (Allcock, 1982) according to the following formula:
2 pyrite + 2H2O + C (organic) = 2 pyrrhotite + 2H2S + CO2

175
 Low pyrrhotite content of bleached marble and hornfels, and the scattered presence
of oxygen isotope anomalies in pyrrhotite-rich limestone suggest pyrrhotite is a product of
thermal metamorphism rather than the circulation of reducing fluids. The transition from
pyrrhotite to pyrite towards the skarn and the abundance of pyrite in fractures within the
skarn and in the marble/hornfels aureole indicates the escape of oxidizing fluids from the
mineralizing centre at Antamina.

3.8.1.2 Metasomatic effects

Garnet (andradite and grossular) and diopside are the main calc-silicates within the
skarn and they are mainly abundant within bleached and sulfide zones. Therefore, they
might be associated with the process of prograde metasomatism and replacement. This
process may be accompanied by the infiltration of oxidizing fluids from the intrusion that
led to the destruction of primary organic carbon and to the deposition of pyrite and other
sulfides. Grossular is more abundant in the thermal aureole and it may have formed at
expenses of anorthite (Fig. 3.39A) or scapolite, calcite and quartz (Fig. 3.14C) at
temperatures around 500°C.
Phlogopite and K-feldspar as fracture fillings, replacing Ca-plagioclase and
flooding the rock matrix suggest the addition of potassium to the system (potassic
alteration) particularly close to the skarn (Fig. 3.12E). The relative abundance of diopside
proximal and distal to the skarn suggests its protracted development throughout the
metamorphic and metasomatic phases of skarn. The late generation of diopside replacing
tremolite, and its presence in equilibrium with K-feldspar and calcite suggest the addition
of silica to the system (silicification). Diopside probably formed according to the following
reaction:
1 tremolite + 3 calcite + 2 quartz → 5 diopside + 3CO2 + 1H2O (Fig. 3.38E)
This reaction suggests high water contents (XCO2=0.25) because diopside surrounds
tremolite and also grows on calcite (Winkler and Luttge, 1999). However, diopside-
rimming tremolite can reflect an incomplete reaction because of the consumption of one of
the reactants (Vernon, 1976). The temperature of diopside reaction may have varied
between 475 and 490°C at 1000 bars pressure (Fig. 3.39A).
Very low amounts of wollastonite and vesuvianite in marble and hornfels confirm
the impure composition of the protolith (Robb, 2005). Radial aggregates of vesuvianite are

176
common along the margin of the QFP dikes replacing garnet and K-feldspar probably at
expenses of scapolite, diopside, calcite and quartz in presence of water (Nabelek, 2002 –
Fig. 3.39B). Vesuvianite at fluid pressure less than 2 Kilobars indicates temperature
<400˚C and low XCO2 (Valley et al., 1985). Retrograde alteration was likely caused by the
late stage of mineralization. It is represented by the assemblage: epidote + chlorite + pyrite
+ calcite, where epidote is associated with sulfides and it is found replacing plagioclase,
diopside and tremolite. Probably vesuvianite preceded the retrograde alteration phase of the
skarn (Fig. 3.39B).
Fracture-controlled permeability of the system may have facilitated the mixing of
meteoric and hydrothermal fluids allowing the development of the phyllic alteration of the
intrusions at Taco Pit and the retrograde alteration of the skarn. This phase was
accompanied by a small base metal sulfide mineralization expressed in calcite + sphalerite
+ galena ± chalcopyrite + realgar associated with vesuvianite, tremolite, and epidote.
In summary, the relative abundance of K-feldspar and phlogopite as replacement
products in marble and hornfels indicate that potassic alteration was an important and
distinctive event associated with the mineralization at Antamina. Retrograde alteration was
on the contrary very limited and was related to the late calcite + sulfide veins mainly
distinguished in the surroundings of the deposit. Based on mineral assemblages observed in
the skarn and the marble and hornfels aureole it can be estimated that a range of
temperatures for the prograde contact metamorphism and metasomatism between 400 and
500°C occurred, with the lower temperatures located distal to the skarn ore.

3.8.2 Fluid rock interaction processes

Alteration assemblages and the large scale zonation of marble and hornfels around
the Antamina skarn deposit are indicative of large fluid/rock ratios centered in the
polyphase quartz monzonite porphyry stock at the actual Taco Pit. Mineral composition and
texture of marble proximal to the skarn indicates the combined effect of thermal and fluid
circulation process in the area, where coarse-grained marble commonly found proximal to
the skarn ore represent higher temperature than fine grained units that commonly appear
distal to the skarn ore. Coarse-grained gray marble and white marble represent a gradational
series within the same stratigraphic unit. White color of marble and hornfels appear to be

177
related to fluid flow whereby infiltration-driven oxidation of organic carbon to CO2 fluid
causes bleaching.
The existence of a vigorous zone of high fluid circulation at Taco Pit is evidenced
by the potassic alteration assemblage (K-feldspar + phlogopite) found within the quartz
monzonite intrusions at Taco Pit and in the tan hornfels and marble units around Antamina.
K-feldspar in textural equilibrium with calcite is commonly found in all hornfels and fine-
grained marble units. It also appears as isolated grains in unaltered limestone. However,
phlogopite fracture fillings and K-feldspar invasion of rock matrix found in tan marble and
hornfels indicates the addition of potassium to these rocks.
Bleaching of hornfels and marble that commonly appear associated with calc-
silicate-sulfide units (beds, veins) suggest they are the products of fluid flow – rock
interaction, where fluids used sedimentary layering, the contact with the QFP dikes and in
minor degree the former rock schistosity to escape from the skarn system. The relative
abundance of retrograde alteration minerals in the bleached halos to QFP dikes and sulfide
veins developed in tan, gray and greenish gray marble and hornfels units would
demonstrate a major fluid rock interaction along the bleached rock units and the prevalence
of fracture-controlled permeability distal to the deposit.
Petrographic texture of hornfels shows no distinctive difference with limestone
rocks that the relative increment in the Si, Al, La and Ti content of hornfels (chapter 2)
seems to be related to the dissolution of carbonate material rather than to the addition of
silica to the system. Centimetre-scale hornfels halos to the QFP dikes developed in
limestone distal to the Antamina skarn deposit are indicative of low fluid/rock ratios
outside the large marble and hornfels aureole, although circulation of fluids persisted for
more than 1 km from the ore mineralizing centre (Fortuna).
The distinctive thermal metal zonation found in the host rocks of Antamina
composed of high-temperature metals (Cu, Mo, Bi) with strong halos at deeper levels and
low to medium-temperature metals (Ag, As, Sb, Pb and Tl) with prevalent deep to shallow
halos, are strongly related to the type and volume of ore minerals present within the skarn
and along the fluid escape conduits. Mineral and metal zonation outside the skarn suggests
a rapid decrease in temperature and volume of the fluids as they egressed from the skarn.
This feature may be also associated with the strong confinement of the fluids within the

178
skarn due to the good sealing capacity of the marble units. Petrographic and isotopic data
confirm the impermeable condition of marble especially of the coarse-grained marble units.
UVF of veins also demonstrated that fluids escaped from the skarn through prevalent
fracture-controlled permeability in the marble aureole proximal to Antamina.
Depleted values in oxygen isotopes of the host rocks to the QFP dikes confirm the
dikes as the main conduits of fluid escape in the area. Large oxygen isotope halos to dikes
in areas proximal to relative big ore zones (Quarry Bench, transect 13, Fortuna) suggest
that isotopic interaction in limestone rocks is intense and should be tested even in the
absence of distinctive visible alteration features such as silicification, quartz ± sulfide veins.
Depleted values of oxygen isotopes in hornfels around Antamina but not around
Condorcocha skarn system would confirm that QFP dikes were the main escape conduits
for fluids from the Antamina system.
Carbon isotope halos are greater than oxygen isotope halos in impure limestone
suggesting the prevalence of decarbonation reactions. These reactions may be ascribed to a
thermal effect as it is demonstrated by the δ18O versus δ13C plot of limestone from Quarry
Bench and most of the hornfels samples (Figs. 3.30B and F), which follow approximately
the same path for maximum lowering of δ-values due only to decarbonation determined by
Nabelek et al. (1984) (Fig. 3.30G). Wide carbon and oxygen isotope halos to the Ag-base
metal vein at Fortuna (traverse 5), which is surrounded by a high density of calcite + sulfide
and calcite + Mn oxide veinlets suggest a channeled, non-pervasive fluid flow dominated at
shallow levels of Antamina. Abundance of fractures and cracks increased the porosity of
the host rocks increasing the alteration effect of infiltration from the main fluid channel
(Fortuna vein). Coincidence in carbon and oxygen isotope halos at this level (Figs. 3.31 and
3.33) may well be used to define the lateral influence or the metasomatic side (Yardley and
Lloyd, 1995) of the spent mineralizing fluids from Antamina at approximately 90 metres
within the shallow levels.
A plot of strontium and oxygen isotope composition of intrusive rocks, marble,
hornfels, and unaltered limestone (Fig. 3.37A) indicate the effects of fluid infiltration in
marble and hornfels especially in tan hornfels and marble, suggesting also the fast
movement of the oxygen isotope front in relation to Sr (Fig. 3.40A). A hypothethical graph
87 18 13
of the extent of isotopic alteration with respect to Sr, O and C is presented showing

179
Figure 3.40: Captions are on the following page.

180
Figure 3.40: Tracers of fluid sources at Antamina.
A. Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins, unaltered limestone and intrusive rocks from Taco Pit and
the Cordillera Blanca Batholith (Petford et al., 1996). Observe the Sr composition of unaltered limestone span
a range of values higher than Jumasha and Cretaceous sea water (Burke, 1982). Strontium composition of
calcite veins is similar to that of unaltered limestone; however, oxygen isotope composition of ORF veins is
similar to intrusive rocks. A mixing line is traced between intrusive rocks, calcite veins and unaltered
limestone.
A’. Schematic section of the isotopic fronts for Antamina shows the faster displacement of 18O in relation to
87
Sr. Depleted values of δ13C but not of δ18O from limestone distal to the skarn and to the fluid conduits
suggest a low amount of CO2 released due to the fluid-rock interaction (Nabelek et al., 1984). Oxidation of
black carbon due to decarbonation reactions may have led to the change of δ13C signature of limestone
(Dipple, pers. Comm.). B. Temperature versus δ18O of syn-mineral, fluorescent and non-fluorescent calcite
veins proximal and distal to the skarn at Antamina. Observe the temperature dependence of calcite δ18O in
equilibrium with magmatic volatiles from the Antamina stock. A range of temperatures of 330˚ to 420˚C is
constrained for the isotopic equilibrium of veins with magmatic volatiles at Fortuna, whereas a higher range
of temperatures is proposed for calcite proximal to the skarn deposit (480˚ to 580˚C).

181
almost not displacement for the Sr isotopic front and almost 800 metres for the oxygen
isotope (Fig. 3.40A’). The relative depleted values of δ13C in limestone distal to Antamina
are probably related to the oxidation of black organic carbon (Dipple, pers. Comm.) and not
to the circulation of fluids as can be demonstrated in the graphs of δ18O versus δ13C for
hornfels, marble and limestone (Fig. 3.30A to F). Sample distributions in these graphs
follow approximately the same trend of maximum depletion due to decarbonation found by
Nabelek et al., 1994 for the calcareous argillites and limestone around the Notch Peak
metamorphic aureole (Fig. 3.30G), suggesting that light δ13C values of most hornfels and
limestone from Antamina are due to processes of oxidation and decarbonation reactions
(Fig. 3.40A’).
In summary, gray and greenish gray marble and hornfels units might be related to a
thermal alteration process. Tan and white marble and hornfels would correspond to a
combined thermal and fluid flow-rock interaction process, where recurrent flux of fluids
must be attributed to yield the commonly irregular white (bleached) rock units.

3.8.3 Source of fluids

It has been demonstrated that oxygen isotope values vary systematically with the
UVF response. In that sense, orange red fluorescence veins could be interpreted to
represent higher temperature fluid of similar origin as the other veins, or a fluid that has
exchanged oxygen but not carbon with the host limestone. Strontium isotope versus oxygen
isotope composition graph of orange red fluorescence calcite, unaltered limestone and
intrusive rocks confirm the aforementioned hypothesis (Fig. 3.37B). Oxygen isotope
composition of fluorescent and non-fluorescent syn mineral calcite veins in equilibrium
with magmatic volatiles (O’Neil et al., 1969) confirms their relationship with hot magmatic
fluids at the Antamina and Fortuna areas (Figs. 3.36B and C). The presence of a very low
δ18O value for a post-mineral orange red fluorescent calcite (6.02 ‰ VSMOW) suggests
the late incursion of meteoric fluids as the hydrothermal system waned.
Syn-mineralization calcite veins mainly from Fortuna (Table 3.6) span a wide range
of δ18O values (11.48 to 18.7 per mil VSMOW); however, most of them fall within the
range of 11.5 to 14.9 per mil VSMOW (Fig. 3.40B), which indicate they are in equilibrium
with magmatic fluid at temperatures of 330 to 420ºC. Oxygen isotope compositions of
calcite veins from Quarry Bench and Antamina West suggest isotopic equilibrium of calcite

182
with magmatic fluid at temperatures as high as 580ºC (Fig. 3.40B). Strontium composition
of marble, hornfels and calcite veins in comparison to the magmatic rocks at Antamina
confirm the slow diffusion of Sr isotopes in solid phases (Frimmel, 1992).
The temporal and hydrologic relationship between the zones of massive bleaching
and brown carbonate veins is not known. However, δ13C values of these veins are unusually
light, as low as –10.0 per mil VPDB. Large negative δ13C is often attributed to organic C
sources or to microbial activity. One potential source of organic carbon is the graphite
oxidized and volatilized during bleaching of marble. If this is the source of the isotopically
light carbon, then the δ13C values of the veins may provide a link between the bleached
marble fluid flow pathways and the fracture controlled vein systems.
Oxygen versus strontium isotope composition plot of syn-mineral calcite veins,
intrusive rocks and unaltered limestone indicates a mixed magmatic-sedimentary source for
the strontium in the calcite veins. Oxygen isotope values of these veins (<20.0‰ VSMOW)
confirm their association with magmatic fluids. The commonly low Rb/Sr ratios of marble
and limestone indicate a negligible variation in Sr/Sr as a function of age.
The strontium composition of marble, hornfels and unaltered limestones fall in a
similar range of values with the exception of tan hornfels. The high Sr/Sr composition of
tan hornfels is probably influenced by an older and more radiogenic source of its
siliciclastic content. The elevated Al content and the high Rb/Sr ratio of tan hornfels
confirm the influence of an isotopically heterogeneous source for these rocks. It is worth
mentioning the higher strontium composition of host rocks in comparison to the nearby
intrusive rocks. This fact may indicate a low interaction between magmatic-hydrothermal
87
fluids with the host rocks in Antamina. High Sr/86Sr ratios of host rocks and veins in
Antamina suggest a complete resetting of the original carbonate sedimentary signature
caused by the interaction of deep circulating fluids with old siliciclastic rocks (Satish-
Kumar et al., 2003)
In summary, oxygen isotope depletions in limestone, hornfels and marble reflect
exchange with magmatic fluids at temperatures from 600 to 400ºC. Quartz phenocrysts
record δ18O of magmatic fluid in the range 9 to 11 per mil δ18O. Endoskarn and exoskarn
garnet are in oxygen isotope equilibrium with magmatic fluid at temperatures of about 600
ºC. Calcite ± sulfide and oxide veins hosted in limestone at Fortuna and Fortuna East are in

183
oxygen isotope equilibrium with magmatic fluid at temperatures of about 400 ºC. Strontium
isotope composition of orange red fluorescent calcite veins, marble and hornfels in
Antamina indicate a mostly sedimentary source for the strontium in these rocks, and the
poor effect of spent fluids in these thermal aureoles.

3.8.4 Implications for mineral exploration

It has been shown in this study that visible and cryptic alteration extends as far as 1
km from Antamina. Large halos of thermal alteration characterize the peripheral zone to the
mineralized skarn, which is characterized by wide bands of bleached marble and brown to
tan marble and hornfels. The latter associated to the initial prograde metamorphism and
then overprinted by the potassic alteration process developed in the mineralizing intrusion.
Distinctive thermal visible and geochemical zonation around the skarn indicates that the
metal content outside the skarn drops abruptly outside the marble-hornfels aureole.
However, the systematic sampling of host rocks perpendicular to the fluid escape conduits
yield alteration halos that are reflected in trace element and oxygen isotope anomalies 400
metres above the system. Oxygen isotope depletion defines the widest halos at moderate to
shallow depths, whereas at depth in the marble-hornfels aureole δ18O depletion halos are
small and lie within the zone of visible alteration (bleached marble and hornfels). The lack
of δ18O depletion halos in the white marble zone indicates the effectiveness of marble as a
seal to the mineralizing fluids. The distribution of alteration features is summarized in
Figure 3.41.
Stable isotope compositions of fluorescent veins demonstrate the strong relationship
between moderate to strong ORF with light δ18O values. UVF halos to the main fluid
conduits indicate the concomitant circulation of fluids in the damage zone around the main
fluid escape conduits demonstrating the importance of defining and tracking UVF halos in
mineral exploration especially when the permeability of the host rocks is very low.
In conclusion, visible alteration and cryptic alteration halos around Antamina define
a large-scale zoning that can be used to vectorize concealed skarn deposits even in areas
with limited distribution of thermal aureoles.

184
 Figure 3.41: Synthesis of distal alteration to the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn deposit.
185
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 Chapter 4: Distal alteration and source of fluids in the Ag-Pb-
Zn-Mn Rosa vein and associated replacement deposits at
Uchucchacua, Perú3
4.1 Introduction
Hydrothermal alteration related to Ag-base metal deposits hosted in carbonate rocks
has been documented by many workers, and these deposits have been considered as the
distal part of high temperature carbonate replacement deposits and Cu skarns (e.g. Beaty et
al., 1990; Einaudi et al., 1981; Megaw, 1988, 1998; Meinert, 1997; Titley, 1993, 1996).
Among the diverse types of alteration that may be associated with these deposits, the
presence of manganese oxides, dolomitization and jasperoids are relatively common
(Alvarez and Noble, 1988; Friehauf and Pareja, 1988, Megaw, 1998). However, these
visible alteration features are not always present together, and often are subtle or absent
making it difficult to determine exploration targets based on these features alone. Trace
element composition of visible alteration (e.g. veins, Fe and Mn oxides, jasperoids, etc)
shows a clear correlation with the suite of metals related to epithermal deposits (Ag, Hg,
As, and Au). However trace element halos have not been constrained in detail. Halos of
oxygen and carbon isotopes around skarn and carbonate replacement deposits have been
studied with variable results but the examination of halos to the fluid escape conduits and
the trace element content of the host rocks have not been addressed in detail to test their
possible use in mineral exploration and the likely conditions of fluid-rock interaction.
This study presents a detailed characterization of the visible and cryptic alteration
envelopes in terms of magnitude, extent, and zonation to the Rosa vein, one of the most
productive veins of the Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn Uchucchacua vein deposit. Trace element and
oxygen isotope compositions of host rocks and veins are integrated with orange red
fluorescence of veins and other relevant geologic features as a basis for interpreting fluid-
rock interaction processes, large-scale zonation of water-rock interaction, and alteration
zoning of Ag-base metal deposits. Oxygen and strontium isotope compositions are also

3
A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication. Escalante, A., Dipple, G., Tosdal, R., Ebert, S.,
Sabastizagal, A. Distal Alteration and Source of Fluids in the Ag-Pb-Zn-Mn Rosa vein and Associated
Replacement Deposits at Uchucchacua, Peru.

193
presented to constrain the source of fluids and combined with mineralogical and trace
element data determine the relationship of Uchucchacua to a magmatic hydrothermal
system. Results of this study especially the lateral and vertical zonation of the alteration
halos may be used as a pattern in the exploration of precious and base metals hosted in
carbonate rocks that lack visible alteration features.

4.2 Deposit geology

The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn Uchucchacua Vein Deposit is located in the eastern flank of the
western Peruvian Andes, at 10° 37’S and 76°41' W, and at 4,650 meters altitude (Fig. 4.1).
This deposit, 170 km north-northeast of Lima, mainly consists of silver- and manganese-
rich veins and bonanza ore bodies with minor amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu, which are hosted
in the highly deformed Upper Cretaceous Jumasha Formation. Local small and low-grade
skarn bodies are also found within the district associated with 24.5 to 25.3 Ma dacite
intrusions that apparently pre-dated the main stage of silver mineralization (Noble and
McKee, 1999; Bissig et al., 2005). Age of silver mineralization is unknown however it is
inferred to be within the Middle to Upper Miocene (15 to 8 Ma) from comparison with
other deposits in the polymetallic belt (Bussell et al, 1990; Petersen, 1999)
The Jumasha Formation in the vicinity of the mine consists of approximately 1,400
metres of fine-grained, massive limestones interbedded with marly limestones, nodular
limestones and marls, having been divided into four members from oldest to the youngest
are: Jumasha I, II, III and IV (Jaillard, 1986; Angeles, 2002). These rocks have been
affected by several phases of folding and faulting mainly related to the Eocene Incaic
tectonic event (Romani, 1982). The products of deformation are the NW-SE Cachipampa
anticline; the NNW-SSE thrust faults, the NE-SW Socorro – Luz and Uchucchacua fault
vein systems and their conjugated EW fracture system. East-west striking conjugate
fractures are important hosts to ore deposition.
The Uchucchacua District is divided into four areas: Socorro, Carmen, Casualidad
and Huantajalla, according to the relative concentration of Ag-rich veins and ore bodies.
The main tectonic structures present in the district are NE-SW and EW-NWSE, the former
mainly developed in the Socorro and Casualidad areas whereas the latter controls the
mineral distribution in the Carmen area. Mineralization has been recognized in surface in a
4 x 1.5 km area and it consists of up to 1200 metres long, discontinuous, Mn Oxide-rich

194
 Figure 4.1: Location and regional geologic map of Uchucchacua mining district. A. Sketch map of Peru showing the location of Uchucchacua. B. Regional
geological map of Uchucchacua. Modified from Cobbing, J. et al., 1973.
195
calcite veins and irregular breccia bodies (Sabastizagal, 2003), with most of them located in
the hinge and the western flank of the N20°W Cachipampa anticline. The veins are
structurally controlled by three fracture systems (Fig. 4.2): NW-SE (Socorro 1, Camucha,
Lucero, Dora y V3), E-W (Rosa, Sandra, Consuelo, Silvana, etc) and NE-SW (Luz,
Casualidad, Victoria, Plomopampa, Huantajalla), and they are mainly composed of
sulfides, whereas manganese silicates and sulfides form the orebodies (Bussell et al., 1990;
Petersen et al., 2004). Ore mineralization at Uchucchacua is characterized by an unusual
abundance and variety of Mn, Fe, Pb-Ag-Sb, and As sulfosalts and base metal sulfides
(Bussell et al., 1990; Petersen, 1995) that are related to low and moderate temperature
hydrothermal systems (Petersen, 1995). Four paragenetic stages were determined at
Uchucchacua (Bussell et al., 1990):
1. An exoskarn stage characterized by anhydrous Mn-Fe-Ca silicates
2. Main stage formed by Zn-Mn-Fe, Pb, and Cu-Fe sulfides, Mn-Ca carbonates,
anhydrous and hydrous silicates, tetrahedrite and magnetite.
3. Late stage characterized by decreasing Fe content of alabandite and sphalerite,
deposition of Ag-Mn sulfides and Ag-Sb-As sulfosalts with calcite.
4. Supergene oxidation formed by Mn hydroxides, goethite, orpiment, marcasite,
cerussite and siderite.
The Rosa vein is one of the most productive veins in the District. It has been traced
at surface for more than 1.5 km along an east-west strike with near vertical dip. The vein
consists of anastomosing calcite + MnOx ± Fe oxide veins in surface that change into
calcite ± rhodocrosite ± Mn silicates + Ag sulfosalts ± base metal sulfides in depth. The
Rosa vein ranges in width from up to several meters in surface to about 1 metre at the
deepest levels of the mine. This vein has undergone a greater vertical slip (~100 m) than
most other mineralized fractures in Uchucchacua (Bussell and Baxter, 1986). Replacement
ore bodies are tabular sheets that generally occupy the north wall of the Rosa vein (Bussell
et al., 1990). Alteration features around the veins and ore bodies are subtle to
undistinguishable. Our study of alteration at Uchucchacua is focused mainly at the
proximal (20 m) to distal (100 m) halos around the Rosa vein.

196
 Figure 4.2: Geological map and schematic cross section of the Uchucchacua mining district, showing the distribution of the main stratigraphic units and the zones
197

of mining explotation. Modified from Compania de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., unidad de produccion Uchucchacua, 2004.
4.3 Intrusive igneous rocks
Intrusive rocks at Uchucchacua appear as kilometer long, thin dikes and sills that
have been differentiated in a relatively older andesite to hornblende–rich andesite, and a
younger andesite to dacite porphyry (Bussell et al, 1990, Angeles, 2002). Andesite and
hornblende-rich andesite occur as folded sill and dikes within the Cachipampa syncline
(Fig. 4.2) suggesting an age older than the Eocene Incaic tectonic deformation (Angeles,
2002). These dikes are altered to chlorite, calcite, quartz and clays with traces of pyrite and
magnetite (Angeles, 2002).
Andesite to dacite porphyry intrusions appear as dikes and apophyses with restricted
halos of marble and skarn, and locally associated with hydrothermal breccias. They occur
especially at the western part of Cerro Nazareno controlled by N-S and NE-SW to EW
tectonic lineaments. The N-S oriented andesite porphyry dikes outcrop west of the
Uchucchacua-Cachipampa fault system (Fig. 4.2) and appear interfingered with thin marble
layers. These dikes seem to be controlled by the low-angle Cutacocha fault. They consist of
subhedral tabular, weakly argillized plagioclase phenocrysts (2 mm long in average),
moderately epidotized biotite, and traces of quartz supported in a microcrystalline feldspar
matrix. Local calcite – chlorite veinlets and traces of pyrite and magnetite are also observed
(Fig. 4.3A).
The NE-SW to EW oriented andesite to dacite porphyry intrusions crop out between
Socorro and Plomopampa as discontinuous apophyses and dikes crosscut by the NE-SW
fault-veins (Socorro and Plomopampa) and the E-W fault veins (Sandra vein) (Fig. 4.2).
These dikes consist of 30% vol. strongly argillized feldspar phenocrysts, 2-5% vol.
anhedral quartz and 5% vol. moderately chloritized and strongly argillized ferromagnesian
minerals supported in a strongly argillized and moderately propilitized microcrystalline
feldspar matrix (Fig 4.3B). It also contains 2% vol. sulfides disseminated in the matrix:
pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite and local chalcopyrite. This rock grades compositionally into
dacite, which is characterized by the greater amount of quartz phenocrysts (15% vol.) and
fresh to weakly epidotized biotite (Figs. 4.3C, D and E). Dacite porphyry dikes develop a
poorly mineralized, metre-scale exoskarn - bleached marble aureole in the limestone, with a
40
poorly mineralized garnet and wollastonite endoskarn (Bussell et al., 1990). An Ar/39Ar
age of 24.5 Ma has been reported for these dikes (Noble and McKee, 1999), being

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Figure 4.3: Captions are on following page.

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Figure 4.3: Photomicrographs of intrusive rocks from Uchucchacua.
A. Weakly argillized and moderately propilitized, plagioclase-rich andesite porphyry dike adjacent to the
Cutacocha Fault (4PUA521) 5X, cross polars.
B. Strongly argillized and moderately propilitized andesite porphyry dike with 2% disseminated sulfides (py-
po). Sample 4PUA530, level 4120 m, 5X, cross polars.
C. Moderate to strongly argillized and propilitized, coarse-grained, dacite porphyry dike taken from the
footwall of Sandra vein, level 4450 m (Sample 3PUA557). Biotite relicts appears partially replaced by
epidote, 5X, cross polars.
D. Moderately argillized and weakly epidotized coarse-grained quartz-feldspar porphyry dike (dacite?) taken
1 m away its garnet halo at the level 4450 m (3PUA558), 5X, cross polars.
40
E. Sample 3PUA558 showing epidote invading argillized plagioclase phenocrysts. Ar/39Ar analysis of
biotite from this sample yielded an age of 25.28 ± 0.44 Ma. 5X, parallel nicols.
F. Moderately argillized and propilitized dacite dike from Plomopampa. Epidote appears replacing
plagioclase and associated with calcite and pyrite forming thin halos around quartz phenocrysts. Sample
4PUA649, 10X, cross polars.

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confirmed by Bissig et al. (2005) who reported an age of 25.28 ± 0.44 Ma.
Fine- to medium-grained, moderately argillized and propilitized feldspar ± quartz
porphyry dikes outcrop at Plomopampa. These dikes consists of 75% vol. microcrystalline
feldspar matrix, 5% vol. feldspar phenocrysts, 10% vol. quartz phenocrysts locally
surrounded by mm-scale halos of euhedral pyrite, epidote and calcite (Fig. 4.3F), 10% vol.
epidote replacing ferromagnesian minerals and feldspars and traces of biotite. These dikes
do not form skarn halos in limestone.

4.4 Host rocks and visible alteration patterns

Silver and manganese-rich veins and ore bodies at Uchucchacua are mainly hosted
in the gray to brownish gray, organic-rich limestone and marly limestone units of the
member II of the Jumasha Formation (Angeles, 2002). Visible alteration features around
the veins and ore bodies are subtle to undistinguishable. Trace elements and stable isotope
signatures of host rocks and UVF of calcite veins have been used to track the extension of
fluid rock interaction at different levels of the mine. Visible alteration at surface consists of
a high density of discontinuous centimetre-scale calcite ± Mn-oxide veins and breccias
(Figs. 4.4A, B, D), whereas centimetre-scale bleaching and silicification around calcite ±
sulfide veins are recognized at deeper levels resembling similar alteration products found at
Antamina (Figs. 4.5A and B). The most striking visible alteration feature is the abundance
of manganese oxides at surface in close association with Fe oxides and calcite in lenses,
pods or as fracture fillings, however these features do not always indicate the presence of
precious or base metal mineralization in carbonate rocks (Large et al., 2001) that need to be
examined in conjunction with trace element and variation in the O and C isotope
composition of the host rocks.

4.4.1 Methods
Host rocks and alteration products were examined by petrographic microscope,
Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Representative
carbonate veins were examined with the Scanning electron Microscope (SEM) and the
Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Sampling database is shown in Appendix C1

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Figure 4.4: Photographs and micrographs of limestone from Uchucchacua. A. Panoramic view of Rosa vein
looking east and showing the stratigraphic sequence of Jumasha Formation. B. Close up of a brecciated
calcite vein above 4800 m elevation, showing fragments of limestone and cm-scale crusts of Mn oxides. C.
Close up of fossiliferous limestone near Monica ore body at the level 4240 m. D. Strong density of calcite
veins proximal to the Rosa vein at the level 4450 m. E. Fossiliferous limestone adjacent to a calcite vein at the
4300 m level, 10X, cross polars. F. Photomicrograph of calcarenite, 20X, cross polars.

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Figure 4.5: Photographs of hornfels, marble and veins from Uchucchacua. A. Centimetre-scale hornfels halo
to calcite veinlets adjacent to the Rosa vein, level 4360 m. B. Marble patches in the vicinity of the Rosa vein
at the level 4120 m. C. Sigmoidal syntectonic veins hosted in the member II of Jumasha formation near
Plomopampa campsite. D. Close up of the Rosa vein at 4940 m. elevation showing cm-scale bands of calcite
and Mn oxide crosscut by a later generation of calcite veins. E. Close up of the Rosa vein at 4940 m elevation
showing a typical cockade texture related to several rolling-accretion and collapse events in an open space
(Genna et al., 1996). F. Close up of the Monica orebody at the 4240 m level showing cockade texture with
nucleous of silicified limestone surrounded by carbonates (white and pinkish white), bustamite and
johansonite (greenish brown), rhodonite (pink) and mm-scale sulfosalts and sulfides.

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whereas petrography, pima, XRD and SEM results are discussed below and tabulated in
Appendix C2.

4.4.2 Limestone
Gray to grayish brown limestone dominates the Jumasha Formation in the vicinity
of the Carmen mine. The gray color reflects a moderate to high organic content, which is
especially found in stylolites. Mineral content is similar to limestone around Antamina:
calcite, K-feldspar, quartz and pyrite with minor amounts of mica (biotite), ankerite and
kaolinite. Pyrite occurs as subhedral grains up to 5% volume of the sample. Limestone is
weakly to moderately recrystallized, and contains up to 65% vol. fossils, mainly
foraminifera and radiolaria, and 5% vol. ooids (Fig. 4.4C and E) varying from wackestone
to packstone according to Dunham’s classification of carbonates (1962). Calcarenite beds
with high quartz content have also been recognized within the sequence of massive and
thin-bedded limestones (Fig. 4.4F). Rock texture indicates the existence of interparticle,
fracture and channel type porosity in limestone at Uchucchacua according to Choquette and
Pray’s classification of carbonate porosity (1970). The high density of calcite veins
surrounding the main ore structures demarcates a main fracture-controlled permeability in
the District. This feature is confirmed by the wide distribution of stylolites that also appear
crosscutting some calcite veinlets suggesting a long-term, high dissolution process that
reduced pore space under pressure (Schmittbuhl et al., 2004).

4.4.3 Hornfels
Hornfels is developed close to the Rosa vein and associated ore bodies at the 4360
metres level and below. It consists of centimetre-scale brown halos (selvages) developed
along calcite + sulfide veinlets and sulfide filled fractures. Sharp contacts with host rocks
and proximity to calcite veins indicate they are the alteration products of limestone (Fig.
4.5A), which reflects the limits of leakage from the vein (Yardley and Lloyd, 1995). Gray,
white and greenish gray hornfels have not been recognized in Uchucchacua. Brown
hornfels contains calcite, quartz, biotite, K-feldspar, pyrite, and trace amounts of
clinopyroxene. Quartz, K-feldspar and biotite occur as anhedral minute grains filling cracks
and associated with late calcite. These brown “silicified” halos around calcite + sulfide

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veins are texturally finer and contain fewer sulfides (mainly pyrite) than the surrounding
limestone.

4.4.4 Marble
Marble consists of light gray to white, discontinuous and irregular halos to dacite
and andesite porphyry dikes (Fig. 4.2), and as white to tan patches close to the Rosa vein in
the deepest levels of the Carmen mine (Fig. 4.5B). Marble ± calc-silicates (garnet ±
wollastonite) aureoles to intrusive dacite dikes appear at the western margin of the Carmen
and Casualidad mines, and are crosscut by mineralized faults such as the Sandra fault-vein.
Marble aureoles consist of coarse-grained, centimetre-scale patches of calcite, quartz, mica,
kaolinite, siderite and pyrite. Pyrite also appears as minute rossetes resembling marcasite
aggregates.
Marble patches close to the Rosa vein do not contain sulfide mineralization but
replace oolitic and fossiliferous brownish gray limestone. The contact between marble and
limestone is sharp (Fig. 4.5B) characterized by fine-grained aggregates of calcite ± quartz ±
biotite ± k-feldspar close to the limestone that coarsens towards the center of the marble
patch. This contact also coincides with absence of organic matter suggesting a bleaching
origin similar to that at Antamina.

4.4.5 Skarn
Two types of calc-silicate skarn are recognized: Mn-Fe-Ca-silicate replacement
bodies along the main ore veins, and garnet skarn with traces of sulfides related to the
emplacement of dacite porphyry dikes (Figs. 4.2 and 4.5F).
Manganese-Fe-Ca silicates appear restricted to the veins and replacement ore
bodies. Their distribution is variable and they appear in the first stages of the paragenetic
evolution of the District closely associated to the Zn-Mn-Fe, Pb and Cu-Fe sulfides
(Bussell et al, 1990). Calc-silicate + sulfide orebodies contain quartz, ferroan tephroite,
johannsonite, rhodonite, bustamite, manganpyrosmalite, friedelite, and manganaxinite,
partially replaced by carbonates and sulfides (Bussell et al, 1990). The ore bodies are not
in contact with dacite porphyry dikes.
Grossular to andradite garnet and trace amounts of wollastonite are found within the
endoskarn alteration halo developed around dacite porphyry dikes and plugs at the western

205
margin of the Carmen and Casualidad mines (Bussell et al, 1990; Angeles, 2002). These
halos grade outward to grossular garnet exoskarn and coarse-grained white marble.
Exoskarn contains trace amounts of sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena (Sabastizagal,
2003), which occur disseminated and as fracture-fillings. The zonation from brown hornfels
and Mn-Fe-Ca silicate at moderate depths to garnet skarn and white to tan marble at the
deepest levels may reflect a thermal grading during mineralization.

4.4.6 Veins
Veins are widespread within the District, especially between the Carmen and
Socorro areas (Fig. 4.2). They are 1-1.5 km long and range from 0.1 to 30 m wide, having
mainly NE-SW to E-W orientations (Sabastizagal, 2003). Economic veins consist of calcite
and Mn oxides in surface varying into carbonate (calcite, rhodocrosite, kutnohorite and
dolomite), Mn-Fe-Ca silicate and sulfide minerals in the deeper levels (Bussell et al., 1990,
Sabastizagal, 2003). These veins commonly splay in the host rocks forming irregular,
discontinuous, centimetre-scale white calcite veins that are the most prominent feature in
the District. Veins form swarms that enclose the major fault-vein systems and appear in all
stages of mineralization (Bussell et al., 1990). Optical microscopy and SEM observations
of veins define at least three events of veining at Uchucchacua: pre-, syn- and post-
mineral. Pre-mineralization, syntectonic calcite veins are white, ptygmatic and
discontinuous. They are fibrous, and are mutually crosscutting with stylolites that
commonly contain quartz grains filling their fractures (Fig. 4.5C). Local, thin, dolomite
veinlets appear crosscutting former white calcite veins at the 4300 level although they seem
to precede the main mineralization stage at Uchucchacua.
Syn-mineral veins define crustiform, cockade and cavity-filling textures (Alpers,
1980). At surface (4940, 4830 and 4725 m elevation) large crustiform banded white and
gray calcite vein marks the barren upper level of the Rosa vein system (Fig. 4.5D).
Cockade textures are observed in surface and underground. This texture consists of
symmetrical banding and crustification around centimetre size nucleus of fractured material
(Fig. 4.5E). Cockade textures commonly develop in open spaces formed by collapse events
within the vein (Genna et al., 1996). Underground, abundant banded calcite vein swarms
enclose the Rosa vein in both the footwall and hanging wall. Syn-mineral veins appear
related to three fracturing systems: NW-SE, EW and NE-SW, where the replacement

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orebodies occur in zones of wall rock dilation produced by sinistral movements with a near
horizontal slip (Bussell et al, 1990). Silicates, carbonates and sulfides form the main
mineral stage; whereas the late stage consists of carbonates, sulfides and sulfosalts (Bussell
et al., 1990). Syn-mineralization veins crosscut stylolites and commonly exhibit cockade
texture (Fig. 4.5F). Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive
spectroscopy (EDS) of syn-mineral calcite veins indicate the presence of anomalous Mn
content in these veins.
Post-mineral veins appear as millimetre to centimetre-scale veins sometimes with
colloform textures that may reflect the incursion of surface waters in the system (Fig.
4.5D). Colloform bands indicate the rapid precipitation of calcium in a gelatinous state, that
with time, it dehydrates and recrystallizes (Ramdohr, 1981).

4.5 Trace element composition of host rocks

4.5.1 Methods
Trace element geochemical analyses were acquired on 190 samples of limestone
from transects to the Rosa, Socorro, Plomopampa and Marion veins at Uchucchacua
Mining District, and eight samples from one transect to the Morococha vein at the Pozo
Rico prospect. Samples were collected from surface, underground workings (Crosscuts and
galleries), and representative drill cores. Most of these samples (109) were taken from
transects to the Rosa vein at seven levels of the mine covering an interval of 820 m (Figure
4.6, Appendix C3). During sample preparation great care was taken to exclude visible veins
from the analyzed parts of the sample, although in some cases <1 mm-thick carbonate
veinlets were unavoidably included especially from those transects proximal to the
mineralized ore bodies.
Samples were analyzed for 47 elements including Ce and La by ALS Chemex in
Lima, Peru and Vancouver, Canada, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
(ICP-MS). Selective samples were also assayed for Au and Hg by using Fire assay fusion
and atomic absorption (Au-AA23) and cold vapor analysis (Hg-CV41), respectively.
However, most of the gold values were below the laboratory detection limits. The ICP-MS
results were obtained on powders prepared with four-acid near total digestion (ME-MS61

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Figure 4.6: Geology and sampling map of Rosa vein at surface. Modified from Compania de Minas
Buenaventura S.A.A., unidad de produccion Uchucchacua, 2004.

208
of ALS Chemex). Table 4.1 presents ranges, averages, median and standard deviation for
trace elements in wall rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein. Fifty-nine samples of veins were
also analyzed for trace elements using the same analytical methods used for wall rocks.
Geochemical results of veins are presented and discussed in chapter 5 of this study. The
entire geochemical database is shown in Appendix C4.

4.5.2 Recognition of trace element anomalies

Fluid infiltration and leakage of metals from the main fluid pathways may be
reflected in the chemical composition of host rocks. Circulation of fluids can produce
dissolution or alteration in the host rocks at different degrees that sometimes can be
imperceptible to the naked eye. Petrographic examination and trace element composition of
the host rocks indicate the presence of impure carbonate rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein.
Therefore determination of trace element background, threshold and even anomalies in
these rocks must consider the recognition of the trace element inheritance of the protolith
commonly related to its detrital content. One way to identify outliers is to compare the
elemental concentration of both altered and unaltered rocks in relation to a group of
immobile elements commonly hosted in resistant minerals (Gresens, 1967; Grant, 1986).
Aluminum, zircon, titanium and some rare earth elements have been used to infer the gains
and losses of other elements because of their relative immobility (Finlow-Bates and
Stumpfl, 1981; Gifkins et al., 2005). Bivariate plots of these potential immobile elements
may help to identify the least-mobile element in a set of data and their removal or addition
to the system. In that sense, it is proposed in this study that measured metal values should
be normalized against the least-mobile element to calculate the geochemical background
and threshold at Uchucchacua, and to recognize the removal or addition of elements during
the alteration process.
At this point, it is important to emphasize that the analytical method used in the
laboratory is crucial in the selection of the least-mobile element to be used in the
calculation of the threshold of trace elements. Unfortunately, rock samples from
Uchucchacua were analyzed by four acid digestion methods (ICP-MS61 of ALS Chemex)
that do not provide accurate results from insoluble minerals. However, this method is one
commonly used in mineral exploration for its cost and accuracy in the analysis of precious
and base metals. In that sense, four acid digestion and lithium borate fusion results for Al,

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 Table 4.1: Averages, median and standard deviation of the host rocks to the Rosa vein
detection min max N? samples Mean Median Standard
limit deviation
Au ppb 5 <5 50 83 4.2 2.5 6.6
Ag ppm 0.01 <0.01 >100 115 5.13 0.73 17.05
Al ppm 100 400 25700 115 7249 6200 4261
As ppm 5 <5 4390 115 195 86 438
Ba ppm 10 <10 247.5 115 58.6 37.5 53.9
Be ppm 0.05 <0.05 1.1 115 0.22 0.19 0.14
Bi ppm 0.01 <0.01 0.17 115 0.04 0.03 0.03
Ca % 0.01 19.7 39.5 115 36.3 37.5 3.2
Cd ppm 0.02 <0.02 23.1 115 0.65 0.14 2.41
Ce ppm 0.01 0.31 39.7 115 9.45 8.23 5.78
Co ppm 0.1 1 4.2 115 1.9 1.9 0.6
Cr ppm 1 2 46 115 6.8 5.0 5.1
Cs ppm 0.05 0.3 23.1 115 4.26 3.19 3.90
Cu ppm 0.2 1.6 83.8 115 5.5 4.0 8.2
Fe % 0.01 0.04 2.73 115 0.37 0.32 0.29
Ga ppm 0.05 0.31 6.35 115 1.97 1.83 1.08
Ge ppm 0.05 <0.05 0.25 115 0.08 0.07 0.06
Hf ppm 0.1 <0.1 0.7 115 0.2 0.2 0.1
Hg ppb 10 <10 1120 112 49 10 129
In ppm 0.005 <0.005 0.032 115 0.006 0.006 0.004
K % 0.01 0.02 2 115 0.55 0.43 0.43
La ppm 0.5 0.25 20.5 115 5.1 4.5 3.4
Li ppm 0.2 0.5 37.6 115 7.9 5.8 6.4
Mg % 0.01 0.08 4.09 115 0.36 0.27 0.42
Mn ppm 5 80 >10000 115 4304 2140 4815
Mo ppm 0.05 <0.05 11.6 115 1.44 0.95 1.65
Na % 0.01 <0.01 0.04 115 0.01 0.01 0.01
Nb ppm 0.1 0.1 4.7 115 1.6 1.4 1.0
Ni ppm 0.4 0.4 28.4 115 8.1 5.4 7.5
P ppm 10 10 1580 115 135 120 148
Pb ppm 0.5 0.8 2930 115 60.8 10.1 277.6
Rb ppm 0.1 0.9 122.5 115 29.1 22.3 20.6
Re ppm 0.002 <0.002 0.026 115 0.005 0.003 0.005
S % 0.01 0.01 3.86 115 0.43 0.31 0.46
Sb ppm 0.05 0.08 124.9 115 12.65 8.05 18.09
Se ppm 1 <1 7 115 1.2 0.5 1.0
Sn ppm 0.2 <0.2 3.4 115 0.4 0.3 0.5
Sr ppm 0.2 73.7 555 115 272.3 255.0 94.2
Ta ppm 0.05 <0.05 0.21 115 0.06 0.05 0.05
Te ppm 0.05 <0.05 0.5 115 0.07 0.06 0.06
Th ppm 0.2 <0.2 4 115 1.3 1.1 0.8
Ti ppm 50 <50 1200 115 377 320 239
Tl ppm 0.02 0.09 57.3 115 2.66 1.20 6.39
U ppm 0.1 0.1 3.8 115 1.3 1.2 0.7
V ppm 1 3 63 115 15 12 10
W ppm 0.1 <0.1 4.5 115 0.8 0.5 0.8
Y ppm 0.1 0.1 9.5 115 3.0 2.9 1.6
Zn ppm 2 <2 5910 115 149 28 595
Zr ppm 0.5 0.5 25.5 115 8.2 7.9 4.1

Values lower than detection limit were multiplied by 0.5 to estimate the mean, median and standard deviation
Values greater than detection limit were multplied by 1.5 to estimate the mean, median and standard deviation

210
La, Y and Zr from Antamina rock samples are checked with bivariate plots in order to
assess the similarity of these results. These plots show a linear correlation between Al
obtained by four acid digestion and Al obtained by lithium borate fusion of samples (Fig.
4.7A). Lanthanum and yttrium show some outliers that indicate the poor accuracy of the
ICP-MS 61 in the measurement of these metals (Figs. 4.7B, C and D). Appendix C5
presents the values of Al, La, Y and Zr used to construct the bivariate plots for Antamina
rock samples.
Immobility of Al values obtained by the four acid digestion methods was then tested
using data from Uchucchacua. Bivariate plots of Al versus La, Ti, Y and Zr are constructed
for 115 samples of limestone around the Rosa vein and 3 samples from Anilcocha to
examine the regression lines they form. Immobile element pairs commonly form high
correlated linear trends (r>= 0.90) due to mass gains and losses of mobile components
during alteration (MacLean and Barrett, 1993). Bivariate plots of Al versus Ti and Zr
indicate a relative immobility of these elements, whereas Al versus La and Y plots show
the presence of high La and Y values probably indicating the addition of these elements
during alteration (Figure 4.8). These diagrams demonstrate that Al has been immobile or
the least mobile element in the host rocks at Uchucchacua during alteration and
mineralization, and can be used in the calculation of the background and threshold of the
other trace elements. Similar results are observed in bivariate plots constructed using data
from each level of the mine (Figure 4.9).
Frequency distribution of element concentration in the host rocks is also addressed
in this study to observe the shape, symmetry and modality of each element distribution. The
existence of several frequency distributions (normal, multimodal, fractal, multifractal or a
stretched exponential) may indicate the presence of different geological processes in the
District (Allegre and Lewin, 1995; Monecke et al., 2005). Correlation coefficient tables are
prepared to observe the common associations among trace elements, infer the replacement
of one element for another and to delineate the existence of new areas for exploration.
Geochemical threshold or the upper limit of the range of background values for Ag,
As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn are calculated analytically by
using the Median + 2 Median Absolute Deviation (MAD) of the ratio metal/aluminum of

211
Figure 4.7: Comparative graphs of lithium borate fusion and XRF results versus four acid digestion results for
aluminum, lanthanum, yttrium and zirconium from Antamina rock samples.

212
Figure 4.8: Bivariate plots of immobile elements contained in limestone rocks from Uchucchacua. Observe
the Al content is several times higher than La, Ti, Y and Zr (A, B, C, D), however, they show a linear trend
close to the origin. This linearity suggests that most of these values correspond to the original protolith.
Relatively high values of La and Y might be due to the process of alteration and mineralization. No
correlation is observed between Ti and La (E), whereas Y and La show high proportionality (F).

213
Figure 4.9: Bivariate plots of immobile elements in limestone for levels and table of regression values for
each pair of elements plotted. Observe the high correlation between Al, Ti, Y and Zr for almost all the levels
in the mine.

214
eight unaltered samples of limestone. This method is selected because MAD is robust
against a high number of outliers and provides more realistic values for location and spread
(Reimann and Filzmoser, 1999). Threshold values of the unaltered limestone are multiplied
by the aluminum content to obtain a threshold value for each sample. Individual threshold
values and metal measured values are then plotted versus distance of the sample from the
vein in order to identify the geochemical halos to this vein.

4.5.3 Statistical distribution

Host rocks to ore deposits commonly contain low concentrations of trace elements
that they can be described by standard statistical distributions (Monecke et al., 2005). In
that sense, frequency histograms and logarithm- transformed histograms of Ag, As, Bi, Cd,
Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn were created to observe the statistical distribution of
these elements in the limestone particularly adjacent to the Rosa vein (Figure 4.10). The
majority of these elements show a J-shaped exponential distribution with a positive
skewness (to the right), whereas only Bi and Cu present relative asymmetric normal
distributions. Logarithm transformed histograms of the same elements (Figure 4.11) show
well-centered log-normal distributions for Ag, Bi, Cu, and Mo. Cadmium, mercury, lead,
arsenic, manganese and antimony present slightly asymmetric log-normal distributions, the
former three skewed to the right, whereas As, Mn and Sb histograms appear skewed to the
left. Thallium presents a cliff-like curve whereas Zn shows saw-toothed or comb
distributions.
J-shaped exponential shape of the metric histograms indicates the predominance of
low contents of trace elements in the limestone rocks sampled at Uchucchacua with some
outliers probably related to the slight dispersion of metals from the veins. Log normal or
multifractal distributions indicate a series of successive enrichment processes (Allegre and
Lewin, 1995) affected limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein. The existence of skewed and
saw-toothed shapes for log-transformed data indicates the presence of highly extreme
values within the population of samples analyzed. Diverse statistical distributions of metals
in limestone support the use of the median + 2 median absolute deviation to estimate the
geochemical threshold because these estimators do not need to follow any model (Reimann
and Filzmoser, 1999).

215
 Figure 4.10: Histograms of metals for limestone rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein. Observe the J-shaped distribution of most of the metals examined, where only
Cu and Bi develop a slight normal distribution with a clear positive skewness.
216
 Figure 4.11: Log 10 transformed histograms of metals for limestone rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein. Observe the Log normal shape of Ag, Bi and Cu. Cadmium
217

and lead show moderate normal distribution with a positive skew, whereas Mn and Sb show log normal distribution with a negative skew.
4.5.4 Statistical correlation
Statistical correlation of metal abundance in wall rocks proximal to the Rosa vein is
used to define possible associations or replacement. Statistical correlations for 22 samples
of limestone from surface and 93 samples from underground workings were calculated
separately to observe the geochemical associations with depth. Samples from Surface
(4940 and 4725 m altitude) show moderate (0.5 – 0.7) to high correlation (>0.7) between
two groups of elements. The first group is formed by Au, As, Cu, Mo, Sb, Tl, P, Cr, S and
Se; whereas the second group is formed by Ag, Cd, Pb, Sn and Zn. Manganese is
associated with both groups showing moderate correlation with Ag and high correlation
with Au. In contrast, samples from underground levels (4450 to 4120) shows moderate to
high correlation between Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Fe, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Te, Sn, Tl and Zn;
whereas Mn appears associated with Ga and W. Statistical correlations in limestone
adjacent to the Rosa vein is shown in Table 4.2. A complete list of correlation coefficients
is shown in Appendix C6.
Correlation coefficients for the 37 limestone samples close to Ag-rich ore bodies
containing abundant calcite + sulfide veinlets show a strong association between base
metals: Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ga, Pb, S, Se, Te, Tl, W and Zn. Mercury, antimony and
indium correlate moderately with these elements and also between each other, whereas
manganese shows moderate correlation with Cu, Ga, Sb and Sn.
Correlations for nine mineralized samples with Ag grades greater than 100 ppm are
different from lower grade samples. Silver correlates strongly with Cu (0.7) and weakly
with Sb and S (0.45-0.52), but it has weak to no correlation with Mn, Pb, and Zn. Overall
Ag mineralized samples are associated with very high Mn contents (2.9 to 33% Mn),
although, Ag has a negative correlation with Mn (-0.03). This negative correlation may
indicate the possible replacement of Mn silicates (1st and 2nd stages of mineralization) by
silver sulfosalts (3rd stage of mineralization).
In summary, Ag shows moderate to high correlation with Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn and
Zn at surface and underground. High correlation of Ag with Mn is only observed in surface
samples whereas high correlation of Ag with As, Cu, Hg and Tl occurs mainly in
underground samples. These correlation coefficients agree with the four groups of metals

218
 Table 4.2: Statistical correlation of metals in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein
Metals Surface (4940 - 4725m) Underground (4450 - 4120m)
moderate (0.5 - 0.7) strong (>0.7) moderate (0.5 - 0.7) strong (>0.7)
Au Ba, Cr, Cu, Ga, S, Sb, Se As, Mn, Mo, P, Tl Ag, Fe, Sn, Te As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Tl,
Zn
Ag Mn, Mo Cd, Pb, Sn, Zn Au, Mo, Sn, Te As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, S, Sb, Tl, Zn

As Ba, Li, Mn, Mo, Pb, S Au, Cr, Cu, Ga, P, Sb, Se, Tl Mo, Sn, Te Au, Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, S, Sb,
Tl, Zn
Ba Fe, Hf, K, P, Rb, Th, Ti, V, Y, Zr Be, Ga, Li Ga, Nb, Th Al, Hf, K, Rb, Ti, Zr
Bi Fe, Hf, In, K, Na, Rb, Sn, Th, Ti, Ce, Rb, Th
V, Y, Zr
Cd Pb Ag, Sn, Zn Re, Sn, Te, Tl Au, Ag, As, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Pb, S,
Sb, Zn
Cu Au, Ga, Mn, Mo, Pb As, Cr, P, S, Sb, Se, Tl Mo, Te Au, Ag, As, Cd, Fe, Hg, Pb, S, Sb,
Sn, Tl, Zn
Hg Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pb, S,
Sb, Sn, Te, Tl, Zn
In Bi, Ce, La, Na, Nb, Ta, Y Al
Mn Ag, As, Cu, P, Pb, Zn Au, Mo Ga, W
Mo Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Ga, P, Sb, Se, Tl Au, Mn Ag, As, Cu, Fe, Pb, Sb, Sn, Te Au, Cd, Hg, Re, S, Tl, Zn

Pb As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Sn Ag, Zn Mo, Sn, Te Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, S, Sb,
Tl, Zn
Sb Au, Mo As, Cr, Cu, P, S, Se, Tl Mo, Te, Sn Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, S,
Tl, Zn
Sn Bi, P, Pb Ag, Cd, Zn Au, Ag, As, Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb, Te, Cu, Fe, Hg, S, Tl
Zn
Tl Mo Au, As, Cr, Cu, P, S, Sb, Se Cd, Te, Zn Au, Ag, As, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Pb, S,
Sb, Sn
W Ga, Mn
Zn Mn Ag, Cd, Pb, Sn Re, Sn, Te, Tl Au, Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Pb,
S, Sb
219
defined by the use of the threshold analysis of each sample normalized against aluminum as
shown below.

4.5.5 Geochemical background and threshold estimation

The prevalence of carbonate veins with manganese and iron oxides in the area may
influence positively in the metal content of the host rocks. In that sense, three samples of
relatively unaltered limestone taken at Anilcocha (2.5 km south of the mine), and five
samples of limestone taken at distances greater than 45 metres from the Plomopampa vein
(4450 m level) were used to determine the geochemical background of the trace elements
present in the host rocks at Uchucchacua (Appendix C7).
Considering that limestone at Uchucchacua are not completely clean, metal values
of these apparent unaltered limestones were normalized against their respective aluminum
content in order to avoid a possible bias caused by the original detrital content of the
protolith. Median ± 2 median absolute deviation (MAD) of the metal /Al ratio were used to
estimate the geochemical background range for each metal considering that not all the
metals follow a normal or lognormal distribution as it has been explained above. Median +
2MAD result of the eight unaltered samples represents the upper limit of the geochemical
background of the metal/Al ratio. This result was used for threshold calculation because it
represents the positive margin of the metal distribution, which mainly indicates metal
addition to the system. This method has been proven effective to distinguish if a sample has
been affected by alteration or dissolution process. (Reimann et al, 2005). Background
calculations are shown in Appendix C8.
Geochemical background values were multiplied by the Al content on a sample-by-
sample basis to determine the individual threshold for each sample. Individual threshold
and measured metal values were plotted in a metal abundance versus distance to the vein
diagram were anomalous values correspond to measured metal values higher than
individual threshold values (Figure 4.12). Lateral and vertical trace element halos to the
Rosa vein were determined by constructing these diagrams. The complete list of individual
threshold and measured metal values from all sampling transects are shown in Appendix
C9.

220
Figure 4.12: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the Rosa vein. These halos
were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and threshold values determined
for each sample. Observe the common occurrence of “erratic” peaks within transects, which may be related to
the presence of another mineralized structure or to the contamination of the sample.

221
4.5.6 Criteria used to identify geochemical halos to fluid conduits
Measured values greater than individual threshold values represent anomalous
values within a sampling transect. Generally, the anomalous values are concentrated close
to the main mineralized structure forming an exponential or cliff-like curve. These curves
are good indicators of leakage or metal dispersion from a fluid conduit. However,
anomalous values sometimes occur as isolated peaks within an interval of low values
suggesting the presence of mm-scale mineralized structures or simply the contamination of
the sample. The presence of a cluster of anomalous values far away from a main fluid
conduit may also indicate the proximity to a mineralized vein or to a replacement ore body
such as that observed at the level 4300 m. (Fig. 4.12 and 4300 level sampling map).
Erratic peaks should not be included as part of the anomalous halo to a vein unless
they are within a group of mostly anomalous values otherwise they must be considered as
part of another fluid conduit (Fig. 4.12 – Ag levels 4360 and 4180). No halos are reported
when metal measured values are very similar or lower than individual threshold values
close to the examined mineralized structure (Fig. 4.12 – Pb at 4940 m).
Diagrams of metal abundance versus distance from the vein were constructed for
Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn from levels 4940 m, 4725
m, 4450 m, 4360 m, 4300 m, 4180 m and 4120 m. These diagrams represent sampling
transects performed distal (>100 m) and proximal (50 m) to the zone of replacement ore
bodies, e.g: Rosalia, Rosario, Claudia, etc (Fig. 4.6). However, the anomalous halos
observed in these transects do not show striking variations (Appendix C10) suggesting that
these diagrams may be used efficiently in the exploration of replacement ore bodies at
distances of more than 100 meters. The extent of halos for each element assessed is shown
in Table 4.3. Trace element contents of the host rocks of Plomopampa vein were plotted as
metal abundance versus distance to the vein graphs to compare them with the graphs of
Rosa vein host rocks (Appendix C11). The diagram of Ag and Pb for the four transects
sampled at Plomopampa is shown in Fig 4.13, where it can be noted wider halos in surface
and narrow at depth. It can also be observed the similarity between the range of halos of Ag
and Pb around this vein.

222
 Table 4.3: Geochemical halos to the Rosa vein based on metal/Al ratios (synthesis)

Marginal to the main ore bodies Proximal to the main ore bodies
Transect - Level (m.) R2 - 4725 R10 - 4450 R8 - 4360 R7 - 4180 R1 - 4940 R3 - 4450 R6 - 4360 R9 - 4120

Metal Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.) Halos (m.)

Ag 10 10 30 58 7 10 >33 >70
As >16 10 45 58 >18 >14 >33 35
Ba 8 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Bi 10 0 25 0 0.5 10 0 35
Cd 6 0 8 12 9 >14 10 0
Cu 0 0 15 0 0 10 4 12
Hg 2 0 15 12 5 10 3 10
In 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mn >16 10 62 65 >18 >14 >33 >70
Mo 8 0 0 12 0.5 11 0 0
Pb 8 10 15 20 0 >14 10 >70
Sb 10 8 60 58 >18 >14 >33 0
Tl 8 0 15 0 17 11 5 0
W 0 0 0 0 0.5 9 0 0
Zn 6 8 15 15 >18 >14 >33 15
223
Figure 4.13: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein. These
halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and threshold values
determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the normalizing factor. Observe the
variable and wider size of halos in surface.

224
 Silver, antimony and arsenic represent the widest and strongest halos at
Uchucchacua and extends 10’s to 100’s of meters outward from fluid conduits. Other
metals show thinner halos but consistent with their depth of deposition. Diagrams of metal
content versus distance to the Rosa vein for all the sampling transects are shown in
Appendix C7. Four groups of elements were identified based on the intensity, size and
vertical extent of the alteration halos (Figs. 4.14A and B):
Group 1: Ag, As, Mn, Pb, Zn with prevalent deep to shallow halos
Group 2: Cd, Hg, Sb, Tl, with moderate halos at shallow and intermediate levels
Group 3: Bi, Cu, Mo with moderate halos at intermediate and deep levels
Group 4: Ba, In, W with small and random distribution of halos to no halos
These four groups of elements are coherent with the vertical distribution of metals
in veins defined by Emmons (1931) and constrain the association of Ag with arsenic,
manganese, lead and zinc. In contrast, metals of group 2 define a zone of low to
intermediate temperature for the levels sampled at Ucchuchacua. Group 3 indicates higher
temperatures at deep levels in Uchucchacua, whereas the random distribution of elements
of group 4 is likely associated with the lack of Ba, In, and W minerals in the system as can
be noted in the paragenetic sequence of the District (Bussell, 1990, Petersen, 1995). Trace
element halo groups indicate intermediate to low temperature for mineral deposition and
alteration from deep to shallow levels at Uchucchacua, which is consistent with the visible
alteration features described before.
Geochemical analysis of calcite veins at surface (4940 and 4725 metre elevation)
contains weak anomalies in Ag and Mn. The most significant anomalies are associated with
Mn-bearing breccias and veinlets, which locally contain more than 100 ppm Ag , and
strong Au, As, Cu, Pb, Sb, Tl, Zn and Hg anomalies. Within Carmen mine 4450 to 4120
metre levels, calcite from the Rosa vein is consistently mineralized and contains strong Ag,
Mn, As, Hg, Sb, Tl, Pb, Zn, Cd and P anomalies and weak Au, Cu, Sn, W anomalies. The
anomalies are restricted to veins with little dispersion into unveined carbonate wall rocks.

4.5.7 Summary of main points

The four groups of elements recognized in the mine based on the anomalous
geochemical halos they define, indicate a continuation of the zonation at Antamina, with
Uchucchacua representing shallow levels of the composite system. Silver, antimony and

225
226

Figure 4.14A: Summary of trace element halo distribution with depth on the Rosa vein: groups 1 and 2
227

Figure 4.14B: Summary of trace element halo distribution with depth on the Rosa vein: groups 3 and 4
arsenic represent the widest and strongest halos at Antamina and Uchucchacua, and extend
for 10’s to 100’s of metres outward from major fluid conduits, where arsenic is found
anomalous in all the sampled transects at Uchucchacua. Trace element distribution in the
wall rocks adjacent to the fluid conduits at Uchucchacua may be used as a vector to define
concealed Ag replacement ore bodies at distances greater than 100 metres.

4.6 UVF of calcite veins

One distinctive feature of the mineralization at Uchucchacua is the presence of
abundant calcite veins and manganese as oxides, sulfides and silicates. Manganese is
considered as the main activator of fluorescence in calcite veins and it is expressed in red to
orange red colors (Aguilar and Osendi, 1982; Brown, 1934; Marfunin, 1979). This feature
has been recognized at Uchucchacua especially the presence of clusters of veins with
moderate to strong orange red fluorescence (ORF) close to the main sulfide-rich ore
structures. Some authors ascribed the ORF of calcite to the presence of Mn + others ions
such as Ag, Ga, In, Pb, Zn, Tl (Gies, 1975, Marfunin, 1979 and others) that this property
may be used to identify ore-bearing calcite veins from others formed by syn-tectonic or
dissolution-precipitation processes. Therefore, the record of fluorescence in calcite veins
may be used to constrain about the fluid flow circulation especially distal to Ag-base metal
deposits hosted in carbonate rocks where visible alteration is commonly subtle or
imperceptible. Large scale zoning of this property is shown here to be of applicability in the
exploration of these deposits. Trace element content of these veins and the main activators
of fluorescence in calcite are discussed in detail in chapter 5 of this study.

4.6.1 Methodology
UVF of calcite veins was assessed in situ on all accessible levels of the mine as well
as from some of the most representative diamond drill core. This property was examined
with a short wave UV hand lamp in the same sampling transects used to check the
geochemistry and isotope signature of the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein. Yellow,
white, bluish white, light green and orange red fluorescent colors as well as non-fluorescent
veins were identified in the calcite veins at Uchucchacua (Fig. 4.15). However, red to
orange red were the most prevalent fluorescent colors of calcite to the UV light appearing
with weak, moderate and strong intensities. These intensities were recorded with numbers

228
 Figure 4.15: Calcite vein fluorescence at Uchucchacua. A. White, yellow and non-fluorescent veins, Marion vein, 4950 m elevation. B. White and non-fluorescent
calcite bands of the Rosa vein at 4940 m. elevation. C. Massiv red fluorescence of Rosa vein from 4300 m level. D. Crustiform calcite with orange red, white and
yellow fluorescence. Sample taken 53 m from rosa vein at 4925 m elevation. E. Orange red fluorescent calcite with brown silicified halos, 4m away from the
Rosa vein at the level 4360 m. F. Poliphase calcite veining showing an early non-fluorescent event followed by successive strong orange red and whit fluorescent
calcite events. Sample taken 32 m from the Rosa vein at the level 4360 m.
229
5, 10 and 15 respectively, whereas non-fluorescent veins were represented with number 1.
Strong orange red fluorescent (ORF) calcite veins commonly appear as clusters of three or
more cm-scale veins adjacent to a sulfide bearing vein or replacement ore bodies.
Therefore, ORF of veins was measured in intervals along underground workings, drill core
or even transects to localize potential mineralized fluid conduits. A zone of strong ORF is
determined by the predominance of veins with this intensity over veins with moderate,
weak or non-fluorescence. The same procedure was followed to recognize zones of
moderate or weak ORF.
In this study, zones of ORF were recorded at the interval of influence of a rock
sample and they were plotted in diagrams of UVF intensity versus distance to the vein (Fig.
4.16). Anomalous UVF halos are identified as concentrations of strong and/or moderate
ORF zones or clusters adjacent to an ore vein (i.e. the Rosa vein). In that sense, the
predominance of weak ORF or non-fluorescent veins in the first metres away from the
Rosa vein do not define anomalous UVF halos even though moderate and strong ORF
zones appear after such as at the 4920 m transect (Fig. 4.16). Metal content of fluorescent
and non-fluorescent calcite veins were assessed by ICP-MS analysis of drilled veins at the
ALS-Chemex lab, and by microprobe analysis of the most representative samples at UBC.
Results of these analyses are presented and discussed in chapter 5 of this study.

4.6.2 Results: lateral and vertical zoning

Orange red fluorescence is widespread at the Carmen mine, Socorro, Plomopampa
and Pozo Rico. This feature is not clear at the top levels of the Marion vein (4970 m
elevation). Moderate and strong orange red fluorescence typically occurs proximal to
sulfide rich mineralized ore bodies. However, this signature is also observed in thin calcite
veins containing small amounts of sulfides. Therefore, the orange red fluorescence of
calcite veins should be considered in conjunction with other indicators if used in
exploration. Diagrams of UVF intensity versus distance to the vein were constructed for all
the sampling transects to the Rosa vein (Fig. 4.16). Orange red fluorescence defines strong
alteration halos up to 30 metres in width at depth. The halos thin at shallow levels (Fig.
4.16).
It is worth noting that the color of UVF response correlates with vein timing. Pre-
mineral veins do not fluoresce. Syn-mineralization veins typically have strong orange red

230
Figure 4.16: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein.

231
fluorescence. Yellow and white fluorescent colors commonly occur as thin halos around
orange red fluorescing mineralized veins and may reflect an alteration product of calcite.
Thin, gray, post-mineral veins typically do not fluoresce, although they sometimes show a
very weak orange red fluorescence. Rhodocrosite and dolomite veins do not fluoresce.

4.7 Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions

Measurements of oxygen and carbon isotopes were made on limestone and calcite
veins no farther than 100 metres from the main mineralized structures, considering that
oxygen isotope ratios of carbonate rocks are sensitive to hydrothermal fluids with they
interact (Valley, 1986, Bowman, 1998) and may develop anomalous halos to these
structures. Moreover, δ18O and δ13C isotope values may be used to observe the lateral
variations of the water/rock ratio with depth, infer the temperature of the fluids, and
constrain their use in mineral exploration.

4.7.1 Sampling and analysis

Samples for isotopic analysis were collected from transects to the Rosa vein at nine
levels of the mine (Fig. 4.17). The samples analyzed correspond to the pulps of the trace
element geochemical analysis and to powders of rock obtained by mm-scale drilling in
order to avoid later overprints, such as veins, diagenetic growths or mineralization.
Sampling at transects were performed according to the accessibility of the outcrop.
One hundred and thirty-eight samples from Uchucchacua have been analyzed for
oxygen and carbon isotope composition. Of these, 46 samples correspond to calcite veins
and 90 to limestone; 2 samples from the Morococha vein at the Pozo Rico prospect were
also taken for reference. Three of the 90 samples of limestone taken at Anilcocha were
analyzed to define the initial isotopic composition of the host rocks. Janet Gabites of the
Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research (PCIGR) at UBC performed the
stable isotope analysis. Powdered carbonate samples were analyzed in a Finnigan Delta
XL Plus mass spectrometer, using a gas bench with A200s autosampler. During the
analyses, 10 aliquots of the sample CO2 were bracketed by 6 aliquots of a reference CO2
gas to provide internal calibration. External calibration was monitored using the carbonate
standard NBS 18 and NBS 19. The values obtained for these two standards were used to
calculate a fractionation correction that was applied to the sample results. These results

232
Figure 4.17: Oxygen versus carbon isotope composition plots for samples taken proximal to the Rosa (A),
Marion (B) and Plomopampa veins (C). Observe the presence of depleted δ13C values in samples associated
with Rosa (A) and Marion veins (B). No variations at Plomopampa samples (C). Graphs D and E show less
Sr content in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein than in unaltered limestone and increased valus of Mn in the
same suite of samples (F).

233
were reported using the δ notation (Craig, 1961) measured in parts per thousand (º/ºº)

relative to the Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW) and Vienna Pee Dee
Belemnite (VPDB) standards for oxygen and carbon respectively. After correction for
fractionation, repeat analyses of NBS 18 gave an average δ13C value of –5.01 ± 0.07º/ºº and

δ18O value of 7.22 ± 0.08º/ºº, NBS 19 gave an average δ13C value of 1.93 ± 0.08º/ºº and

δ18O value of 28.74 ± 0.18. Precision on the standards is ± 0.14 per mil. Oxygen and carbon
isotope data are shown in the Appendix C12.

4.7.2 Host rocks

Analysis of carbon and oxygen isotopes of limestone from transects to the Rosa
vein show a trend of decreasing isotope composition in relation to three unaltered samples
taken at Anilcocha, 2.5 km south of the mine (Fig. 4.17A). Lowest δ13C values are
represented by mineralized limestone close to the Rosa vein (samples 2PUE305 and
2PUE325) whereas lowest δ18O value corresponds to a tan marble from the deeper level of
the mine (4120 m). A similar trend is observed in the host rocks adjacent to the Marion
vein (Fig. 4.17B), but not in limestone close to the Plomopampa vein (Fig. 4.17C) where
almost no change is observed. Depleted values of carbon and oxygen composition in
limestone proximal to sulfide veins may indicate the interaction of later fluids with the
rocks. Plots of Sr abundance versus δ18O and Sr abundance versus δ13C show in average
lower values of Sr in the samples around the Rosa vein than in the unaltered limestone from
Anilcocha (Figs. 4.17D and E), whereas a plot of Mn abundance versus δ18O show higher
values of Mn in the samples from transects to the Rosa vein than in Anilcocha limestone
(Fig. 4.17F). The same plots were constructed for two transects adjacent to the Marion vein
(4970 m elevation) and to the Plomopampa vein showing a slight trend of decreasing
isotope composition with proximity to the vein in the samples related to the Marion vein
(Figs. 4.18A, B and C), but no tendencies to those related to the Plomopampa vein (Figs.
4.18D, E and F). The strontium content in limestone crosscut by Marion and Plomopampa
veins is similar to that in the unaltered limestone.
The variability of oxygen and carbon isotopes in limestones with depth is shown in
figures 4.19 and 4.20. Limestone distal to ore bodies, including samples from Añilcocha
2.5 km south of the mine, has oxygen and carbon isotope compositions similar to unaltered

234
Figure 4.18: Oxygen and carbon isotope composition of limestone in relation to its Sr and Mn content for
samples taken close to the Marion and Plomopampa veins. Observe the weak negative trend of oxygen and
carbon values in relation to the unaltered samples taken around Marion vein (A and B), but relative no
variations for the samples took around Plomopampa vein (D and E). Plots of Mn versus δ18O show limestone
enriched in Mn close to the Marion vein (C), but almost no variations for limestone adjacent to the
Plomopampa vein (F).

235
Figure 4.19: Oxygen isotope zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein. Observe the presence of wide
anomalous oxygen isotope halos at the intermediate and deeper levels of the mine. Halos are wider in the
proximity to mineralized ore bodies such as at the level 4300 m.

236
Figure 4.20: Carbon isotope zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein. Observe the presence of anomalous
carbon isotope halos at the intermediate levels of the mine. Isotopic threshold and halos can be defined
visually in the isotope versus distance from the veins graph. Limestone from transects have depleted values of
carbon isotope in samples taken from underground levels.

237
Jumasha limestone from Antamina (>20.0 per mil VSMOW – see chapter 3 of this study).
As at Antamina, δ18O values decrease in the vicinity of fluid conduits. Depletion in δ18O
VSMOW to values less than 20 per mil are used to define alteration halos because these
values indicate the fractionation of oxygen isotopes between the host rock and a volatile
phase (H2O or CO2) due to a thermal reaction (Valley, 1986), likely caused by the ore
mineralizing fluids at Uchucchacua. Oxygen isotope halos to the Rosa vein are up to 50
metres wide at depth. The most depleted samples have δ18O values of about 15 per mil.
Oxygen isotope depletion halos are absent at high elevations (Fig. 4.19). For
example, at the 4940 m altitude limestone shows no evidence for oxygen isotope depletion
suggesting a very limited water-rock interaction at this level, or the fluid flow was confined
strictly to the veins. The same effect is observed at the top levels of Marion (4970 m) and
Plomopampa (4450 m) veins (Appendix C12); although the relative high δ18O values of
limestone adjacent to Plomopampa vein may indicate low fluid-rock interactions associated
with the small thickness of this vein. On the contrary, wide halos with δ18O depleted values
are observed adjacent to the Rosa vein and especially around bonanza ore bodies at the
intermediate and deep levels (4450 to 4120 m) indicating a high interaction between ore
fluids and host rocks at these levels and the strong dependence between the volume of
mineralization and the oxygen isotope anomaly. Wide isotope halos at these levels are
consistent with a combination of volatilization and infiltration of magmatic fluids or heated
meteoric fluids (Valley, 1986).
The relationship between carbon and oxygen isotope values in limestone is variable.
The carbon isotope threshold and anomalous values are defined visually in the graphs of
δ13C versus distance to the Rosa vein (Fig. 4.20). A value of 1.5 per mil VPDB has been
defined as the carbon isotope threshold value for limestone at Uchucchacua. In general,
carbon isotope values from surface are heavier than those from deeper levels in the mine
(Fig. 4.20) with the exception of samples taken at 4120 m level, which are similar to
background values. There is a slight depletion trend towards the vein especially between
levels 4450 m and 4180 m, which correspond to the level of greater concentration of ore
bodies (Fig. 4.2 – schematic cross section). It is worth mentioning the high similarity
between oxygen and carbon isotope halos at the 4180 m level, which would indicate the
limit of leakage from the Rosa vein at this level.

238
 Another important feature to emphasize is the presence of depleted oxygen isotope
values from host rocks in areas proximal to the main mineralized structure and with a high
density of calcite veins (Fig. 4.21). These data suggest that micro-fracture may have
dominated permeability at Uchucchacua. Different intervals within the sampling transects
were obtained according to the size and density of veins per metre. These data are shown in
Appendix C13.

4.7.3 Veins
Oxygen and carbon isotopes of pre, syn- and post-mineral fluorescent and non-
fluorescent calcite veins associated with the Rosa vein are listed in Table 4.4. Veins
without UVF response are listed in Table 4.5. Oxygen and carbon isotope data of Marion
(4), Plomopampa (1) and Morococha (2) veins, as well as three samples of unaltered
limestone are shown in Table 4.6. Oxygen versus carbon isotope diagram of all the veins
associated with the Rosa vein disregarding their fluorescence signature (41 samples) show
two definite trends for syn- and post-mineral veins whereas pre-mineral veins form a
cluster of narrow range of oxygen and carbon isotope values (Fig. 4.22A and C).
Thirty-one of the forty-one calcite samples within and associated with the Rosa vein
were especially examined because of their distinct glowing to the UV lamp (Table 4.4).
These samples contain a wide range of δ18O values, between 6.15 and 20.56 per mil
VSMOW, and a relatively large range of δ13C values, between –8.6 and 2.5 per mil VPDB
(Fig. 4.22B). Vein calcite generally has lower δ18O values than enclosing limestone,
consistent with a low δ18O fluid source. Regarding to the vein timing, pre-mineral and one
post-mineral vein form a cluster with relatively narrow oxygen and carbon isotope values
(Figs. 4.22C and 4.22E). Post-mineral orange red fluorescent calcite associated with Rosa
and Morococha veins show high δ13C and very low δ18O values (Figs. 4.22E and F). Syn-
mineral moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins form two groups based on their
oxygen and carbon composition signature (Fig. 4.22D). These two populations of veins
may suggest the existence of two sources for the fluids at Uchucchacua: magmatic and
meteoric.

239
Figure 4.21: Vertical and horizontal variation of δ18O and the density of calcite veins in the host rocks to the
Rosa vein. No vertical scale.

240
 Table 4.4: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from calcite associated with the Rosa vein

Sample δ13C δ18O Vein type Chronology UVF Elevation

(m.a.s.l.)
VPDB VSMOW
2PUE268B -2.0 18.5 Crustiform calcite post-mineral none 4940
2PUE328 0.8 6.2 Calcite + sulfides post-mineral red-orange 4180
4PUA508A -1.9 19.2 Crustiform calcite pre-mineral Bluish white 4775
3PUA565-NF -1.1 17.4 white calcite pre-mineral none 4180
3PUA562-NF -1.8 17.4 white calcite pre-mineral weak ORF 4180
2PUE268A -1.8 18.7 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral none 4940
3PUA519 0.2 17.5 silica patches syn-mineral none 4300
3PUA511-LG -1.9 19.5 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral Light green 4300
2PUE263 -2.0 17.7 white calcite syn-mineral white-pale green 4940
3PUA511-Y -2.6 17.9 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral yellow 4300
2PUE284 -1.1 18.5 brecciated white calcite syn-mineral very weak 4725
3PUA544 -2.2 15.0 white calcite syn-mineral weak ORF 4300
3PUA559-OR -0.3 7.2 white calcite syn-mineral moderate ORF 4180
3PUA548-OR -1.5 13.6 white calcite syn-mineral moderate ORF 4360
4PUA508B -3.4 18.2 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral moderate ORF 4775
2PUE304A -5.9 16.8 brecciated white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4450
2PUE306 -6.9 15.6 Calcite + sulfides syn-mineral red-orange 4450
2PUE307A -1.3 17.7 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4450
2PUE309 -5.7 16.4 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4450
2PUE320A -7.2 15.9 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360
2PUE322 0.3 17.6 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360
2PUE324 -4.3 14.5 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360
2PUE325 -5.0 16.6 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360
2PUE259 -5.6 16.2 white calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4940
2PUE321 2.2 7.6 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral red-orange 4360
3PUA556 -4.1 17.7 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4450
3PUA563-OR -3.3 16.9 white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4180
3PUA542 -1.1 11.3 white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4300
4PUA504 -0.3 12.2 calcite + Mn, Fe oxides syn-mineral strong ORF 4775
4PUA511 -1.0 8.9 white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4120
4PUA567B -1.9 7.6 brecciated white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4450

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 Table 4.5: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from calcite associated with the Rosa vein
without distinct fluorescence signatures

Sample δ 13C δ18O Vein type Chronology UVF Elevation

(m.a.s.l.)
VPDB VSMOW
2PUE262B -1.9 15.8 Gray calcite post-mineral 4940
2PUE260 -7.2 20.6 calcite ± alabandite post-mineral 4940
2PUE266 -3.6 18.5 Mn-rich calcite post-mineral 4940
2PUE320B 2.5 7.4 Late calcite ± sulfides post-mineral 4360
2PUE262A -2.0 15.9 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral 4940
2PUE282 -1.7 17.7 calcite + Mn, Fe oxides syn-mineral 4725
2PUE283 -1.6 18.0 white calcite syn-mineral 4725
2PUE298 -8.6 16.1 calcite ± alabandite syn-mineral 4725
2PUE305 -7.0 16.0 white calcite syn-mineral 4450
4PUA628 -2.9 13.8 Crustiform calcite syn-mineral 4830

Table 4.6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data associated with Marion, Plomopampa and
Morococha (Pozo Rico) veins

Sample Vein δ13C δ18O Vein type Chronology UVF Elevation

(m.a.s.l.)
VPDB VSMOW
3PUA585 Plomopampa -1.9 4.6 white calcite syn-mineral mod- strong 4450
ORF
3PUA641-W Marion -2.4 17.4 Colloform calcite post-mineral white 4945
3PUA641-Y Marion -2.1 17.5 Colloform calcite post-mineral yellow 4945
3PUA650-W Marion -2.7 18.9 crustiform calcite syn-mineral white 4958
3PUA650-Y Marion -2.3 18.5 crustiform calcite syn-mineral yellow 4958
3PUA664-NF Morococha 1.4 13.7 white calcite syn-mineral white 4655
3PUA664-OR Morococha 0.9 11.2 white calcite post-mineral mod - strong 4655
ORF
4PUA522 Anilcocha 2.9 25.9 Brownish gray unaltered lms none 4360
limestone
4PUA523 Anilcocha 2.6 25.1 Brownish gray unaltered lms none 4360
limestone
4PUA524 Anilcocha 1.4 23.8 Brownish gray unaltered lms none 4360
limestone

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Figure 4.22: Carbon and oxygen isotope composition of calcite veins associated with the Rosa vein (A, B, C,
D and E), and Marion, Morococha and Plomopampa veins (F).
A. δ18O vs. δ13C of pre-, syn- and post-mineral veins disregarding their fluorescence signature. B. δ18O vs.
δ13C of pre-, syn- and post-mineral fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins. C. Isotope composition of pre-
mineral veins. D. Isotope composition of syn-mineral veins. E. Isotope composition of post-mineral veins. F.
δ18O vs. δ13C of Marion, Morococha and Plomopampa veins.

243
 In contrast, oxygen versus carbon isotope data from Marion, Plomopampa and
Morococha veins show white and yellow fluorescent veins forming a cluster similar to the
veins related to the Rosa vein. Calcite veins from Plomopampa and Morococha veins on the
contrary present very low oxygen isotope values suggesting a meteoric source of fluids for
these veins (Fig. 4.22F).
Syn-mineral veins have oxygen isotope values consistent with a mixing line
between magmatic fluids (Bowman, 1998) and limestone (Fig. 4.23A). A single analysis of
δ18O in quartz from a dacite porphyry dike (sample 3PUA557) crosscut by the Sandra vein
gives a value of 10.0 per mil VSMOW, which falls within the range defined for magmatic
volatiles at Antamina.
The oxygen isotope composition of calcite in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles
(using the range from Antamina) is plotted versus temperature in figure 4.23B suggesting a
magmatic signature for these veins and a temperature range for these fluids between 250
and 375°C. It is also observed in this diagram a slight trend toward heavier δ18O values
with increasing elevation. This is consistent with fluids that cooled as they ascended along
the Rosa vein. In general, stable isotope composition of calcite varies systematically with
color of fluorescence. Oxygen and carbon isotope values of orange red fluorescence veins
span a large range of values, whereas white, yellow, light green and non-fluorescent veins
define a small cluster of samples with relatively heavier δ18O and light δ13C.

4.8 Strontium isotopes

4.8.1 Analytical procedures
Eight samples from Uchucchacua were analyzed for strontium isotope content in
order to assess the possible source of the fluids of carbonate veins. Additionally, two
samples of unaltered limestone taken at Anilcocha were analyzed for comparison (Table
4.7). For the analysis of the calcites and the removal of secondary phases or potential
contaminants we leached sample powders using the procedure designed by Weis and Frey
(1991, 1996), and Weis et al (2005).
This procedure ensures the maximum removal of secondary phases that may be
present in the sample and consisted of the following steps:

244
Figure 4.23: Oxygen isotope composition of calcite veins at different levels and their relation with calcite
δ18O in equilibrium with magmatic water. A. Oxygen isotope variation of magmatic related pre-, syn- and
post-mineral fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins with elevation. B. Vertical variation in oxygen isotope
composition and temperature of calcite veins associated with the Rosa vein.

245
 Table 4.7: Strontium composition of calcite veins and unaltered limestones from Uchucchacua

MS61 MS61 MS61

13 18 87 86
Sample δ C δ O Vein type Chronology UVF Location Sr/ Sr 2 sigma(m) Sr Rb Mn
VPDB VSMOW ppm ppm ppm

3PUA565 -1.1 17.4 Calcite vein pre-mineral none 4180 0.707616 0.000014 273 0.4 374
3PUA641-W -2.4 17.4 Crustiform calcite post-mineral? white 4945 0.707528 0.000008 290 0.1 801
3PUA641-Y -2.1 17.5 Crustiform calcite post-mineral? yellow 4945 0.707707 0.000016 157.5 0.1 909
3PUA542 -1.1 11.3 Calcite veinlet syn-mineral strong ORF 4300 0.708809 0.000012 183 <0.1 >10000
4PUA567B -1.9 7.6 Brecciated calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4450 0.707666 0.000007 495 1.9 14500
3PUA 548-OR -1.5 13.6 Brecciated calcite syn-mineral mod ORF 4360 0.708004 0.000014 96.7 0.5 >10000
3PUA556-OR -4.1 17.7 Crustiform, white calcite syn-mineral strong ORF 4450 0.708668 0.000010 75.7 0.1 >10000

4PUA550 calcite vein syn-mineral strong ORF 4180 0.708808 0.000007

4PUA523 2.6 25.1 Brownish gray limestone Jumasha Fm. none Anilcocha 0.707634 0.000008 244 4.8 77

4PUA524 1.4 23.8 Brownish gray limestone Jumasha Fm. none Anilcocha 0.707496 0.000008 417 7.7 90

18 87 86
Sample/location δ O Lithology Age (Ma) Sr/ Sr (initial) Reference
VSMOW min. max.
2PAT-11 Taco pit 2.5 Bt-plg porphyry 10.73 ± 0.10 0.705577 This study
Antamina
3PUA557 Uchucchacua* 10.0 Quartz grains 25.28 ± 0.44 0.705000 Bissig et al. 2005
Cordillera Blanca Granite 10 0.704870 0.705400 Beckinsale et al., 1985
Raura Tonalite - granodiorite 10 0.705010 0.705270 Soler and Rotach-Toulhoat, 1990
Mallay Granodiorite 14 0.705590 Soler and Rotach-Toulhoat, 1990
Jumasha period 0.707150 0.707350 Burke et al., 1982
Cretaceous system 0.707140 0.707720 Burke et al., 1982
Uchucchacua Calcite veins 0.707428 0.711218 Bussell et al., 1990
Chambara Fm at Malpaso (Junin) Limestone 0.707870 0.710830 Moritz et al., 1996

* Age corresponds to the sample 3PUA558, which was taken from the same intrusion sampled with 3PUA557 label
246
 Approximately 0.2 g of pulp or drilled material was weighed into an acid-washed
15mL Savillex® beaker, then ten mL of 6N sub-boiled HCl were added and the suspension
was ultra-sonicated for 20 minutes. After that, the supernatant was decanted. This process
was repeated 5 to 6 times until the supernatant was clear and pale yellow to colorless.
The process was repeated 2-4 times with milli-Q H2O (i.e., water that is 18.2
megohm (ion free), pyrogen free, with reduced organic contamination as well as with
bacterial and particulate removal in place of 6N sub-boiled HCl to eliminate the excess
HCl. The leached rock powder was dried on a hot plate at ~120°C and then weighed after
cooling.
Isotopic measurements were made using a Finnigan Triton thermo-ionization mass
spectrometer (TIMS) at PCIGR. Strontium composition was measured in static mode
multicollection with relay matrix rotation (the “virtual amplifier” of Finnigan) on a single
Ta and double Re-Ta filament. The data was corrected for mass fractionation using
86
Sr/88Sr = 0.1194. Six analyses of the NBS987 Sr standard made during the course of this
87
study have a mean value of Sr/86Sr = 0.710259 ± 0.000016 (2SD). A single analysis
typically consists of 135 cycles (9 blocks of 15) to allow a full rotation of the virtual
amplifier.

4.8.2 Results
87
Ratios of Sr/86Sr have been measured on a collection of carbonate samples
showing orange red, white, yellow and non-fluorescence to the UV lamp. Two samples of
unaltered limestone from Anilcocha were also analyzed as a reference value.
Calcite in Uchucchacua typically has moderate Sr concentration (<500 ppm), very
low Rb concentration (commonly less than 1 ppm) and generally displays low ratios of
Rb/Sr. Rubidium concentration in limestone is several orders higher than Rb in calcite,
which is likely related to the siliciclastic content of limestone. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of calcite
range between 0.707528 and 0.708809 where the higher values correspond to some of the
orange red fluorescent veins (Fig. 4.24). Samples of unaltered limestone yield values of
0.707634 and 0.707496, higher than Albian-Turonian seawater (Burke et al., 1982),
suggesting a possible seawater strontium isotope excursion (shift to higher 87Sr/86Sr) during
the period of deposition of Jumasha limestone or the isotopic exchange during diagenesis
(Gieskes et al., 1986). Strontium isotope composition of unaltered limestone is very similar

247
Figure 4.24: Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins from Uchucchacua in relation to the Sr isotope
composition of some intrusive rocks along the Western Peruvian Cordillera and the unaltered limestone rocks.
Strontium isotope values of calcite veins obtained by Bussell et al., 1990 is shown for comparison and also
the strontium composition of the sea water during the Cretaceous system (Burke et al., 1982) and of the
Triassic Chambara Formation (Moritz et al., 1996). Oxygen isotope compositions of igneous rocks in the plot
are not known and have been assumed to be around 10.0 per mil VSMOW. A hypothetical mixing line has
been drawn between intrusive rocks and calcite vein data indicating that ORF veins derived from magmatic
deep fluids that interacted with older sedimentary formations probably the Triassic Chambara Formation.

248
to the white, yellow and non-fluorescent calcite (Fig. 4.24) suggesting that the Sr
component of these veins probably derived from Jumasha limestone.
Strontium isotope composition of fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua spans a
range of composition lower than that defined by Bussell et al (1990). Our data lie outside
the range defined by magmatic volatiles represented by the Miocene intrusions that outcrop
in the same belt nearby the deposit: Raura, Cordillera Blanca, and Taco pit porphyry (Table
87
4.7). Moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins yield Sr/86Sr ratios slightly higher
than the Jumasha unaltered limestone, suggesting a mixture between Sr derived from the
87 87
host rocks and Sr enriched in radiogenic Sr. Possible sources of radiogenic Sr are
igneous silicate minerals with high Rb/Sr ratios contained in the Jumasha limestones or
from the interaction of 87Sr-enriched fluids with the host rocks. Isotope studies of carbonate
rocks in the Peruvian occidental Andes indicate that Triassic rocks from Pucara Group
87
specifically the Chambara Formation are enriched in Sr (Moritz et al., 1996), which
87
makes it a potential source of Sr-enriched fluids for the moderate to strong orange red
fluorescent calcite veins related to the mineralization at Uchucchacua (Fig. 4.24). Strontium
isotope values presented here implies that orange red fluorescent veins have ascended
through stratigraphically lower sequences to the Jumasha Formation.

4.9 Discussion
4.9.1 Visible alteration zonation
Field and petrographic evidence (mineralogical textures and content) show the
restricted presence of brown silicified halos (hornfels) and marble patches around
centimetre-scale calcite + sulfide veins at the intermediate and deep levels of the mine.
There are no mineralogical variations in the carbonate minerals adjacent to the ore veins.
Therefore, marble and tan hornfels would only represent the thermal effects caused by the
circulation of hotter fluids at deeper levels than at shallow levels of the mine. However, the
centimetre-size of the marble and hornfels (selvages) suggest that low-temperature fluids
formed the calcite + sulfide veins at Uchucchacua. Hornfels and marble alteration halos to
the mineralized veins are not related to the low-mineralized garnet skarn and marble halos
associated with the ~25 Ma dacite porphyry dikes that outcrop in the district. The low
amount of sulfides in garnet skarn suggests the circulation of low volumes of hydrothermal

249
fluids (Reed, 1997). Field relationships between mineralized veins and dacite dikes indicate
a younger age for the veins; however it is still uncertain the age of Ag mineralization in the
District.
Abundance of carbonate veins mainly calcite following different orientations is a
striking feature at Uchucchacua. The presence of these veins may be related to a large-scale
CO2-rich hydrothermal fluid circulation or to a combined process of dissolution –
reprecipitation during fluid infiltration (Barnes, 1979). Crustiform textures of the main fluid
conduits (i.e. Rosa and Marion veins) indicate a progressive infilling of open fractures.
Cockade textures indicate the re-aperture of these fractures and the continuation of mineral
precipitation (calcite ± Mn oxides in the shallow levels, and calcite, rhodocrosite, Mn-Ca-
Fe silicates, sulfides and sulfosalts in the deeper levels). The presence of Mn calc silicates
associated with sulfides especially within replacement ore bodies indicates the addition of
hydrothermal silica to Mn-rich carbonate, where the consumption of hydrogen ions by
carbonate drove the precipitation of sulfides (Reed, 1997). Mineralogical composition of
hornfels and marble, absence of garnet minerals and the prevalence of Ag and Mn minerals
over Pb, Zn and Cu confirm the circulation of low-temperature fluids that diminished in
intensity as the system waned, especially in the shallow levels. The scarcity of quartz veins
and the presence of detrital quartz in limestone suggest that hydrothermal fluids were poor
in silica.
The widespread distribution of Mn oxides is likely due to the oxidation of
alabandite (MnS) and Mn-Ca-Fe silicates. Abundance of Mn sulfides and silicates in veins
within the mine is a key to considering Uchucchacua as a distal member of an intrusion
related replacement deposit (Einaudi et al., 1981; Megaw, 1998). However, the location of
the magmatic center to this deposit is still uncertain.

4.9.2 Trace element distribution of metals

An assessment of trace element composition of the host rocks at Uchucchacua
identifies an almost universal exponential distribution of elements, which indicate a
restricted lateral fluid flow movement outward the veins. However, some histograms show
also multifractal distributions (log-normal) that support the use of the median + 2 median
absolute deviation formula to calculate the geochemical background and threshold for each
element. Considering that host rocks are not pure limestone, geochemical background and

250
threshold are estimated by using metal/Al ratios to avoid false anomalies caused by the
trace element inheritance related to the detrital content of limestone.
Recognition of geochemical anomalous values may be a tedious process because it
involves the estimation of threshold values for each sample and its comparison to its
respective measured value, however the results obtained do not have an external influence
that could conduct to misleading interpretations. Considering that permeability of limestone
is controlled by interparticle and fracture porosity of limestone, some isolated anomalous
values are predicted to exist far away the mineralized structure related to small (cryptic)
fractures. In that sense, geochemical anomalous halos to a vein should be measured
analyzing the effect of these isolated anomalous values to prevent an overestimation of
these halos. In general, four groups of elements are recognized at Uchucchacua based on
the anomalous geochemical halos they define. These halos indicate a vertical zonation of
the mineralized system according to the “reconstructed vein model” of Emmons (1936)
where Uchucchacua represent the shallow levels of a composite system.

4.9.3 Fluid-rock interaction processes

Lateral and vertical zonation of trace elements in limestone and C-O isotope halos
are indicative of fluid flow movement and permeability of the host rocks. Isotopic shifts in
limestone adjacent to an ore vein are likely due to the infiltration of externally derived
fluids with isotopic composition lower than the host rocks (Valley, 1986) and because the
fractionation of calcite relative to water (∆calcite-H2O) decreases with increasing distance
of fluid propagation and temperature (Dipple and Ferry, 1992). The plot of δ13C versus
δ18O for limestone from sampling transects to the Rosa vein define a concave downward L-
shaped curve (Fig. 4.17A), which appear related to the infiltration of water-rich fluids
(Valley, 1986). The relative absence of depleted δ13C values in shallow levels can be
associated to the slower diffusion of carbon than oxygen in calcite in a system equilibrated
for carbon and oxygen isotopes (Scheel and Hoefs, 1992). Carbon and oxygen isotope halos
show similar behavior at intermediate levels of the Mine (4450 to 4180 m) and sometimes
these halos coincide in extension for example at 4180 m. level. This zone of big carbon and
oxygen isotope anomalous halos coincide with the richest levels of the mine, as
characterized by the presence of big replacement ore bodies. Carbon and oxygen isotope
halos also show similar extension to Ag, As, Mn, and Sb anomalous halos especially at

251
4180 m level, suggesting a high fluid-rock interaction at this level and also the limit of
leakage from the Rosa vein. Coincidence or overlapping of carbon, oxygen and trace
element halos is used to constrain the limit of metasomatic fluid infiltration or the
metasomatic sides (Yardley and Lloyd, 1995) developed by the fluids that formed the Rosa
vein. However, the slight variations in the texture and mineral composition of limestone
across the aureole to the Rosa vein, a feature especially observed in the lower levels of the
mine, which suggest that the fluids moved especially through fractures, and they were
relatively low in temperature.
There is a direct relationship between the high density of veins and the oxygen
isotope depletion in limestone (Fig. 4.21). High density of veins outside the alteration halos
like at the 4920 m level is related to the proximity to a thrust fault. Calcite veins with
anomalous trace element content and light oxygen isotope values parallel to the Rosa vein
do not contribute to form oxygen isotope halos at shallow levels (Fig. 4.21) suggesting the
limited diffusion of oxygen through the interparticle porosity of limestone caused by the
circulation of low temperature fluids. The random distribution of altered and unaltered
oxygen isotope samples indicates the heterogeneous nature of the fluid circulation media,
where the existence of cryptic channels of higher permeability may have led to a greater
fractionation of carbon and oxygen isotopes between the host rock and fluids along these
conduits (Valley, 1986). Anomalous halos up to 60 meters from Rosa vein suggest that
infiltration of fluids where mainly channeled in veins and their external damaged zone
(veinlets), then discharged pervasively into the host rocks probably by lateral diffusion of
fluids. This lateral movement of fluids was restricted to the low porosity of the rocks in
comparison to the kilometer-scale of the vertical fluid infiltration. The presence of oxygen
isotope and trace element anomalies outside the halos would confirm this dominant fracture
controlled permeability in the area. Considering the existence of stable isotopic alteration in
the host rocks along the vertical exposure of the Rosa vein, it is possible to estimate the
minimum time-integrated molar fluid flux (qm) along the Rosa vein and infer it for the
whole hydrothermal system developed at Uchucchacua, following the criteria of Dipple and
Ferry (1992):
qm = distance x velocity of fluid propagation
where distance: vertical exposure of Rosa vein ~ 100,000 centimetres

252
 velocity of fluid propagation: 0.081 moles water/cm3 rock
qm = 100000 x 0.081 = 8100 moles water/cm2 rock
However, the metre-scale of halos suggests two possibilities: low water/rock ratios
over the life of the hydrothermal system or the restricted circulation of fluids due to the low
porosity and permeability of the fine-grained host rocks. Abart et al., (2002) suggest that
small-scale isotope variations in limestone adjacent to prominent tectonic features are due
to transversal hydrodynamic dispersion. Whether this movement was caused by diffusion
or mechanical dispersion has not been addressed in this study. The absence of isotopic
halos at the shallow levels of the system suggests a limited flux of fluids probably
influenced by the interaction with meteoric water or to a progressive waning of the
mineralizing system. Greater isotopic shifts next to the Rosa vein and replacement ore
bodies at 4360 m level and below (Fig. 4.19) indicate that fluid rock interactions were
intense at the intermediate and deeper levels of the mine.

4.9.4 Fluid sources

Mineralogical composition of hornfels and marble, their occurrence as selvages to
the calcite + sulfide veins, absence of garnet minerals associated with the economic Ag
mineralization, and the prevalence of Ag and Mn minerals over Pb, Zn and Cu suggest the
circulation of intermediate to low temperature fluids at Uchucchacua. Lack of Au and
abundance of Mn may indicate that mineralization at Uchucchacua was formed by high
salinity fluids, which are favorable to transport Ag and Mn as chloride complexes (Olivo
and Gibbs, 2003). The relative abundance of silver associated with rhodocrosite especially
the bonanza zones may be related to a decrease in H+ and/or chloride concentration caused
by boiling or dilution of the hydrothermal fluids (Gammons and Seward, 1996).
Oxygen isotope alteration halos to the main mineralized structures indicate the
interaction of light δ18O fluids with the host rocks. Oxygen isotope data of calcite veins
associated with the Rosa vein indicate their origin by the circulation of light δ18O fluids
(Fig. 4.22A). It has been demonstrated in this study the systematic variation of oxygen
isotope values of calcite with the UVF response. Moderate to strong orange red fluorescent
veins are always related to lighter oxygen isotope values whereas white, yellow, light green
and non fluorescent veins form a cluster of relative high δ18O values (Fig. 4.22B). This
feature is observed also in veins associated with the Marion vein (Fig. 4.22F). Therefore,

253
oxygen and carbon isotope values of orange red fluorescent (ORF) veins are proved to be
good indicators of the source of fluids in an ore deposit.
Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of calcite veins suggest two sources for
the fluids at Uchucchacua: magmatic and meteoric (Fig. 4.23A). However, low δ18O and
low δ13C values are prevalent reflecting a dominant magmatic source for the veins. Heavier
oxygen isotope values with increasing elevation (Fig. 4.23B) suggest that fluids were
cooling as they ascended along the Rosa vein. Magmatic source for the veins can be
demonstrated by plotting δ18O values of calcite in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles
versus temperature (Fig. 4.23B). This plot indicates a magmatic signature for the veins and
a range of temperatures for the fluids of 250 to 375˚C (Figure 4.23B). Weak orange red,
white, light green, yellow and non-fluorescent veins within the magmatic field may reflect
the presence of Fe impurities in calcite or the interaction between magmatic and meteoric
fluids. Low oxygen and high carbon isotope values of some moderate to strong ORF veins
suggest a meteoric source for these veins.
Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of pre-, syn- and post mineral calcite
veins provide more elements to constrain the source of fluids. For example, high δ18O
values and very weak ORF to non-fluorescence of pre-mineralization veins may well be
associated with syn-tectonic processes (Fig. 4.22C), whereas very low δ18O values of post-
mineralization veins likely reflect the late incursion of meteoric fluids as the hydrothermal
system waned (Figs. 4.22E and F).
The source of calcium and its agent of deposition are also constrained with the use
of strontium isotopes. Samples of unaltered limestone from Uchucchacua yield values
higher than Albian-Turonian seawater (Burke et al., 1982), suggesting a possible seawater
87
strontium isotope excursion (shift to higher Sr/86Sr) during the period of deposition of
Jumasha limestone or the isotopic exchange during diagenesis (Gieskes et al., 1986).
Strontium isotope compositions of calcite veins from Uchucchacua are equivocal, but
consistent with magmatic volatiles that have exchanged strontium with underlying
sedimentary rocks during ascent. Carbonate rocks from the Triassic Chambara Formation
87
(Moritz et al., 1996) are constrained as the possible source of Sr-enriched fluids for the
syn-mineral calcite veins at Uchucchacua.

254
4.9.5 Relevance in mineral exploration
The combined use of subtle visible alteration such as the centimetre to metre-scale
hornfels and marble halos around the Ag mineralized veins, the vertical and lateral zonation
of trace elements and oxygen isotope of limestone and UVF of calcite veins may be used as
a pattern to assist the mineral exploration for Ag-base metal veins and replacement deposits
hosted in carbonate rocks. The current study has demonstrated that trace element
distribution in limestone adjacent to the fluid conduits define four distinctive groups of
elements where Ag, As, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Sb and Tl halos can be used as vectors to
localize concealed Ag replacement ore bodies at distances greater than 100 metres. It has
been demonstrated in this study that the selection of geochemical halos based on the
statistical assessment of metal/Al ratios provide a reliable determination of anomalous
geochemical halos. Normalization of metal values of samples against an immobile element
like aluminum permit to avoid the metal content present in the detrital components of the
protolith (limestone), and should be considered a routine in the geochemical assessment of
areas under exploration.
Oxygen isotope, trace element and UVF halos documented in this study have shown
wide halos around profitable veins like Rosa and Marion, whereas the halos they yield are
equivocal around low-grade veins like Plomopampa. These halos are consistent with the
fluid source determined for these veins, where Rosa and Marion veins appear related to a
mainly magmatic source whereas one single sample of Plomopampa vein indicates a
meteoric source for this vein (Fig. 4.22F). However, these tracers can not be used
independently in mineral exploration because not all the veins with orange red fluorescence
appear related to sulfide ore concentrations and Mn-rich carbonates with depleted δ18O
values can be derived from different sources such as, magmatic, magmatic-connate or
magmatic-meteoric.
Therefore, oxygen isotope and trace element content of host rocks as well as UVF
of calcite veins must be used together in the location of Ag-base metal concentrations
considering the almost coincidence in the halos they define (Fig. 4.25) especially in areas
where visible alteration to fluid escape structures are subtle. This hypothesis is reinforced
by oxygen and trace element halos defined in this study, which are also evidence of

255
Figure 4.25: Synthesis of distal alteration to the Rosa vein. Trace element profile represents the wider halos
found at their respective elevations.

256
cooling, ascending magmatic volatile fluids as the primary agent of mineralization at
Uchucchacua.

4.10 Conclusions
Visible alteration features related to the mineralization at Uchucchacua indicate a
fracture-dominated permeability. The wide distribution of veins in the District is controlled
by the structural arrangement (fracture schistosity) determined by the Cachipampa
anticline; therefore it is highly probable to find more resources in the other flank of this
anticline. Centimetre-scale hornfels halos to calcite veins and marble patches adjacent to
the Rosa vein are evidence of higher temperature at depth.
Statistical analysis of trace element results indicates diverse types of distributions.
Calculation of correlation coefficients for trace elements contained in limestone show a
strong relationship of Ag with Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb and Zn at deep and shallow levels. High
correlation of Ag with Mn is only observed in surface samples.
Calculation of individual threshold values in relation to an immobile element (Al)
and their plot along with metal measured values in diagrams of metal abundance versus
distance to a vein are shown as a useful tool to define anomalous geochemical halos in
impure limestone. It is demonstrated in this study that these diagrams can be used in
transects perpendicular to veins located as far as 150 meters from replacement ore bodies.
Trace element data of limestone rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein define prevalent to
continuous anomalous halos of Ag, As, Mn, Pb and Zn throughout the vertical exposure of
this vein. Hg, Tl, Sb and Cd halos in the shallow and intermediate levels of the mine
indicate a low to medium temperature for the mineralizing system, which contrasts with the
presence of moderate halos of Bi, Cu and Mo at deep levels.
UVF of calcite veins shows the strong relationship of orange red fluorescence with
ore mineralization, its use to define vein timing and its applicability in mineral exploration.
Oxygen isotope data of limestone indicate the interaction of thermal ore
mineralizing fluids with host rocks. Depleted oxygen isotope values of limestone define
halos to vein up to 100 m and can be used to localize replacement ore bodies. The lateral
and vertical zonation of oxygen and carbon isotope composition of limestone implicates
cooling, ascending magmatic volatiles as the primary agent of mineralization.

257
 Oxygen and strontium isotope data on fluorescent veins indicate a systematic
variation with the UVF response of calcite veins. Most of the orange red fluorescent veins
are related to the periods of mineralization and their isotopic composition indicates a strong
relation with magmatic fluids. Strontium isotope composition of calcite veins from
Uchucchacua show that ORF veins have ascended through the underlying sedimentary
sequence and probably have their source at the Chambara Formation. This feature is
consistent with mineralization events originating at depth.
In summary, visible alteration, UVF of calcite veins, trace element alteration and
oxygen depletion of limestone adjacent to calcite + Mn oxide veins have been demonstrated
with this study to be powerful tracers of Ag-base metal mineralization hosted in carbonate
rocks. The lateral and vertical zonation of these tracers identify indirectly the low,
intermediate and high temperature levels of mineral deposition that their use can be
guaranteed in the exploration of base metals hosted in carbonate rocks.

258
4.11 References
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de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., Lima, Enero, 2002, 12 pages.
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Bissig, T., 2005, The time-space distribution of Eocene to Miocene magmatism in the
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report.
Bowman, J.R., 1998, Stable isotope systematics of skarns. In: Mineralized Intrusion-
Related Skarn Systems (D.R. Lentz and J.L. Jambor, eds.), Mineral Association of
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Brown, W.L., 1934, Fluorescence of manganiferous calcites, University of Toronto
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Burke, W.H., Denison, R.E., Hetherington, E.A., Koepnick, R.B., Nelson, H.F. and Otto,
J.B., 1982, Variations of seawater 87Sr/86Sr throughout Phanerozoic time, Geology
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Bussell, M.A., and Baxter, A.N., 1986, Structural controls on ore deposition in the
Uchucchacua District, central Peru: Lima, Peru. Compania de Minas Buenaventura
S.A., unpublished report, 21 pages.
Bussell, M.A., Alpers, C.M., Petersen, U., Shepherd, T.J., Bermudez, C., and Baxter,
A.M., 1990, The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of
Uchucchacua, Peru: Studies of structure, mineralogy, metal zoning, Sr isotopes and
fluid inclusions. Economic Geology, vol.85, p. 1348-1383.
Chang, L.L.Y., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., 1996, Rock-Forming minerals, vol. 5B:
Non-silicates: Sulfates, Carbonates and Halides, Longman Group, London, 383 p.
Choquette, P.W. and Pray, L.C., 1970, Geologic nomenclature and classification of
porosity in sedimentary carbonates, American Association of Petroleum Geologists
Bulletin 54, p. 207-250.
Cobbing, J., Garayar, S. and Pitcher, W., 1973, Geologia de los cuadrangulos de Barranca,
Ambar, Oyon, Huacho, Huaral y Canta, Boletin 26A. Serie A: Carta Geologica
Nacional, Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico, Sector Energia y Minas, Peru,
172 pages, 4 maps, scale: 1/100000.
Compania de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., 2004, Plano geologico de superficie mina
Uchucchacua, scale 1/2000, Departamento de Geologia, Unidad de produccion
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Dipple, G.M. and Ferry, J.M., 1992, Fluid flow and stable isotopic alteration in rocks at
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Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 56, p. 3539-3550.
Dunham, R. J., 1962, Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture.
In: Classification of Carbonate Rocks (Ham, W.E. eds.), Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA:
American Association of Petroleum Geologists.
Einaudi, M.T., Meinert, L.D., and Newberry, R.J., 1981, Skarn deposits. In: Economic
Geology: Seventy-fifth Anniversary Volume (Skinner, B.J., ed.), p. 317-391.
Friehauf, K.C., and Pareja, G.A., 1988, Can oxygen isotope halos be produced around

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 high-temperature dolostone-hosted or deposits?: Evidence from the Superior
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Gammons, C.H., and Seward, T.M., 1996, Stability of Mn (II) chlorite complexes from
25 to 300º C. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, p. 4295-4311.
Genna, A., Jebrak, M., Marcoux, E. Milesi, J.P., 1996, Genesis of cockade breccias in the
tectonic evolution of Cirotan epithermal gold system, West Java, Canadian Journal
of Earth Sciences, 33, p. 93-102.
Gieskes, J.M., Elderfield, H. and Palmer, M.R., 1986, Strontium and its isotopic
composition in interstitial waters of marine carbonate sediments: Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, vol.77, p. 229-235.
Jaillard, E., 1986, La sedimentation cretacee dans les Andes du Perou central: exemple de
la Formation Jamasha (Albien moyen-superieur a Turonien superieur ) dans la
region d’ Oyon (departement de Lima).Geodynamique 1 (2) 1986, p. 97-108.
Marfunin, A.S., 1979, Spectroscopy, luminescence and radiation centers in minerals,
Springer-Verlag, 352 pages.
Megaw, P.K.M., Ruiz, J., and Titley, S.R., 1988, High-temperature, carbonate-hosted Ag-
Pb-Zn (Cu) deposits of northern Mexico. Economic Geology, v. 83, p. 1856-1885.
Megaw, P.K.M., 1998, Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Au Replacement Deposits: An
Exploration Perspective. In: Mineralized Intrusion-Related Skarn Systems (D.R.
Lentz and J.L. Jambor Eds.), Mineral Association of Canada, Short Course Series,
vol 26, p. 337-357.
Meinert, L.D., 1997, Application of skarn deposit zonation models to mineral
exploration. Exploration and Mining Geology, vol.6, p. 185-208.
Monecke, T., Monecke, J., Herzig, P.M., Gemmel, J.B., and Mönch, W., 2005, Truncated
fractal frequency distribution of element abundance data: A dynamic model for the
metasomatic enrichment of base and precious metals. Earth and Planetary Science
Letters 232, p. 363-378.
Moritz, R., Fontbote, L, Spangenberg, J., Rosas, S., Sharp, Z. and Fontignie, D., 1996, Sr,
C and O isotope systematics in the Pucara basin, Central Peru. Mineralium Deposita
vol. 31, 3, p. 147-162.
Noble, D.C., and McKee, E.H., 1999, The Miocene Metallogenic Belt of Central and

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Olivo, G. R. and Gibbs, K., 2003, Paragenesis and mineral chemistry of alabandite (MnS)
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Petersen, E.U., 1995, Solid solution compositions of sulfide and sulfosalt minerals from
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Benavides, p. 243-260.
Petersen, U., 1999, Magmatic and Metallogenic Evolution of Central Andes. Society of
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Petersen, U., Mayta, O., Gamarra, L., Vidal, C.E., and Sabastizagal, A., 2004,
Uchucchacua: A Major Silver Producer in South America. Society of Economic
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Ramdohr, P., 1981, The ore minerals and their intergrowths. International series on Earth
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Reed, M. H., 1997, Hydrothermal alteration and its relationship to ore fluid composition.
In: Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits (H. L. Barnes ed.), Wiley and
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Reimann, C., and Filzmoser, P., 1999, Normal and lognormal data distribution in
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2nd edition, Academic Press, 657 pages.
Romani, M., 1982, Geologia de la region minera Uchucchacua. Hacienda Otuto, Peru II.
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Chapter 5: UV fluorescence of carbonate veins at Antamina Cu-
Zn skarn and Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposits,
Northern-Central Perú4
5.1 Introduction
Fluorescence is a special case of luminescence that occurs at a subatomic level
through an electron excitation process activated by the absorption and release of an external
source of energy that is transformed into visible light (Mutanen et al., 2005). If the light
emission proceeds only during the excitation process it is called “fluorescence” otherwise is
called “phosphorescence” (Marfunin, 1979). Color and brightness of luminescence and
particularly of fluorescence depends on the type and concentration of luminescent centers
(Shopov, 2004). These luminescent centers can be ion impurities (activators) or principal
ions of a crystal or the crystal itself. Excited ions in a crystal return to the ground state
through radiationless transitions or by emission transitions (Marfunin, 1979). The average
stay of an ion activator in a given excited state, the interaction of the ion with the lattice
ions surrounding it or the presence of two or more activators may even determine the type
of luminescence: fluorescence or phosphorescence (Marfunin, 1979; Shopov, 2004).
Fluorescence of calcite has been studied for many years. Orange red fluorescence of calcite
to the ultraviolet (UV) light has been ascribed to the presence of Mn2+ (White, 1975;
Aguilar and Osendi, 1982, Chang et al., 1996), or Mn in the presence of other ions
(sensitizers) that when excited with UV light lead to transfer of energy to Mn2+ ion.
Activator and sensitizer ions must have a specific concentration and electronic
configuration to yield luminescence (Marfunin, 1979). The most common sensitizer ions
are: Pb2+, Tl+ (Schulman et al., 1947), Ce (Blasse and Aguilar, 1984), Zn (Gies, 1975), Bi3+,
In+, Sn2+ Sb3+ Ga+, Ge2+, As3+, Ag+, In3+, Sn4+, Cu+, Ga3+, and Ge4+ (Marfunin, 1979).
Other ions however may quench the glow of all the activators whose emissions bands are
overlapped by big charge transfer bands in the absorption spectrum (Marfunin, 1979). Iron,

4
A version of this chapter will be submitted for publication. Escalante, A., Dipple, G., Tosdal, R. and Ebert,
S. UV Fluorescence of Carbonate Veins at Antamina Cu-Zn Skarn and Uchucchacua Ag-base metal Vein
Deposits, Northern-Central Peru.

264
nickel and cobalt are the most common quenchers of luminescence (Gies, 1975, Marfunin,
1979).
Most of the possible “activators” and ‘sensitizers” of UVF in calcite are part of the
suite of elements related to the base metal deposits particularly distal to the intrusion-
related polymetallic carbonate replacement deposits (Megaw, 1998; Hammarstrom, 2002)
such that UVF of calcite veins may be used along with host rock geochemical contents in
the exploration of these deposits. The record of the UVF intensity and distribution of calcite
veins along with their metal content may also be used to identify ancient fluid pathways to
hidden polymetallic carbonate replacement deposits or even Cu porphyry deposits hosted in
carbonate rock sequences that lack obvious visible alteration features.
This study examines the large-scale alteration zonation of polymetallic carbonate
rock-hosted deposits based on the UV fluorescence of calcite veins especially away from
the most conspicuous fluid escape conduits to these deposits (dikes, faults, veins or
bedding). The trace element content of calcite veins is based on induced coupled plasma
mass spectrometer analysis (ICPMS) and microprobe analyses are used to characterize the
possible activators of the orange red, yellow, white, and light green colors observed in both
Antamina skarn and Uchucchacua vein deposits.

5.2 Geologic setting

The Cu-Zn Antamina skarn and the Ag-base metal Uchucchacua vein deposits is
located in the eastern flank of the western Peruvian Andes at about 270 and 170 km north-
northeast of Lima (Fig. 5.1A). These deposits are hosted in the strongly deformed Upper
Cretaceous sequence of carbonate rocks regionally assigned to the Jumasha Formation
(Cobbing et al., 1996) and are intrinsically related to a series of high-level quartz-
monzonite, andesite and dacite porphyries and dikes of Miocene age (Petersen, 1965, Noble
and McKee, 1999), although some uncertainties even exists about the age of intrusions
related to the Ag mineralization at Uchucchacua (Petersen, 1999). Intrusive rocks at both
deposits appear to have ascended through a series of predominantly NW-SE low-angle
thrust faults and fractures formed during the Eocene Incaic tectonic event (Petersen, 1965,
Romani, 1982).
Antamina mineralized skarn occurs in a NE-SW elliptical area of approximately 4.5
x 2 km forming a cap on a series of Miocene high-level quartz-monzonite porphyries and

265
Figure 5.1: Schematic location and geology maps of Antamina and Uchucchacua. A. Geology map of central
Peru with the location of Antamina and Uchucchacua. Map modified from Instituto de Geologia y Mineria,
Peru, 1977. B. Geology map of Antamina Cu-Zn skarn deposit, modified from Compania Minera Antamina
map, 2002. C. Geology map of the Uchucchacua Ag-base metal vein deposit, modified from the geology map
of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., unidad de produccion Uchucchacua, 2004.

266
dikes dated at 9.8 Ma (McKee et al., 1979) and 10.32 ± 0.09 Ma (Love et al., 2003).
Sedimentary layering, dike emplacement, pre-existing fold and thrust geometry control
alteration zonation. Sulfide mineralization is concentrated in massive sulfide bodies and
crosscutting veinlets especially within skarn, and comprises abundant pyrite, chalcopyrite,
and sphalerite, with subordinate amounts of pyrrhotite, bornite, molybdenite, and copper-
bismuth sulfosalts (Lehne, 1996, 1997). Visible alteration zonation consists of a pink to
brown skarn altered intrusion (endoskarn) grading outwards into a brown to green garnet
skarn (exoskarn) then to a white and gray marble zone (Fig. 5.1B), and a zone of brown and
gray hornfels. Outside the hornfels zone fossiliferous gray limestone predominates. Calcite
± sulfides ± calc silicates ± quartz can be traced from deep to the shallow levels of the
deposit mainly associated with dacite porphyry dikes forming the main visible expressions
of hydrothermal paleo fluid flow circulation.
In contrast, mineralization at Uchucchacua has been recognized at surface in a 4 x
1.5 km area that consists of up to 1200 metres long, discontinuous, Mn Oxide-rich calcite
veins and irregular breccia bodies (Sabastizagal, 2003), most of them located in the hinge
and the western flank of the N20°W Cachipampa anticline. The veins are structurally
controlled by three fracture systems (Fig. 5.1C): NW-SE (Socorro 1, Camucha, Lucero,
Dora y V3), E-W (Rosa, Sandra, Consuelo, Silvana, etc) and NE-SW (Luz, Casualidad,
Victoria, Plomopampa, Huantajalla), and they are mainly composed of sulfides, whereas
manganese silicates and sulfides form the ore bodies (Bussell et al., 1990; Petersen et al.,
2004). Ore mineralization at Uchucchacua is characterized by an unusual abundance and
variety of Mn, Fe, Pb-Ag-Sb, and As sulfosalts and base metal sulfides (Bussell et al.,
1990; Petersen, 1995) that are related to low and moderate temperature hydrothermal
systems (Petersen, 1995). Alteration features around the veins and ore bodies are subtle to
undistinguishable.
UV fluorescence of veins is considered as a potential tracer of mineralizing fluids
from deep to shallow levels. This study examines the presence of proximal (20 metres) to
distal (100 metres) UV fluorescence halos around the paleo fluid escape conduits of both
deposits, the activators of the varying fluorescence colors in calcite and the possible source
of fluids for these veins. Alteration zonation given by UVF halos and the isotopic
composition of these veins were constrained to demonstrate the continuity between Cu-Zn

267
skarn and Ag-base metal vein deposits hosted in carbonate rocks, and its importance as a
tracer in the exploration of these deposits.

5.3 Analytical procedures

5.3.1 UVF intensity
UVF in calcite was assessed on samples from all levels in the Uchucchacua mine,
and at different distances and elevations from the Antamina skarn deposit. These same
samples were also used for trace elements and stable isotope analysis. A short-wave hand-
UV lamp (254 nm wavelength) was used to assess the fluorescence of the veins. UVF
intensity especially orange red was recorded on an arbitrary scale of 1 to 15 as follows: 1
for none, 5 for weak, 10 for moderate, and 15 for strong fluorescence colors.

5.3.2 Major and trace element content

Nineteen samples of carbonates from Uchucchacua having the most conspicuous
fluorescent colors were drilled and analyzed by ICP-MS at ALS Chemex, Canada (Table
5.1, Appendix D1). We used the ME-MS61 method of ALS Chemex, which includes the
quantitative dissolution of 47 elements by HF, HNO3, HClO4 and HCl with the subsequent
application of a combination of ICP-MS and ICP-AES.
Twelve polished thin sections of selected fluorescent samples (six from Antamina
and six from Uchucchacua) were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM)
and then analyzed with the fully-automated CAMECA SX-50 Scanning Electron
Microprobe of the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences of the University of British
Columbia. This instrument contains 4 vertical wavelength-dispersion X-ray spectrometers
and a fully-integrated SAMx energy-dispersion X-ray spectrometer. The instrument was
calibrated with natural pure calcite standards for Ca, Mg, Mn, Sr, Ba, Fe, Pb and Zn
previous to the analysis of samples in order to identify the possible activators of
fluorescence. Operating conditions were accelerating voltage 15.03 kV; beam current 9.98
nA and take-off angle 40º. Microprobe results are shown in Appendices D2 and D3 for
Antamina and Uchucchacua respectively. Minimum detection limits (wt %) based on
counting statistics, were: Ca (0.04), Fe (0.08), Mg (0.03), Mn (0.08), Ba (0.13), Pb (0.18),
Sr (0.08), and Zn (0.16). In some instances, Pb, Zn, Sr abundances were at or near detection
limits, but reported values were retained. Microprobe oxide-weight percent data of selected

268
 Table 5.1: Selected fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua showing the main metal indicators of fluorescence
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
SAMPLE Vein Location Level Fluorescence Al Be Ce Ga Mg Mn P Pb Sb Tl U V Zn Zr
DESCRIPTION % ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

3PUA650-W Marion Surface 4958 white 0.02 0.18 0.18 0.09 0.15 1225 50 0.8 0.11 0.03 0.2 8 2 1.1

3PUA650-Y Marion Surface 4958 yellow 0.02 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.1 2040 30 0.5 0.15 0.12 0.1 5 2 <0.5

3PUA641-W Marion Surface 4945 white 0.01 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.16 801 30 0.5 0.05 0.02 0.2 7 <2 0.7

3PUA641-Y Marion Surface 4945 yellow 0.02 0.18 0.23 0.09 0.2 909 90 0.5 0.12 <0.02 <0.1 4 <2 0.6

3PUA664-NF Morococha Surface 4655 none 0.01 <0.05 0.22 0.05 0.16 778 <10 <0.5 0.14 0.05 <0.1 4 <2 <0.5

3PUA664-OR Morococha Surface 4655 weak ORF 0.01 <0.05 0.55 0.05 0.21 871 <10 <0.5 0.08 0.03 <0.1 3 <2 <0.5

3PUA559-R Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 moderate ORF 0.01 <0.05 0.35 0.16 0.18 2490 <10 <0.5 0.08 <0.02 0.1 4 <2 <0.5

3PUA565-NF Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 none 0.02 <0.05 1.28 0.08 0.14 374 10 1.5 2.24 <0.02 0.3 3 <2 0.5

3PUA562-OR Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 weak ORF 0.13 0.11 5.89 0.98 0.1 >10000 40 1.8 2.5 0.14 0.6 6 2 3.3

3PUA562-NF Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 none 0.05 0.11 2.03 0.23 0.12 2850 20 7 7.02 0.03 0.1 3 <2 0.8

3PUA563-OR Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 strong ORF 0.01 <0.05 3.24 1.68 <0.01 >10000 20 38 39.5 0.06 <0.1 2 7 0.5

3PUA542 Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 strong ORF 0.01 <0.05 0.54 1.38 0.04 >10000 10 0.8 0.09 <0.02 <0.1 7 <2 <0.5

3PUA511-Y Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 yellow 0.03 0.08 1.94 0.26 2.27 3530 20 1.6 0.2 0.04 0.1 23 7 4.2

3PUA511-LG Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 light green 0.02 0.07 0.94 0.08 0.54 1275 20 <0.5 0.06 <0.02 <0.1 21 <2 2.3

3PUA734 Rosa LY 34-09-02 4360 moderate ORF 0.04 <0.05 0.31 0.31 0.2 4150 10 0.8 0.78 0.09 0.1 4 5 0.5

3PUA548-R Rosa Xc 916NE 4360 moderate ORF 0.02 0.3 2.64 0.74 0.05 >10000 20 4 0.49 0.05 0.2 9 5 1.6

3PUA556-OR Silvana Xc 877SW 4450 strong ORF 0.01 <0.05 0.7 1.26 0.34 >10000 30 4.2 0.89 0.02 0.1 5 53 0.6

4PUA511 Rosa Xc 940-I-NE 4120 moderate ORF 0.7 0.21 10.8 1.79 0.2 9710 140 16.1 2.31 1.4 0.9 19 20 9.2

4PUA567B Rosa Xc s/n 4450 strong ORF 0.08 0.17 0.46 0.8 0.3 14500 40 113.5 36.1 1.5 0.1 2 175 1.4
269
fluorescent and non-fluorescent calcite veins were transformed into molar percentages of
Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb (Tables 5.2 and 5.3 for Antamina and Uchucchacua) to
obtain bivariate and ternary graphs that show the relative abundance of these elements in
these veins and their relationships.

5.4 Analytical results

5.4.1 General overview
Three different fluorescent responses are recognized: white to yellow, light green
and orange red. The colour of UVF response correlates with vein timing as deduced from
crosscutting relationships. Pre-mineral veins do not fluoresce. Syn-mineralization veins
typically have strong orange red fluorescence. Yellow, white and light green fluorescent
colors commonly occur as bands and thin halos around orange red fluorescing (ORF)
mineralized veins, and may reflect an alteration product of calcite. Fine gray, post-mineral
veins typically do not fluoresce, although they sometimes fluoresce very weak orange red
and white. Yellow and light green fluorescent colors have not been observed in the calcite
veins from Antamina.

5.5 Antamina
5.5.1 SEM observations
Nine samples of the most representative fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from
Antamina were selected to check the mineralogy and paragenetic sequence under the
scanning electron microscope (SEM). The examination of these samples permitted accurate
location of spots for microprobe analysis. In general, dolomite, calcite, Fe-dolomite and
local kutnohorite are reported from the non-fluorescent veins in the limestone sequence
between Antamina and Condorcocha (Figs. 5.2A, B and D). Calcite + sulfides veins
including galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrite characterize the moderate to strong
orange red fluorescent veins within the marble hornfels aureole to the Antamina skarn
deposit (Fig. 5.2C). Dolomite is the first carbonate deposited in veins distal to Antamina
(Fortuna). It is then replaced by kutnohorite, Mn-dolomite, calcite and Mn-calcite (Fig.
5.2D). Mn calcite veins associated with Mn oxides form the moderate to strong orange red

270
Table 5.2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins in mol percent.
Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock
label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum

2PAG107 274371 8946620 none limestone

107-6 0.0842 0.895 0.0006 0.0185 0.0000 0.0010 0.0000 0.0002 1

3PAA278 273050 8946308 none limestone

278-21 0.0069 0.980 0.0056 0.0059 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 1
278-22 0.0796 0.859 0.0548 0.0057 0.0000 0.0003 0.0003 0.0000 1
278-23 0.0109 0.981 0.0014 0.0058 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1
278-26 0.0076 0.943 0.0472 0.0013 0.0004 0.0002 0.0004 0.0000 1

4PAA134 273468 8945298 weak ORF white marble

134-13 0.0000 0.997 0.0000 0.0003 0.0014 0.0007 0.0003 0.0001 1
134-1 0.0007 0.998 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0008 0.0001 0.0004 1
134-5 0.0000 0.999 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0002 0.0005 0.0001 1
134-3 0.0001 0.999 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1
134-6 0.0002 0.999 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 1
134-4 0.0000 0.998 0.0005 0.0000 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 1
134-14 0.0009 0.997 0.0003 0.0010 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 1
134-2 0.0004 0.997 0.0012 0.0010 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1
134-11 0.0000 0.998 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0006 0.0003 0.0000 1
134-12 0.0006 0.998 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0010 0.0004 0.0000 1
134-15 0.0000 0.999 0.0004 0.0001 0.0003 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1

3PAA278 273050 8946308 weak ORF limestone

278-3 0.0106 0.906 0.0825 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1
278-12 0.0143 0.940 0.0415 0.0036 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 1
278-6 0.0095 0.936 0.0530 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 1
278-9 0.0315 0.917 0.0476 0.0035 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1
278-2 0.0075 0.922 0.0666 0.0019 0.0014 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1

4PAA219 274345 8945342 mod ORF tan endoskarn

219-5 0.0041 0.984 0.0109 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 1
219-8 0.0103 0.972 0.0140 0.0029 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1
219-4 0.0047 0.984 0.0111 0.0002 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1
219-6 0.0066 0.978 0.0113 0.0035 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1
219-11 0.0041 0.980 0.0142 0.0001 0.0010 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 1
219-10 0.0033 0.987 0.0091 0.0003 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1
219-12 0.0032 0.986 0.0094 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1
219-13 0.0033 0.985 0.0106 0.0002 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1

4PAA163 272809 8946294 mod ORF limestone

163-4 0.0091 0.940 0.0463 0.0030 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.0003 1
163-6 0.0159 0.881 0.101 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 1
163-2 0.0096 0.889 0.0987 0.0013 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
163-3 0.0220 0.870 0.105 0.0020 0.0006 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1
163-5 0.0113 0.894 0.0928 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 1
163-7 0.0135 0.887 0.0963 0.0013 0.0011 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1
163-8 0.0104 0.881 0.107 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0000 1

271
Table 5.2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins (continuation)
Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock
label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum

4PAA163 272809 8946294 strong ORF limestone

163-15 0.0154 0.880 0.103 0.0003 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
163-16 0.0127 0.889 0.0970 0.0008 0.0000 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 1
163-17 0.0114 0.887 0.100 0.0002 0.0000 0.0006 0.0004 0.0000 1
163-18 0.0150 0.885 0.0985 0.0006 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0000 1
163-19 0.0109 0.895 0.0933 0.0000 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1
163-10 0.0156 0.869 0.114 0.0006 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1
163-11 0.0197 0.860 0.116 0.0005 0.0023 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1
163-14 0.0115 0.853 0.134 0.0011 0.0001 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 1

3PAA278 273050 8946308 strong ORF limestone

278-20 0.0095 0.934 0.0551 0.0014 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1
278-16 0.0098 0.947 0.0421 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1
278-17 0.0089 0.949 0.0389 0.0018 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0003 1
278-18 0.0102 0.911 0.0721 0.0066 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1

4PAA219 274345 8945342 white tan endoskarn

219-2 0.0061 0.976 0.0172 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
219-3 0.0008 0.997 0.0014 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1

2PAG179 273421 8945235 none gray marble

179-12 0.0022 0.995 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0021 0.0000 0.0003 1
179-16 0.0000 0.997 0.0006 0.0010 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 1
179-4 0.0028 0.994 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0015 0.0003 0.0003 1
179-14 0.0036 0.988 0.0069 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0004 1
179-17 0.0029 0.989 0.0077 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0002 1
179-1 0.0040 0.993 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0027 0.0000 0.0000 1
179-2 0.0033 0.994 0.0004 0.0002 0.0007 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 1
179-5 0.0035 0.994 0.0004 0.0000 0.0005 0.0014 0.0002 0.0000 1
179-11 0.0031 0.993 0.0039 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 1
179-13 0.0024 0.994 0.0002 0.0005 0.0005 0.0019 0.0003 0.0000 1
179-15 0.0021 0.994 0.0021 0.0003 0.0000 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 1

4PAA134 273468 8945298 none white marble

134-10 0.0009 0.999 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1
134-9 0.0061 0.993 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1
134-7 0.0012 0.998 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1
134-8 0.0011 0.997 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 1

272
 Table 5.3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua calcite veins in mol percent
Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock
label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum

3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 none limestone

511-1 0.0048 0.993 0.0000 0.0000 0.0018 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1
511-2 0.0058 0.992 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0003 0.0006 0.0000 1
511-3 0.0030 0.995 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1
511-5 0.0057 0.992 0.0005 0.0000 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
511-4 0.0069 0.992 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 1

4PUA524 315291 8822718 none limestone

524-1 0.0145 0.983 0.0002 0.0008 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1
524-2 0.0157 0.983 0.0003 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
524-3 0.0183 0.980 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0000 1
524-5 0.0167 0.981 0.0000 0.0011 0.0005 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 1
524-7 0.0201 0.977 0.0007 0.0009 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1
524-9 0.0166 0.983 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1
524-10 0.0142 0.981 0.0012 0.0003 0.0022 0.0004 0.0005 0.0000 1
524-11 0.0176 0.979 0.0006 0.0020 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1
524-4 0.0187 0.978 0.0011 0.0015 0.0003 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 1
524-6 0.0137 0.983 0.0007 0.0017 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 1
524-12 0.0157 0.982 0.0000 0.0015 0.0000 0.0002 0.0006 0.0002 1
524-8 0.0154 0.982 0.0007 0.0014 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0005 1

3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 none brown hornfels

548-17 0.0089 0.975 0.0152 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1
548-18 0.0051 0.976 0.0173 0.0004 0.0000 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000 1
548-19 0.0034 0.969 0.0259 0.0000 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 1
548-20 0.0025 0.971 0.0261 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
548-21 0.0026 0.974 0.0220 0.0001 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1

4PUA513 317236 8826074 yellow limestone/marble

513-13 0.0045 0.978 0.0158 0.0019 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1
513-14 0.0113 0.970 0.0181 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.0001 0.0001 1
513-4 0.0012 0.978 0.0200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 1
513-7 0.0061 0.980 0.0117 0.0004 0.0013 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1
513-8 0.0049 0.983 0.0116 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
513-9 0.0049 0.984 0.0090 0.0003 0.0008 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1
513-2 0.0103 0.962 0.0265 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 1
513-3 0.0051 0.978 0.0162 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 1
513-1 0.0024 0.964 0.0330 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 1

3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 yellow limestone

542-9 0.0046 0.930 0.0640 0.0000 0.0007 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 1
542-10 0.0061 0.923 0.0663 0.0028 0.0000 0.0010 0.0004 0.0000 1
542-13 0.0015 0.965 0.0324 0.0000 0.0008 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1
542-12 0.0065 0.934 0.0577 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 1
542-11 0.0039 0.937 0.0540 0.0042 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0002 1
542-8 0.0046 0.929 0.0641 0.0016 0.0001 0.0004 0.0000 0.0002 1

273
Table 5.3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua calcite veins in mol percent
(continuation)
Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock
label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 white limestone
542-3 0.0035 0.932 0.0608 0.0018 0.0015 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000 1
542-6 0.0047 0.935 0.0591 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1
542-7 0.0045 0.927 0.0659 0.0017 0.0010 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1
542-5 0.0057 0.934 0.0593 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0003 0.0001 1
542-2 0.0064 0.938 0.0555 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0001 1
542-1 0.0061 0.910 0.0812 0.0019 0.0005 0.0004 0.0000 0.0001 1
542-4 0.0038 0.935 0.0591 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1

3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 light green limestone

511-26 0.0062 0.994 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
511-27 0.0053 0.992 0.0010 0.0007 0.0002 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1
511-29 0.0026 0.997 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1
511-25 0.0026 0.996 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0004 1
511-28 0.0079 0.946 0.0412 0.0016 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0007 1

3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 yellow limestone

511-13 0.0016 0.996 0.0015 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
511-19 0.0016 0.995 0.0020 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1
511-23 0.0020 0.993 0.0044 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 1
511-24 0.0046 0.994 0.0004 0.0007 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1
511-14 0.0018 0.995 0.0031 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1
511-21 0.0020 0.992 0.0047 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 1
511-20 0.0021 0.993 0.0034 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0004 0.0001 1
511-22 0.0014 0.994 0.0033 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 1
511-15 0.0011 0.996 0.0028 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 1
511-17 0.0014 0.995 0.0023 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 1
511-16 0.0008 0.996 0.0022 0.0008 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1

4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 mod ORF limestone

567-1 0.0159 0.944 0.0370 0.0009 0.0024 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1
567-2 0.0153 0.956 0.0274 0.0000 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 1
567-3 0.0180 0.950 0.0293 0.0011 0.0000 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 1
567-4 0.0180 0.955 0.0251 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000 1
567-10 0.0151 0.959 0.0238 0.0021 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1
567-7 0.0140 0.961 0.0219 0.0014 0.0013 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1
567-9 0.0132 0.963 0.0202 0.0015 0.0008 0.0004 0.0008 0.0001 1
567-5 0.0209 0.957 0.0182 0.0030 0.0001 0.0007 0.0001 0.0001 1
567-8 0.0125 0.973 0.0116 0.0017 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 1
567-6 0.0170 0.905 0.0756 0.0004 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 1

3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 weak ORF limestone

511-9 0.0038 0.994 0.0013 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
511-10 0.0012 0.998 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
511-12 0.0018 0.991 0.0066 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 1
511-8 0.0019 0.996 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1

274
Table 5.3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua calcite veins in mol percent
(continuation)

Sample Easting Northing UVF Host rock

label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum

3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 ORF ± yellow Limestone

542-17 0.0062 0.944 0.0490 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1
542-14 0.0057 0.936 0.0567 0.0011 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1
542-16 0.0064 0.943 0.0501 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 1
542-18 0.0035 0.959 0.0348 0.0009 0.0015 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 1
542-15 0.0081 0.947 0.0425 0.0000 0.0012 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 1

3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 strong ORF limestone

548-12 0.0012 0.973 0.0257 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1
548-15 0.0123 0.975 0.0120 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1
548-13 0.0004 0.965 0.0337 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1
548-11 0.0016 0.971 0.0247 0.0002 0.0011 0.0000 0.0007 0.0002 1
548-14 0.0018 0.963 0.0341 0.0003 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1
548-10 0.0024 0.972 0.0249 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 1
548-16 0.0015 0.953 0.0449 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1
548-3 0.0025 0.972 0.0240 0.0002 0.0009 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1
548-4 0.0046 0.963 0.0302 0.0000 0.0015 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000 1
548-8 0.0023 0.971 0.0263 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1
548-9 0.0104 0.975 0.0129 0.0000 0.0017 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1
548-27 0.0044 0.966 0.0289 0.0000 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1
548-5 0.0022 0.984 0.0129 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 1
548-1 0.0114 0.885 0.101 0.0003 0.0010 0.0006 0.0000 0.0002 1
548-2 0.0022 0.977 0.0197 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 1
548-7 0.0030 0.974 0.0218 0.0007 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1
548-6 0.0032 0.970 0.0256 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0004 1

3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 none limestone

511-6 0.0075 0.965 0.0261 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004 1
511-7 0.0022 0.989 0.0068 0.0004 0.0008 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 1

275
Figure 5.2: Captions are on the following page.

276
Figure 5.2: Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from
Antamina.
A. Non-fluorescent dolomite ± calcite vein crosscutting gray marly limestone north of Ridge Road (sample
2PAG107, 800X).
B. Non-fluorescent calcite + K-feldspar vein crosscutting gray marble at Antamina West (sample 2PAG179,
spot b, 250X).
C. Moderate ORF calcite vein crosscutting light gray hornfels with 0.5% disseminated sulfides (galena,
pyrite, chalcopyrite) at the Ridge Road (sample 4PAA203, spot b, 500X).
D. Pre-mineral non-fluorescent vein north of Fortuna composed of calcite, Mn-rich calcite, dolomite, Mn-rich
dolomite and kutnohorite (sample 3PAA278, spot d, 2000X).
E. Syn-mineral strong ORF vein north of Fortuna, composed of Mn-rich calcite, Fe-rich dolomite, dolomite
(light gray) and galena (sample 3PAA278, spot a, 100X).
F. Syn-mineral strong ORF calcite and Mn-rich calcite from Fortuna with Mn oxide aggregates probably
pyrolusite (sample 4PAA178, spot b, 1000X).

277
fluorescent veins distal to Antamina (Figs. 5.2E and F). SEM observations of carbonate
veins from Antamina are summarized in Table 5.4.

5.5.2 UVF observations

Feldspar in the quartz-monzonite porphyry stock and QFP dikes from Taco Pit and
Quarry Bench show a moderate to local strong purple red fluorescence color to the UV
lamp (Fig. 5.3A). Feldspar contained in the QFP dikes distal to Antamina (i.e. Fortuna,
Condorcocha, Ridge Road and Truck Shop) show weak to moderate red fluorescence. Red
fluorescence of feldspar has not been examined further in this study; however it is
commonly associated with low concentrations of Fe3+ ion (Marfunin, 1979). Calcite veins
within and adjacent to these dikes show moderate to strong orange red fluorescence
especially close to the Antamina skarn deposit. Garnet skarn does not fluoresce, but some
calcite + sulfide veins and patches within the exo- and endoskarn show moderate to strong
orange-red fluorescence (Fig. 5.3B).
We define UVF halos as clusters of three or more calcite veins with moderate to
high orange red fluorescence, close to a main fluid escape structure as defined in chapter 3.
A UVF halo extends approximately 100m in the marble aureole to the Antamina skarn
deposit (Antamina West graph in Fig. 5.4). Strong red-orange fluorescence is common on
fresh irregular fractures within marble (Fig. 5.3D), and occasionally within the matrix of
marble. Calc-silicate + calcite + sulfide veins within marble also fluoresces strong orange-
red.
Outside the Taco Pit, UVF is limited to syn-mineralization veins that define a halo
around the quartz feldspar porphyry (QFP) dike fluid conduits. All three syn-mineral vein
types associated with QFP dikes in the hornfels aureole fluoresce. Quartz + fluorite ±
calcite ± sulfide veins (Fig. 5.3C) and calc-silicate + calcite + sulfide veins consistently
fluoresce moderate to strong orange-red. Some calcite + pyrite veins fluoresce, but many do
not. In transect 2 the UVF halo surrounding the QFP dike is 102 metres wide (Fig. 5.4). At
Fortuna, UVF is observed in calcite veins associated with dolomite (Fig. 5.3E) and calcite ±
Mn-oxide veins (Fig. 5.3F) within about one metre of the main mineralized structure (Fig
5.4). Orange brown calcite veins at Fortuna do not fluoresce. Thin, crustiform, pre-mineral
calcite and dolomite ± calcite veins at the Fortuna East area, do not fluoresce either.

278
 Table 5.4: Mineral paragenetic sequence of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Antamina

Sample Location Easting Northing UVF Host rock Paragenetic sequence

2PAG107 Fortuna East 274371 8946620 none limestone calcite --> dolomite --> Fe dolomite
2PAG179 W Antamina 273421 8945235 none gray marble ksp --> calcite
3PAA130 Quarry Bench 273961 8946042 strong ORF altered QFP dike Quartz --> garnet --> K-spar --> vesuvianite --> calcite + sulfides
3PAA278 Fortuna 273050 8946308 none limestone dolomite --> kutnohorite --> calcite
3PAA278 Fortuna 273050 8946308 weak ORF limestone Fe-dolomite --> calcite --> Mn calcite
3PAA278 Fortuna 273050 8946308 strong ORF limestone Fe dolomite --> Mn calcite
4PAA134 W Antamina 273468 8945298 none white marble calcite
4PAA134 W Antamina 273468 8945298 weak ORF white marble calcite
4PAA163 Fortuna 272809 8946294 mod ORF limestone calcite --> Mn oxides
4PAA163 Fortuna 272809 8946294 strong ORF limestone calcite --> Mn oxides
4PAA178 Fortuna 273093 8946318 strong ORF limestone Mn calcite --> Mn oxides
4PAA203 Ridge road 274882 8945565 mod ORF hornfels apatite stringers --> quartz --> chlorite --> calcite + sulfides
4PAA219 Taco Pit 274345 8945342 mod ORF tan endoskarn calcite + biotite (phlogopite) --> calcite + sulfides
4PAA219 Taco Pit 274345 8945342 white tan endoskarn calcite + sulfides
279
Figure 5.3: UVF in calcite from Antamina. A. Red fluorescence of the endoskarn associated with the Taco
porphyry. Quartz veins do not fluoresce. B. Intense ORF of calcite + quartz + phlogopitic biotite + K-spar +
sulfide veins in the endoskarn associated with the base of Oscarina dike. C. ORF of calcite + fluorite + sulfide
in quartz feldspar porphyry dike at Quarry Bench. D. ORF along sulfide vein in coarse-grained white marble
at Antamina West. E. Moderate ORF of a late Mn-rich calcite ± sulfide vein invading a non-fluorescent
dolomite vein north of Fortuna. F. Strong ORF of calcite + Mn oxide ± sulfide vein northwest of Fortuna.

280
Figure 5.4: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Antamina skarn deposit.

281
 UVF is limited to zones of thermal visible alteration (white- brown marble, and
white- brown hornfels) and syn-mineralization veins, and appears to track fluid circulation.
UVF defines two zones of fluid circulation: the marble aureole and the porphyry dike-vein
zones. The moderate to strong orange-red fluorescence in calcite veins and in fractures
within the marble aureole indicates fracture-controlled fluid circulation. Fractures
controlling fluid circulation are in multiple directions. At shallow levels, mineralizing
fluids were restricted to the calcite + sulfide veins and calcite + Mn oxide veins, the former
principally in the vicinity of QFP dikes.

5.5.3 Major and trace element composition

Eleven spots of pre-, syn- and post-mineral white, orange red and non-fluorescent
veins belonging to six samples (2PAG107, 2PAG179, 3PAA278, 4PAA134, 4PAA163 and
4PAA219) were examined by microprobe. Results of this analysis indicate a strong
influence of Fe, Mn and Mg on the fluorescence color of veins to the UV light (Fig. 5.5A).
However, a Fe-Mg-Mn diagram shows a high Mn and low Fe content of the moderate to
strong orange red fluorescent veins proximal and distal to the Antamina skarn deposit (Fig.
5.5B). Pb, Sr and Zn appear in very low amounts and they occur randomly in fluorescent
and non-fluorescent veins, however the ternary diagram of these three elements (Fig. 5.5C)
indicate that moderate to strong ORF calcite is dominated by Pb and Zn while non-
fluorescent calcite is dominated by its Sr content. Microprobe results of calcite veins from
Antamina in mol percent are shown in Table 5.2.
Non-fluorescent veins (pre- and post mineral) have generally lower metal impurities
than those in orange red fluorescent samples (Figs. 5.5D and E). Magnesium and calcium
contents of non-fluorescent veins (pre- and post-mineral) show a linear distribution that
coincides with the line of Ca:Mg exchange (Fig. 5.5D). Bivariate plot of Mn vs. Ca
confirms that Mn is the main impurity of ORF veins and that approximately 0.01% Mn
may be enough to produce the ORF in calcite (Fig. 5.5E). There has not been determined an
upper limit for the Mn content of the moderate to strong orange red fluorescent veins
because distal and proximal veins show the same feature despite distal veins contains
higher Mn than proximal veins. On the contrary, many of the weak ORF, white and non-
fluorescent veins contain not only less Mn than strong ORF veins but also higher Fe in their

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283

Figure 5.5: Compositional diagrams for fluorescent and non-fluorescent (fls) pre-, syn- and post–mineral calcite veins from Antamina.
composition that Fe may be considered the main inhibitor of fluorescence at Antamina
(Fig. 5.5B).
In general, FeO content of fluorescent calcite veins is lower than 0.5 wt%, whereas
ZnO and PbO content of all the samples examined show similar low values regardless of
fluorescence; however, Zn and Pb seem to exert influence on the moderate to strong ORF
of calcite besides Mn (Fig. 5.5C). This supports a linkage of fluorescence with
mineralization. On the other hand, microprobe results of other non-fluorescent carbonate
veins show that dolomite veins have MnO and FeO contents similar and higher than ORF
calcite veins, however dolomite veins do not fluoresce. The complete list of microprobe
results is shown in Appendix D2.

5.6 Uchucchacua
5.6.1 SEM observations
Six samples of the most representative fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from
Uchucchacua were selected to check the mineralogy and paragenetic sequence under the
SEM. The examination of these samples permitted accurate location of the spots for
microprobe analysis. In summary, non-fluorescent veins are composed of calcite and
dolomite. Weak orange red and yellow fluorescence veins show late Mn calcite veins
crosscutting earlier non-fluorescent calcite and dolomite veins (Figs. 5.6A and B). Light
green fluorescent spots seem to contain only calcite. In general, yellow, white and moderate
to strong orange red fluorescent veins contain calcite, Mn-rich calcite and traces of galena
(Figs. 5.6C, D, E and F). Moderate to strong orange red fluorescent vein may also be
entirely composed of calcite (Fig. 5.6E). However, yellow fluorescence veins appear more
fractured than others and sometimes contain dolomite and Mn dolomite (Fig. 5.6B). White
fluorescent veins surrounding marble patches at the lower levels of Uchucchacua are
strongly fractured containing k-feldspar, quartz, biotite and traces of galena filling the
fractures (Fig. 5.6F). SEM observations of carbonate veins from Uchucchacua are
summarized in Table 5.5.

5.6.2 UVF observations

Three different fluorescent responses are recognized: white to yellow, light green
and orange red (Fig. 5.7). Crustiform veins commonly present bands of white to bluish

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Figure 5.6: Captions are on the following page.

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Figure 5.6: Scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from
Uchucchacua.
A. Weak ORF calcite invaded by dolomite and crosscut by Mn-rich calcite vein (sample 3PUA511, spot
ORF, 1000X).
B. Yellow fluorescent spot showing two generations of calcite, the first one replaced by dolomite and Mn-rich
dolomite (sample 3PUA511, spot y2, 500X).
C. Yellow fluorescent Mn-rich calcite crosscut by fractures containing quartz and galena (sample 3PUA542Y,
1000X).
D. Moderate ORF calcite in intergrowth with apatite close to a micritic impure limestone containing traces of
galena (sample 3PUA542, spot c, 1000X).
E. Moderate ORF vein composed of two generations of calcite (sample 4PUA567B, spot b, 100X).
F. White fluorescent calcite crosscut by fractures containing siliciclastic material and traces of galena (sample
4PUA513, spot a, 100X).

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 Table 5.5: Mineral paragenetic sequence of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua

Sample Altitude Easting Northing UVF Host rock Paragenetic sequence

m.a.s.l.
3PUA511 4300 317241 8826188 none limestone calcite 1 --> dolomite --> Mn calcite --> calcite 2
3PUA511 4300 317241 8826188 light green limestone calcite
3PUA511 4300 317241 8826188 yellow limestone calcite 1 --> dolomite --> Mn calcite
3PUA511 4300 317241 8826188 weak ORF limestone calcite --> dolomite --> Mn calcite
3PUA542 4300 317236 8826175 yellow limestone Mn calcite
3PUA542 4300 317236 8826175 white limestone Mn calcite
3PUA542 4300 317236 8826175 mod ORF limestone Mn calcite
3PUA548 4360 317254 8826112 none tan hornfels calcite
3PUA548 4360 317254 8826112 strong ORF limestone calcite 1 --> Mn calcite + sulfides
4PUA513 4120 317236 8826074 yellow marble/limestone calcite 1 --> calcite 2 + traces galena
4PUA524 4360 315291 8822718 none limestone calcite
4PUA567B 4450 317107 8826142 mod ORF limestone calcite 1 --> calcite 2
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Figure 5.7: UVF in calcite from Uchucchacua. A. Crustiform calcite vein with very strong ORF surrounded
by mm-scale yellow, white and bluish white fluorescence halos. Surface, 53 m from Rosa vein. B. Cyclical
non-, white, yellow and light ORF zoning in calcite vein at surface Marion vein (4950 m.a.s.l.). C. Crustiform
calcite vein showing yellow, light green, orange red and non-fluorescent bands, where ORF bands represent
the youngest event within the vein (level 4300, 95 m north of the Rosa vein). D. Strong ORF calcite vein
cutting non-fluorescent syn-tectonic vein. Late yellowish white fluorescent hairline veins appear filling recent
fractures (level 4360 m, 4 m from Rosa vein). E. Strong ORF in calcite vein with thin tan hornfels halo (level
4360, 4 m from Rosa vein). F. Poliphase system of calcite veins with white, yellow and moderate ORF
crosscutting a brecciated limestone (level 4300, 81 m north of Rosa vein and 5 m from the Rosalia orebody).
G. White fluorescent calcite surrounding non-fluorescent marble patch (level 4120, 10 m south of Rosa vein).

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white, yellow, light green, orange red and non-fluorescent colors to the UV lamp (Figs.
5.7A, B and C). Massive veins commonly display orange red or none colors, where yellow
and white fluorescent colors appear as thin halos or along fractures within the orange red
fluorescent veins (Figs. 5.7D, E, F and G).
White and yellow fluorescent calcite veins are more abundant at surface (Figs. 5.7A
and B), whereas light green fluorescent veins are not common and appear to be a variation
of yellow fluorescent veins (Fig. 5.7C). Orange red fluorescence is widespread at the
Carmen mine and has been classified according to the intensity of fluorescence. Moderate
and strong orange red fluorescence typically occurs proximal to sulfide-rich mineralized
ore bodies (Fig. 5.8 – level 4300). However, this signature is also observed in thin calcite
veins containing small amounts of sulfides. As at Antamina, we define fluorescent halos as
clusters of three or more calcite veins with moderate to high orange red fluorescence, close
to a main structure (Fig. 5.7D and 5.8). Orange red fluorescence defines strong alteration
halos up to 30 metres in width at depth. The halos thin at shallow levels (Fig. 5.8). Lateral
and vertical zoning of fluorescent calcite veins and their implications for mineral
exploration are discussed in detail in chapter 4 of this study.

5.6.3 Trace element composition

5.6.3.1 Sampling and analysis
Samples of carbonate veins showing white, yellow, light green, orange red and non-
fluorescence were delineated accurately under the UV light and then drilled out with a mm-
scale drilling machine attempting to avoid other veins or portions of the host rocks,
although in some cases <1 mm-thick veinlets were unavoidable included. Volume
percentage of the analyzed samples is shown in Appendix D1.
Geochemical analyses were performed on the powders of veins for 47 trace
elements by ALS Chemex laboratories in North Vancouver, Canada, using inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The ICP-MS results were obtained
in powders previously digested with four acids (HF, HNO3, HClO4 and HCl) in order to get
information of the base metal content in the samples and as a reference of the ICP-MS
analyses performed on the host rocks. Table 5.1 shows the results of the possible main
indicators of fluorescence in calcite. The entire ICP-MS database of veins is presented in
Appendix D1. Thirteen spots of yellow, white, light green, orange red and non-fluorescent

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Figure 5.8: Fluorescence zonation vertical and lateral to the Rosa vein. Wide fluorescent halos between 4360
and 4180 m altitude coincide with the zone of replacement orebodies.

290
veins belonging to six samples (3PUA511, 3PUA542, 3PUA548, 4PUA513, 4PUA524 and
4PUA567B) were also examined by microprobe analysis. Details of microprobe analysis
are shown in the Analytical Procedures section.

5.6.3.2 ICP-MS results

The results of ICP-MS analysis indicate a high correlation between trace element
content and UVF in calcite. Diagrams of fluorescence versus metal content of the main
activators and sensitizers of fluorescence in calcite are shown in Fig. 5.9. ICP-MS results
indicate that samples with strong orange red fluorescence correlates with high Mn (>10,000
ppm) and apparently with Ga (>1 ppm) contents (Fig. 5.9A). Anomalous contents of Pb and
Zn seem to sensitize the fluorescence of Mn in calcite (Fig. 5.9B) whereas Tl and Ce do not
seem to have influence the fluorescence of calcite veins at Uchucchacua (Fig. 5.9B). White
and yellow fluorescence seems to correlate with anomalous values of Be and depleted
values of Sb (Fig. 5.9C), whereas Mg, V and Zr contents are relatively high in light green
UVF calcite (Fig. 5.9D). List of ICP-MS data of fluorescent and non-fluorescent veins is
shown in Appendix D1.

5.6.3.3 Microprobe results

Microprobe analysis of representative pre-, syn and post-mineral fluorescent and
non-fluorescent calcite veins from Uchucchacua were performed to confirm the presence of
the main activators of fluorescence in calcite defined by ICP-MS. Microprobe results
indicate a strong influence of Mn, Mg and Fe impurities on the fluorescence color of veins
to the UV light (Figs. 5.10A and 10B). Lead, strontium and zinc appear in very low
amounts, although ORF veins seem to have moderate propensity for Zn and slight tendency
for Pb over Sr (Fig. 5.10C). This feature may support the association of ORF veins with
mineralizing fluids. The complete list of microprobe results of calcite veins from
Uchucchacua is shown in the Appendix D3.
Non-fluorescent pre-mineral veins appear to be rich in Mg in comparison to the
yellow and white fluorescent pre mineral veins (Figs. 5.10B and 5.10D), which on the
contrary are relatively richer in Mn. Magnesium and calcium of non-fluorescent pre-
mineral veins show a linear distribution that coincides with the line of Ca:Mg exchange
(Fig. 5.10D).Yellow and white fluorescent pre-mineral veins contain sometimes higher Mn
than ORF veins (Fig. 5.10E).

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Figure 5.9: Metal indicators of calcite fluorescence at Uchucchacua based on the ICP-MS content of drilled
samples. A. ICP-MS content of moderate to strong ORF appear related to high contents of Mn and Ga. B.
Moderate to strong ORF seems also be related to the presence of anomalous values of Pb and Zn. C. White
and yellow fluorescent veins appear to be influenced by depleted valus of Sb. D. Light green fluorescent veins
seem to be associated with anomalous values of Mg and V.

292
 Figure 5.10: Compositional diagrams for fluorescent (fls) and non-fluorescent pre, syn and post-mineral calcite veins from Uchucchacua.
293
 Fe-Mg-Mn ternary diagram indicates the existence of three populations of syn-
mineral veins related to their composition and fluorescence color. Moderate to strong ORF
veins are rich in Mn. Light green fluorescent syn-mineral veins are relatively rich in Mg
whereas yellow fluorescent syn-mineral veins seem to contain important amounts of Mn
and Fe in their composition (Fig. 5.10B).
The analysis of one non-fluorescent post-mineral vein indicates the presence of
moderate amounts of Mn in these veins, which are also poor in Fe and Mg (Fig. 5.10B).
Bivariate plot of Mn vs. Ca suggests that Mn is the main impurity of white and yellow
fluorescent pre-mineral veins and of the strong orange red fluorescent veins (Fig. 5.10E).
However, most of the moderate to strong ORF veins has Mn contents between 0.01 and 0.1
ppm similar to the range observed at Antamina.

5.7 Discussion
5.7.1 Activators of UV fluorescence
Microprobe examination of calcite veins from Antamina and Uchucchacua
demonstrate that even small amounts of Mn within calcite (0.005 mol percent) can activate
the ORF of this mineral. Compositional ternary diagrams also show that white fluorescence
in calcite is due to relative anomalous Mn contents (Fig. 5.11). ICP-MS and microprobe
results also show the presence of anomalous values of Ga, Zn and Pb that may act as
possible sensitizers of Mn fluorescence in calcite as has been proposed by Haberlandt,
1944, Gies, 1975, Marfunin, 1979 among others. The strong association of ORF calcite
with galena and sphalerite in veins at both Antamina and Uchucchacua would confirm this
hypothesis.
The common occurrence of weak to moderate yellow fluorescence surrounding
ORF calcite veins, and their relative similar Mn contents suggest that yellow colors may
represent a lattice defect of Mn-rich calcite veins probably due to the alteration of calcite.
The anomalous content of Fe in most of the weak ORF veins, yellow fluorescent and some
of the non-fluorescent veins would confirm its presence as inhibitor of Mn fluorescence
(Gies, 1975) at Antamina and Uchucchacua. Most of the non-fluorescent veins are almost
pure calcite and this is demonstrated by their lack of Mn and the linear correlation between

294
 Figure 5.11: Carbonate compositional ternary plots for fluorescent (fls) and non-fluorescent pre-, syn and post-mineral calcite veins from Antamina (A, B and C)
and Uchucchauca (D, E an F). Symbol size are arbitrarily scaled to permit all data to be viewed.
295
their Ca and Mg contents. The relative absence of ORF calcite within and adjacent to the
MnCO3-rich zones of the mine, may be due to an excess of Mn that would confirm the
observation of Brown (1934) who stated that ORF appears in calcite with Mn content
ranging between 3.5 and 15 mole per cent. MnO values of ORF calcite are even much
smaller although their upper limit has not been determined for Uchucchacua. Light green
fluorescent color of calcite may reflect a lattice defect of non-fluorescent pre mineral veins
because of their similar chemical composition.
The lower Sr contents of the ORF veins in comparison to those of non-fluorescent
veins may indicate that ORF veins were formed by the circulation of mineralizing fluids,
considering that Sr depleted values in carbonate rocks characterize the aureole of some
polymetallic carbonate rock hosted ore deposits such as Cerro de Pasco (Tosdal et al.,
2006). The relative low MnO content of UVF veins within the mineralized skarn is related
to the lack of Mn in these systems, although it may suggest the presence of other activators
of fluorescence such as Sm3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Eu2+, or Eu3+ (Machel et al., 1991) that couldn’t
been determined in this study.

5.7.2 Implications for mineral exploration

UVF zonation vertical and lateral to Antamina and Uchucchacua indicate a strong
relationship between base metal mineralization with the moderate to strong ORF of calcite
veins. Pb-Zn-Sr ternary diagrams for calcite of both deposits show a slight tendency of
ORF veins to have more Pb and Zn than Sr, while non-fluorescent veins are clearly
associated with Sr (Fig. 5.11). This feature supports the association of ORF veins with
mineralizing fluids and demonstrates the importance of UVF of carbonates as a tool in the
exploration of intrusion-related carbonate rock-hosted deposits.
O and Sr isotope compositions of fluorescent veins (chapters 3 and 4 of this study)
indicate a systematic variation with the UVF response of calcite veins where the isotopic
composition of syn-mineral calcite veins indicates a strong relation with magmatic fluids of
high to low temperature for Antamina and Uchucchacua, respectively. Oxygen isotope
composition of ORF calcite veins indicates a strong relationship between ORF veins with
the main periods of mineralization.
However, the relative absence of ORF calcite in outcrops should not cause
frustration if white and yellow fluorescent calcite is detected especially in surface. These

296
two fluorescent colors are shown to have chemical compositions similar to the orange red
fluorescent calcite and their occurrence as halos to these veins suggest they likely reflect
the lattice damage of ORF calcite veins.
Considering that Mn (II) ion released from primary minerals (syn-, dia- and
epigenetic) during weathering, easily reacts with oxygen to give black manganiferous
oxides (Williams, 1990), it is proposed the combined use of the UVF signature of calcite
veins with the trace element content and stable isotope composition of the host rocks to
define zones of fluid-rock interaction particularly adjacent to potential paleo mineralizing
fluid conduits in the exploration of these deposits.

5.8 Conclusions
UVF of calcite veins is a feature common in intrusion-related carbonate rock-hosted
deposits, despite the relative distance from the intrusion centre. Manganese has been
proved to be the main activator of ORF at Uchucchacua and Antamina (Fig. 5.11). Low
values of Mn characterize the ORF veins proximal to the mineralizing intrusive centre at
Antamina and the corresponding skarn. Therefore, the presence of galena and sphalerite
associated with calcite in these veins suggest that Pb and Zn may act as sensitizers of Mn
fluorescence in calcite proximal to Antamina.
Calcite ± sulfides and MnO rich calcite veins distal to the Antamina skarn deposit
exhibit invariably moderate to strong ORF signatures. Therefore, these luminescence
features are worth using to identify the extension of thermal alteration, the 1st and 2nd order
fluid pathways, and in general delineate the large scale of fluid circulation outside a skarn-
porphyry system, like Antamina.
UVF zonation of calcite veins in shallow systems can be used to help identifying
the permeability network around the main mineralized structures, the number of
mineralizing events, the intensity of hydrothermal activity associated with a determined
vein or replacement ore-body, and the most striking feature is the reconnaissance of
prospective areas with poor visible alteration features such as oxide zones, veins or
metamorphic/metasomatic rocks. However, UVF zonation may be a misleading feature in
shallow systems where Mn oxides may have derived from the oxidation of diagenetic rather
than epigenetic minerals. For that reason, characterization of UVF of calcite veins and the
anomalous clusters it defines must be used in combination with geochemistry and oxygen

297
isotope composition of the host rocks to define zones of paleo-mineralizing fluid channels
in the exploration of base metal deposits hosted in carbonate rocks.

298
5.9 References
Aguilar, G.M. and Osendi, M.I., 1982, Fluorescence of Mn2+ in CaCO3. Journal of
Luminescence 27, p. 365-375.
Blasse, G. and Aguilar, M., 1984, Luminescence of natural calcite (CaCO3). Journal
of Luminescence 29, p. 239-241.
Brown, W.L., 1934, Fluorescence of manganiferous calcites, University of Toronto
Studies, Geol, Ser., 36, 45-54.
Bussell, M.A., Alpers, C.M., Petersen, U., Shepherd, T.J., Bermudez, C., and Baxter,
A.M., 1990, The Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein, replacement, and skarn deposits of
Uchucchacua, Peru: Studies of structure, mineralogy, metal zoning, Sr isotopes and
fluid inclusions. Economic Geology, vol.85, p. 1348-1383
Chang L.L.Y., Howie, R.A., and Zussman, J., 1996, Rock-Forming minerals, Volume
5B: Non-silicates: Sulfates, Carbonates and Halites, Longman Group Ltd., 383
pages.
Cobbing, E.J., Sanchez, A., Martinez, W., and Zarate, H., 1996, Geologia de los
cuadrangulos de Huaraz (20-h), Recuay (20-I), La Union (20-j), Chiquian (21-I),
Yanahuanca (21-j). Boletin 76, Serie A: Carta Geologica Nacional, Instituto
Geologico Minero y Metalurgico, Sector Energia y Minas, Peru, 281 pages, 5 maps,
1:100,000 scale.
Compania Minera Antamina S.A., 2002, Plano geologico de Antamina, scale: 1/4500,
MPA-Ore control, June 2002.
Compania de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A., 2004, Plano geologico de superficie mina
Uchucchacua, scale 1/2000, Departamento de Geologia, Unidad de produccion
Uchucchacua.
Gies, H., 1975, Activation possibilities and geochemical correlations of photoluminescing
carbonates, particularly calcites. Mineralium Deposita 10, p. 216-227.
Hammarstrom, J.M., 2002, Environmental geochemistry of skarn and polymetallic
carbonate-replacement deposit models, in: Geoenvironmental Models for Selected
Mineral Deposits, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 02-195, p.115-142
(http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/OF02-195H.pdf)
Instituto de Geologia y Mineria, 1977, Sinopsis explicativa del mapa geologico del Peru,

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 escala 1:1000000, Boletin 28A. Serie A: Boletines de la Carta Geologica Nacional,
Ministerio de Energia y Minas del Peru, 41 pages, 1 map.
Lehne, R.W., 1996, Microscopial investigation of selected drillhole samples from
Antamina, Peru: in Sachtleben Bergbau GMBH & Co. Internal Report, 16 pages.
Lehne, R.W., 1997, Microscopial investigation of mineralized drillhole sections from the
CMA drilling campaign at Antamina, Peru (III). Inmet Mining, Internal Rep., 20p.
Love DA, Clark AH, Ullrich TD, Archibald DA and Lee JKW (2003) 40Ar-39Ar
evidence for the age and duration of magmatic-hydrothermal activity in the giant
Antamina Cu-Zn skarn deposit, Ancash, north-central Peru. Geological Association
of Canada Annual Meeting (Vancouver, B.C.)
Machel, H.G., Mason, R.A., Mariano, A.N., and Mucci, A., 1991, Causes and emissions
of luminescence in calcite and dolomite. In: Luminescence Microsocopy and
Spectroscopy: Qualitative and Quantitative Applications (Barker, C.E. and Kopp,
O.C. eds.), Society of Sedimentary Geology (SEPM), Tulsa, 1991, p. 9-25.
Marfunin, A.S., 1979, Spectroscopy, luminescence and radiation centers in minerals,
Springer-Verlag, 352 pages.
McKee, E.H., Noble, D.C., Scherkenbach, D.A., Drexler, J.W., Mendoza, J. and
Eyzaguirre, V.R., 1979, Age of porphyry intrusion, potassic alteration, and related
skarn mineralization, Antamina District, Northern Peru. Economic Geology, vol.
74, p. 928-930.
Megaw, P.K.M., 1998, Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Au replacement deposits: An
exploration perspective. In: Mineralized Intrusion Related Skarn Systems (D.R.
Lentz and J.L. Jambor eds.). Mineral Association of Canada, Short Course Series,
vol. 26, p. 337-357.
Mutanen, J., Jaaskelainen, T., and Parkkinen, J.P.S., 2005, Thermochromism of
Fluorescent Colors in: COLOR research and application, vol. 30, N˚ 3, p. 163-171
Noble, D.C., and McKee, E.H., 1999, The Miocene metallogenic belt of central and
northern Peru. Society of Economic Geologist Special Publication 7, p. 155-193.
Petersen, E.U., 1995, Solid solution compositions of sulfide and sulfosalt minerals from
Uchucchacua, Peru. Sociedad Geológica del Perú, Volumen Jubilar Alberto
Benavides, p. 243-260.

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Petersen, U., 1965, Regional geology and major ore deposits of central Peru. Economic
Geology, vol. 60, p. 407-476.
Petersen, U., 1999, Magmatic and metallogenic evolution of central Andes. Society of
Economic Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 109-153.
Petersen, U., Mayta, O., Gamarra, L., Vidal, C.E., and Sabastizagal, A., 2004,
Uchucchacua: A Major Silver Producer in South America. Society of Economic
Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 243-257.
Romani, M., 1982, Geologia de la region minera Uchucchacua, Hacienda Otuto, Peru II.
Tesis presentada en la Universidad de Grenoble I para obtener el titulo de Doctor de
tercer ciclo de Geologia Aplicada. Informe interno para la Compania de minas
Buenaventura S.A. y para el Instituto Dolomieu, France, 68 pages.
Sabastizagal Vela, A., 2003, Inventario de reserves de mineral de la unidad de
Produccion Uchucchacua al 1ro de Enero del 2003. Memorandum interno, Cia de
minas Buenaventura S.A.A. Unidad de Produccion Uchucchacua, Febrero 2003,
348 pages.
Shopov, Y.Y., 2004, Activators of luminescence in spelethems as source of major
mistakes in interpretation of luminescent paleoclimatic records. International
Journal of Speleology, 33 (1/4), p. 25-33.
Schulman, J.H., Evans, L.W., Ginther, R.J., and Murata, K.J., 1947, The sensitized
luminescence of manganese-activated calcite. Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 18,
p. 732-739.
Tosdal, R., Bissig, T., Escalante, A., Dipple, G., Ebert, S., Jurado, J., Pacheco, M.,
Lipten, E., Espinoza, J., Sabastizagal, A., and Rodriguez, G., 2006, Tracking fluid
exhaust from polymetallic carbonate rock-hosted ore deposits: Examples from
Central Peru. XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología, Resumenes Extendidos,
Sociedad Geologica del Peru, p. 800-803.
Williams, P.A., 1990, Oxide Zone Geochemistry, Ellis Horwood series in Inorganic
Chemistry, West Sussex, England, 286 pages.
White, W.T., 1975, Luminescent materials. Transactions of American Crystallographic
Association, vol. 11, p. 31-491.

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 Chapter 6: Summary and conclusions
6.1 Visible alteration features
Distal alteration to intrusion-related, polymetallic carbonate-rock hosted deposits
can be recognized by the systematic follow up of the more apparent paleo-fluid conduits to
the spent mineralizing fluids of these deposits. Fluid escape pathways to these deposits
might be dikes, veins, faults or some favorable sedimentary layers. The two latter features
can be recognized because of their contrasting appearance within a carbonate sedimentary
sequence, which is mainly imparted by their anomalous oxide or sulfide content or by an
unusual mineral assemblage likely caused by the circulation of fluids.
The sedimentary and structural setting of these deposits mainly controls the extent
and magnitude of alteration because of their intrinsic influence in the permeability of the
area. Limestone rocks at Antamina and Uchucchacua are mostly impure ranging texturally
from mudstone to wackstone with a limited porosity and permeability, which can be
inferred for them. The high pH of these rocks commonly leads to the neutralization of acid
magmatic fluids and to their deposition. Therefore, the structural setting of these deposits
plays an important role in their location, the migration of fluids and the rock-fluid
interaction processes associated with the development and evolution of these systems.
Mineral deposits proximal to their mineralizing intrusive centers such as Antamina develop
an extensive thermal alteration aureole that varies in composition according to the original
composition of the protolith. The extensive development of bleaching around Antamina
appears to be related to fluid flow whereby infiltration-driven oxidation of organic carbon
to CO2 fluid causes bleaching. It has been demonstrated by this study that the thermal
effects of a mineralizing intrusion can be traced outside the marble/hornfels aureole for
hundreds of meters to kilometers. These effects are represented by disseminations of
pyrrhotite in limestone proximal to the marble-hornfels aureole, patches of white to tan
marble and selvages of tan hornfels around calcite + sulfide veins in the lower levels of Ag-
base metal veins such as at Uchucchacua.
Metasomatic imprint within the marble/hornfels aureole proximal to the skarn at
Antamina is represented by brown to tan hornfels and marble layers, which represent
potassic alteration of limestone. The mineral assemblage of tan marble and hornfels
indicates the pervasive replacement of plagioclase, scapolite and biotite by K-feldspar and

302
Fe-poor biotite (phlogopite). Within this context, selvages of tan hornfels around calcite +
sulfide veins found at the intermediate to lower levels of the Rosa vein is considered the
most distal expression of the thermal and metasomatic aureole to a skarn-porphyry system.
Distal surface alteration features to these deposits are formed by swarms of orange
brown carbonate veins, Mn oxide rich calcite veins and Mn oxide fracture fillings and
crusts. These veins may or may not be associated with Ag mineralization and represent the
oxidation products of calcite + sulfide veins and veinlets. The absence of quartz veins and
jasperoids in the distal parts of Antamina and Uchucchacua suggest that hydrothermal
fluids were poor in silica.

6.2 Trace element anomalies in carbonate rocks

Bivariate diagrams of insoluble elements are used to identify the least mobile
elements, which are important to recognize the addition or subtraction of elements in the
host rocks. REE information is used to support the presence of anomalous REE in the host
rocks.
Most of the host rocks are impure limestone and they may contain unusual amounts
of trace elements related to their siliciclastic content that can be considered erroneously as
anomalous values. Recognition of anomalous geochemical values in this study considers
this problem and all the trace metal values given by the laboratory were normalized against
the least mobile element determined for each deposit. La and Al are the least mobile
elements found in the host rocks at Antamina and Uchucchacua respectively. It is
demonstrated in this study that the relative enrichment of major and trace elements in
marble and hornfels at Antamina is mainly due to processes of carbonate dissolution.
Statistical analysis of trace element distribution in both deposits indicates that not
all the elements follow a normal distribution. In that sense, the geochemical background of
each element is estimated using the median ± 2MAD of the ratio trace element/least mobile
element.
Individual threshold values were estimated for each sample considering the lack of
homogeneity in the host rocks. Threshold values along with measured values are plotted in
metal content versus distance to a fluid conduit diagrams to identify the presence of
geochemical anomalous halos. These plots indicate a vertical and lateral metal zonation,
which is continuous throughout the mineralizing Cu-Zn skarn –Ag base metal system.

303
6.3 Oxygen and carbon isotope systematics in host rocks
Depleted values in oxygen isotopes of the host rocks to the QFP dikes at Antamina
and to the Rosa vein at Uchucchacua confirm these structures as the main fluid escape
pathways to both deposits. Wide oxygen isotope halos to dikes in areas within marble and
hornfels derived from impure limestone and in limestone proximal to the thermal aureole
suggest an intense isotopic interaction in these zones. Depleted values of oxygen isotopes
in hornfels around Antamina, but not in hornfels associated with the Condorcocha skarn
system may confirm that the dikes were escape conduits for fluids from the Antamina
system.
Isotopic shifts in limestone adjacent to an ore vein are likely due to the infiltration
of externally derived fluids with isotopic composition lower than the host rocks (Valley,
1986) and because the fractionation of calcite relative to water (∆calcite-H2O) decreases
with increasing distance of fluid propagation and temperature (Dipple and Ferry, 1992).
Carbon isotope halos greater than oxygen isotope halos in impure limestone indicate
that decarbonation reactions due to increasing temperature processes did not release enough
CO2 to decrease the whole rock δ18O (Nabelek et al., 1984). Coincidence or overlapping of
carbon, oxygen and trace element halos is observed in the lower levels at Uchucchacua and
at shallow levels at Antamina suggesting the extension of the metasomatic fluid infiltration
or the metasomatic sides (Yardley and Lloyd, 1995) developed by the fluids that formed the
Rosa and Fortuna veins (Figs. 6.1 and 6.2). The slight variations in the texture and mineral
composition of limestone across the aureole to these veins suggest that fluids moved
especially through fractures, and they were relatively low in temperature.
Stable isotopic alteration around fluid conduits at Antamina and Uchucchacua
extend for almost 1km from the mineralizing intrusion and remains open so a similar
minimum time-integrated molar fluid flux (qm) may be considered for both hydrothermal
systems according to the formula developed by Dipple and Ferry (1992).
qm = distance x velocity of fluid propagation
where distance: vertical exposure of Rosa vein ~ 100,000 centimeters
velocity of fluid propagation: 0.081 moles water/cm3 rock
qm = 100000 x 0.081 = 8100 moles water/cm2 rock

304
6.4 UVF of veins
Microprobe examination of calcite veins from Antamina and Uchucchacua
demonstrate that even small amounts of Mn within calcite (0.005 mol percent) can activate
the ORF of this mineral. Weak to moderate yellow fluorescence, which commonly
surrounds ORF calcite veins is interpreted as a lattice defect of Mn-rich calcite veins,
whereas anomalous Fe contents in weak ORF veins, yellow fluorescent and some of the
non-fluorescent veins demonstrate its presence as inhibitor of ORF in calcite. Microprobe
analysis also indicates Pb and Zn as sensitizers of ORF of calcite.
Orange-red UVF in calcite is restricted to zones of visible hydrothermal alteration
and to syn-mineralization veins. Fluorescence defines two zones of fluid flow and fracture
permeability: the bleached marble halo adjacent to exoskarn and fracture permeability
system centered on QFP dikes above and distal to the Antamina. UVF zonation of calcite
veins in shallow systems is proved to be useful in the identification of the permeability
network around the main mineralized structures, the number of mineralizing events, and the
intensity of fluid flow circulation.

6.5 Source of fluids

Oxygen isotope composition of fluorescent and non-fluorescent syn mineral calcite
veins in equilibrium with magmatic volatiles (O’Neil et al., 1969) confirms their
relationship with hot magmatic fluids at Antamina and Fortuna area. Low δ18O and low
δ13C values are prevalent reflecting a dominant magmatic source for the veins associated
with the Rosa vein. Heavier oxygen isotope values with increasing elevation suggest that
fluids were cooling as they ascended along the Rosa vein.
Magmatic source for the veins is demonstrated by plotting δ18O values of calcite in
equilibrium with magmatic volatiles versus temperature. This plot indicates that veins were
in equilibrium with fluids at temperatures of 300 to 500˚ C at Antamina, and between 250
and 375˚C at Uchucchacua. Very low δ18O values of some post-mineralization veins at both
deposits likely reflect the late incursion of meteoric fluids as the hydrothermal system
waned.
Sr isotope composition of syn-mineral calcite veins indicates a mixed magmatic-
sedimentary source for the Sr in the calcite veins, where the effect of the spent mineralizing

305
fluids was low especially at the thermal aureole of Antamina. Sr isotope data of calcite
veins from Uchucchacua are equivocal, but consistent with magmatic volatiles that have
exchanged strontium with underlying sedimentary rocks during ascent. Limestone from
87
Chambara Formation (Moritz et al., 1996) is constrained as the possible source of Sr-
enriched fluids for the syn mineral calcite veins at Uchucchacua.

6.6 Large-scale zonation as proof of genetic linkage between proximal and

distal carbonate rock-hosted deposits – implications for mineral
exploration
It is demonstrated within this study the large-scale zonation of visible and cryptic
alteration (Figs. 6.1 and 6.2). Visible alteration, trace element content and oxygen isotope
composition of the host rocks adjacent to the fluid escape conduits, as well as the UVF of
the calcite veins reveal a systematic change in the intensity of the alteration halos with
depth, where the wider halos correspond to high temperature settings. Pervasive thermal
aureoles to the large Antamina skarn deposit are relatively restricted to approximately 200
to 300 metres around the skarn front, however, these features tracked around the main fluid
escape pathways (QFP dikes and Ag-base metal veins) indicate the presence of thermal
effects even at environments of relatively low temperature such as the intermediate to lower
levels at Uchucchacua. Therefore, white and tan marble patches as well as tan hornfels
halos to calcite + sulfide veins can be considered the most distal expression of the thermal
and metasomatic aureole to a skarn-porphyry system (Fig.6.1).
Variation in the mineral assemblage and temperature of veins from the
marble/hornfels aureole at Antamina to the veins at Fortuna suggests a continuum between
the Cu-Zn skarn and the Ag-base metal vein deposit (Fig. 6.2). 40Ar/39Ar data on the QFP
dikes within and outside Antamina demonstrate the genetic linkage between the
mineralization at Antamina and Fortuna. The extensive potassic alteration within the quartz
monzonite stock and nearby host rocks as well as the prograde skarn assemblages
associated with the ore mineralization at Antamina suggest a low to intermediate
sulfidation environment for the low-grade Cu ± Mo porphyry system (Einaudi, 1994)
developed at the nucleus of mineralization at Antamina. In contrast, variation in the mineral
assemblage and temperature of the veins from Fortuna to the lower levels at Uchucchacua

306
 Figure 6.1: Integrated trace elements and visible distal alteration zoning profile for Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits. Trace elements and
cm-scale hornfels halos to veins define the linkages between the shallow parts at Antamina (Fortuna) with the deepest levels at Uchucchacua.
307
 Figure 6.2: Vein composition zoning and oxygen isotope thermometry of veins for Antamina and Uchucchacua mineral deposits. Observe also the extension of
the infiltration sides given by the lateral zoning of distal alteration.
308
is similar to the zonation pattern of Zn-Pb skarns (Meinert, 1987) and may be used to infer
the location of a Zn-Pb skarn or replacement mantos (Megaw, 1998) at the deeper levels of
Uchucchacua. The ore mineralogy, texture of carbonate veins (crustiform), and the narrow
vertical distribution of the Ag ore bodies or bonanza zone at Uchucchacua suggest that
mineralization at Uchucchacua formed in an epithermal intermediate sulfidation
environment (Simmons et al., 2005). The presence of Mn-Fe-Ca silicates such as bustamite
and johannsonite mainly in the replacement orebodies suggest that mineralizing fluids
might have derived from a skarn system (Einaudi et al., 1981) likely centered in a low to
intermediate sulfidation Cu ± Mo porphyry system (Einaudi, 1994). These characteristics
demonstrate the existence of a continuum between the Cu-Zn skarn at Antamina and the
Ag-Mn-Pb-Zn vein deposit at Uchucchacua.
Cryptic alteration zoning supports the presence of this continuum, for example the
trace element zoning found throughout Antamina and Uchucchacua vertical profile
coincides with the thermal zonation of elements given by Emmons (1936) and strongly
associated with the temperature of veins determined by the oxygen isotope thermometry on
calcite veins. The strong temperature dependence of oxygen isotopes is demonstrated by
the existence of wider anomalous halos distal to Antamina than at Uchucchacua. The
overlapping of carbon and oxygen halos at the lower levels of the Rosa vein and the
shallow levels of Antamina is indicative of a spatial linkage between Antamina and
Uchucchacua and might be used to predict the location of the mineralizing source at no less
than 1000 metres below the lower level at Uchucchacua (4120 metres). Oxygen isotope
halos to the fluid escape conduits at both deposits indicate that the fluid/rock interactions
were mainly controlled by fractures. The large zonation of these halos must be used in
combination with the trace element zonation and the temperature of calcite veins to infer
the presence of ore bodies.
As stated by Meinert (1997) most skarns are zoned and this zonation is useful in
mineral exploration. The visible and cryptic zonation as well as the genetic linkage defined
between the Cu-Zn Antamina skarn and the Ag-base metal Uchucchacua vein deposit is
considered to provide a “big picture” of the whole hydrothermal system and might be
useful as an exploration pattern of concealed deposits where visible alteration is subtle or
relatively indistinguishable. Practical tools like UVF of veins were demonstrated at

309
defining the strong association between UVF and ore sulfides as well as the systematic
variation of oxygen isotope values with the UVF response, which is indicative of the
circulation of mineralizing fluids through veins with an ORF signature. Some of the
drawbacks of this study are related to the mineral reactions and the quantitative
measurement of fluid/rock interactions around the large Antamina skarn deposit and they
should be addressed in a future research.

310
6.7 References
Dipple, G.M. and Ferry, J.M., 1992, Fluid flow and stable isotopic alteration in rocks at
elevated temperatures with applications to metamorphism: Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 56, pp. 3539-3550.
Einaudi, M.T., Meinert, L.D., and Newberry, R.J., 1981, Skarn deposits: Economic
Geology 75th Anniversary Volume, p. 317-391.
Einaudi, M.T., 1994, High sulfidation and low sulfidation porphyry copper/skarn systems:
characteristics, continua, and causes. Society of Economic Geologists, International
exchange lecture, WEB. http:pangea. Standford.edu/ODEX/marco-hilosulf.html.
Emmons, W.H., 1936, Hypogene zoning in metalliferous lodes. Report 1 of the 16th
International Geological Congress, 417-32.
Megaw, P.K.M., 1998, Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Au Replacement Deposits: An
Exploration Perspective, D.R. Lentz and J.L. Jambor eds: Mineralized Intrusion-
Related Skarn Systems, Mineral Association of Canada. Short Course Series, Vol
26, p. 337-357.
Meinert, L.D., 1987, Skarn zonation and fluid evolution in the Groundhog mine, Central
mining district, New Mexico: Economic Geology, v. 82, p. 523-545.
Meinert, L.D., 1997, Application of skarn deposit zonation models to mineral exploration:
Exploration and Mining Geology, v.6, p. 185-208.
Moritz, R., Fontbote, L, Spangenberg, J., Rosas, S., Sharp, Z. and Fontignie, D., 1996, Sr,
C and O isotope systematics in the Pucara basin, Central Peru: Mineralium Deposita
31, 3, p. 147-162.
Nabelek, P.I., Labotka, T.C., O’Neil, J.R., and Papike, J.J., 1984, Contrasting fluid/rock
interaction between the Notch Peak granitic intrusion and argillites and limestones
in western Utah: evidence from stable isotopes and phase assemblages,
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 86, pp. 25-34.
O'Neil, J.R.; Clayton, R.N.; and Mayeda, T.K., 1969, Oxygen isotope fractionation in
divalent metal carbonates; Journal of Chemical Physics, 51(12), p. 5547-5558.
Simmons, S.F., White, N.C., and John, D.A., 2005, Geologic characteristics of epithermal
precious and base metal deposits: Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, p.
485-522.

311
Valley, J.W., 1986, Stable isotope geochemistry of metamorphic rocks, in Valley, J.W.,
Taylor Jr., H.P. and O’Neil, J.R., editors, Stable isotopes in high-temperature
geological processes: Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy,
v.16, p. 445-489.
Yardley, B., W. D. and Lloyd, G.E., 1995, Why metasomatic fronts are really
metasomatic sides: Geology, v. 23, N° 1, p. 53-56.

312
Appendices – Chapter 2

313
Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06
and MS-81)

314
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06
SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
% % % % %
4PAA163 Fortuna 272809 8946294 calcite +MnOx +jar±goe vein, 10cm wide. 2.66 0.15 0.47 49.35 0.66
4PAA134 Antamina West 273466 8945297 White marble, 0.5% diss py, 0.5% calc-sil(gt) 8.09 1.56 0.45 51.46 1.37
vlts
4PAA135 Antamina West 273455 8945292 Cgr, white marble, trz diss py, mod dist 3.15 0.83 0.34 53.46 0.96
py±sph±po vlts
4PAA136 Antamina West 273453 8945291 White and dark marble, tra diss po 3.42 0.95 0.47 53.39 0.98
4PAA138 Antamina West 273446 8945288 Cgr, white marble, trz diss py and local py+cp 13.56 3.55 1.36 49.3 1.52
(diss, vlts), 1% diss scapolite
4PAA150 Antamina West 273378 8945340 Cgr, sacaroid, white marble body, 2% diss py 5.2 1.49 1.1 52.5 1

4PAA186 Antamina West 273449 8945382 White, mgr marble, 0.5% diss py interbedded 4.45 1.36 1.87 50.26 1.05
w/ thin, cgr, gray marble
4PAA191 Antamina West 273192 8945290 Light gray-white, sacaroid, mgr marble, 1% 4.13 1.3 0.56 52.2 1.12
diss po±gn,sl and forming thin layers
3PAA105 Quarry Bench T1 273923 8946130 Mod silicified, fgr, tan marble 33.74 10.64 3.38 26.88 2.52
3PAA114 Quarry Bench T2 274008 8946101 Tan, fine grained and strong fractured marble 46.81 14.59 3.66 12.17 3.46
with 3% ca-py-sl-ga veinlets.
3PAA120 Quarry Bench T2 273988 8946067 Brownish gray fine grained marble 16.38 4.87 1.98 41.86 2.04
3PAA154A Quarry Bench T2 273927 8946005 Light brown, fgr marble, 0.5% diss py. 17.09 4.22 1.59 41.9 2.96
4PAA108 Antamina West 273148 8945204 Green-brownish white, cgr marble, 0.5% diss 23.42 8.14 2.6 43.5 2.33
py, trz diss cp, trz mb,
3PAA127B Quarry Bench T2 273966 8946047 Light brown, fgr, marble, 0.5% diss py. 21.65 6.47 2.03 36.85 2.69
3PAA332 Antamina West 273452 8945325 Greenish gray, mgr, marble, 2% diss scapolite, 6.12 1.95 0.57 48.62 1.33
Laminar, trz ca vlts.
2PAG60 Peak Nine 273859 8944054 grey marble 30.86 9.73 3.03 28.56 2.98
4PAA110 Antamina West 273149 8945205 Gray, mgr marble, 1% fine diss py 16.93 5.51 1.68 42.5 1.53
4PAA137 Antamina West 273450 8945290 Gray marble unit interbedded with white thin 3.86 1.29 0.55 52.52 0.85
layers.
4PAA139 Antamina West 273444 8945288 Cgr, gray marble, 0.5% diss py, 1% py vlts 2.81 0.63 0.65 54.1 0.95
with cm bleaching halos
4PAA148 Antamina West 273392 8945345 St frac, scapolite rich, cgr, gray marble, trz diss 10.02 3.47 1 48.15 1.18
py, strong dist dark gray stylolites
4PAA149 Antamina West 273387 8945343 Strong frac'd, dark gray marble with flame 5.63 1.76 0.62 51.7 0.96
texture
4PAA181 Antamina West 273322 8945324 Ca parallel vein system crosscutting a cgr, dark 6.73 1.4 0.66 51.06 1.21
315

gray marble.
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06
SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
% % % % %
4PAA182 Antamina West 273355 8945340 St frac, dark gray, cgr marble, trz-0.5% diss py 4.71 1.07 0.75 52.7 1.33
and crosscut by mm ca vlts±calc-silicates

4PAA187 Antamina West 273302 8945294 St frac, dark gray, cgr marble, 5% scapolite 9.85 1.47 0.41 49.31 0.96
repl by ca, trz diss py.
4PAA188 Antamina West 273297 8945238 St frac, banded, gray and white, cgr, scapolite 7.5 1.39 0.44 50.89 1.08
rich marble, trz diss py.
4PAA194 Antamina West 273282 8945182 Mod frac, gray, cgr, scapolite rich marble w/ 6.39 1.2 0.46 51.71 0.98
1% diss py.
4PAA226 Antamina West 273330 8945450 Light gray, cgr, laminated marble, 10% ca repl 1.54 0.35 0.25 53.48 1.1
scapolite
3PAA127A Quarry Bench T2 273966 8946047 Light gray marble, trz po. 21.41 6.33 2.4 37.36 2.64
3PAA134 Quarry Bench T2 273950 8946030 Parallel N48°E, 59°NW ca+py vein system (0.5 8.79 2.52 1.17 48.55 2.17
cm wide), cross cut by N30°W ca+py fractures

4PAA183 Antamina West 273384 8945356 Mod frac, massive, c-mgr white and gray 7.48 1.76 0.59 51.02 1.02
banded marble, 0.5% diss py.
4PAA190 Antamina West 273177 8945254 Laminated, ca+po rich, mgr, light gray - gray 2.56 0.79 0.48 53.5 1.08
marble
3PAA154B Quarry Bench T2 273927 8946005 Greenish gray, fgr marble, trz py. 18.04 4.46 1.56 41.4 3.01
4PAA105 Fortuna East T15 273802 8946662 Grayish green, fgr, mod sil diop marble, trz py 20.45 5.81 3.31 39.94 3.72
(diss & fract), 1% MnOx
3PAA214 Fortuna East T10 273571 8946493 Gray, limestones. Mod. Recristallized, weak 23.71 6.84 2.38 34.59 2.32
silicified, trz diss py, Lapiaz texture, mod fract:
N30-40°W (7fr x m)
3PAA215 Fortuna East T10 273574 8946495 Gray, mod recrystallized marly limestone, weak 24.27 7.27 2.72 32.4 2.43
silicified, trz -0.5% diss py, Lapiaz texture,
mod fract: N10°W (4fr x m).
3PAA216 Fortuna East T10 273578 8946498 Gray, mod recrystallized marly limestone, weak 21.55 7.2 2.44 35.67 2.56
silicified, trz -0.5% diss py, Lapiaz texture,
mod fract: N35°W (6fr x m).
3PAA217 Fortuna East T10 273587 8946504 Gray, mod rxl marly limestones. Weak-mod 21.16 6.11 2.4 37.24 2.77
silicified, 0.5-1% diss po. Lapiaz texture.
Planar py vlts N30°W, 63°SW with 0.2cm
bleaching haloes
316
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06
SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
% % % % %
3PAA221 Fortuna East T10 273611 8946520 Mod silicified, gray, fgr limestones, 1% diss py- 34.25 9.26 2.86 27.48 2.54
po. Mod fract N17°W, local ca stg N30-40°E,
30°NW.
3PAA223 Fortuna East T10 273630 8946531 Weak silicified, gray, limestones, 0.5% diss po. 22.18 6.42 2.45 35.45 2.44
Mod ca-py vlts N28°W, 80°SW.
3PAA116 Quarry Bench T2 274016 8946091 Gray limestones 27.73 8.76 3.25 31.8 2.85
3PAA117 Quarry Bench T2 274006 8946083 Gray massive limestone, trace to 0.5% diss. py. 15.7 4.87 2.35 42.05 2.6
N73°W, 76°NW, sigmoidal, calcite + py veins,
1-4mm wide, discontinuos.
3PAA179 Fortuna T5 273242 8946166 Gray, sandy, fossiliferous limestones, crosscut 12.25 2.36 1.06 45.02 2.06
by discontinuos fine ca vlts and stg, 0.2-2cm
wide, 6 vltsxm, NS.
3PAA181 Fortuna T5 273228 8946152 Strong fract, med grained, sandy limestones, 21.9 5.64 2.29 33.45 3.01
crosscut by disc ca vlts, 0.3-1cm wide with trz
FeOx.
3PAA183 Fortuna T5 273216 8946148 Gray, fine-med grained limestones with local 6.54 1.5 0.98 50.02 1.28
ca stg 0.2-20cm
3PAA185 Fortuna T5 273207 8946145 Strong fract, gray limestones with weak 13.65 3.72 1.51 42.86 2.05
bleaching (weath) haloes. Local ca vlts <0.2cm
wide
3PAA188 Fortuna T5 273183 8946140 f-mgr, gray marly limestones with mod ca vlts 7.7 2 0.84 48.67 1.31
(<3mm wide). Trz diss py
3PAA190 Fortuna T5 273163 8946136 Gray, marly limestones, mod pencil text and ca 14.9 4.49 1.56 41.89 1.65
vlts.
4PAA164 Fortuna T5 273126 8946098 Gray, mod rxl, wk sil, fgr, st frac marls 8.35 1.99 0.98 48.1 1.42
crosscut by thin disc cal vlts
4PAA165 Fortuna T5 273092 8946080 St frac, mod rxl, wk sil, fgr, brownish gray 12.08 3.47 1.46 43.71 2.26
marly lms
4PAA166 Fortuna T5 273044 8946100 Wk rxl and sil, massive, fgr, gray to brownish 7.38 1.71 0.7 49.22 1.09
gray marly lms w/ trz OBC vlts
3PAA250 Fortuna East T13 273637 8946064 Weak rxl, fgr, massive, gray limestones, trz 14.87 4.53 1.8 41.72 2.12
diss py and forming clusters, mod fract N10°E,
lapiaz texture
3PAA253 Fortuna East T13 273674 8946064 Strong fractured, fine grained, gray limestones, 24.13 5.89 2.36 34.3 2.16
0.5% ca vlts (<0.2cm), trz-0.5% py diss and in
317

stg: S75°W.
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06
SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
% % % % %
3PAA255 Fortuna East T13 273698 8946060 Strong fractured, gray to light gray limestones 37.28 10.79 3.47 21.82 2.57
crosscut by ca-py vlts N30°W.
3PAA257 Fortuna East T13 273707 8946048 Strong - mod fract, light gray limestones, trz 32.77 8.36 2.91 26.88 2.55
diss py-po. Local ca vlts.
3PAA260 Fortuna East T13 273723 8946060 Fine grained, gray limestones, trz diss py. Mod 16.44 4.55 2.03 40.21 2.28
density of planar ca vlts: N35°W.
4PAA224 Fortuna East T13 273595 8946044 Mod rxl and frac, gray, mgr lms w/ trz-0.5% 19.25 5.47 2.72 36.84 2.92
diss py, mod dist ca vlts
4PAA112 Fortuna East T14 273791 8946476 Gray, fgr, massive lms, trz py (diss & fract), 23.2 6.63 2.63 32.76 3.11
local goe
4PAA114 Fortuna East T14 273800 8946479 Gray, fgr, mod marly lms, 2% diss py and 20.26 5.52 2.45 36.55 2.4
ca+py stgs
4PAA115 Fortuna East T14 273809 8946482 Mod frac, gray, marly lms, 0.5% diss py and 8.35 2 1.96 48.21 1.24
goe.
4PAA117 Fortuna East T14 273821 8946486 Gray, strongly pyz, marly lms with green 9.79 2.64 1.47 46.77 1.46
patches (mal?)
4PAA118 Fortuna East T14 273830 8946489 Gray, fgr, marly lms, 0.5% diss py, with weak 19.08 5.17 2.25 37.5 2.44
spider web texture
4PAA119 Fortuna East T14 273837 8946492 Gray, fgr, wk rxl, marly lms, 1% diss py. 15.03 4.93 2.07 40.68 2.54
4PAA121 Fortuna East T14 273847 8946495 Dark gray, fgr, marly lms, 0.5-1% diss py and 16.17 4.67 2 39.93 2.45
repl fossils
4PAA123 Fortuna East T14 273870 8946503 St frac'd, gray, micritic marls, trz fine ca vlts, 26.9 7.48 3.28 29.6 3.93
trz-0.5% diss py
4PAA124 Fortuna East T14 273885 8946509 Gray, marly lms, trz-0.5% diss py, trz orange 14.7 4.6 1.93 41.47 2.14
brown fine ca vlts
4PAA223 Fortuna East T14 273911 8946528 Wk frac, gray, fgr, massive lms, 1% diss py 15.96 5.09 2.11 39.53 2.38
4PAA107 Fortuna East T15 273809 8946663 Gray, fgr, marly lms, 1% mm planar ca vlts, trz 17.39 5.25 2.27 38.96 2.34
diss py
4PAA235 Jumasha Lms 275208 8941344 Fgr, brown limestone w/ local dark green calc- 5.02 1.16 0.44 49.21 1.11
sil patches
4PAA236 Jumasha Lms 275510 8941034 Fgr, brown limestone w/ very fine planar ca 2.45 0.65 0.5 52.71 0.91
vlts, trz jar-goe
4PAA233 Celendin Lms 276497 8941908 St fract, brownish gray, fgr, marly lms 15.93 5.36 1.67 37.97 2.43
4PAA238 Celendin Lms 275598 8941606 Mod fract, brownish gray, fgr marly lms w/ 16.58 4.83 1.94 39.73 1.46
pencil texture
318
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06
SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
% % % % %
3PAA112 Quarry Bench T1 273835 8946020 Fine grained, tan brown hornfels and skarn 43.75 15.29 3.48 18.43 2.78
with 1% diss po, diopside and tremolite vlts
3PAA115A Quarry Bench T2 273975 8946056 Brown hornfels partially replaced by pale f-gr 41.94 14.02 2.66 16.24 3.26
calc-silicates, cut by wollastonite and calcite-
py vlts.
3PAA121 Quarry Bench T2 273983 8946064 Tan, massive, fine grained, mod silicified 38.17 13.74 3.57 22.59 2.77
marble (hornfels)
4PAA228 Fortuna 273458 8945768 Light gray, fgr hornfels w/ 2% diss py and 27.54 9.42 2.96 32 2.52
crosscut by qz±py±cp vlts
3PAA115B Quarry Bench T2 273975 8946056 Bleached hornfels 48.92 14.75 4.17 12.41 2.02
3PAA123 Quarry Bench T2 273981 8946062 Greenish white to white, fgr hornfels w/ 2% cgr 38.34 13.7 3.47 24.79 2.88
diss py, crosscut by mm-scale py and calcite ±
py veins.
3PAA210 Fortuna East 273547 8946606 Strong silicified, grayish white hornfels with 38.81 11.65 4.32 24.79 2.88
1.5% fine diss py.
3PAA212 Fortuna East 273562 8946626 Grayish white, f-gr, strong silicified hornfels 39.41 11.94 4.3 23.97 3.1
with 1% fine diss py and replacing microfossils

4PAA208 Ridge Road 274844 8945928 White hornfels, 1% py diss and filling fractures 58.71 13.53 1.85 6.79 3.49

3PAA156 Quarry Bench T2 273921 8945999 Pale gray to cream, mottled, fine grained calc 11.57 3.02 1.17 47.21 1.97
silicate rock cross cut by py+sl+cp
discontinuos vlts.
3PAA290 Fortuna 273230 8946484 Strong fractured, light gray, f-mgr hornfels, 1% 32.01 8.23 2.83 31.53 2.54
diss po, trz diss py.
4PAA202 Ridge Road 274885 8945541 St frac, light gray to greenish gray hornfels 30.7 9.08 3.15 31.17 2.68
4PAA203 Ridge Road 274882 8945565 Light gray hornfels, 10% gt patches, trz diss py 31.24 9.77 3.33 30.68 2.57
and filling fractures
3PAA177 Fortuna T5 273255 8946180 Gray, hornfels with brown patches, 1-2% fine 26.9 8.3 2.11 29.19 1.73
diss. Py, 1% ca vlts.
3PAA211 Fortuna East T9 273554 8946612 Light gray, fine grained hornfels with 0.5%diss 29.64 9.53 3.69 32.9 2.97
py.
3PAA219 Fortuna East T10 273598 8946512 Light gray hornfels interfingered with dark gray 57.92 13.24 4.27 8.8 2.89
pyritized mudstones. 1-1.5% diss py
3PAA288 Fortuna T8 273222 8946476 Medium grained, light gray hornfels, trz-0.5% 24.02 7.31 2.78 36.56 2.85
319

diss po.
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06
SAMPLE LOCATION EASTING NORTHING LITHOLOGY SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO
% % % % %
4PAA106 Fortuna East T15 273805 8946662 Mod weath and fract, gray hornfels, 0.5% diss 18.61 5.21 2.81 39.04 3.14
py
4PAA195 Ridge Road 274878 8945584 St frac, light gray hornfels, 0.5% diss py and 32.12 11.2 3.65 29.8 3.05
diopside lenses
2PAG59 Peak Nine 273859 8944054 bleached hornfels with calc-silicate (light green 48.55 14.43 3.07 15.66 4.16
hornfels)
3PAA122 Quarry Bench T2 273982 8946063 Light gray to white, fgr hornfels with 1% diss 37.94 13.82 2.33 23.8 2.91
py and crosscut by ca+py veinlets.
4PAA196 Ridge Road 274880 8945578 st frac, light greenish gray hornfels, 5% gt 45.8 12.1 3.02 16.81 2.65
patches, 1% diss py and filling fract
4PAA201 Ridge Road 274881 8945545 Light brown gt skarn in contact w/ diopsidic, 32.88 10.24 2.33 29.96 3.03
green hornfels
4PAA209 Ridge Road 274877 8945598 Light gray to gray hornfels contact 35.91 13.12 4.98 25.75 3.5
4PAA211 Ridge Road 274873 8945603 Greenish white hornfels showing transitional 44.59 11.87 3.4 19.27 2.35
contact with gray hornfels
3PAA124 Quarry Bench T2 273980 8946062 Pale green to light gray, massive hornfels, 38.82 13.2 3.06 23.99 2.81
crosscut by gt+ca+py sigmoidal veins (N35°W,
90°).
4PAA212 Ridge Road 274871 8945609 St frac, greenish gray hornfels, abundant diss 33.64 11.72 4.01 27.7 2.9
py
3PAA263-A Taco pit 273445.00 8945196.00 Coarse grained green garnet skarn sampled 32.6 0.64 23.3 25.1 4.18
from 4148 bench.
3PAA264 Taco pit 273590.00 8945263.00 Coarse grained brown garnet skarn sampled 35.7 1.6 27.8 32.7 0.95
from 4148 bench.
2PAE211 Condorcocha - 273038 8946959 Porphyritic to equigranular dike with qtz, hbl, 65.19 15.82 3.55 4.12 1.65
Antamina biotite and fsp, minor alteration
2PAT04 Fortuna dike 42nd 273539 8746141 bt-plag porphyry 66.92 15.27 3.49 2.45 1.52
2PAT05 Poderosa dike 274608 8945500 qtz-bt-plag porphyry 64.28 15.03 2.81 2.32 1.47
2PAT06 Oscarina dike 274744 8945202 hnbd-bt-plag porphyry 66.41 15.29 3.23 3.89 1.37
2PAT11 Taco porphyry 273503 8944963 bt-plag porphyry 66.24 15.69 2.85 2.09 1.36
2PAT12 Usupallares 272484 8943423 kspar megacryst porphyry 66.02 15.53 0.54 5.31 0.96
intrusion
2PAT25 Main phase of 278990 8938299 kspar-bt granodiorite 68.6 15.36 3.01 2.63 0.88
pluton underlying
320
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba
% % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm
4PAA163 0.27 0.04 <0.01 0.03 6.31 0.01 0.02 <0.01 38.8 98.77 15 5.2
4PAA134 0.06 0.13 <0.01 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.04 <0.01 36.4 99.74 <1 11.8

4PAA135 0.05 0.17 <0.01 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.05 <0.01 40.6 99.74 <1 13.6

4PAA136 0.08 0.13 <0.01 0.07 0.03 0.04 0.05 <0.01 40.1 99.7 <1 10.8
4PAA138 0.04 0.1 <0.01 0.21 0.16 0.12 0.06 <0.01 29.9 99.88 1 23.8

4PAA150 0.16 0.21 <0.01 0.1 0.03 0.04 0.12 <0.01 37.7 99.66 1 30.9

4PAA186 0.09 0.32 <0.01 0.08 0.04 0.05 0.04 <0.01 36.6 96.2 <1 36.1

4PAA191 0.08 0.27 <0.01 0.1 0.04 0.03 0.07 <0.01 39.7 99.61 <1 19.2

3PAA105 0.83 2.04 0.02 0.53 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.02 17.3 98.12 <1 264
3PAA114 0.41 9.08 0.04 0.76 0.04 0.19 0.04 0.04 6.87 98.15 <1 329

3PAA120 0.19 0.96 <0.01 0.27 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.01 30.6 99.38 <1 52.6
3PAA154A 0.16 0.85 0.01 0.21 0.05 0.07 0.09 <0.01 29.2 98.4 <1 23.4
4PAA108 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.41 0.19 0.09 0.09 <0.01 19 99.81 <1 7.9

3PAA127B 0.37 1.23 0.01 0.41 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.02 26.1 98.07 <1 224
3PAA332 0.16 0.28 <0.01 0.12 0.05 0.06 0.12 <0.01 38.8 98.17 1 26.8

2PAG60 0.75 1.8 <0.01 0.49 0.06 0.21 0.06 0.02 19.65 98.2 <1 193
4PAA110 0.33 1.17 <0.01 0.3 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.01 28.3 98.46 <1 99.9
4PAA137 0.08 0.27 <0.01 0.09 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.01 39.7 99.33 <1 36.8

4PAA139 0.04 0.16 <0.01 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.06 <0.01 40.3 99.85 <1 13.8

4PAA148 0.26 0.99 <0.01 0.19 0.03 0.12 0.06 0.01 33.9 99.38 <1 108.5

4PAA149 0.16 0.42 <0.01 0.14 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.01 38.3 99.82 <1 38

4PAA181 0.09 0.53 <0.01 0.15 0.03 0.07 0.09 0.01 37.5 99.53 <1 53.9
321
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba
% % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm
4PAA182 0.1 0.19 <0.01 0.08 0.03 0.15 0.07 <0.01 38.6 99.79 <1 9.6

4PAA187 0.2 0.36 0.01 0.11 0.03 0.09 0.14 0.01 36.7 99.65 <1 52.8

4PAA188 0.18 0.49 <0.01 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.01 37.5 99.9 <1 99.6

4PAA194 0.17 0.35 <0.01 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.19 0.01 38.2 99.8 <1 82.1

4PAA226 0.02 0.12 <0.01 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.01 42.5 99.65 <1 31.6

3PAA127A 0.39 1.17 0.01 0.38 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.01 25.9 98.24 <1 159
3PAA134 0.14 0.44 <0.01 0.17 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.01 35.7 99.84 7 56.7

4PAA183 0.13 0.45 <0.01 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.01 37 99.72 <1 48.6

4PAA190 0.04 0.12 <0.01 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.08 <0.01 41 99.77 <1 8.2

3PAA154B 0.2 1.1 0.01 0.23 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.01 28.4 98.64 <1 71.9
4PAA105 0.32 0.67 0.01 0.33 0.09 0.13 0.09 0.02 23.9 98.77 <1 176

3PAA214 0.3 1.68 0.01 0.38 0.07 0.11 0.07 0.03 26 98.48 <1 298

3PAA215 0.06 2.45 0.01 0.42 0.06 0.1 0.05 0.01 26 98.25 <1 77.4

3PAA216 0.51 1.28 0.01 0.39 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.02 26.7 98.57 <1 148

3PAA217 0.43 0.99 0.01 0.34 0.05 0.11 0.09 0.01 27.8 99.51 <1 127.5
322
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba
% % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm
3PAA221 0.75 1.58 0.01 0.55 0.07 0.18 0.1 0.03 18.65 98.29 <1 246

3PAA223 0.47 1.32 0.01 0.39 0.07 0.11 0.08 0.02 27.2 98.59 <1 217

3PAA116 0.47 1.44 0.02 0.49 0.06 0.1 0.08 0.01 21.1 98.16 <1 106.5
3PAA117 0.18 0.92 0.01 0.27 0.06 0.09 0.1 0.01 30 99.19 <1 34.8

3PAA179 0.04 0.51 <0.01 0.13 0.04 0.07 0.11 <0.01 36.1 99.76 <1 39.1

3PAA181 0.04 1.91 0.01 0.33 0.31 0.15 0.06 0.01 29.2 98.31 1 79.9

3PAA183 0.03 0.47 <0.01 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.1 <0.01 38.7 99.82 <1 36.7

3PAA185 0.03 0.84 <0.01 0.23 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.01 34.6 99.72 <1 59.8

3PAA188 0.03 0.39 <0.01 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.07 0.01 38.7 99.93 <1 55.6

3PAA190 0.05 1.01 0.01 0.28 0.05 0.14 0.08 0.01 33.7 99.82 <1 70.4

4PAA164 0.09 0.36 <0.01 0.14 0.07 0.08 0.07 <0.01 38.2 99.86 <1 23.3

4PAA165 0.06 0.66 0.01 0.21 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.01 35.8 99.96 <1 47.3

4PAA166 0.06 0.26 0.01 0.11 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.01 39.1 99.81 <1 49.2

3PAA250 0.33 0.66 <0.01 0.28 0.06 0.07 0.1 0.01 33.3 99.83 <1 96.4

3PAA253 0.52 0.91 0.01 0.34 0.06 0.1 0.1 0.02 27.8 98.69 <1 156.5
323
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba
% % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm
3PAA255 0.73 2.19 0.01 0.65 0.06 0.17 0.06 0.02 18.35 98.16 <1 211

3PAA257 0.77 1.41 0.01 0.48 0.06 0.15 0.07 0.02 21.9 98.33 <1 157.5

3PAA260 0.15 0.87 <0.01 0.25 0.05 0.09 0.1 0.01 31.7 98.73 <1 96.9

4PAA224 0.26 0.8 0.01 0.33 0.05 0.12 0.08 0.01 30 98.86 <1 92.5

4PAA112 0.06 3.13 0.01 0.4 0.11 0.16 0.05 0.02 26.4 98.66 <1 145.5

4PAA114 0.02 1.34 0.01 0.33 0.06 0.11 0.07 0.01 29.2 98.34 <1 105.5

4PAA115 0.14 0.39 <0.01 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.02 36.2 98.86 <1 137

4PAA117 0.11 0.53 <0.01 0.15 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.01 36.5 99.67 <1 110.5

4PAA118 0.23 0.87 0.01 0.32 0.06 0.11 0.08 0.02 30.2 98.34 <1 145

4PAA119 0.24 0.71 <0.01 0.28 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.01 33.1 99.8 <1 98.4
4PAA121 0.35 0.67 <0.01 0.27 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.01 32.2 98.94 <1 97.6

4PAA123 0.41 1.12 0.01 0.44 0.08 0.19 0.07 0.01 24.9 98.41 <1 110.5

4PAA124 0.3 0.74 <0.01 0.27 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.01 33.1 99.47 <1 69.3

4PAA223 0.29 0.84 <0.01 0.28 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.01 32 98.69 <1 86.3
4PAA107 0.24 1.53 0.01 0.3 0.08 0.1 0.06 0.02 30.5 99.03 <1 157

4PAA235 0.05 0.16 <0.01 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 <0.01 41 98.27 <1 32.7

4PAA236 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.05 <0.01 42.4 99.88 <1 14

4PAA233 0.16 0.67 0.03 0.21 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.01 33.9 98.5 <1 48
4PAA238 0.17 0.77 0.01 0.3 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.01 33.1 99.05 <1 47.5
324
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba
% % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm
3PAA112 1.24 3.51 0.02 0.76 0.02 0.17 0.06 0.03 8.66 98.2 <1 247

3PAA115A 0.4 8.81 <0.01 0.74 0.06 0.1 0.03 0.04 10.5 98.79 1 310

3PAA121 0.4 3.64 0.01 0.62 0.04 0.14 0.07 0.03 12.45 98.24 <1 259

4PAA228 0.51 1.78 <0.01 0.48 0.04 0.14 0.07 0.03 20.9 98.39 <1 306

3PAA115B 0.35 9.24 <0.01 0.8 0.09 0.14 0.03 0.08 5.11 98.11 <1 711
3PAA123 0.5 3.78 0.01 0.63 0.05 0.14 0.07 0.03 9.74 98.12 <1 238

3PAA210 1.48 2.3 <0.01 0.61 0.07 0.16 0.07 0.03 11.05 98.22 <1 244

3PAA212 1.46 2.05 0.01 0.65 0.06 0.16 0.07 0.03 10.9 98.1 <1 238

4PAA208 0.28 10.78 0.01 0.75 0.07 0.24 0.03 0.06 2.36 98.96 <1 462

3PAA156 0.12 0.65 <0.01 0.18 0.06 0.13 0.07 0.01 33.4 99.53 <1 42.9

3PAA290 0.77 1.25 <0.01 0.41 0.05 0.16 0.07 0.03 18.2 98.08 <1 268

4PAA202 0.78 2.71 0.01 0.44 0.06 0.18 0.07 0.03 17.35 98.41 <1 277
4PAA203 0.73 2.81 <0.01 0.45 0.06 0.16 0.06 0.03 16.45 98.34 <1 248

3PAA177 0.06 5.34 0.01 0.5 0.44 0.14 0.05 0.02 24.3 99.08 1 247

3PAA211 0.72 1.51 <0.01 0.45 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.02 16.95 98.62 <1 154

3PAA219 1.43 2.46 0.02 0.79 0.05 0.21 0.08 0.03 5.99 98.16 <1 295

3PAA288 0.53 1.2 <0.01 0.38 0.06 0.13 0.07 0.01 22.2 98.1 <1 100.5
325
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-XRF06 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI Total Ag Ba
% % % % % % % % % % ppm ppm
4PAA106 0.49 0.91 0.01 0.28 0.07 0.13 0.08 0.02 28 98.8 <1 236

4PAA195 1.19 1.33 0.01 0.53 0.05 0.11 0.08 0.02 15 98.14 <1 173

2PAG59 0.96 5.08 <0.01 0.78 0.09 0.2 0.06 0.03 5.19 98.28 <1 400

3PAA122 0.81 3.39 0.01 0.66 0.05 0.14 0.09 0.03 12.2 98.18 <1 304

4PAA196 0.36 8.1 0.01 0.64 0.05 0.19 0.07 0.09 8.45 98.34 <1 789

4PAA201 0.35 3.09 0.02 0.48 0.1 0.16 0.08 0.03 16.15 98.9 <1 312

4PAA209 0.24 3.79 0.02 0.54 0.1 0.19 0.05 0.03 9.98 98.2 1 289
4PAA211 0.45 7.54 0.01 0.64 0.06 0.19 0.06 0.06 7.78 98.26 3 540

3PAA124 0.42 3.81 0.01 0.67 0.07 0.14 0.08 0.03 11 98.11 <1 313

4PAA212 0.81 2.44 <0.01 0.56 0.05 0.11 0.06 0.01 14.2 98.22 <1 161

3PAA263-A 0.1 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.26 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.39 87.6

3PAA264 0.02 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.3 0.07 <0.01 <0.01 0.72 100

2PAE211 4.43 3.49 0.01 0.58 0.04 0.22 0.1 0.1 0.78 100.1 <1 823

2PAT04 4.01 3.47 0.01 0.53 0.04 0.19 0.09 0.1 1.43 99.52 <1 844
2PAT05 1.44 9.38 0.01 0.56 0.02 0.27 0.07 0.1 1.9 99.66 <1 869
2PAT06 4.2 3.69 0.01 0.51 0.04 0.21 0.1 0.08 0.83 99.86 <1 715
2PAT11 3.51 4.98 0.03 0.51 0.02 0.19 0.07 0.09 1.44 99.07 <1 809
2PAT12 3.46 5.47 0.01 0.5 0.08 0.23 0.07 0.09 2.04 100.3 <1 793

2PAT25 4.36 3.63 0.03 0.35 0.07 0.13 0.04 0.09 0.38 99.56 <1 782
326
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA163 155 0.8 20 0.3 36 4.4 2.1 2.1 15 8.9 <1 1 76.6
4PAA134 8.8 1.2 20 10.9 39 0.5 0.3 0.2 2 0.6 1 0.1 4.1

4PAA135 8 0.8 10 0.9 32 0.3 0.2 <0.1 2 0.5 <1 0.1 4

4PAA136 7.4 1.2 10 1.1 51 0.4 0.2 0.1 2 0.5 <1 0.1 3.9
4PAA138 28.5 1.6 30 0.9 199 1.4 0.9 0.3 5 2.1 3 0.3 12.2

4PAA150 19.4 1.7 30 0.9 94 1 0.6 <0.1 3 1.2 1 0.2 8.9

4PAA186 6.7 1.7 10 1.23 204 0.42 0.27 0.11 1.5 0.44 0.9 0.09 3.5

4PAA191 9.9 1 20 1.1 9 0.6 0.4 0.4 2 0.7 <1 0.1 3.9

3PAA105 131 8.4 90 5.86 18 6.59 4.02 1.35 22.6 8.58 3.8 1.28 70
3PAA114 114.5 6.7 80 7.92 168 5.9 3.62 1.36 19.2 7.26 5.6 1.2 57.2

3PAA120 46.6 4.4 30 3.6 8 2.1 1.3 <0.1 7 3.2 2 0.4 24.2
3PAA154A 34.4 3.7 40 2.6 136 1.7 1 0.6 8 2 1 0.3 12.1
4PAA108 75.5 4.5 80 2.2 25 3.5 2.1 1.2 13 4.6 2 0.8 30

3PAA127B 63.4 7.1 80 4 21 2.6 1.7 0.9 10 4.1 2 0.7 23.2

3PAA332 9.3 1.8 20 1.73 57 0.58 0.37 0.14 2.4 0.72 0.7 0.12 4.6

2PAG60 72.1 9.7 60 8.78 13 4.07 2.45 1.03 12.3 5.15 3.4 0.82 36.3
4PAA110 50 4.2 30 1.3 11 2.6 1.6 0.7 9 3.3 2 0.5 20.2
4PAA137 6.9 1.4 10 1.1 53 0.3 0.2 0.1 2 0.5 <1 0.1 3.5

4PAA139 11.1 1 20 1 108 0.3 0.2 0.4 2 0.5 <1 <0.1 4.1

4PAA148 22.8 2.4 20 1.1 63 1.2 0.7 <0.1 4 1.6 1 0.2 11.1

4PAA149 12.2 1.5 20 0.8 13 0.8 0.5 0.1 3 1 1 0.2 4.8

4PAA181 12.2 1.3 30 0.9 13 0.7 0.4 0.4 3 0.8 1 0.1 3.9
327
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA182 11.8 1.2 20 0.6 12 0.6 0.3 0.5 2 0.6 1 0.1 4.8

4PAA187 12.8 0.7 70 2.8 14 0.8 0.5 0.7 2 0.7 2 0.2 4

4PAA188 13.4 0.8 20 0.4 13 0.8 0.5 0.1 2 1 1 0.2 5.3

4PAA194 15.8 1.1 20 1.9 11 1.1 0.8 0.3 2 1.2 1 0.2 6.6

4PAA226 5.6 0.8 30 1 10 0.3 0.2 0.5 1 0.4 1 <0.1 1.7

3PAA127A 57.5 6.7 50 3.2 27 2.8 1.8 0.6 10 4.3 2 0.7 25.2
3PAA134 20.3 3 30 1.3 209 1 0.6 0.2 5 1.4 1 0.2 8.2

4PAA183 12.4 1.2 20 0.8 176 0.8 0.5 <0.1 3 1 1 0.1 5.1

4PAA190 4.7 0.5 20 1.8 9 0.3 0.2 <0.1 1 0.3 <1 <0.1 2.5

3PAA154B 42.8 4.7 40 0.6 17 1.7 1 0.8 8 2.8 1 0.4 14.6

4PAA105 34.4 6.1 50 5.5 33 2 1.3 0.8 9 2.3 1 0.4 14

3PAA214 63.4 6.2 50 7.4 14 3.3 2.1 1.4 10 4.5 2 0.8 23.2

3PAA215 49 5.3 40 5.3 12 3.1 1.9 0.3 10 3.9 3 0.6 27

3PAA216 55 5.5 50 2.5 13 2.4 1.6 0.7 10 3.6 1 0.6 22.7

3PAA217 41.2 5.6 40 3.1 15 2.1 1.2 1 9 2.6 1 0.4 15.3

328
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA221 76.6 7.6 70 4.2 13 4.2 2.6 1.2 14 4.7 3 0.8 32.2

3PAA223 57.7 7 50 3.7 10 3.5 2.2 1.3 10 3.4 2 0.6 22

3PAA116 71 8.6 250 3.9 10 4.3 2.4 1.4 13 4.5 3 0.7 32.5
3PAA117 24 4.5 30 2.7 6 1.8 1.1 0.2 6 1.6 2 0.2 16.2

3PAA179 21.1 3.1 20 6.1 6 0.9 0.6 0.3 5 1.3 1 0.1 8.4

3PAA181 48 7.5 50 19.6 8 2.7 1.7 1.3 11 3 2 0.5 16.4

3PAA183 17.2 3.1 30 4.3 7 0.7 0.4 0.4 3 1.1 <1 0.1 6.3

3PAA185 22.2 3.4 30 10.4 9 1.5 0.9 0.3 5 1.6 1 0.3 10.2

3PAA188 12.6 1.9 20 3.5 9 0.7 0.4 0.2 3 1.1 <1 0.2 6

3PAA190 49.3 5.1 50 13.6 13 2.6 1.6 1 7 3.5 1 0.6 19.2

4PAA164 21.7 2.5 30 5.5 11 1.1 0.6 0.2 5 1.6 1 0.2 9.8

4PAA165 24.4 3.9 40 13.1 10 1.5 0.9 0.7 6 1.7 1 0.3 9.5

4PAA166 13.2 1.7 40 5.4 7 0.8 0.5 0.2 3 0.8 1 0.2 5.8

3PAA250 39.4 3.7 30 1.5 9 2.2 1.3 0.8 7 2.6 1 0.4 15.9

3PAA253 50.2 6 40 1.6 11 2.8 1.9 1 9 3.4 2 0.6 20

329
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA255 122 7.6 70 4.6 34 5.6 3.4 1.2 17 7.4 4 1 52.5

3PAA257 73.4 6.7 60 2.4 13 4.1 2.6 1.4 13 4.9 4 0.8 28.7

3PAA260 24 4.3 30 3.5 14 1.5 0.9 0.3 7 1.9 1 0.3 11.2

4PAA224 32.8 5.3 50 3.8 15 2 1.2 1.1 8 2.3 1 0.4 12.3

4PAA112 47.3 6.1 40 4.1 16 3 1.7 0.4 10 3.6 2 0.6 22.8

4PAA114 34.2 6.3 50 2.5 16 2 1.2 0.9 9 2.5 1 0.4 13.4

4PAA115 15.7 4.6 10 1.3 12 1 0.6 0.3 3 1.4 <1 0.2 6.7

4PAA117 19.6 2.9 20 2.1 9 1.4 0.7 0.4 4 1.8 1 0.2 8.9

4PAA118 28.6 4.8 40 5.3 13 1.7 1.1 0.4 8 2.1 1 0.3 12.6

4PAA119 38.1 4 30 3.5 14 2 1.2 0.4 8 2.4 1 0.4 17.2

4PAA121 31.6 3.5 30 2.8 12 1.9 1.2 0.2 7 2.6 1 0.4 16.4

4PAA123 45.1 7.4 40 4.7 20 2.9 1.9 0.6 11 3.6 2 0.6 22.2

4PAA124 29.8 3.9 30 2.7 11 1.9 1.2 0.3 7 2.4 1 0.4 15.4

4PAA223 34.9 4.2 30 4.5 15 1.9 1.2 0.2 7 2.6 1 0.4 16

4PAA107 35 5.3 40 7.8 10 2.2 1.2 0.9 8 2.3 1 0.4 13.8

4PAA235 9.6 1.5 10 0.96 <5 0.63 0.36 0.14 1.5 0.71 0.9 0.12 5.2

4PAA236 5.6 1.1 40 0.2 5 0.3 0.2 0.3 1 0.4 <1 <0.1 2.3

4PAA233 31.4 4.8 30 2.17 10 1.94 1.13 0.54 7.4 2.44 1.5 0.4 16.6
4PAA238 30.7 5.4 40 2.2 14 1.7 1 0.5 7 2.2 1 0.4 13
330
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA112 121 7.6 80 5.42 16 6.14 3.8 1.26 21 7.83 3.6 1.16 63.4

3PAA115A 96 9.2 70 6.83 223 4.98 2.95 1.33 16.4 6.19 4.1 0.97 49

3PAA121 93.7 10.2 80 10.25 16 4.8 3.01 1.04 18.4 6.08 3 0.93 50.5

4PAA228 63.6 7.7 50 3.65 24 4.06 2.46 0.95 12.6 4.88 3.2 0.83 34.5

3PAA115B 98.7 8.9 110 2.73 16 5 3.06 1.18 16.1 6.33 4.9 1 51.5
3PAA123 94.6 21.7 70 5.67 7 4.87 3.08 0.98 18.4 6.06 3.1 0.95 49.3

3PAA210 86.8 9.1 60 1.3 11 5.41 3.37 1.2 14.6 6.46 3.8 1.05 46.6

3PAA212 91.7 11.7 60 1.08 11 5.6 3.51 1.36 15.9 6.81 3.8 1.13 49

4PAA208 34.8 3.5 60 1.8 30 5.98 3.63 0.74 15.4 5.7 7.2 1.21 13.2

3PAA156 26 3 20 0.4 36 1.4 0.8 <0.1 5 1.8 1 0.2 13.6

3PAA290 58.2 6.8 40 2.64 7 3.9 2.41 0.86 10.1 4.75 3.2 0.77 30.5

4PAA202 49 5.6 50 1.56 17 3.28 2.03 0.74 11.2 3.93 2.6 0.66 26.3
4PAA203 60.6 7.4 50 1.66 36 3.69 2.29 0.83 12 4.54 2.4 0.73 31.9

3PAA177 61.2 5.2 60 8.2 27 3.4 2.2 0.8 17 4 3 0.6 29.2

3PAA211 65.6 8.4 90 1.24 11 4.16 2.65 0.94 13.2 5.01 2.5 0.83 35.1

3PAA219 111 11.8 140 2.3 11 6.8 4.4 1.8 19 6.8 8 1.2 45.3

3PAA288 44.3 7.2 50 1.8 10 2.87 1.76 0.69 9 3.41 2 0.57 23.5
331
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Dy Er Eu Ga Gd Hf Ho La
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA106 27.6 6.1 40 9.3 14 1.8 1.1 0.7 8 1.9 1 0.3 11.8

4PAA195 76 8.4 60 1.34 16 4.07 2.62 1.02 15.2 5.24 2.8 0.85 41.1

2PAG59 91.5 7.9 80 5.77 66 5.63 3.37 1.3 15.5 6.86 4.8 1.13 44

3PAA122 90.2 8 70 6.39 <5 4.52 2.93 0.99 16.8 5.93 2.7 0.93 47.9

4PAA196 96.4 9.8 70 3.56 112 5.53 3.27 1.34 15.4 6.61 4.9 1.05 51

4PAA201 69.7 4.4 50 0.54 14 3.9 2.61 0.75 12.2 4.85 2.6 0.79 40.6

4PAA209 72.9 16.4 60 2.43 14 5.52 3.68 1.52 39 5.83 3.7 1.16 39.2
4PAA211 93.1 7.9 80 1.52 198 5.24 3.03 1.27 13.8 6.65 5.4 1.02 48.2

3PAA124 111.5 9.9 90 2.8 14 5.1 3.2 1.2 20 5.8 5 0.9 45.2

4PAA212 87.2 11.2 70 1.26 29 4.64 2.69 1.24 15.8 6.17 3.1 0.93 46

3PAA263-A 44.3 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.8 <0.1 16

3PAA264 25.9 0.9 0.6 0.4 1.3 0.2 7.7

2PAE211 65 28 110 1.2 35 2.6 1.3 1.1 21 4 4 0.5 29.5

2PAT04 66.5 8.5 130 2.4 15 2.4 1.3 1 21 4 4 0.5 31.5

2PAT05 44.5 8.5 140 3 35 2.9 1.4 1.3 21 4.8 4 0.5 16.5
2PAT06 64.5 8.5 140 1 40 2.3 1.2 1.1 21 3.8 4 0.4 30
2PAT11 57.5 9.5 220 5.8 1575 2.2 1.1 1 22 3.8 4 0.4 28.5
2PAT12 59.5 2.5 140 2.8 15 1.7 0.8 0.9 22 3.6 4 0.3 24.5

2PAT25 50 3 210 5.5 5 2.8 1.7 0.9 17 3.3 5 0.6 26.5

332
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA163 0.2 <2 <1 51.5 9 22 15.4 3 8.2 1 197 <0.5 1.2
4PAA134 <0.1 <2 2 3.1 7 6 0.9 11.4 0.6 1 367 <0.5 0.1

4PAA135 <0.1 2 1 2.8 10 <5 0.8 14 0.5 1 396 <0.5 0.1

4PAA136 <0.1 2 1 2.5 6 8 0.7 8.8 0.5 <1 421 <0.5 <0.1
4PAA138 0.1 4 5 10.4 11 104 3.1 6.5 2.1 1 482 <0.5 0.3

4PAA150 0.1 4 2 7.2 9 39 2.1 9.7 1.3 1 1035 <0.5 0.2

4PAA186 0.04 <2 1.4 2.6 5 20 0.74 16.2 0.45 1 450 0.1 0.07

4PAA191 <0.1 <2 2 3.5 <5 <5 1 15.6 0.7 1 620 <0.5 0.1

3PAA105 0.55 2 24 51.4 26 8 15.2 183 9.13 3 688 1.8 1.25

3PAA114 0.52 2 22.2 43.2 28 61 12.85 332 7.51 4 354 1.7 1.13

3PAA120 0.1 2 7 16.2 18 <5 4.9 49.9 3.2 2 623 0.6 0.3
3PAA154A 0.1 2 6 7.3 16 11 2.2 47.3 2.5 2 692 <0.5 0.2
4PAA108 0.3 <2 12 23.9 15 51 7.3 2.4 4.9 2 686 0.8 0.6

3PAA127B 0.3 2 11 16 23 26 4.8 59.4 4.4 2 800 0.7 0.5

3PAA332 0.05 <2 2.2 3.8 14 56 1.07 23.1 0.65 1 1265 0.2 0.1

2PAG60 0.38 <2 14.6 28.9 23 5 8.28 103.5 5.08 2 663 1.1 0.79
4PAA110 0.2 <2 9 16.6 10 5 5 53.6 3.8 1 652 0.6 0.4
4PAA137 <0.1 2 1 2.6 9 <5 0.7 12 0.5 1 431 <0.5 <0.1

4PAA139 <0.1 2 1 2.7 6 <5 0.8 14.4 0.6 1 466 <0.5 0.1

4PAA148 0.1 2 5 9.4 12 6 2.8 37.2 1.7 1 480 <0.5 0.2

4PAA149 0.1 <2 2 5.3 7 6 1.5 18.4 0.9 1 492 <0.5 0.1

4PAA181 0.1 <2 2 4.1 10 9 1.1 26.4 0.7 1 742 <0.5 0.1
333
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA182 <0.1 <2 2 3.6 <5 9 1 10.6 0.7 1 559 <0.5 0.1

4PAA187 0.1 <2 2 4.3 <5 <5 1.2 24.4 0.9 1 1175 <0.5 0.1

4PAA188 0.1 <2 2 5.6 5 14 1.5 19.4 1 <1 2130 <0.5 0.1

4PAA194 0.1 <2 2 5.6 <5 <5 1.5 14.8 1.1 1 1585 <0.5 0.2

4PAA226 <0.1 <2 <1 1.9 <5 20 0.5 9.7 0.5 1 1790 <0.5 <0.1

3PAA127A 0.2 2 11 16.8 22 8 5.2 57.5 4.1 2 819 0.8 0.6

3PAA134 <0.1 2 4 5.8 14 405 1.7 22.6 1.4 3 689 <0.5 0.1

4PAA183 0.1 <2 2 5.3 7 19 1.4 22.5 1.1 1 718 <0.5 0.1

4PAA190 <0.1 <2 1 2.1 6 <5 0.6 6.9 0.3 <1 655 <0.5 <0.1

3PAA154B 0.2 2 5 10 20 19 2.9 44.4 2.8 3 707 <0.5 0.3

4PAA105 0.2 3 7 11.2 21 44 3.3 52.6 2.6 1 834 <0.5 0.3

3PAA214 0.3 2 9 20.5 20 <5 6 109.5 4.7 3 528 0.6 0.6

3PAA215 0.2 <2 11 22.4 19 11 6.9 129 4 1 367 0.8 0.5

3PAA216 0.2 2 9 19 20 13 5.7 72.3 3.8 2 967 0.7 0.5

3PAA217 0.2 <2 6 12.3 24 <5 3.6 59.7 2.9 2 727 <0.5 0.3
334
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA221 0.3 2 16 24.5 19 17 7.6 84.6 5.5 2 788 1.1 0.6

3PAA223 0.2 2 12 17.8 15 12 5.4 68.2 4.7 2 689 0.7 0.5

3PAA116 0.3 3 15 25.2 20 11 7.3 74.4 5.5 2 686 1.2 0.6

3PAA117 0.1 2 6 11.8 12 6 3.3 34.8 2 1 804 <0.5 0.2

3PAA179 <0.1 2 3 5.4 14 8 1.6 31.4 1.5 1 815 <0.5 0.1

3PAA181 0.2 2 7 11 22 130 3.2 94.4 4 2 472 <0.5 0.4

3PAA183 <0.1 2 2 4.3 14 12 1.1 26 1.3 1 751 <0.5 0.1

3PAA185 0.1 <2 5 8.1 13 5 2.4 46.6 1.9 <1 603 <0.5 0.2

3PAA188 <0.1 <2 2 5.1 11 42 1.4 28.9 1 1 525 <0.5 0.1

3PAA190 0.2 <2 7 16.2 16 38 4.7 76.8 3.7 2 614 0.5 0.5

4PAA164 0.1 <2 2 9.3 12 <5 2.5 27.7 1.6 1 552 <0.5 0.2

4PAA165 0.1 <2 4 8.4 12 10 2.3 43.1 1.9 1 713 <0.5 0.2

4PAA166 0.1 <2 2 5.1 14 <5 1.4 21.7 0.9 1 722 <0.5 0.1

3PAA250 0.2 <2 8 12.6 13 6 3.9 41.2 2.9 1 772 0.5 0.3

3PAA253 0.2 2 9 16.7 17 11 5 55.5 3.8 2 821 0.6 0.5

335
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA255 0.4 2 20 41.3 24 10 12.8 129.5 8.3 2 483 1.3 0.9

3PAA257 0.3 2 14 24.6 17 5 7.2 81.3 5.5 2 570 0.9 0.6

3PAA260 0.1 <2 5 9.5 19 5 2.8 57.7 2 1 729 <0.5 0.2

4PAA224 0.2 2 6 11.4 18 7 3.1 62.4 2.6 1 641 <0.5 0.3

4PAA112 0.2 <2 10 19.4 20 61 5.8 110.5 3.8 1 414 0.7 0.5

4PAA114 0.2 2 6 11.6 24 320 3.4 89.3 2.7 1 554 <0.5 0.3

4PAA115 0.1 2 2 6.5 20 40 1.8 21 1.5 1 999 <0.5 0.2

4PAA117 0.1 <2 3 7.8 86 24 2.2 29.5 1.7 <1 754 <0.5 0.2

4PAA118 0.1 2 5 10.4 22 8 3.1 47.4 2.4 1 646 <0.5 0.3

4PAA119 0.1 <2 8 13.6 16 67 4.1 44 2.8 1 693 0.5 0.4

4PAA121 0.1 <2 6 13.2 15 8 4 35.7 2.3 1 704 <0.5 0.3

4PAA123 0.2 <2 10 18.8 23 8 5.5 59.1 3.7 1 550 0.7 0.5

4PAA124 0.1 <2 7 11.9 13 <5 3.7 39.2 2.4 1 664 0.5 0.3

4PAA223 0.1 <2 6 14.8 20 13 4 53.7 2.5 1 605 0.5 0.4

4PAA107 0.1 <2 7 11.6 18 25 3.4 75.2 2.9 1 533 <0.5 0.3

4PAA235 0.06 <2 1.5 4 5 <5 1.02 11.6 0.71 <1 410 0.2 0.11

4PAA236 <0.1 2 1 1.9 15 <5 0.5 4.5 0.4 1 372 <0.5 <0.1

4PAA233 0.15 <2 6.2 13.4 16 7 3.53 44.9 2.59 1 660 0.5 0.36
4PAA238 0.1 <2 6 11.8 24 6 3.1 43.4 2.2 1 413 <0.5 0.3
336
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA112 0.52 2 22.3 48.1 23 8 14.3 171.5 8.2 3 638 1.7 1.16

3PAA115A 0.43 2 20.1 36.7 27 46 10.8 302 6.12 3 350 1.5 0.94

3PAA121 0.42 2 18.6 36.5 26 6 10.9 206 6.09 3 678 1.4 0.9

4PAA228 0.32 2 14.4 27.5 22 15 7.29 98.4 4.88 2 722 1.1 0.71

3PAA115B 0.49 2 22.6 37 23 15 11 267 6.24 4 341 1.8 0.93

3PAA123 0.43 2 18.6 36.9 20 6 10.95 136.5 6 4 661 1.4 0.87

3PAA210 0.47 2 18.2 34.5 21 9 10.15 121 6.42 3 686 1.5 0.98

3PAA212 0.5 2 18.8 36.4 24 68 10.7 111 6.69 3 724 1.5 1.01

4PAA208 0.56 <2 19.7 23.5 21 224 5.33 263 6.03 3 274 1.6 0.99

3PAA156 <0.1 <2 4 8.3 13 21 2.4 18.8 2 1 532 0.5 0.1

3PAA290 0.36 2 11.8 24.5 16 17 6.83 64.9 4.63 2 764 1 0.68

4PAA202 0.28 3 11.4 20.1 19 5 5.7 96.5 3.75 2 719 0.9 0.57
4PAA203 0.31 <2 12.6 24.6 19 8 7.13 90.7 4.5 2 626 1 0.66

3PAA177 0.2 2 12 18.2 21 77 5.6 151 4.7 2 376 0.8 0.5

3PAA211 0.36 3 13.4 26.1 36 21 7.55 81.3 4.94 2 714 1 0.76

3PAA219 0.5 <2 25 34.9 26 19 11.1 103.5 8 2 696 1.6 1

3PAA288 0.25 <2 10 18.4 21 5 5.29 61.2 3.52 2 725 0.8 0.51
337
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Lu Mo Nb Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb Sm Sn Sr Ta Tb
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA106 0.1 3 6 9.7 19 8 2.8 42.9 2.3 1 695 <0.5 0.3

4PAA195 0.37 <2 15.3 29.6 23 5 8.75 53.6 5.35 2 880 1.2 0.77

2PAG59 0.51 <2 23 37.7 28 25 10.6 235 7.04 3 589 1.7 1.07

3PAA122 0.4 2 17.8 35.4 18 <5 10.5 123.5 6.11 3 828 1.3 0.88

4PAA196 0.46 <2 19.5 36.7 19 17 10.95 245 6.63 3 663 1.6 0.98

4PAA201 0.35 <2 13 26.7 31 5 8.07 81.5 4.74 2 842 1 0.73

4PAA209 0.54 2 15.1 29.6 20 118 8.52 132.5 5.7 4 493 1.2 0.96
4PAA211 0.42 2 20.1 39.4 21 126 10.4 217 7.24 3 538 1.6 0.94

3PAA124 0.3 2 21 29.3 24 <5 9.3 88.3 7.3 3 646 1.4 0.7

4PAA212 0.34 <2 17 36.8 25 12 9.86 96.7 6.65 3 596 1.3 0.89

3PAA263-A <0.1 11.3 4.3 0.7 <0.1

3PAA264 0.1 10.2 3.1 1.4 0.2

2PAE211 0.1 18 8 30 10 35 8 109 5.3 1 788 0.5 0.5

2PAT04 0.1 2 8 28.5 5 25 7.6 133.5 4.9 1 725 0.5 0.5

2PAT05 0.1 2 8 32 20 200 7.1 237 6.7 1 573 0.5 0.6
2PAT06 0.1 8 8 29 5 10 7.7 106.5 5.1 2 799 0.5 0.5
2PAT11 0.1 26 7 26.5 5 5 6.8 155 4.6 3 630 0.5 0.4
2PAT12 0.1 2 6 27.5 5 10 7.1 183 4.8 1 638 0.5 0.4

2PAT25 0.3 2 22 18.5 <5 5 5.3 147 3.6 1 342 2 0.5

338
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA163 <1 <0.5 0.3 <0.5 9 <1 35.3 1.2 6600 8
4PAA134 2 <0.5 <0.1 1.1 8 2 3.4 0.3 119 34.1

4PAA135 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 9 1 3.1 0.2 53 10.8

4PAA136 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 9 1 2.5 0.2 108 12.9

4PAA138 5 <0.5 0.1 1.9 26 6 10.2 0.9 284 118.5

4PAA150 2 <0.5 0.1 1 11 1 6.4 0.5 523 43.5

4PAA186 1.14 <0.5 0.04 0.9 11 4 2.7 0.27 570 29

4PAA191 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.7 <5 <1 3.9 0.3 8 10.5

3PAA105 22.9 0.5 0.59 3.68 151 3 35.5 3.77 24 138

3PAA114 19.8 1 0.54 3.66 122 5 33.2 3.35 478 198

3PAA120 7 <0.5 0.1 1.4 67 2 9.7 1.2 22 41.4

3PAA154A 4 <0.5 0.1 2 57 1 7.2 0.9 50 42.4
4PAA108 10 <0.5 0.3 2.1 59 8 21.4 1.9 257 77.9

3PAA127B 7 <0.5 0.2 2.4 85 2 12.2 1.4 42 70.6

3PAA332 1.63 <0.5 0.05 0.75 14 2 3.8 0.33 37 23

2PAG60 11.35 0.5 0.36 3.01 103 4 22.7 2.24 34 121

4PAA110 7 <0.5 0.2 1.2 39 1 16.2 1.5 17 62.3
4PAA137 1 <0.5 <0.1 1.7 8 1 2.6 0.2 112 9.1

4PAA139 1 <0.5 <0.1 2.6 7 1 2.9 0.2 149 14.6

4PAA148 4 <0.5 0.1 1.7 27 1 7.8 0.7 37 26.6

4PAA149 2 <0.5 0.1 1.2 11 1 5.3 0.5 21 24.5

4PAA181 2 <0.5 0.1 2.2 12 1 5.3 0.4 69 57.5

339
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA182 1 <0.5 <0.1 2.4 <5 1 3.5 0.4 144 32.4

4PAA187 2 <0.5 0.1 3.3 18 1 4.9 0.5 18 85.4

4PAA188 2 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 6 1 4.6 0.4 46 39.7

4PAA194 2 <0.5 0.1 0.7 7 1 7.5 0.7 34 47.6

4PAA226 <1 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 <5 <1 2 0.2 35 31.4

3PAA127A 8 <0.5 0.2 2.3 84 1 12.4 1.5 39 69.5

3PAA134 3 <0.5 <0.1 1.6 35 1 5.7 0.6 424 38.5

4PAA183 2 <0.5 <0.1 1.2 9 1 5.2 0.5 91 39.1

4PAA190 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.6 <5 1 2 0.2 25 8.5

3PAA154B 4 <0.5 0.1 2.3 76 1 10.2 0.9 70 34.5

4PAA105 5 <0.5 0.2 2.2 140 1 12.4 1.2 224 43.5

3PAA214 8 <0.5 0.3 2.5 104 1 22.8 1.9 45 75.7

3PAA215 9 <0.5 0.2 1.5 87 2 18.6 1.8 88 105

3PAA216 8 <0.5 0.2 1.7 106 1 18.2 1.5 63 43.9

3PAA217 5 <0.5 0.2 1.9 158 1 14.2 1.1 87 37.2

340
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA221 12 <0.5 0.3 2.3 102 1 23.2 2.5 54 113.5

3PAA223 8 <0.5 0.2 1.7 64 1 18.8 1.9 60 72.5

3PAA116 12 <0.5 0.3 3.7 88 <1 20.8 2.5 37 113

3PAA117 4 <0.5 0.1 1.7 59 1 7.8 1.1 21 48.1

3PAA179 2 <0.5 <0.1 1.3 43 1 5 0.4 47 21.4

3PAA181 4 0.8 0.2 2.9 118 11 10.8 1.4 538 52.9

3PAA183 1 <0.5 <0.1 1.2 31 1 4.4 0.3 63 9

3PAA185 3 <0.5 0.1 1 82 1 8.2 0.8 40 32.1

3PAA188 1 <0.5 <0.1 0.7 55 <1 6.2 0.5 53 13.9

3PAA190 5 <0.5 0.2 1.3 56 1 19.4 1.4 36 42

4PAA164 2 <0.5 0.1 0.7 52 1 8.7 0.6 230 16.4

4PAA165 3 <0.5 0.1 1.1 75 1 9.2 0.8 159 27.4

4PAA166 2 <0.5 0.1 0.7 39 1 5.8 0.5 21 16.8

3PAA250 5 <0.5 0.2 1.2 66 1 14 1.2 72 36.5

3PAA253 6 <0.5 0.2 1.7 85 1 19.2 1.6 82 75.8

341
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA255 16 <0.5 0.4 2.2 110 3 31.1 3.1 68 132

3PAA257 12 <0.5 0.3 2.1 93 2 25.1 2.4 30 135

3PAA260 4 <0.5 0.1 1.3 112 1 9.9 0.9 75 27.7

4PAA224 5 <0.5 0.2 2 130 2 11.9 1.2 120 51.1

4PAA112 8 <0.5 0.2 1.6 118 1 18 1.6 78 55.6

4PAA114 5 <0.5 0.2 2.2 180 1 14 1.1 88 43.9

4PAA115 2 <0.5 0.1 1 48 <1 7.3 0.4 51 12.1

4PAA117 2 <0.5 0.1 1.1 58 1 8.7 0.6 32 18.3

4PAA118 4 <0.5 0.1 1.7 152 1 10.6 1 104 38.7

4PAA119 5 <0.5 0.1 1.1 70 1 13.2 1.2 59 32.9

4PAA121 5 <0.5 0.2 1.1 85 1 11.8 1.1 63 46.4

4PAA123 7 <0.5 0.2 2 161 2 17.2 1.5 138 57

4PAA124 5 <0.5 0.1 1 65 1 10.8 1 68 35.6

4PAA223 6 <0.5 0.2 1.2 91 1 13 1 106 36.7

4PAA107 5 <0.5 0.1 1.7 94 1 11.3 1.1 106 37.7

4PAA235 1.2 <0.5 0.05 0.99 17 4 4.4 0.34 148 31.9

4PAA236 <1 <0.5 <0.1 0.7 <5 1 2.2 0.2 61 10.4

4PAA233 5.17 <0.5 0.17 1.59 96 5 11.2 1.05 58 52.5

4PAA238 4 <0.5 0.1 1.4 118 1 10.8 0.9 96 39.8
342
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA112 20.9 0.5 0.53 3.34 141 3 33.3 3.4 22 128

3PAA115A 17.3 0.8 0.46 3.33 125 4 27.4 2.84 392 147

3PAA121 16.7 0.8 0.44 3.46 145 4 25.7 2.79 25 108

4PAA228 11.2 <0.5 0.37 3.07 121 4 22.7 2.24 65 116

3PAA115B 18.6 0.8 0.47 3.26 118 10 28.7 3.12 50 168

3PAA123 16.85 <0.5 0.42 3.36 138 4 26.6 2.81 41 108

3PAA210 15.55 <0.5 0.48 3.13 116 6 30.7 3.11 38 135

3PAA212 16.15 <0.5 0.51 3.19 117 6 32.1 3.2 241 140

4PAA208 16.4 <0.5 0.55 3.37 91 7 33.4 3.55 252 262

3PAA156 3 <0.5 <0.1 0.8 44 1 5.4 0.7 72 25.6

3PAA290 9.72 <0.5 0.36 2.53 99 5 22.8 2.4 55 117.5

4PAA202 9.46 <0.5 0.3 2.8 127 6 18.6 1.96 29 91.9

4PAA203 10.15 <0.5 0.34 2.68 128 5 21.4 2.09 30 82.8

3PAA177 7 1 0.2 2 99 5 11.6 1.9 223 71

3PAA211 11.45 <0.5 0.37 2.59 118 7 24.5 2.43 78 89.5

3PAA219 18 <0.5 0.5 2.9 97 3 34.3 4.3 64 262

3PAA288 7.75 <0.5 0.25 2.43 100 4 17.2 1.61 107 75.2
343
 Appendix A1: Major and trace element results from Antamina (XRF-06 and MS-81)
ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81 ME-MS81
SAMPLE Th Tl Tm U V W Y Yb Zn Zr
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA106 4 <0.5 0.1 2 128 1 10 1 99 42

4PAA195 13.75 <0.5 0.37 2.71 119 6 24.3 2.33 41 102.5

2PAG59 17.85 0.7 0.53 3.1 129 5 32.4 3.27 158 171

3PAA122 15.7 <0.5 0.41 3.16 138 3 25.9 2.67 19 95.8

4PAA196 16.9 <0.5 0.48 3.28 102 9 30.1 3.12 68 176.5

4PAA201 10.9 <0.5 0.37 2.79 139 6 22.7 2.32 58 94.5

4PAA209 13.05 <0.5 0.58 5.13 159 8 33.1 3.57 78 132

4PAA211 17.4 <0.5 0.43 3.03 111 5 27.4 2.74 1290 201

3PAA124 16 <0.5 0.3 3 110 2 14.8 2.7 41 102

4PAA212 15.45 <0.5 0.37 2.76 120 5 24.8 2.49 68 111.5

3PAA263-A 1 <0.1 6.4 1.1 0.1

3PAA264 2 0.1 7.5 6.2 0.5

2PAE211 9 <0.5 0.1 2.5 85 1 13.5 1.2 540 119

2PAT04 11 <0.5 0.1 3.5 80 1 12 1.2 55 120.5

2PAT05 10 0.5 0.1 3 80 1 15.5 1.3 635 136.5
2PAT06 10 <0.5 0.1 3.5 75 <1 12 1.1 40 128
2PAT11 9 0.5 0.1 2 75 7 11.5 1 60 132.5
2PAT12 11 <0.5 <0.1 2.5 55 <1 8 0.7 55 140.5

2PAT25 18 <0.5 0.3 3.5 25 1 16.5 1.9 30 169.5

344
Appendix A2: Trace element data from Antamina (ME-MS61)

345
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance to Lithology
depth dike Au-AA23 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca
ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm %
3PAA332 273452 8945325 Antamina West 152.85 - 68 Gray marble 0.87 0.98 14 30 0.32 3.13 36
152.98
3PAA263 273445 8945196 Antamina West 4148 bench 0 Green garnet 52.8 0.41 111 <10 2.8 297 16.45
exoskarn
4PAA194 273278 8945189 Antamina West 4195 bench 157 Gray marble <0.005 0.05 0.76 <5 80 0.19 0.05 32.7

4PAA134 273468 8945298 Antamina West 4225 bench 4 White marble <0.005 0.11 1.01 <5 20 0.21 0.94 32.6

4PAA135 273455 8945292 Antamina West 4225 bench 12 White marble <0.005 0.1 0.53 7 10 0.13 0.48 34.7

4PAA136 273453 8945291 Antamina West 4225 bench 18 White marble <0.005 0.28 0.58 <5 10 0.16 1.14 33.2

4PAA137 273450 8945290 Antamina West 4225 bench 22 Gray marble <0.005 0.09 0.78 7 30 0.17 0.25 32.5

4PAA138 273446 8945288 Antamina West 4225 bench 26 White marble <0.005 2.15 2.21 50 20 0.54 8.71 31.1

4PAA139 273444 8945288 Antamina West 4225 bench 29 Gray marble <0.005 0.26 0.4 12 10 0.19 0.8 33.8

4PAA188 273297 8945238 Antamina West 4225 bench 145 Gray marble <0.005 0.17 0.85 <5 100 0.33 0.32 32

4PAA183 273379 8945365 Antamina West 4270 bench 71 Light gray marble <0.005 0.48 1.1 <5 50 0.4 0.3 31.5

4PAA182 273351 8945349 Antamina West 4270 bench 98 Gray marble <0.005 0.31 0.65 <5 10 0.41 0.84 31.7

4PAA181 273317 8945335 Antamina West 4270 bench 118 Gray marble <0.005 0.14 0.85 6 40 0.32 0.08 30.8

4PAA186 273449 8945382 Antamina West Access to the 27 White marble 0.68 0.72 8 40 0.14 8.47 35.1
crusher
4PAA148 273392 8945345 Antamina West Access to the 58 Gray marble <0.005 0.16 2.15 9 100 0.54 0.45 29.8
crusher
4PAA149 273387 8945343 Antamina West Access to the 62 Gray marble <0.005 0.1 1.12 7 40 0.31 0.4 31.7
crusher
4PAA150 273383 8945340 Antamina West Access to the 70 White marble <0.005 0.75 0.94 5 30 0.24 9.4 33
crusher
4PAA187 273302 8945294 Antamina West Access to the 125 Gray marble <0.005 0.06 0.91 <5 50 0.3 0.07 31
crusher
4PAA191 273192 8945290 Antamina West West flank 239 White marble <0.005 0.06 0.8 <5 20 0.29 0.04 32.3
anticline
346

4PAA190 273177 8945254 Antamina West West flank 247 Light gray marble <0.005 0.05 0.51 9 10 0.22 0.08 32.8
anticline
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance to Lithology
depth dike Au-AA23 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca
ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm %
4PAA108 273148 8945204 Antamina West West flank 265 Tan marble <0.005 0.33 5.14 <5 10 2 1.81 27.6
anticline
4PAA110 273149 8945205 Antamina West West flank 266 Gray marble <0.005 0.07 3.52 15 80 1.21 0.44 27.2
anticline
4PAA226 273330 8945450 Antamina West 147 Gray marble <0.005 0.13 0.24 <5 30 <0.05 0.04 36

2PAE226 273519 8945300 Antamina West Green garnet <0.005 10.9 0.88 49 1.9 0.1 17.7 15.85
exoskarn
3PAA177 273255 8946180 Fortuna T5 0.5 Gray hornfels 0.021 2.25 4.96 151 210 1.54 0.3 18.25
3PAA179 273242 8946166 Fortuna T5 14 Limestone <0.005 0.25 1.52 7 30 0.45 0.05 29.2
3PAA181 273228 8946152 Fortuna T5 25 Limestone 0.005 1.91 3.66 97 50 1.35 0.09 21.3
3PAA183 273216 8946148 Fortuna T5 36 Limestone <0.005 0.31 0.91 9 20 0.35 0.04 30.5
3PAA185 273207 8946145 Fortuna T5 44 Limestone 0.105 0.18 2.34 6 60 0.71 0.07 27.8
3PAA188 273183 8946140 Fortuna T5 60 Limestone <0.005 0.09 1.28 5 50 0.35 0.04 32.3
3PAA190 273163 8946136 Fortuna T5 75 Limestone <0.005 0.06 2.75 13 50 0.95 0.1 27.3
4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna T5 108 Limestone <0.005 0.22 1.26 <5 20 0.33 0.09 31
4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna T5 132 Limestone <0.005 0.07 2.06 <5 40 0.54 0.07 26.7
4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna T5 162 Limestone <0.005 0.04 1.06 <5 40 0.27 0.04 30.4
3PAA288 273222 8946476 Fortuna T8 8 Gray hornfels 0.06 4.34 44 100 1.5 0.24 26.8
3PAA290 273230 8946484 Fortuna T8 18 Light gray hornfels 0.14 4.92 28 260 1.48 0.3 22.9

4PAA163 272809 8946294 Fortuna 0 calcite+MnOx vein 0.028 21.3 0.1 35 <10 0.05 0.17 29.8

4PAA228 273458 8945768 Fortuna 230 Tan hornfels 0.31 5.35 38 280 1.66 0.29 21.2
2PAE228 273324 8946253 Fortuna Partly mineralized 0.308 >100.0 2.39 3270 38.3 0.58 0.57 0.25
QFP dike
2PAE230 273215 8946278 Fortuna massive sulfide 0.508 >100.0 0.67 938 43.5 0.14 0.23 0.05
2PAE229A 273324 8946253 Fortuna Calcite + sulfide 1.215 >100.0 0.71 1880 15.9 0.16 1.01 19.95
vein
3PAA214 273571 8946493 Fortuna East T10 1 Limestone <0.005 0.2 4.05 21 200 1.71 0.11 21.2
3PAA215 273574 8946495 Fortuna East T10 5 Limestone <0.005 0.43 4.32 <5 70 1.43 0.15 20.2
3PAA216 273578 8946498 Fortuna East T10 10 Limestone <0.005 0.12 4.54 <5 120 1.44 0.13 23.6
3PAA217 273587 8946504 Fortuna East T10 19 Limestone <0.005 0.08 3.56 15 90 0.95 0.1 22.9
3PAA219 273598 8946512 Fortuna East T10 36 Gray hornfels <0.005 0.14 7.54 5.1 260 2.5 0.34 6
3PAA221 273611 8946520 Fortuna East T10 49 Limestone <0.005 0.09 5.77 <5 210 1.87 0.2 18.6
3PAA223 273630 8946531 Fortuna East T10 71 Limestone <0.005 0.08 3.94 6 170 1.43 0.14 22.8
2PAE227A 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 Calcite + sulfide 0.023 9.23 0.02 305 6.9 0.2 1.06 >25.0
vein
347

3PAA260 273723 8946060 Fortuna East T13 17 Limestone 0.007 0.2 2.78 143 80 0.79 0.07 25.7
3PAA257 273707 8946048 Fortuna East T13 33 Limestone <0.005 0.1 4.95 10 120 1.6 0.24 17.5
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance to Lithology
depth dike Au-AA23 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca
ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm %
3PAA255 273698 8946060 Fortuna East T13 42 Limestone <0.005 0.2 6.63 48 180 2.11 0.67 14.8
3PAA253 273674 8946064 Fortuna East T13 66 Limestone <0.005 0.09 3.76 <5 120 1.03 0.11 23.2
3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East T13 103 Limestone <0.005 0.05 2.85 8 80 0.98 0.08 27.4
4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East T13 144 Limestone <0.005 0.22 3.26 40 80 0.91 0.08 23.5
4PAA112 273791 8946476 Fortuna East T14 1 Limestone <0.005 0.19 4.1 36 130 1.22 0.15 21.2
4PAA114 273800 8946479 Fortuna East T14 10 Limestone <0.005 0.22 3.4 15 70 0.83 0.09 23.2
4PAA115 273809 8946482 Fortuna East T14 20 Limestone <0.005 0.1 1.24 10 110 0.31 0.03 29.9
4PAA117 273821 8946486 Fortuna East T14 33 Limestone <0.005 0.3 1.58 13 100 0.47 0.05 29
4PAA118 273830 8946489 Fortuna East T14 42.5 Limestone <0.005 0.2 3.16 13 120 0.63 0.09 23.5
4PAA119 273837 8946492 Fortuna East T14 50 Limestone <0.005 <0.01 2.97 9 80 0.69 0.07 25.4
4PAA121 273847 8946495 Fortuna East T14 60 Limestone <0.005 <0.01 2.86 <5 90 0.6 0.07 25
4PAA123 273870 8946503 Fortuna East T14 85 Limestone <0.005 <0.01 4.53 7 100 0.95 0.16 19
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East T14 100 Limestone <0.005 <0.01 2.8 <5 70 0.67 0.09 26
4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East T14 132 Limestone <0.005 0.11 3.11 6 90 0.97 0.1 25.5
4PAA105 273802 8946662 Fortuna East T15 0.5 Light green marble <0.005 0.44 3.59 26 140 1.07 0.74 26

4PAA106 273805 8946662 Fortuna East T15 3.5 Gray hornfels <0.005 0.22 3.1 8 190 0.81 0.11 24.3
4PAA107 273809 8946663 Fortuna East T15 8 Limestone <0.005 0.82 3.27 18 130 1.08 0.08 25.5
3PAA210 273547 8946606 Fortuna East T9 25 White hornfels 0.23 6.78 8 230 2.38 0.13 17.45
3PAA211 273554 8946612 Fortuna East T9 33 Gray hornfels 0.19 5.6 97 140 2 0.22 22.6
3PAA212 273562 8946626 Fortuna East T9 50 White hornfels 0.39 6.8 45 220 2.43 0.5 16.95
2PAE231 273865 8946314 Fortuna East Calcite + sulfide 0.36 3.39 1.82 1390 90 0.37 0.11 22.6
vein
2PAE205 274744 8945202 Oscarina dike. Partly mineralized 0.008 45.3 3.82 179 100 0.41 2.84 0.77
QFP dike
2PAE232 275018 8945208 Oscarina dike. Sericite altered QFP 0.043 >100.0 4.78 1005 140 0.32 277 0.59
dike
2PAE233 273622 8943876 Peak nine White hornfels 0.005 4.05 7.9 40 850 1.94 0.43 11.1
2PAG59 273859 8944054 Peak nine Light green 0.56 7.67 48 370 3.13 0.17 10.95
hornfels
2PAG60 273859 8944054 Peak nine Gray marble 0.18 5.47 20 180 1.5 0.19 19.65
3PAA105 273923 8946130 Quarry Bench T1 54.5 Tan marble 0.24 6.31 29 220 2.38 0.59 18.55
3PAA112 273835 8946020 Quarry Bench T1 91 Tan hornfels 0.12 8.31 18 230 3.78 0.34 12.4
3PAA156 273921 8945999 Quarry Bench T2 7.2 Light gray hornfels <0.005 0.21 1.94 14 40 0.61 0.4 30.1

3PAA154B 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 15.5 Light green marble <0.005 0.2 2.65 5 40 0.65 1.25 25.5

3PAA154 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 16 Tan marble <0.005 0.27 2.72 10 20 0.8 1.91 26.5
348

3PAA134 273950 8946030 Quarry Bench T2 50 Light gray marble 0.008 11.3 1.6 9 40 0.5 30.5 31.9
3PAA127B 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench T2 73.4 Tan marble <0.005 0.55 4.15 11 150 1.31 1.91 24.4
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance to Lithology
depth dike Au-AA23 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca
ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm %
3PAA127 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench T2 73.5 Light gray marble <0.005 0.17 3.9 30 120 1.32 0.65 24.2
3PAA115A 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench T2 86 Tan hornfels 0.72 7.62 23 310 1.89 0.43 11.9
3PAA115B 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench T2 86 White hornfels 0.33 7.9 21.5 700 1.36 0.49 9.1
3PAA124 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 93.5 Green hornfels <0.005 0.08 8.16 15 260 3.19 1.07 16.35
3PAA123 273981 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 94.3 White hornfels 0.05 7.63 17 220 2.92 0.85 16.5
3PAA122 273982 8946063 Quarry Bench T2 95.7 Light green 0.05 7.85 32 300 3.1 0.41 17.25
hornfels
3PAA121 273983 8946064 Quarry Bench T2 96.3 Tan hornfels 0.14 7.93 243 250 3.02 0.56 15.55
3PAA120 273988 8946067 Quarry Bench T2 102.5 Tan marble <0.005 0.14 3.07 25 50 0.92 0.1 27.1
3PAA117 274006 8946083 Quarry Bench T2 127 Limestone <0.005 0.12 2.78 8 40 0.73 0.08 28.2
3PAA116 274016 8946091 Quarry Bench T2 139.5 Limestone <0.005 0.09 5.17 64 90 1.54 0.18 21.9
3PAA114 274008 8946101 Quarry Bench T2 140 Tan marble 0.87 8.09 128 330 1.92 1.11 9.05
4PAA203 274882 8945565 Ridge road T21 0.6 Light gray hornfels 0.08 5.65 20 230 1.83 0.61 21.5

4PAA196 274880 8945578 Ridge road T21 2 Light green 0.73 7.23 24 780 2 4.96 12.9
hornfels
4PAA195 274878 8945584 Ridge road T21 5 Gray hornfels 0.05 6.11 126 150 2.23 0.36 19.8
4PAA209 274877 8945598 Ridge road T21 10 Light green 1.42 7.53 39 280 3.89 5.19 17.85
hornfels
4PAA211 274873 8945603 Ridge road T21 11.5 Light green 3.84 6.46 12 470 1.74 7.38 13.05
hornfels
4PAA212 274871 8945609 Ridge road T21 13 Green hornfels 0.29 6.59 132 140 2.22 0.97 19.5
4PAA201 274881 8945545 Ridge road T21A 0.3 Light green 0.04 6.03 20 290 2.41 0.5 21.9
hornfels
4PAA202 274885 8945541 Ridge road T21A 0.9 Light gray hornfels 0.04 5.37 32 280 1.66 0.29 22.2

4PAA208 274844 8945928 Ridge road 16 White hornfels 0.46 7.68 18.6 500 2.28 0.67 5.48
2PAE203 273786 8946582 Ridge road Sericite altered QFP 0.241 >100.0 4.66 1430 150 0.76 0.51 0.04
dike
2PAE220 273740 8945485 Taco Pit 55m of West Sulfide ± qtz ± 0.03 20.7 0.9 37 19.9 0.61 4.38 7.48
wall transect calcite vein
2PAE222 273700 8945420 Taco Pit QFP intrusion w/ <0.005 1 7.11 13.2 660 2.03 0.29 0.69
qtz-mo vlts
2PAE219 273740 8945485 Taco Pit Qtz+ sulfide vein 0.005 9.92 0.19 78.5 8.4 0.16 8.16 0.19
3PAA264 273590 8945263 Taco pit 4148 bench Brown garnet 6.69 0.99 30 <10 0.61 10.65 20.9
endoskarn
4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone 0.03 3.15 15 40 0.96 0.08 27.2
4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone 0.0025 0.06 3.03 5 50 0.89 0.08 26.6
349

4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone <0.01 0.69 5 30 0.23 0.01 35.3
4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone 0.0025 0.05 0.4 2.5 10 0.17 0.02 34.6
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg-CV41 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm
3PAA332 0.12 11.3 1.4 6 2.15 61.7 0.38 2.7 0.07 0.1 <0.01 0.01 0.35 5.4 13.3

3PAA263 75.4 46 81.7 56 0.75 >10000 15.15 15.9 0.21 0.1 0.07 23.2 0.03 17.3 9.7

4PAA194 0.1 15.25 1.6 15 2.21 8.1 0.3 1.75 0.14 0.1 <0.01 0.005 0.39 7.9 2.4

4PAA134 0.5 8.14 1.4 8 13.75 35.7 0.32 2.58 0.08 0.3 <0.01 0.044 0.14 3.9 5.1

4PAA135 0.31 6.62 1.2 4 1.06 23 0.21 1.55 0.09 0.1 <0.01 0.031 0.18 3.7 5.2

4PAA136 0.48 6.06 1.3 6 1.2 46.2 0.3 1.58 0.07 0.1 <0.01 0.072 0.14 3.3 3.9

4PAA137 0.37 6.31 1.6 6 1.3 39.7 0.33 2.04 0.09 0.2 <0.01 0.037 0.26 3.2 4.4

4PAA138 0.79 24.7 2.2 10 1.08 183.5 0.92 5.16 0.11 0.6 <0.01 0.071 0.1 11.8 7.6

4PAA139 0.53 7.68 1.4 8 1.29 81.2 0.43 1.24 0.07 0.1 <0.01 0.033 0.16 4.4 7.9

4PAA188 0.14 12.65 1.4 12 0.45 10.6 0.29 2.05 0.15 0.1 <0.01 0.008 0.49 5.7 3.3

4PAA183 0.38 12.65 1.8 13 0.88 185 0.39 2.82 0.1 0.2 <0.01 0.012 0.44 5.7 3.1

4PAA182 0.71 10.5 1.6 11 0.64 7.8 0.45 1.92 0.08 0.2 <0.01 0.03 0.18 5.3 6.1

4PAA181 0.29 9.17 1.7 12 0.91 6.6 0.45 2.03 0.09 0.2 0.01 0.014 0.48 4.5 2.5

4PAA186 1.53 7.25 1.3 6 1.41 202 1.29 1.62 0.05 0.2 <0.01 0.06 0.28 3.5 7.2

4PAA148 0.13 22.6 3.2 14 1.3 53.7 0.66 5.26 0.1 0.3 <0.01 0.011 0.99 11 6.5

4PAA149 0.09 11.2 1.8 12 0.87 8.8 0.43 2.83 0.09 0.2 <0.01 0.006 0.41 4.9 4.4

4PAA150 1.6 14.5 2 14 0.8 75.5 0.75 2.42 0.09 0.2 <0.01 0.116 0.21 7 3.2

4PAA187 0.05 11.3 1.3 11 3.23 10.5 0.25 2.11 0.13 0.1 <0.01 0.005 0.35 5.2 9.3

4PAA191 0.02 8.33 1.5 7 1.24 6.9 0.37 1.82 0.11 0.2 <0.01 0.005 0.26 4.4 5
350

4PAA190 0.09 5.37 1.4 8 2.02 7.2 0.31 1.16 0.1 0.1 <0.01 0.007 0.13 3 3.6
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg-CV41 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm
4PAA108 0.51 65 5.6 34 3.03 21.8 1.75 12.05 0.21 1.6 <0.01 0.017 0.03 34 4.5

4PAA110 0.04 44.1 5.6 18 1.84 11.7 1.15 8.29 0.18 0.3 <0.01 0.016 1.14 22.8 6.4

4PAA226 0.18 4.45 1.2 11 1.26 8.4 0.17 0.69 0.13 0.1 <0.01 <0.005 0.18 2.3 5.6

2PAE226 160 29 55 144 1.68 5920 14.75 16.1 0.54 1.5 0.07 26.2 0.04 11 7

3PAA177 1.47 56.5 5.7 34 9.24 34.6 1.32 14.2 0.22 1.2 0.02 0.073 4.41 30.1 8.3
3PAA179 0.14 15.75 2.9 8 6.91 6.6 0.73 3.43 0.13 0.5 0.01 0.015 0.61 8.6 13.7
3PAA181 1.44 34 6.6 23 23.6 9 1.61 8.43 0.16 1 0.06 0.048 1.94 18 7.5
3PAA183 0.21 11.6 2.9 10 5.33 7.1 0.63 2.22 0.12 0.3 <0.01 0.011 0.52 6.6 3.4
3PAA185 0.38 23.8 4.4 15 15.3 7 1.05 5.33 0.15 0.7 <0.01 0.024 0.91 12.5 14.8
3PAA188 0.36 11.55 2.5 8 4.75 5.1 0.6 2.84 0.11 0.4 <0.01 0.012 0.46 6.4 8.5
3PAA190 0.14 39.4 5.3 23 18 8.5 1.08 6.2 0.18 0.8 <0.01 0.026 1.12 20.7 12.4
4PAA164 1.89 18.75 2.6 15 5.6 6.8 0.65 3.34 0.09 0.4 0.01 0.017 0.4 9.7 7.8
4PAA165 1.08 19.9 3.8 19 13.6 6.3 0.95 5.36 0.11 0.7 <0.01 0.019 0.7 10.3 12.6
4PAA166 0.14 11.45 1.8 12 5.75 3.3 0.47 2.66 0.08 0.4 0.02 0.011 0.33 6.3 9.2
3PAA288 0.49 45 8.2 28 1.88 13.2 1.98 10.55 0.11 1 <0.1 0.044 1.22 22.6 13.7
3PAA290 0.13 56.6 7.8 28 2.75 8.2 2.03 11.55 0.12 1 <0.01 0.033 1.22 28.1 13.8

4PAA163 36.2 125 0.8 5 0.32 27.6 0.3 4.8 0.19 0.1 0.73 0.027 0.05 74.2 2.6

4PAA228 0.16 60.2 8 30 3.68 25.2 2.06 13.5 0.13 1.2 <0.01 0.032 1.7 31.1 19.2
2PAE228 >500 10.15 3.7 63 10.6 456 6.34 11.65 0.21 0.5 >10.0 1.56 1.09 5.1 5.3

2PAE230 236 3.58 1 82 2.28 629 2.17 9.59 0.12 0.1 5.09 3.6 0.3 2.5 41.3
2PAE229A 315 89.2 1.8 12 2.94 76.1 4.2 4.32 0.18 0.2 4.12 0.29 0.34 51.5 0.6

3PAA214 0.13 48.4 7.2 25 9.69 9.9 1.54 9.03 0.21 1.2 <0.01 0.025 1.6 24.1 32.5
3PAA215 0.5 55.4 6.7 30 6.71 9.7 1.77 10.1 0.22 1 <0.01 0.044 2.32 27.7 29.2
3PAA216 0.32 49.8 7.1 26 3.55 10.2 1.7 10.45 0.21 1.1 <0.01 0.038 1.26 25.6 31.7
3PAA217 0.49 32.1 5.9 21 4.05 11.3 1.55 8.13 0.18 1 <0.01 0.028 0.94 16.9 31.3
3PAA219 0.16 110.5 12.7 93 3.1 10.9 2.94 18.8 0.32 1 <0.01 0.051 2.22 53.8 60.3
3PAA221 0.2 71.9 9 39 5.6 12.2 2 13.25 0.24 1.3 <0.01 0.038 1.49 36.5 28.1
3PAA223 0.21 49 7.3 22 5.02 8.7 1.67 9.21 0.2 0.8 <0.01 0.035 1.14 25.1 28.6
2PAE227A 14.75 101.5 1.7 3 1.77 89.2 0.47 1.97 0.17 <0.1 0.18 0.415 0.01 63.6 0.7
351

3PAA260 0.58 23.2 5.6 18 4.65 10.6 1.38 6.42 0.14 0.7 <0.01 0.024 0.9 12.1 22.2
3PAA257 0.05 63.8 7.5 37 3.2 9.8 1.96 11.6 0.24 1.3 0.01 0.038 1.28 31.6 33.6
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg-CV41 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm
3PAA255 0.22 112 9.3 46 5.81 31.5 2.45 15.9 0.31 1.5 0.01 0.071 2.05 55.9 39.3
3PAA253 0.37 43.1 6.5 20 2.15 9.1 1.69 8.58 0.2 0.9 <0.01 0.032 0.92 22.3 28.1
3PAA250 0.38 36 4.4 17 2.01 6.1 1.25 7.14 0.18 0.7 <0.01 0.028 0.7 18.6 21
4PAA224 0.59 26.7 5.3 24 4.13 10.4 1.85 7.55 0.15 1 <0.01 0.026 0.72 13.7 41.2
4PAA112 0.33 47.6 7.6 27 5.12 9.4 1.81 9.41 0.22 1.1 <0.01 0.038 3.12 24.1 23
4PAA114 0.63 27.6 6.3 24 3.19 10.1 1.67 7.86 0.18 1 <0.01 0.029 1.31 14.2 20.2
4PAA115 0.37 13.6 5.2 8 1.72 7 1.32 2.69 0.12 0.4 <0.01 0.015 0.37 7 8.1
4PAA117 0.2 18.8 3.8 11 2.83 4.9 1.01 3.52 0.13 0.5 <0.01 0.018 0.55 10 12.5
4PAA118 0.88 24.6 5.2 22 6.12 10.4 1.54 8.06 0.11 1.1 <0.01 0.029 0.86 12.2 18.6
4PAA119 0.36 33 4.2 21 4.1 8.7 1.33 7.95 0.11 0.9 <0.01 0.027 0.78 16.6 17.6
4PAA121 0.49 31.4 4.2 21 3.27 7.1 1.32 7.33 0.09 0.9 <0.01 0.027 0.66 15.4 16.8
4PAA123 0.95 42.9 7.9 30 5.21 13.1 2.27 11.5 0.13 1.5 <0.01 0.044 1.06 20.7 28.5
4PAA124 0.49 30.7 4.6 18 3.19 7 1.29 7.48 0.1 0.8 0.03 0.025 0.76 15 14.8
4PAA223 0.56 33.5 5.3 19 4.79 10 1.42 7.39 0.15 0.9 <0.01 0.026 0.87 17 23.3
4PAA105 1.19 30.5 7.4 29 7.6 31.8 2.28 8.26 0.18 1.2 0.01 0.039 0.69 16.2 27.2

4PAA106 0.41 25.1 6.6 23 12.05 10.8 1.88 6.78 0.14 0.9 <0.01 0.026 0.89 13.1 18.4
4PAA107 0.7 32 5.9 23 10.6 9.9 1.58 7.51 0.16 1.1 <0.01 0.03 1.71 16.4 28.7
3PAA210 0.03 80.3 9.8 36 1.26 12.8 2.9 15.95 0.14 1.5 <0.01 0.061 2.17 41 22.2
3PAA211 0.22 60.4 8.6 28 1.16 12.2 2.52 13.85 0.12 1.1 0.3 0.046 1.47 30.9 17.9
3PAA212 1.15 83.6 12.9 37 1.04 11.1 2.95 17.05 0.15 1.3 <0.01 0.07 1.8 42.7 33.7
2PAE231 2.97 82.3 3.6 41 1.68 11.8 2.02 4.7 0.2 0.3 0.02 0.056 1.1 37 3.3

2PAE205 161 24.9 125 151 5.1 827 17.8 13.9 0.71 0.5 0.14 4.04 4.09 11.1 6

2PAE232 66.5 12.95 16.6 122 2.04 669 14.8 16 0.53 0.4 0.38 1.19 3.33 4 2.9

2PAE233 0.94 110 17.7 91 5.68 904 2.17 17.4 0.27 1.5 0.01 0.048 3.36 80.9 9.9
2PAG59 0.4 86.5 6.8 49 5.91 59 2.11 15.7 0.19 1.1 0.01 0.056 4.2 42.9 18.5

2PAG60 0.02 76.3 8.4 34 9.79 12.8 2.15 13.15 0.15 1.3 <0.01 0.03 1.46 40 22
3PAA105 <0.02 79.3 10 32 6.07 21.6 2.47 15.45 0.13 1 0.01 0.051 1.96 40.5 20.1
3PAA112 <0.02 108.5 8.8 47 5.17 18.3 2.43 22.1 0.17 0.6 <0.01 0.03 3.08 54.7 22.7
3PAA156 0.17 26.5 3.9 13 0.58 49 0.79 4.43 0.15 0.4 <0.01 0.022 0.65 14.5 2

3PAA154B 0.07 25.1 3.9 15 0.72 11.2 1.04 5.87 0.16 0.7 <0.01 0.047 1.02 13.3 1.3

3PAA154 0.04 23.8 3.7 17 3.18 193.5 1.08 6.06 0.15 0.6 <0.01 0.047 0.84 12.8 12.7
352

3PAA134 1.36 16.05 3.2 14 1.49 222 0.81 3.99 0.14 0.5 0.01 0.068 0.45 8.2 7.6
3PAA127B 0.05 44.7 7.1 44 4.97 68.8 1.42 9.89 0.18 0.8 <0.01 0.023 1.19 22.8 11.7
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg-CV41 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm
3PAA127 0.08 44.3 7.3 25 3.62 27.8 1.69 10.1 0.2 0.8 <0.01 0.023 1.2 22.9 11.8
3PAA115A 1.09 90 7.8 41 7.66 237 1.95 17.35 0.18 1.6 <0.01 0.035 6.88 45.1 34
3PAA115B 0.13 91 7.2 65 2.95 13.8 3.13 16.8 0.2 1.2 0.01 0.089 6.02 47.6 12.2
3PAA124 0.03 98.1 11.9 55 3.54 19.3 2.17 19.9 0.29 0.8 <0.01 0.11 3.64 48.8 10.3
3PAA123 0.02 86.3 23.3 47 5.47 8.4 2.34 19.35 0.14 1.1 <0.01 0.063 3.3 43.9 6.9
3PAA122 0.02 88.8 9.3 45 6.61 4.8 1.67 18.9 0.14 1.1 <0.01 0.059 3.07 45.8 22.3

3PAA121 <0.02 88.6 11.4 47 10.15 23.4 2.53 19.9 0.16 1.1 <0.01 0.017 3.32 45.5 31.8
3PAA120 0.05 29.8 5.3 21 4.22 9.1 1.36 7.2 0.15 0.6 <0.01 0.023 0.93 15.3 15.2
3PAA117 0.06 33.3 6.1 19 3.04 12.8 1.52 7.43 0.14 0.6 <0.01 0.01 0.84 17.2 12.8
3PAA116 0.04 75.7 8.8 174 4.39 15.3 2.27 12.9 0.24 0.9 0.01 0.026 1.3 37.6 16.2
3PAA114 1.38 123.5 5.9 52 9.13 181 2.68 21.4 0.2 1 0.01 0.08 5.56 56.3 39.9
4PAA203 <0.02 58.9 8.4 31 1.67 40.3 2.32 13.3 0.13 1.3 <0.01 0.044 2.53 29.7 9.6

4PAA196 0.16 93.4 10.4 48 3.53 133 2.13 17.15 0.15 1.1 <0.01 0.106 6.12 47.4 15.4

4PAA195 <0.02 71.2 9.1 37 1.3 16.3 2.4 15.8 0.12 1.5 <0.01 0.05 1.21 36.4 9.8
4PAA209 0.19 74.2 18.5 37 2.68 15.6 3.41 44.8 0.17 1.2 <0.01 0.331 3.46 37 24.7

4PAA211 6.47 85.4 7.8 48 1.45 223 2.3 14.55 0.14 0.9 <0.1 0.113 5.33 42.5 4.2

4PAA212 0.11 76.3 11.8 41 1.22 32.1 2.74 16.4 0.15 1.2 <0.01 0.07 2.11 39.5 6.9
4PAA201 <0.02 65.4 5 30 0.58 14.4 1.64 13.6 0.12 1.3 <0.01 0.039 2.81 36 5.6

4PAA202 <0.02 50.6 6.7 31 1.72 18 2.24 13.2 0.12 1.4 <0.01 0.046 2.55 25.6 13.2

4PAA208 0.94 37.6 4 44 2.04 34.7 1.28 18.9 0.15 1.2 <0.01 0.033 5.94 13.4 6.3
2PAE203 10.05 150 7.6 74 4.33 923 2.69 16.3 0.26 0.5 0.7 1.585 3.92 90.3 20.9

2PAE220 17.3 13.25 324 139 13.55 >10000 23.3 6.21 0.82 0.3 0.01 5.17 0.56 6.1 39.8

2PAE222 7.94 44.5 5.6 82 6.29 821 1.4 15.75 0.19 0.2 0.01 0.068 4.33 22.6 33.7

2PAE219 23.5 7.22 20.9 204 1.25 >10000 4.6 1.44 0.19 0.1 0.01 1.735 0.15 3.6 19.6
3PAA264 0.95 26.8 3.3 104 1.14 3900 17.65 24.6 0.12 1.3 0.01 12.25 0.04 7.7 5

4PAA233 0.54 29.6 5 22 2.19 10.7 1.23 7.8 0.09 1 0.03 0.021 0.8 15.2 20.1
4PAA238 0.67 29.2 5.9 29 2.56 10 1.39 7 0.16 1.2 0.01 0.025 0.78 14.8 20.8
353

4PAA235 1.25 8.74 1.5 6 0.98 2.5 0.33 1.67 0.05 0.3 <0.01 <0.005 0.23 4.6 8
4PAA236 0.02 4.86 1.4 9 0.31 2.6 0.34 1.01 0.11 0.2 0.005 0.0025 0.09 2.8 5
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta
% ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA332 0.78 211 0.55 0.11 2.7 1 230 81.9 26.8 <0.002 0.22 0.32 3 <0.2 1450 0.19

3PAA263 2.38 1920 7.3 0.02 0.3 16.7 130 190 2.3 0.008 6.28 1 33 34.2 5 <0.05

4PAA194 0.61 99 0.6 0.16 2.3 5.7 130 2.9 14 <0.002 0.19 0.1 1 0.2 1760 0.15

4PAA134 0.86 292 0.73 0.05 2.2 2 150 9.4 12 <0.002 0.11 0.39 1 0.5 447 0.16

4PAA135 0.58 153 0.35 0.04 1.2 1.7 160 7.5 11.4 <0.002 0.13 0.26 1 0.4 499 0.07

4PAA136 0.58 137 1.15 0.05 1.4 1.7 180 14.6 8.6 <0.002 0.17 0.19 <1 0.4 490 0.09

4PAA137 0.48 154 1.21 0.06 1.5 3.3 240 3.5 12.6 0.005 0.22 0.13 1 0.3 499 0.11

4PAA138 0.94 1100 3.26 0.03 4.6 5.1 570 201 5.3 <0.002 0.17 5.97 1 0.7 621 0.36

4PAA139 0.56 173 1.07 0.02 1 2.6 310 8.7 13 0.005 0.33 0.73 1 0.3 547 0.06

4PAA188 0.65 102 0.94 0.15 2.6 4 120 23.3 18.9 <0.002 0.17 2.04 <1 0.4 2330 0.17

4PAA183 0.63 143 1.18 0.12 2.6 4.3 220 47.2 22 <0.002 0.25 0.33 1 0.5 925 0.18

4PAA182 0.82 128 1.16 0.07 1.8 3.3 640 13.4 10.2 <0.002 0.28 0.13 1 0.4 654 0.12

4PAA181 0.73 135 0.56 0.07 2.7 3.7 320 11.6 21.5 <0.002 0.28 0.25 <1 0.4 873 0.18

4PAA186 0.61 172 1.02 0.09 1.7 <0.2 250 24.7 17.8 0.002 1.59 0.5 3 0.7 486 0.1

4PAA148 0.72 155 1.37 0.2 4.7 5.6 600 13.9 37.6 0.002 0.39 0.34 1 0.7 615 0.36

4PAA149 0.59 126 1.33 0.13 2.4 3.4 220 9.2 18.6 <0.002 0.29 0.24 1 0.4 637 0.18

4PAA150 0.6 162 3.5 0.11 2 3.4 220 47.1 7.9 <0.002 0.47 0.16 1 0.5 1130 0.14

4PAA187 0.59 146 0.77 0.16 2.1 3.6 450 3.1 22.6 0.011 0.19 0.45 <1 0.4 1235 0.15

4PAA191 0.69 238 0.21 0.06 1.8 5.1 160 3.6 13.2 <0.002 0.18 0.2 <1 0.3 762 0.12
354

4PAA190 0.66 156 0.46 0.03 1.2 4.1 120 4.7 6.4 <0.002 0.17 0.21 <1 0.2 899 0.08
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta
% ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA108 1.44 1280 0.83 0.02 11 12.7 410 68.9 1.8 <0.002 0.03 1.95 1 1.8 817 0.84

4PAA110 0.96 365 0.71 0.3 8.4 10.8 310 9.7 49 <0.002 0.52 1.38 1 1.1 814 0.63

4PAA226 0.7 111 0.32 0.01 0.5 5.2 80 32.6 9.5 <0.002 0.06 0.27 1 0.2 1980 <0.05

2PAE226 0.22 1350 20 0.02 2.5 6.8 90 178 6.1 0.009 4.67 0.54 23 21.6 4.4 0.1

3PAA177 1 2960 1.13 0.04 11.2 19.2 660 132.5 185 0.003 0.64 3.31 1 1.5 397 0.79
3PAA179 1.36 286 1.09 0.02 2.6 8.5 380 7.9 33.2 <0.002 0.38 0.22 1 0.3 925 0.18
3PAA181 1.98 2240 0.46 0.03 6.5 19 770 180.5 98.3 <0.002 0.8 3.56 1 0.9 493 0.47
3PAA183 0.77 309 0.75 0.01 1.8 8.8 260 12.7 25.5 <0.002 0.61 0.31 1 <0.2 764 0.11
3PAA185 1.35 265 0.59 0.03 4.4 14.2 450 8.3 48.7 <0.002 0.4 0.33 1 0.5 751 0.3
3PAA188 0.84 213 0.72 0.02 2.1 8.5 300 6.5 23.7 <0.002 0.21 0.22 1 0.2 661 0.14
3PAA190 1.05 349 0.55 0.04 6.6 12 650 7.6 56.7 <0.002 0.37 0.32 1 0.8 733 0.48
4PAA164 0.9 496 0.63 0.06 2.4 6.4 420 4.8 23.4 <0.002 0.3 0.63 1 0.4 711 0.16
4PAA165 1.42 303 0.52 0.04 4 9.4 380 8.4 41.7 <0.002 0.32 0.22 1 0.7 817 0.28
4PAA166 0.67 192 0.36 0.03 1.9 4.2 290 3.9 19.4 <0.002 0.17 0.14 <1 0.4 888 0.13
3PAA288 1.77 488 0.82 0.4 10.5 11.4 630 8.8 64 <0.002 0.56 0.56 3 1.3 801 0.73
3PAA290 1.58 401 1.39 0.64 12.1 12.4 800 28.5 67 <0.002 0.54 0.57 2 1.8 846 0.89

4PAA163 0.35 42800 0.18 0.01 0.3 2.2 40 32.7 2.1 <0.002 0.51 0.64 1 0.6 245 <0.05

4PAA228 1.5 308 1.22 0.39 14 16.2 600 21.2 95.9 <0.002 0.81 1.36 3 1.9 775 0.99
2PAE228 0.16 812 2.03 0.02 3.5 6.4 510 >10000 64.5 0.003 >10.00 49.2 21 2.2 25.7 0.22

2PAE230 0.05 184 1.34 0.01 1.4 4.2 120 >10000 18.9 0.004 8.65 52.9 5 2.6 19.3 <0.05
2PAE229A 0.19 >10000 0.77 0.01 1.5 3.7 200 >10000 21 0.003 9.08 30.8 8 1.3 80.9 0.08

3PAA214 1.38 443 1.16 0.23 8.6 14.6 490 5.4 80.5 0.004 0.45 0.19 1 1.5 598 0.66
3PAA215 1.46 380 0.98 0.04 10.4 13.8 480 23.4 119 0.003 0.52 0.29 1 1.5 452 0.79
3PAA216 1.65 309 1.07 0.42 9.4 15 430 11 60.4 <0.002 0.51 0.43 1 1.5 1090 0.69
3PAA217 1.67 289 0.83 0.34 5.7 17.6 490 7.8 45.6 0.002 0.51 0.34 1 1 826 0.42
3PAA219 1.71 307 1.16 1.11 21.2 23.9 990 21.8 101 0.002 0.88 0.46 2 2.7 763 1.67
3PAA221 1.59 446 1.36 0.62 14.8 16.6 820 8.4 77.1 <0.002 0.69 0.44 1 2.2 936 1.16
3PAA223 1.53 457 1.28 0.39 10.2 13.6 550 6.7 63 <0.002 0.53 0.43 1 1.2 768 0.75
2PAE227A 0.16 >10000 7.27 0.01 0.2 0.3 <10 >10000 1.2 0.002 0.32 28 2 0.7 161 <0.05
355

3PAA260 1.44 306 0.91 0.12 4.7 16.2 440 8.6 50 <0.002 0.66 2.49 1 0.7 913 0.32
3PAA257 1.54 380 1.3 0.61 12.3 13.8 680 5.7 70.3 <0.002 0.64 3.33 1 1.7 627 0.98
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta
% ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA255 1.6 381 1.28 0.62 17.5 19.1 830 19.4 117.5 <0.002 0.68 2.97 1 2.2 546 1.32
3PAA253 1.38 390 1.01 0.46 7.9 14.2 470 13.7 47.3 <0.002 0.5 0.83 1 1.1 862 0.6
3PAA250 1.38 363 0.82 0.28 7.1 11.8 340 7.6 36.5 <0.002 0.3 0.29 1 0.9 918 0.5
4PAA224 1.81 335 1.59 0.19 5.6 14.1 550 9.9 53.3 <0.002 0.45 1.63 1 1 746 0.39
4PAA112 1.97 719 0.96 0.05 9.2 16 730 5.4 97.6 <0.002 0.38 0.45 1 1.3 505 0.68
4PAA114 1.52 365 0.94 0.02 5.7 19.7 540 7.1 69.6 <0.002 0.73 0.45 1 0.8 638 0.41
4PAA115 0.76 378 1.11 0.11 2 18.2 330 11.8 17.3 <0.002 1.06 0.34 1 0.2 1045 0.13
4PAA117 0.91 427 0.47 0.09 2.8 11.4 390 30.4 27.5 0.002 0.46 0.93 1 0.3 916 0.19
4PAA118 1.52 371 1.27 0.18 5.2 15.8 540 9.8 48.5 0.003 0.66 0.94 <1 1 758 0.37
4PAA119 1.6 313 0.59 0.21 7.1 9 340 7.1 43.8 <0.002 0.29 0.3 1 1.2 826 0.5
4PAA121 1.52 352 1.13 0.29 5.9 9.6 410 9.4 36.1 <0.002 0.4 0.39 1 1 874 0.43
4PAA123 2.46 497 0.47 0.32 8.8 19 860 13.3 60.5 <0.002 0.72 0.34 1 1.6 659 0.66
4PAA124 1.35 297 0.53 0.23 6.7 10 340 8.7 42.2 <0.002 0.43 0.37 1 1.1 797 0.48
4PAA223 1.5 313 0.7 0.23 6.5 13.6 380 15.3 45.5 <0.002 0.45 0.35 1 1.1 796 0.46
4PAA105 2.41 589 3.17 0.26 6.5 20.6 620 71.6 46.9 <0.002 0.41 1.04 1 1 879 0.45

4PAA106 1.94 416 2.98 0.4 5.2 17.6 620 7.7 39.2 <0.002 0.47 0.71 1 0.7 788 0.37
4PAA107 1.52 529 0.77 0.21 6.3 16 490 49.7 72.1 <0.002 0.48 0.46 <1 0.8 611 0.46
3PAA210 1.75 525 1.18 1.24 17.8 17.2 780 12.2 116 <0.002 0.67 0.88 3 2.7 710 1.3
3PAA211 1.8 442 1.16 0.58 13 13 570 27.7 78.5 <0.002 0.57 0.63 2 2 736 0.92
3PAA212 1.86 455 1.12 1.19 18.3 17 760 77.7 105.5 <0.002 0.55 0.57 3 2.7 729 1.3
2PAE231 0.24 1240 0.82 0.03 5.2 5.7 200 1445 53.2 0.003 1.98 5.15 1 0.9 525 0.3

2PAE205 0.11 592 18 0.08 4.7 23.2 490 >10000 160 0.015 >10.00 45.2 37 7.2 118 0.26

2PAE232 0.09 730 10.4 0.06 4.4 6.5 500 >10000 100 0.016 >10.00 65.2 33 7.8 184 0.21

2PAE233 1.41 2030 5.17 0.27 20.8 23.5 580 1800 160 0.003 0.63 5.48 5 2.4 619 1.33
2PAG59 2.34 575 1.01 0.68 22.7 21.3 980 30.1 231 0.004 0.95 2.05 2 3.2 574 1.62

2PAG60 1.78 374 0.99 0.56 15.3 14.9 1010 4.3 99.5 0.004 0.66 1.89 2 1.5 677 1.13
3PAA105 1.56 391 1.07 0.65 16 16.7 520 15.8 112 <0.002 0.76 1.19 3 2.4 728 1.14
3PAA112 1.65 224 1.03 0.96 21.5 19.6 780 14.4 155.5 <0.002 0.98 0.82 2 2.9 630 1.57
3PAA156 1.29 354 0.96 0.1 3.6 12.4 630 36.8 26.2 <0.002 0.46 0.37 1 1 629 0.24

3PAA154B 1.86 298 0.62 0.15 4.5 10.8 370 23.3 33.9 0.004 0.69 0.44 2 1.2 742 0.33

3PAA154 1.91 335 0.69 0.14 4.6 12 360 10 51.5 <0.002 0.89 0.26 2 1.3 737 0.35
356

3PAA134 1.46 237 0.82 0.1 4 8.1 310 915 21.7 <0.002 0.48 0.61 2 2 823 0.28
3PAA127B 1.77 343 1.15 0.33 9.5 16.1 500 32 59.3 0.002 0.79 0.38 1 1.7 969 0.7
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta
% ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA127 1.66 331 0.98 0.31 9.7 16 460 14.1 59.4 <0.002 0.71 0.64 1 1.3 917 0.7
3PAA115A 1.88 380 1.47 0.28 21.6 20.2 540 67.4 319 0.003 1.2 0.36 3 2.9 357 1.56
3PAA115B 1.19 559 1.63 0.18 24.5 16.7 620 18.9 226 0.003 2.56 1.33 4 3.2 337 1.78
3PAA124 1.78 437 1.34 0.35 19 23.4 670 6.1 124.5 <0.002 1.17 0.91 2 3.2 705 1.46
3PAA123 1.67 413 1.26 0.35 18 15.3 630 10 127.5 <0.002 1 1.96 3 3.3 665 1.32
3PAA122 1.76 444 1.04 0.63 18.5 14.6 700 5.7 125 <0.002 0.61 1.22 3 3.1 889 1.35

3PAA121 1.69 338 1.14 0.3 18.4 22.5 700 11.4 202 <0.002 1.09 1.85 3 2.9 723 1.31
3PAA120 1.3 384 0.79 0.16 5.7 13.4 460 4.9 59.9 <0.002 0.41 0.56 1 0.8 779 0.42
3PAA117 1.68 391 1.25 0.13 6.1 <0.2 390 5.2 59.3 0.003 0.72 0.39 3 0.9 870 0.4
3PAA116 1.87 427 1.78 0.38 14.1 10.9 460 6.9 94.2 0.004 0.83 0.46 2 2 678 0.99
3PAA114 2.05 230 1.88 0.3 25.1 21.6 970 74.4 325 0.005 1.67 1.15 3 4 361 1.81
4PAA203 1.53 499 0.87 0.58 12.6 15.6 740 9.3 91.7 <0.002 0.65 0.66 3 1.9 649 0.9

4PAA196 1.65 448 0.71 0.22 20.1 16.3 950 20.2 204 <0.002 1.14 1.01 4 2.8 704 1.45

4PAA195 1.73 386 0.65 0.93 15.1 16.6 500 6.6 52.5 <0.002 0.66 0.89 3 2.2 859 1.07
4PAA209 2.11 777 1.74 0.16 15.8 16.2 920 140.5 138 <0.002 1.21 3.65 3 3.5 509 1.15

4PAA211 1.33 432 1.81 0.25 19.8 16.4 870 177.5 168 <0.002 1.18 0.64 4 2.7 548 1.45

4PAA212 1.7 397 0.76 0.63 16.1 20.4 510 18.2 90.5 <0.002 0.69 0.61 3 2.4 615 1.14
4PAA201 1.86 755 0.66 0.26 12.8 27.7 770 3.6 80.8 <0.002 0.16 0.66 3 1.9 887 0.94

4PAA202 1.66 512 2.32 0.64 12.2 15.1 870 5 104 <0.002 0.5 0.88 3 1.8 800 0.85

4PAA208 2.12 566 1.17 0.18 22.4 21.1 1210 305 191 <0.002 0.74 2.11 3 3 298 1.63
2PAE203 0.14 26 1.37 0.05 3.1 3.6 680 >10000 140 0.002 3.75 107 1 2.2 132 0.06

2PAE220 1.34 1505 20.8 0.02 3 49.1 300 345 72.1 0.007 >10.00 2.06 43 24.6 26.9 0.15

2PAE222 0.53 150 1075 1.16 3.4 4.7 680 58.6 140 0.17 0.51 2.04 2 2.4 339 0.22

2PAE219 0.12 76 2210 0.01 0.6 13.2 40 514 10.8 1.08 4.69 1.78 8 5.9 3.4 <0.05
3PAA264 0.55 2150 21.3 0.02 2.6 2 230 154 5.2 0.004 0.64 0.36 3 107 6 0.16

4PAA233 1.51 249 0.66 0.13 6 9.4 370 8.9 44.7 <0.002 0.4 0.19 3 1 721 0.41
4PAA238 0.93 278 0.47 0.14 5.6 17.2 430 7.2 40 0.001 0.45 0.25 1 1 527 0.39
357

4PAA235 0.67 154 0.31 0.02 1.5 2 120 1.5 11 <0.002 0.16 0.05 3 0.2 437 0.09
4PAA236 0.56 172 0.13 0.03 0.9 4.7 150 1.1 4 0.001 0.06 0.23 1 0.2 473 0.05
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA332 0.19 1.7 0.049 0.25 0.6 9 0.3 3.2 33 3.1

3PAA263 1.77 0.7 0.005 0.46 6.1 5 730 0.7 >10000 3.8

4PAA194 0.21 1.6 0.039 0.06 0.5 8 0.3 7.1 25 1.4

4PAA134 0.1 1.6 0.043 0.13 1.3 10 1.7 3.7 132 10.1

4PAA135 0.13 0.8 0.023 0.07 0.9 8 0.2 2.6 72 3.8

4PAA136 0.14 0.9 0.029 0.08 1 8 0.3 2.4 106 3.2

4PAA137 0.14 1.1 0.035 0.07 2.1 11 0.4 2.8 84 4.7

4PAA138 0.21 4.5 0.091 0.04 2.1 20 7.2 9.2 244 17

4PAA139 0.38 0.7 0.021 0.27 2.9 7 0.5 2.4 134 3

4PAA188 0.15 2 0.046 0.08 0.7 8 0.3 4.4 31 1.6

4PAA183 0.17 2.3 0.046 0.12 1.7 12 0.4 5.4 89 6.4

4PAA182 0.14 1.1 0.035 0.06 2.5 7 0.4 3.6 148 4.6

4PAA181 0.12 1.5 0.053 0.13 1.6 9 0.3 3.9 67 6

4PAA186 0.93 1.1 0.035 0.18 0.7 7 1.1 2.1 610 4.9

4PAA148 0.08 4.3 0.089 0.19 2.1 24 0.5 7.7 32 9.3

4PAA149 0.14 2.2 0.047 0.13 1.4 12 0.4 5.5 19 5.1

4PAA150 0.29 1.5 0.047 0.05 1.1 12 0.7 5.5 558 4.6

4PAA187 0.12 1.9 0.046 0.15 3.3 7 0.7 4.4 11 4.6

4PAA191 0.18 1.6 0.034 0.1 0.8 8 0.2 3.4 5 4.5

358

4PAA190 0.16 0.8 0.023 0.07 0.9 5 0.1 2 25 3.7

 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA108 0.34 10.7 0.223 0.03 2.3 49 9 17.7 244 48.3

4PAA110 0.19 7.2 0.159 0.48 1 34 0.4 14.5 16 8.8

4PAA226 0.16 0.3 0.009 0.25 0.8 7 0.1 1.8 30 1.6

2PAE226 0.41 1.8 0.03 0.21 6.8 13 240 4.1 >10000 60.3

3PAA177 0.53 7.4 0.243 3.45 1.8 106 2.4 16.9 190 38.2
3PAA179 0.08 2.3 0.064 0.38 1.2 41 0.3 6 25 16.2
3PAA181 0.2 4.8 0.173 1.84 1.9 118 2.2 12.7 436 33.1
3PAA183 0.21 1.3 0.042 0.37 1 30 0.2 4.7 38 10.9
3PAA185 0.12 3.3 0.113 0.59 1.3 74 0.4 8.9 38 25.1
3PAA188 0.19 1.6 0.059 0.32 0.9 41 0.2 5 48 12.9
3PAA190 0.1 5.3 0.142 0.59 1.3 42 0.6 14.3 25 27.1
4PAA164 0.1 1.7 0.058 0.3 0.7 37 0.2 7.7 225 13.6
4PAA165 0.06 2.9 0.099 0.47 1.2 59 0.4 9.3 138 23.4
4PAA166 0.06 1.5 0.047 0.23 0.7 26 0.2 5.7 15 11
3PAA288 0.06 7.1 0.238 0.43 1.8 94 0.6 15.9 113 30.5
3PAA290 0.06 9.3 0.26 0.4 1.7 89 0.9 21.1 46 30.1

4PAA163 0.11 0.2 0.005 0.09 0.2 6 0.2 28.5 5390 1.6

4PAA228 0.21 10 0.299 0.82 2.1 102 0.9 21.8 63 36.6

2PAE228 3.11 3 0.1 6.62 1 44 2.3 3.5 >10000 16.8

2PAE230 6.88 0.8 0.03 1.71 0.4 25 1.1 0.3 >10000 5.2
2PAE229A 0.96 0.9 0.03 0.44 0.3 25 0.9 17.9 >10000 6

3PAA214 0.1 7.6 0.193 0.96 1.8 76 1 15.9 29 39.3

3PAA215 0.07 8.9 0.21 1.04 1.7 74 1.2 17.2 89 32.7
3PAA216 0.11 8 0.198 0.56 1.9 84 0.8 15 60 34.9
3PAA217 0.08 4.7 0.161 0.59 1.7 116 0.5 10.3 64 31.7
3PAA219 0.05 16 0.436 0.92 1.6 89 1.9 30.6 56 26.9
3PAA221 0.09 11.6 0.302 0.96 2.1 87 1.2 20.1 44 40.3
3PAA223 0.09 7.4 0.179 0.62 1.3 49 0.9 16.4 47 25.3
2PAE227A 0.32 <0.2 <0.01 4.92 0.2 4 2 15.6 3020 1.7
359

3PAA260 0.22 3.7 0.126 0.56 1.5 92 0.5 8.8 76 24.3

3PAA257 0.08 11.2 0.248 0.59 1.9 75 1.2 20.5 22 39.5
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA255 0.09 14.7 0.344 0.84 2.1 92 2 26.1 61 44.9
3PAA253 0.1 6.4 0.178 0.39 1.6 72 0.8 15.2 71 28.3
3PAA250 0.08 5.1 0.144 0.31 1.2 53 0.6 12.2 62 24.5
4PAA224 0.06 4.6 0.154 0.48 1.9 102 0.9 10.4 100 33.2
4PAA112 0.08 7.8 0.203 0.99 2 92 0.9 15.9 73 37.1
4PAA114 0.11 4.4 0.161 0.6 2.1 130 0.5 10.2 70 32.9
4PAA115 0.25 1.5 0.051 0.24 1.2 37 0.2 6 44 11.2
4PAA117 0.18 2.3 0.069 0.27 1.4 47 0.3 8.4 23 16
4PAA118 0.06 3.9 0.147 0.52 2 126 0.5 11.2 96 36
4PAA119 0.05 5.4 0.143 0.32 1.5 55 0.6 13.4 54 32
4PAA121 0.05 4.7 0.133 0.32 1.5 68 0.5 12.7 63 29.9
4PAA123 0.06 7 0.222 0.55 2.5 133 0.8 17.8 127 49.3
4PAA124 0.07 4.9 0.137 0.31 1.3 56 0.6 12.4 65 29
4PAA223 0.13 5.1 0.142 0.38 1.5 71 0.6 11.5 90 29.2
4PAA105 0.14 5 0.168 0.5 2.4 118 0.5 10.9 219 40

4PAA106 0.18 3.8 0.142 0.53 2.1 109 0.4 8.9 73 29.5
4PAA107 0.08 5.2 0.149 0.76 1.9 84 0.8 11.1 97 33.2
3PAA210 <0.05 13.9 0.375 0.44 2 103 1.5 27.1 31 40.9
3PAA211 <0.05 9.9 0.283 0.27 1.8 98 1.2 21.7 75 33.3
3PAA212 <0.05 13.8 0.383 0.42 1.9 104 1.6 28.1 260 33.7
2PAE231 0.9 4.4 0.09 0.46 0.5 25 1.8 31.7 653 8.8

2PAE205 16 1.8 0.13 2.1 0.9 33 82.5 4.3 >10000 13.5

2PAE232 16.95 0.8 0.13 4.93 0.9 36 160 7.8 >10000 9.8

2PAE233 2.29 17.3 0.36 1.36 2.4 135 21.4 24 317 49

2PAG59 0.21 16.6 0.424 1.29 1.4 114 1.6 25.4 149 21.6

2PAG60 0.08 11.9 0.273 0.91 2.1 91 1.1 19.7 26 37.3

3PAA105 0.09 12.9 0.332 0.87 1.6 81 1.6 24.1 30 27.8
3PAA112 <0.05 17.7 0.435 0.92 1.4 124 1.4 27.7 14 15
3PAA156 0.2 2.8 0.086 0.22 0.9 58 0.3 8.7 48 12.6

3PAA154B 0.4 4 0.1 0.56 1.3 60 0.5 8.7 33 19.2

3PAA154 0.34 3.8 0.102 0.83 1.2 59 0.4 8.7 24 17.6

360

3PAA134 1.03 2.8 0.084 0.43 1.3 31 0.3 6.1 401 15.3
3PAA127B 0.14 6 0.21 0.6 1.4 82 0.7 14 51 22.4
 Appendix A2: Trace element results from Antamina (MS-61)
Sample N°
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PAA127 0.12 6.2 0.216 0.6 1.5 85 0.6 14.7 26 24.5
3PAA115A 0.22 18.1 0.378 1.53 2.3 117 1.6 24.1 398 45.2
3PAA115B 0.28 21.4 0.424 1.44 2.1 113 1.5 24.8 42 21.4
3PAA124 0.34 15.8 0.37 0.64 1.9 126 1.3 23.2 19 18.9
3PAA123 0.26 14.7 0.369 0.57 2.1 128 1.9 23.2 25 26.4
3PAA122 0.14 15.4 0.385 0.59 2.4 134 1.2 24.2 20 31.2

3PAA121 0.15 14.8 0.389 1.53 2.1 133 2.7 23.5 20 30.8
3PAA120 0.1 4.5 0.131 0.67 1.3 71 0.5 10.6 17 20.2
3PAA117 <0.05 4.7 0.132 0.55 1.5 72 0.5 12 18 23
3PAA116 0.06 12.1 0.263 0.78 1.9 85 0.9 22.6 27 32.9
3PAA114 0.2 20.4 0.416 1.68 1.7 115 1.9 28.9 493 20.8
4PAA203 0.14 9.7 0.286 0.29 2 122 1.6 19.8 18 35.3

4PAA196 1.15 16.2 0.401 0.78 2.1 95 2.3 27.8 63 24.1

4PAA195 <0.05 12.7 0.309 0.18 2 104 1.7 21.4 23 38.7

4PAA209 0.59 12.8 0.343 0.45 4.4 148 3 32.9 73 28.3

4PAA211 0.79 15.7 0.398 0.54 1.6 92 2 26.1 1650 19.8

4PAA212 0.48 13.3 0.323 0.28 1.8 99 1.7 23 65 39.4

4PAA201 0.16 10 0.304 0.22 2 125 1.5 20.8 47 27.3

4PAA202 0.08 9.5 0.279 0.41 2.2 120 1.6 18 28 38.2

4PAA208 0.3 16.7 0.455 1.01 1.8 93 4.9 32.8 296 29.6
2PAE203 4.44 2.4 0.2 3.25 1 99 4 2.3 3210 11.9

2PAE220 1.46 1.8 0.04 0.79 1.6 24 16.1 4 2940 6

2PAE222 0.09 9.3 0.14 2.22 1.3 55 6.8 6.7 139 4.8

2PAE219 0.48 0.4 0.02 0.2 0.5 9 4.7 1 1120 1.4

3PAA264 0.2 2 0.047 0.23 6.8 27 150 6 290 54.4

4PAA233 0.05 5.1 0.144 0.37 1.6 80 0.5 11.1 62 33.2

4PAA238 0.14 4.6 0.139 0.55 1.8 91 0.5 10.7 95 40
361

4PAA235 0.05 1.1 0.032 0.06 0.9 9 0.1 3.5 177 11

4PAA236 0.11 0.6 0.016 0.05 0.8 5 0.1 2 55 5
Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha
Formations at Antamina

362
 Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha Formations at Antamina
Sample N° Formation SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 SrO BaO LOI TOTAL C total CO2 SO3
% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % total
65201 Jumasha 18.23 1.88 0.53 35.82 7.02 0.05 0.11 N.A. 0.12 0.01 0.07 N.A. N.A. 34.24 98.08 9.56 34.2 n/a
65202 Jumasha 2.83 0.65 0.29 51.44 1.11 0.005 0.25 0.12 0.01 0.08 41.71 98.49 11.96 42.42 n/a
4PAA235 Jumasha 5.02 1.16 0.44 49.21 1.11 0.05 0.16 <0.01 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.03 <0.01 41 98.27
Yanacancha
4PAA236 Jumasha 2.45 0.65 0.5 52.71 0.91 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.05 <0.01 42.4 99.88
Yanacancha
LS03 L. Celendin 0.47 0.2 0.19 53.44 1.51 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.01 0 43.66 99.81 0.06 43.3 0.21
LS04 L. Celendin 0.2 0.17 0.18 54.5 0.81 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 43.69 99.79 0.03 43.51 0.13
LS01 U. Celendin 13.56 4.02 1.81 41.56 2.43 0.2 0.66 0.18 0.04 0.07 34.47 99.84 0.08 33.82 0.84
LS02 U. Celendin 19.87 6.65 3.14 35.35 2.66 0.32 0.57 0.31 0.05 0.08 28.27 99.89 0.06 28.16 2.62
LS05 U. Celendin 27.62 8.53 3.84 29.2 2.74 0.49 1.53 0.46 0.07 0.1 23.84 99.93 0.05 23.47 1.51
65203 U. Celendin 33.8 9.34 3.6 24.08 2.7 0.65 1.4 0.48 0.05 0.18 28.77 99.05 5.71 20.23 n/a
65204 U. Celendin 28.15 8.49 2.39 26.91 2.3 0.61 1.47 0.5 0.03 0.15 26.32 97.32 6.5 22.91 n/a
65205 U. Celendin 15.7 5.09 1.61 39.4 2.24 0.25 0.57 0.32 0.03 0.1 32.67 97.98 9.1 32.3 n/a
65206 U. Celendin 38.63 10.48 4.34 18.03 2.89 0.25 2.22 0.56 0.09 0.21 20.68 98.38 5.07 17.82 n/a
4PAA233 Celendin 15.93 5.36 1.67 37.97 2.43 0.16 0.67 0.03 0.21 0.03 0.08 0.06 0.01 33.9 98.5
Yanacancha
4PAA238 Celendin 16.58 4.83 1.94 39.73 1.46 0.17 0.77 0.01 0.3 0.04 0.08 0.05 0.01 33.1 99.05
Yanacancha

Data extracted from Geology and Development History of the Antamina Copper-Zinc Skarn Deposit, Peru:
Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 11, p. 259-277. (Redwood, S, 2004)
Gray shadow fields correspond to new data obtained in this study

Aluminum content in limestones around Antamina Sodium content in limestones around Antamina

100 1

10 0.1
Al2O3 wt%

Na2O wt%

1 0.01

0.1 0.001
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

SiO2 wt% SiO2 wt%

Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE

363
 Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha Formations at Antamina

Fe2O3 content in limestones around Antamina Potassium content in limestones around Antamina

10 10

1
Fe2O3 wt%

K2O wt%
1

0.1

0.1 0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

SiO2 wt% SiO2 wt%

Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE

Magnesium content in limestones around Antamina TiO2 content in limestones around Antamina

10 1
MgO wt%

TiO2 wt%

1 0.1

0.1 0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

SiO2 wt% SiO2 wt%

Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE

364
 Appendix A3: Previous geochemical data of Celendin and Jumasha Formations at Antamina

Antamina carbonate characterization Antamina carbonate characterization

100 100
LOI wt%

CO2 wt%
10 10

1
1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
CaO wt% CaO wt%

Jumasha SR Jumasha AE Celendin SR Celendin AE Jumasha SR Celendin SR

365
Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina

366
 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina

SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr*

4PAA163 323.21 252.85 165.95 112.69 55.41 37.30 44.72 33.24 17.89 18.32 13.13 12.15 7.45 8.13 43.36 1.11 0.75 0.98

4PAA134 17.30 14.36 9.70 6.78 4.05 3.55 3.02 2.77 2.03 1.83 1.88 2.02 1.86 2.03 9.28 1.13 1.02 0.98

4PAA135 16.88 13.05 8.62 6.13 3.38 0.89 2.51 2.77 1.22 1.83 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 13.59 1.08 0.30 0.96

4PAA136 16.46 12.07 7.54 5.47 3.38 1.78 2.51 1.39 1.63 1.83 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 13.25 1.06 0.61 0.93

4PAA138 51.48 46.49 33.41 22.76 14.19 5.33 10.55 8.31 5.69 5.49 5.63 4.05 5.59 4.07 9.21 1.19 0.44 1.03

4PAA150 37.55 31.65 22.63 15.75 8.78 0.89 6.03 5.54 4.07 3.66 3.75 4.05 3.11 4.07 12.09 1.13 0.12 1.01

4PAA186 14.77 10.93 7.97 5.69 3.04 1.95 2.21 1.94 1.71 1.65 1.69 1.62 1.68 1.63 8.81 1.02 0.75 1.01

4PAA191 16.46 16.15 10.78 7.66 4.73 7.10 3.52 2.77 2.44 1.83 2.50 2.02 1.86 2.03 8.83 1.27 1.74 0.97

3PAA105 295.36 213.70 163.79 112.47 61.69 23.98 43.12 34.63 26.79 23.44 25.13 23.89 23.42 22.36 12.61 1.00 0.46 1.06

3PAA114 241.35 186.79 138.47 94.53 50.74 24.16 36.48 31.30 23.98 21.98 22.63 21.86 20.81 21.14 11.60 1.06 0.56 1.04

3PAA120 102.11 76.02 52.80 35.45 21.62 0.89 16.08 8.31 8.54 7.33 8.13 4.05 7.45 4.07 13.70 1.06 0.05 1.02

3PAA154A 51.05 56.12 23.71 15.97 16.89 10.66 10.05 5.54 6.91 5.49 6.25 4.05 5.59 4.07 9.13 1.62 0.82 0.79

4PAA108 126.58 123.16 78.66 52.30 33.11 21.31 23.12 16.62 14.23 14.65 13.13 12.15 11.80 12.20 10.73 1.31 0.77 0.98

3PAA127B 97.89 103.43 51.72 35.01 29.73 15.99 20.60 13.85 10.57 12.82 10.63 8.10 8.70 12.20 11.26 1.49 0.65 0.86

3PAA332 19.41 15.17 11.53 8.32 4.39 2.49 3.62 2.77 2.36 2.20 2.31 2.02 2.05 2.03 9.47 1.04 0.62 1.03

2PAG60 153.16 117.62 89.22 63.24 34.32 18.29 25.88 21.88 16.54 15.02 15.31 14.57 13.91 15.45 11.01 1.03 0.61 1.03
4PAA110 85.23 81.57 53.88 36.32 25.68 12.43 16.58 11.08 10.57 9.16 10.00 8.10 9.32 8.13 9.15 1.27 0.60 0.99

4PAA137 14.77 11.26 7.54 5.69 3.38 1.78 2.51 1.39 1.22 1.83 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 11.89 1.05 0.61 0.94
367
 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina

SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr*

4PAA139 17.30 18.11 8.62 5.91 4.05 7.10 2.51 2.77 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 13.93 1.50 2.23 0.83

4PAA148 46.84 37.19 30.17 20.57 11.49 0.89 8.04 5.54 4.88 3.66 4.38 4.05 4.35 4.07 10.77 1.04 0.09 1.09

4PAA149 20.25 19.90 16.16 11.60 6.08 1.78 5.03 2.77 3.25 3.66 3.13 4.05 3.11 4.07 6.52 1.18 0.32 1.06

4PAA181 16.46 19.90 11.85 8.97 4.73 7.10 4.02 2.77 2.85 1.83 2.50 4.05 2.48 4.07 6.62 1.48 1.63 0.89

4PAA182 20.25 19.25 10.78 7.88 4.73 8.88 3.02 2.77 2.44 1.83 1.88 2.02 2.48 2.03 8.15 1.30 2.35 0.88

4PAA187 16.88 20.88 12.93 9.41 6.08 12.43 3.52 2.77 3.25 3.66 3.13 4.05 3.11 4.07 5.43 1.50 2.69 0.92

4PAA188 22.36 21.86 16.16 12.25 6.76 1.78 5.03 2.77 3.25 3.66 3.13 2.02 2.48 4.07 9.00 1.19 0.30 0.99

4PAA194 27.85 25.77 16.16 12.25 7.43 5.33 6.03 5.54 4.47 3.66 5.00 4.05 4.35 4.07 6.41 1.22 0.80 0.91

4PAA226 7.17 9.14 5.39 4.16 3.38 8.88 2.01 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 5.77 1.53 3.41 0.87

3PAA127A 106.33 93.80 56.03 36.76 27.70 10.66 21.61 16.62 11.38 12.82 11.25 8.10 9.32 8.13 11.41 1.26 0.44 0.95

3PAA134 34.60 33.12 18.32 12.69 9.46 3.55 7.04 2.77 4.07 3.66 3.75 2.02 3.73 2.03 9.28 1.34 0.44 0.89

4PAA183 21.52 20.23 15.09 11.60 7.43 0.89 5.03 2.77 3.25 1.83 3.13 2.02 3.11 4.07 6.93 1.15 0.15 0.98

4PAA190 10.55 7.67 6.47 4.60 2.03 0.89 1.51 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 8.49 0.96 0.51 1.09

3PAA154B 61.60 69.82 31.25 21.88 18.92 14.21 14.07 8.31 6.91 7.33 6.25 4.05 5.59 8.13 11.02 1.60 0.87 0.80

4PAA105 59.07 56.12 35.56 24.51 17.57 14.21 11.56 8.31 8.13 7.33 8.13 8.10 7.45 8.13 7.93 1.27 1.00 0.96

3PAA214 97.89 103.43 64.66 44.86 31.76 24.87 22.61 16.62 13.41 14.65 13.13 12.15 11.80 12.20 8.29 1.37 0.93 0.95
368
 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina

SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr*

3PAA215 113.92 79.93 74.35 49.02 27.03 5.33 19.60 13.85 12.60 10.99 11.88 8.10 11.18 8.13 10.19 0.93 0.23 1.19

3PAA216 95.78 89.72 61.42 41.58 25.68 12.43 18.09 13.85 9.76 10.99 10.00 8.10 9.32 8.13 10.28 1.24 0.58 1.01

3PAA217 64.56 67.21 38.79 26.91 19.59 17.76 13.07 8.31 8.54 7.33 7.50 8.10 6.83 8.13 9.45 1.39 1.11 0.91

3PAA221 135.86 124.96 81.90 53.61 37.16 21.31 23.62 16.62 17.07 14.65 16.25 12.15 15.53 12.20 8.75 1.25 0.72 1.00

3PAA223 92.83 94.13 58.19 38.95 31.76 23.09 17.09 13.85 14.23 10.99 13.75 8.10 11.80 8.13 7.87 1.35 0.99 0.96

3PAA116 137.13 115.82 78.66 55.14 37.16 24.87 22.61 16.62 17.48 12.82 15.00 12.15 15.53 12.20 8.83 1.14 0.86 0.98

3PAA117 68.35 39.15 35.56 25.82 13.51 3.55 8.04 5.54 7.32 3.66 6.88 4.05 6.83 4.07 10.00 0.79 0.34 1.12

3PAA179 35.44 34.42 17.24 11.82 10.14 5.33 6.53 2.77 3.66 1.83 3.75 2.02 2.48 2.03 14.27 1.40 0.65 0.85

3PAA181 69.20 78.30 34.48 24.07 27.03 23.09 15.08 11.08 10.98 9.16 10.63 8.10 8.70 8.13 7.96 1.61 1.14 0.79

3PAA183 26.58 28.06 11.85 9.41 8.78 7.10 5.53 2.77 2.85 1.83 2.50 2.02 1.86 2.03 14.27 1.49 1.02 0.73

3PAA185 43.04 36.22 25.86 17.72 12.84 5.33 8.04 5.54 6.10 5.49 5.63 4.05 4.97 4.07 8.66 1.13 0.52 1.02

3PAA188 25.32 20.55 15.09 11.16 6.76 3.55 5.53 2.77 2.85 3.66 2.50 2.02 3.11 2.03 8.15 1.07 0.58 1.00

3PAA190 81.01 80.42 50.65 35.45 25.00 17.76 17.59 13.85 10.57 10.99 10.00 8.10 8.70 8.13 9.32 1.31 0.85 0.95

3PAA253 84.39 81.89 53.88 36.54 25.68 17.76 17.09 13.85 11.38 10.99 11.88 8.10 9.94 8.13 8.49 1.28 0.85 0.98

3PAA255 221.52 199.02 137.93 90.37 56.08 21.31 37.19 24.93 22.76 18.32 21.25 16.19 19.25 16.26 11.50 1.21 0.47 1.03
369
 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina

SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr*

3PAA257 121.10 119.74 77.59 53.83 37.16 24.87 24.62 16.62 16.67 14.65 16.25 12.15 14.91 12.20 8.12 1.30 0.82 0.97

3PAA260 47.26 39.15 30.17 20.79 13.51 5.33 9.55 5.54 6.10 5.49 5.63 4.05 5.59 4.07 8.45 1.09 0.47 1.06

4PAA112 96.20 77.16 62.50 42.45 25.68 7.10 18.09 13.85 12.20 10.99 10.63 8.10 9.94 8.13 9.68 1.05 0.33 1.09

4PAA114 56.54 55.79 36.64 25.38 18.24 15.99 12.56 8.31 8.13 7.33 7.50 8.10 6.83 8.13 8.28 1.29 1.06 0.97

4PAA115 28.27 25.61 19.40 14.22 10.14 5.33 7.04 5.54 4.07 3.66 3.75 4.05 2.48 4.07 11.38 1.14 0.63 1.02

4PAA117 37.55 31.97 23.71 17.07 11.49 7.10 9.05 5.54 5.69 3.66 4.38 4.05 3.73 4.07 10.08 1.11 0.70 1.01

4PAA118 53.16 46.66 33.41 22.76 16.22 7.10 10.55 8.31 6.91 5.49 6.88 4.05 6.21 4.07 8.56 1.16 0.54 1.03

4PAA119 72.57 62.15 44.18 29.76 18.92 7.10 12.06 11.08 8.13 7.33 7.50 4.05 7.45 4.07 9.74 1.15 0.47 1.03

4PAA121 69.20 51.55 43.10 28.88 15.54 3.55 13.07 8.31 7.72 7.33 7.50 8.10 6.83 4.07 10.13 1.00 0.25 1.12

4PAA123 93.67 73.57 59.27 41.14 25.00 10.66 18.09 13.85 11.79 10.99 11.88 8.10 9.32 8.13 10.05 1.03 0.50 1.08

4PAA107 58.23 57.10 36.64 25.38 19.59 15.99 11.56 8.31 8.94 7.33 7.50 4.05 6.83 4.07 8.52 1.29 1.06 0.96

4PAA164 41.35 35.40 26.94 20.35 10.81 3.55 8.04 5.54 4.47 3.66 3.75 4.05 3.73 4.07 11.10 1.08 0.38 1.00

4PAA165 40.08 39.80 24.78 18.38 12.84 12.43 8.54 5.54 6.10 5.49 5.63 4.05 4.97 4.07 8.07 1.29 1.19 0.92

4PAA166 24.47 21.53 15.09 11.16 6.08 3.55 4.02 2.77 3.25 3.66 3.13 4.05 3.11 4.07 7.88 1.14 0.72 0.97

3PAA250 67.09 64.27 42.03 27.57 19.59 14.21 13.07 8.31 8.94 7.33 8.13 8.10 7.45 8.13 9.00 1.29 0.89 1.00

4PAA224 51.90 53.51 33.41 24.95 17.57 19.54 11.56 8.31 8.13 7.33 7.50 8.10 7.45 8.13 6.96 1.32 1.37 0.91
370
 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina

SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr*

4PAA124 64.98 48.61 39.87 26.04 16.22 5.33 12.06 8.31 7.72 7.33 7.50 4.05 6.21 4.07 10.46 1.01 0.38 1.12

4PAA223 67.51 56.93 43.10 32.39 16.89 3.55 13.07 11.08 7.72 7.33 7.50 8.10 6.21 4.07 10.87 1.08 0.24 1.00

4PAA235 21.94 15.66 10.99 8.75 4.80 2.49 3.57 3.05 2.56 2.20 2.25 2.02 2.11 2.44 10.39 0.97 0.60 0.94
4PAA236 9.70 9.14 5.39 4.16 2.70 5.33 2.01 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03 7.81 1.25 2.29 0.87

4PAA233 70.04 51.22 38.04 29.32 17.50 9.59 12.26 9.97 7.89 7.33 7.06 6.88 6.52 6.10 10.74 0.98 0.65 0.98
4PAA238 54.85 50.08 33.41 25.82 14.86 8.88 11.06 8.31 6.91 7.33 6.25 4.05 5.59 4.07 9.81 1.17 0.69 0.93

3PAA112 267.51 197.39 154.09 105.25 55.41 22.38 39.35 32.13 24.96 21.25 23.75 21.46 21.12 21.14 12.67 1.01 0.48 1.07

3PAA115A 206.75 156.61 116.38 80.31 41.35 23.62 31.11 26.04 20.24 17.77 18.44 18.62 17.64 17.48 11.72 1.04 0.66 1.04

3PAA121 213.08 152.85 117.46 79.87 41.15 18.47 30.55 24.93 19.51 17.03 18.81 17.81 17.33 17.07 12.30 0.99 0.52 1.06

4PAA228 145.57 103.75 78.56 60.18 32.97 16.87 24.52 19.67 16.50 15.20 15.38 14.98 13.91 13.01 10.46 0.96 0.59 0.99

3PAA115B 217.30 161.01 118.53 80.96 42.16 20.96 31.81 25.76 20.33 18.32 19.13 19.03 19.38 19.92 11.21 1.03 0.57 1.04

3PAA123 208.02 154.32 118.00 80.74 40.54 17.41 30.45 24.10 19.80 17.40 19.25 17.00 17.45 17.48 11.92 1.02 0.50 1.06

3PAA210 196.62 141.60 109.38 75.49 43.38 21.31 32.46 27.15 21.99 19.23 21.06 19.43 19.32 19.11 10.18 0.99 0.57 1.06

3PAA212 206.75 149.59 115.30 79.65 45.20 24.16 34.22 27.98 22.76 20.70 21.94 20.65 19.88 20.33 10.40 0.99 0.61 1.06

4PAA208 55.70 56.77 57.44 51.42 40.74 13.14 28.64 27.42 24.31 22.16 22.69 22.27 22.05 22.76 2.53 1.05 0.38 1.06

3PAA156 57.38 42.41 25.86 18.16 13.51 0.89 9.05 2.77 5.69 3.66 5.00 2.02 4.35 2.03 13.20 1.08 0.08 0.93

3PAA290 128.69 94.94 73.60 53.61 31.28 15.28 23.87 18.84 15.85 14.10 15.06 14.57 14.91 14.63 8.63 0.99 0.56 1.03
371
 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina

SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr*

4PAA202 110.97 79.93 61.42 43.98 25.34 13.14 19.75 15.79 13.33 12.09 12.69 12.15 12.17 11.38 9.12 0.98 0.59 1.04

4PAA203 134.60 98.86 76.83 53.83 30.41 14.74 22.81 18.28 15.00 13.37 14.31 13.77 12.98 12.60 10.37 1.00 0.56 1.05

3PAA177 123.21 99.84 60.34 39.82 31.76 14.21 20.10 13.85 13.82 10.99 13.75 8.10 11.80 8.13 10.44 1.18 0.56 0.96

3PAA211 148.10 107.01 81.36 57.11 33.38 16.70 25.18 21.05 16.91 15.20 16.56 14.98 15.09 14.63 9.81 0.99 0.58 1.04

3PAA219 191.14 181.08 119.61 76.37 54.05 31.97 34.17 27.70 27.64 21.98 27.50 20.24 26.71 20.33 7.16 1.29 0.74 1.02

3PAA288 99.16 72.27 57.00 40.26 23.78 12.26 17.14 14.13 11.67 10.44 11.00 10.12 10.00 10.16 9.92 0.98 0.61 1.06

4PAA106 49.79 45.02 30.17 21.23 15.54 12.43 9.55 8.31 7.32 5.49 6.88 4.05 6.21 4.07 8.02 1.20 1.02 0.98

4PAA195 173.42 123.98 94.29 64.77 36.15 18.12 26.33 21.33 16.54 15.57 16.38 14.98 14.47 15.04 11.98 0.99 0.59 1.05

2PAG59 185.65 149.27 114.22 82.49 47.57 23.09 34.47 29.64 22.89 20.70 21.06 21.46 20.31 20.73 9.14 1.05 0.57 1.03

3PAA122 202.11 147.15 113.15 77.46 41.28 17.58 29.80 24.38 18.37 17.03 18.31 16.60 16.58 16.26 12.19 1.00 0.50 1.06

4PAA196 215.19 157.26 118.00 80.31 44.80 23.80 33.22 27.15 22.48 19.23 20.44 19.43 19.38 18.70 11.10 1.01 0.62 1.05

4PAA201 171.31 113.70 86.96 58.42 32.03 13.32 24.37 20.22 15.85 14.47 16.31 14.98 14.41 14.23 11.89 0.95 0.48 1.07

4PAA209 165.40 118.92 91.81 64.77 38.51 27.00 29.30 26.59 22.44 21.25 23.00 23.48 22.17 21.95 7.46 0.98 0.80 1.05

4PAA211 203.38 151.88 112.07 86.21 48.92 22.56 33.42 26.04 21.30 18.68 18.94 17.41 17.02 17.07 11.95 0.99 0.56 0.98

3PAA124 190.72 181.89 100.22 64.11 49.32 21.31 29.15 19.39 20.73 16.48 20.00 12.15 16.77 12.20 11.37 1.37 0.56 0.93
372
 Appendix A4: Chondrite normalized REE data from Antamina

SAMPLE La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu LaN/YbN Ce/Ce° Eu/Eu° Pr/Pr*

4PAA212 194.09 142.25 106.25 80.53 44.93 22.02 31.01 24.65 18.86 17.03 16.81 14.98 15.47 13.82 12.55 0.98 0.59 0.99

3PAA263-A 67.51 72.27 46.34 24.73 4.73 10.66 4.02 1.39 0.41 0.92 0.63 2.02 0.62 2.03 108.69 1.50 2.44

3PAA264 32.49 42.25 33.41 22.32 9.46 7.10 6.53 5.54 3.66 3.66 3.75 4.05 3.11 4.07 10.46 1.47 0.90

2PAE211 124.47 106.04 86.21 65.65 35.81 19.54 20.10 13.85 10.57 9.16 8.13 4.05 7.45 4.07 16.70 1.05 0.73

2PAT04 132.91 108.48 81.90 62.36 33.11 17.76 20.10 13.85 9.76 9.16 8.13 4.05 7.45 4.07 17.83 1.05 0.69

2PAT05 69.62 72.59 76.51 70.02 45.27 23.09 24.12 16.62 11.79 9.16 8.75 4.05 8.07 4.07 8.62 1.04 0.70
2PAT06 126.58 105.22 82.97 63.46 34.46 19.54 19.10 13.85 9.35 7.33 7.50 4.05 6.83 4.07 18.53 1.05 0.76
2PAT11 120.25 93.80 73.28 57.99 31.08 17.76 19.10 11.08 8.94 7.33 6.88 4.05 6.21 4.07 19.36 0.99 0.73

2PAT12 103.38 97.06 76.51 60.18 32.43 15.99 18.09 11.08 6.91 5.49 5.00 2.02 4.35 4.07 23.78 1.12 0.66

2PAT25 111.81 81.57 57.11 40.48 24.32 15.99 16.58 13.85 11.38 10.99 10.63 12.15 11.80 12.20 9.47 1.02 0.80

Normalization standard CI carbonaceous chondrite (McDonough & Sun 95)

[1] Mcdonough, W.F. & Sun, S.-S., 1995, The composion of the Earth, Chemical Geology, Vol.120, pp228
La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
0.237 0.613 0.093 0.457 0.148 0.056 0.199 0.036 0.246 0.055 0.16 0.025 0.161 0.025

La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Limestones (min) 9.70 9.14 5.39 4.16 2.70 2.49 2.01 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 2.02 1.24 2.03
Limestones (max) 221.52 199.02 137.93 90.37 56.08 24.87 37.19 24.93 22.76 18.32 21.25 16.19 19.25 16.26

Marble (min) 7.17 7.67 5.39 4.16 2.03 0.89 1.51 1.39 1.22 0.92 1.25 1.62 1.24 1.63
Marble (max) 295.36 213.70 163.79 112.47 61.69 24.16 43.12 34.63 26.79 23.44 25.13 23.89 23.42 22.36

Intrusive rocks (min) 69.62 72.59 57.11 40.48 24.32 15.99 16.58 11.08 6.91 5.49 5.00 2.02 4.35 4.07
Intrusive rocks (max) 132.91 108.48 86.21 70.02 45.27 23.09 24.12 16.62 11.79 10.99 10.63 12.15 11.80 12.20
373
Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at
Antamina West

374
 Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Antamina West
Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge
Au 1
Ag -1.45E-16 1.000
Al -9.57E-17 0.209 1.000
As 4.29E-17 0.849 0.244 1.000
Ba 0 -0.190 0.146 -0.080 1.000
Be -1.02E-16 0.109 0.971 0.113 0.067 1.000
Bi -1.02E-16 0.831 0.178 0.597 -0.201 0.082 1.000
Ca -7.92E-16 -0.083 -0.850 -0.175 -0.357 -0.837 -0.023 1.000
Cd -3.85E-16 0.562 0.019 0.210 -0.387 0.006 0.833 0.123 1.000
Ce 1.23E-16 0.189 0.984 0.198 0.162 0.977 0.186 -0.819 0.050 1.000
Co 3.51E-17 0.059 0.951 0.158 0.231 0.932 0.093 -0.848 -0.020 0.950 1.000
Cr -1.16E-16 0.037 0.850 -0.077 0.212 0.888 0.102 -0.703 0.070 0.898 0.814 1.000
Cs 2.39E-16 -0.140 0.071 -0.135 -0.136 0.020 -0.081 -0.020 0.006 0.012 -0.010 -0.011 1.000
Cu -6.76E-18 0.760 0.083 0.580 -0.087 -0.005 0.551 -0.019 0.446 0.047 -0.018 -0.055 -0.090 1.000
Fe 1.79E-16 0.342 0.951 0.313 -0.006 0.938 0.383 -0.777 0.267 0.955 0.913 0.840 -0.024 0.158 1.000
Ga -6.63E-17 0.207 0.999 0.237 0.136 0.971 0.179 -0.845 0.038 0.982 0.953 0.847 0.071 0.093 0.952 1.000
Ge 0 -0.054 0.744 -0.010 0.377 0.766 -0.073 -0.595 -0.282 0.800 0.728 0.793 -0.043 -0.221 0.640 0.725 1.000
Hf 3.39E-17 0.288 0.874 0.180 -0.190 0.884 0.244 -0.609 0.184 0.862 0.725 0.819 0.135 0.117 0.878 0.874 0.609
Hg 9.95E-16 -0.076 -0.080 -0.035 0.019 -0.047 -0.110 -0.125 -0.048 -0.098 -0.062 0.011 -0.091 -0.153 -0.038 -0.089 -0.132
In 2.59E-16 0.567 -0.076 0.308 -0.381 -0.148 0.823 0.246 0.892 -0.073 -0.098 -0.158 0.045 0.415 0.132 -0.061 -0.358
K -1E-16 -0.254 0.276 -0.002 0.816 0.200 -0.258 -0.535 -0.405 0.253 0.456 0.169 -0.164 -0.106 0.144 0.276 0.270
La -2.36E-17 0.162 0.979 0.179 0.132 0.979 0.166 -0.803 0.044 0.998 0.951 0.894 0.015 0.021 0.953 0.977 0.799
Li -2.44E-17 0.222 0.134 0.401 -0.101 0.091 0.070 -0.120 -0.072 0.106 0.105 -0.098 0.090 0.121 0.103 0.139 0.012
Mg -2.95E-16 0.255 0.870 0.211 -0.112 0.890 0.175 -0.665 0.093 0.867 0.777 0.793 0.250 0.010 0.857 0.868 0.667
Mn 0 0.604 0.794 0.551 -0.255 0.758 0.455 -0.521 0.234 0.773 0.616 0.616 0.111 0.329 0.822 0.788 0.529
Mo 2.19E-16 0.796 0.125 0.570 -0.041 0.018 0.926 -0.080 0.796 0.117 0.057 0.058 -0.169 0.631 0.310 0.134 -0.193
Na -2.89E-17 -0.221 0.270 -0.065 0.830 0.206 -0.137 -0.552 -0.293 0.283 0.422 0.230 -0.103 -0.124 0.147 0.267 0.353
Nb -7.06E-17 0.168 0.992 0.217 0.214 0.972 0.133 -0.880 -0.021 0.986 0.961 0.861 0.051 0.042 0.937 0.990 0.772
Ni 1.33E-16 0.033 0.889 0.106 0.252 0.898 0.006 -0.745 -0.168 0.918 0.911 0.867 -0.080 -0.092 0.838 0.877 0.892
P 0 0.421 0.411 0.421 0.040 0.388 0.261 -0.535 0.207 0.382 0.354 0.275 -0.147 0.254 0.444 0.423 0.028
Pb -7.33E-17 0.958 0.378 0.818 -0.158 0.284 0.742 -0.176 0.437 0.356 0.201 0.221 -0.107 0.702 0.466 0.372 0.166
Rb 9.01E-17 -0.297 0.228 -0.023 0.734 0.162 -0.326 -0.512 -0.441 0.197 0.408 0.091 -0.075 -0.095 0.082 0.229 0.212
Re 1.45E-16 -0.155 -0.141 -0.069 0.034 -0.134 -0.159 -0.011 -0.157 -0.144 -0.174 -0.144 0.042 -0.059 -0.197 -0.146 -0.035
S 2.83E-16 0.010 0.066 0.115 0.387 0.022 0.228 -0.332 0.236 0.076 0.280 0.007 -0.285 0.112 0.164 0.079 -0.149
Sb -6.74E-17 0.842 0.451 0.862 0.011 0.363 0.570 -0.314 0.192 0.430 0.289 0.213 -0.066 0.521 0.481 0.439 0.320
Se -1.21E-16 0.237 0.284 0.217 -0.019 0.209 0.261 -0.038 0.340 0.296 0.314 0.253 0.120 0.335 0.322 0.312 0.040
Sn 3.09E-16 0.193 0.975 0.158 0.034 0.970 0.197 -0.791 0.128 0.964 0.915 0.848 0.103 0.092 0.946 0.980 0.689
Sr -1.11E-16 -0.139 -0.160 -0.250 0.522 -0.122 -0.094 0.192 -0.194 -0.056 -0.143 0.186 -0.199 -0.240 -0.200 -0.182 0.460
Ta -5.65E-17 0.188 0.996 0.239 0.202 0.970 0.150 -0.878 -0.012 0.984 0.960 0.854 0.059 0.058 0.942 0.993 0.760
Te 5.89E-16 0.263 0.336 0.154 -0.288 0.401 0.392 -0.085 0.443 0.432 0.331 0.455 -0.174 0.240 0.527 0.338 0.277
Th 1.8E-16 0.207 0.997 0.241 0.179 0.973 0.158 -0.854 -0.015 0.987 0.945 0.861 0.044 0.085 0.942 0.995 0.772
Ti 1.12E-16 0.181 0.995 0.214 0.167 0.977 0.166 -0.871 0.023 0.987 0.956 0.866 0.056 0.042 0.952 0.993 0.759
Tl 1.35E-17 -0.272 0.172 0.042 0.337 0.145 -0.289 -0.240 -0.344 0.173 0.387 0.056 0.025 -0.124 0.108 0.176 0.215
U 3.23E-16 0.196 0.199 0.183 -0.183 0.227 0.060 -0.297 0.155 0.173 0.112 0.153 0.007 0.255 0.227 0.212 -0.090
V 0 0.182 0.989 0.215 0.139 0.954 0.175 -0.802 0.048 0.973 0.960 0.844 0.037 0.089 0.948 0.992 0.713
W 1.9E-17 0.607 0.744 0.495 -0.262 0.713 0.468 -0.463 0.287 0.728 0.535 0.626 0.141 0.339 0.776 0.739 0.484
Y 4.39E-17 0.235 0.968 0.262 0.258 0.934 0.221 -0.844 0.032 0.981 0.941 0.871 0.016 0.096 0.929 0.965 0.787
Zn 2.27E-17 0.549 0.190 0.204 -0.333 0.170 0.865 -0.004 0.968 0.224 0.138 0.250 0.013 0.401 0.427 0.203 -0.091
Zr -2.49E-16 0.265 0.875 0.168 -0.202 0.885 0.215 -0.618 0.161 0.857 0.724 0.807 0.177 0.121 0.867 0.875 0.594
375
 Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Antamina West
Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf 1.000
Hg -0.046 1.000
In 0.022 -0.116 1.000
K -0.179 0.122 -0.360 1.000
La 0.864 -0.098 -0.075 0.234 1.000
Li 0.044 -0.315 -0.017 0.065 0.102 1.000
Mg 0.899 0.012 -0.051 -0.026 0.869 0.111 1.000
Mn 0.900 -0.097 0.164 -0.247 0.770 0.217 0.844 1.000
Mo 0.141 -0.144 0.769 -0.105 0.086 0.085 0.022 0.314 1.000
Na -0.183 -0.070 -0.270 0.898 0.258 0.056 -0.051 -0.240 0.013 1.000
Nb 0.836 -0.018 -0.123 0.341 0.980 0.095 0.863 0.750 0.083 0.337 1.000
Ni 0.733 -0.074 -0.276 0.340 0.922 0.040 0.790 0.635 -0.086 0.326 0.903 1.000
P 0.358 0.055 0.052 0.192 0.364 0.572 0.383 0.399 0.376 0.155 0.398 0.225 1.000
Pb 0.475 -0.080 0.426 -0.252 0.331 0.200 0.440 0.752 0.673 -0.245 0.335 0.230 0.388 1.000
Rb -0.232 0.120 -0.385 0.971 0.180 0.197 -0.061 -0.284 -0.175 0.878 0.291 0.271 0.196 -0.306 1.000
Re -0.161 -0.091 -0.145 -0.012 -0.147 0.615 -0.292 -0.143 -0.061 0.108 -0.161 -0.168 0.248 -0.199 0.126 1.000
S -0.284 0.094 0.200 0.668 0.063 0.081 -0.210 -0.295 0.387 0.662 0.106 0.054 0.278 -0.153 0.655 0.020 1.000
Sb 0.450 -0.093 0.224 -0.088 0.407 0.322 0.477 0.757 0.504 -0.081 0.434 0.310 0.385 0.902 -0.126 -0.105 -0.137
Se 0.263 -0.350 0.227 0.058 0.292 0.144 0.220 0.240 0.316 0.048 0.243 0.211 0.220 0.250 0.037 -0.196 0.196
Sn 0.901 -0.067 0.013 0.170 0.963 0.122 0.885 0.790 0.130 0.169 0.963 0.822 0.399 0.358 0.139 -0.145 0.019
Sr -0.179 -0.024 -0.235 0.093 -0.067 -0.256 -0.101 -0.206 -0.140 0.204 -0.107 0.141 -0.367 -0.047 0.012 -0.019 -0.186
Ta 0.843 -0.034 -0.109 0.333 0.979 0.115 0.865 0.764 0.103 0.326 0.999 0.898 0.414 0.354 0.283 -0.152 0.103
Te 0.448 -0.175 0.279 -0.314 0.451 0.063 0.320 0.453 0.291 -0.240 0.316 0.378 0.011 0.282 -0.331 -0.003 0.092
Th 0.867 -0.086 -0.116 0.287 0.981 0.137 0.866 0.791 0.108 0.288 0.993 0.899 0.407 0.381 0.238 -0.132 0.054
Ti 0.860 -0.018 -0.081 0.295 0.983 0.108 0.868 0.771 0.112 0.297 0.997 0.893 0.410 0.346 0.247 -0.129 0.094
Tl -0.195 0.004 -0.233 0.659 0.179 0.394 0.032 -0.179 -0.259 0.522 0.214 0.309 0.002 -0.254 0.746 0.125 0.504
U 0.273 0.015 -0.021 -0.093 0.165 0.668 0.154 0.263 0.201 -0.088 0.163 0.017 0.745 0.168 0.016 0.691 0.088
V 0.864 -0.093 -0.036 0.290 0.971 0.116 0.841 0.762 0.132 0.252 0.976 0.882 0.389 0.350 0.234 -0.170 0.095
W 0.909 -0.089 0.186 -0.331 0.721 0.184 0.814 0.982 0.348 -0.300 0.695 0.561 0.410 0.754 -0.373 -0.105 -0.365
Y 0.799 -0.091 -0.075 0.340 0.973 0.084 0.817 0.742 0.173 0.394 0.976 0.905 0.381 0.386 0.279 -0.165 0.153
Zn 0.340 -0.067 0.843 -0.370 0.219 -0.097 0.223 0.362 0.792 -0.240 0.146 0.015 0.181 0.468 -0.425 -0.159 0.218
Zr 0.995 -0.037 0.005 -0.174 0.860 0.072 0.897 0.893 0.112 -0.181 0.836 0.716 0.363 0.452 -0.212 -0.122 -0.293
376
 Appendix A5.1: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at Antamina West
Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
Hg
In
K
La
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Nb
Ni
P
Pb
Rb
Re
S
Sb 1.000
Se 0.114 1.000
Sn 0.401 0.282 1.000
Sr 0.017 -0.219 -0.195 1.000
Ta 0.448 0.257 0.964 -0.126 1.000
Te 0.246 0.282 0.374 0.018 0.313 1.000
Th 0.466 0.260 0.969 -0.115 0.995 0.342 1.000
Ti 0.432 0.242 0.974 -0.130 0.997 0.342 0.993 1.000
Tl -0.088 0.168 0.119 0.013 0.209 0.034 0.174 0.183 1.000
U 0.167 0.141 0.236 -0.373 0.180 0.197 0.196 0.198 0.018 1.000
V 0.398 0.356 0.971 -0.177 0.980 0.356 0.982 0.980 0.206 0.181 1.000
W 0.730 0.249 0.756 -0.164 0.710 0.446 0.742 0.721 -0.295 0.315 0.712 1.000
Y 0.459 0.337 0.922 -0.043 0.976 0.376 0.973 0.971 0.200 0.126 0.951 0.691 1.000
Zn 0.236 0.328 0.286 -0.139 0.155 0.537 0.159 0.194 -0.340 0.125 0.215 0.408 0.203 1.000
Zr 0.431 0.242 0.908 -0.214 0.844 0.423 0.868 0.861 -0.179 0.303 0.863 0.902 0.790 0.318 1.000
377
Appendix A5.2: Trace element correlation table for the host rocks at
Fortuna

378
 Appendix A5.2:Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna

Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge
Au 1
Ag -0.001 1
Al 0.195 0.857 1
As 0.007 0.982 0.905 1
Ba 0.198 0.738 0.829 0.842 1
Be 0.159 0.873 0.982 0.901 0.745 1
Bi 0.091 0.770 0.859 0.859 0.944 0.786 1
Ca -0.123 -0.902 -0.965 -0.923 -0.773 -0.955 -0.813 1
Cd -0.098 0.574 0.462 0.522 0.328 0.422 0.525 -0.497 1
Ce 0.138 0.756 0.956 0.833 0.819 0.936 0.897 -0.886 0.422 1
Co 0.216 0.730 0.892 0.731 0.514 0.942 0.584 -0.866 0.370 0.843 1
Cr 0.072 0.750 0.928 0.818 0.781 0.897 0.878 -0.903 0.553 0.954 0.812 1
Cs 0.249 0.370 0.584 0.332 0.066 0.661 0.128 -0.581 0.188 0.510 0.849 0.527 1
Cu 0.087 0.789 0.825 0.874 0.960 0.758 0.979 -0.795 0.434 0.843 0.540 0.805 0.045 1
Fe 0.232 0.774 0.892 0.754 0.504 0.933 0.566 -0.891 0.451 0.799 0.983 0.788 0.849 0.523 1
Ga 0.159 0.866 0.984 0.927 0.898 0.944 0.928 -0.958 0.506 0.951 0.810 0.940 0.448 0.902 0.812 1
Ge 0.258 0.699 0.898 0.771 0.767 0.905 0.781 -0.817 0.155 0.920 0.848 0.794 0.506 0.788 0.785 0.868 1
Hf 0.208 0.801 0.987 0.846 0.763 0.970 0.793 -0.960 0.439 0.932 0.913 0.921 0.674 0.745 0.919 0.957 0.867
Hg -0.148 0.718 0.492 0.616 0.157 0.580 0.193 -0.593 0.431 0.333 0.561 0.383 0.559 0.170 0.647 0.424 0.238
In 0.138 0.933 0.973 0.970 0.872 0.952 0.910 -0.959 0.548 0.926 0.812 0.909 0.438 0.893 0.824 0.985 0.847
K 0.113 0.895 0.935 0.958 0.944 0.897 0.953 -0.916 0.455 0.908 0.714 0.876 0.278 0.962 0.711 0.974 0.855
La 0.132 0.765 0.956 0.843 0.828 0.938 0.902 -0.888 0.411 1.000 0.839 0.950 0.497 0.853 0.794 0.953 0.926
Li 0.470 -0.319 0.088 -0.265 -0.023 0.015 -0.076 -0.005 -0.260 0.080 0.103 0.001 0.309 -0.148 0.115 0.028 0.125
Mg 0.193 0.415 0.463 0.316 -0.021 0.517 0.029 -0.529 0.309 0.284 0.676 0.286 0.806 -0.004 0.763 0.347 0.325
Mn -0.017 0.991 0.891 0.992 0.789 0.892 0.834 -0.920 0.614 0.812 0.736 0.816 0.362 0.835 0.772 0.909 0.721
Mo -0.019 0.352 0.291 0.399 0.530 0.234 0.521 -0.261 0.043 0.314 0.057 0.137 -0.380 0.626 0.045 0.366 0.461
Na -0.015 0.097 0.279 0.128 0.181 0.202 0.402 -0.217 0.706 0.392 0.185 0.499 0.167 0.221 0.196 0.311 0.055
Nb 0.162 0.796 0.981 0.873 0.865 0.954 0.907 -0.927 0.412 0.988 0.848 0.954 0.507 0.869 0.819 0.981 0.923
Ni 0.345 0.839 0.920 0.838 0.667 0.949 0.674 -0.894 0.381 0.827 0.940 0.769 0.683 0.675 0.946 0.866 0.879
P 0.082 0.731 0.874 0.733 0.494 0.921 0.611 -0.827 0.462 0.864 0.939 0.821 0.793 0.527 0.925 0.795 0.785
Pb -0.040 0.958 0.808 0.908 0.561 0.858 0.594 -0.867 0.550 0.672 0.781 0.687 0.544 0.598 0.837 0.775 0.615
Rb 0.126 0.910 0.961 0.964 0.919 0.929 0.935 -0.947 0.475 0.922 0.768 0.896 0.360 0.936 0.770 0.987 0.866
Re 0.071 0.732 0.751 0.828 0.971 0.665 0.956 -0.724 0.388 0.765 0.409 0.739 -0.085 0.984 0.399 0.848 0.694
S 0.056 0.807 0.644 0.736 0.371 0.737 0.450 -0.735 0.364 0.558 0.756 0.535 0.515 0.504 0.766 0.606 0.641
Sb -0.021 0.984 0.848 0.950 0.651 0.878 0.705 -0.889 0.628 0.740 0.770 0.752 0.474 0.699 0.820 0.836 0.654
Se 0.136 0.213 0.302 0.187 0.108 0.321 0.222 -0.230 0.305 0.304 0.453 0.201 0.273 0.240 0.427 0.264 0.449
Sn 0.085 0.782 0.957 0.854 0.837 0.910 0.894 -0.934 0.519 0.949 0.791 0.976 0.500 0.831 0.789 0.971 0.800
Sr -0.060 -0.867 -0.808 -0.876 -0.719 -0.819 -0.754 0.753 -0.620 -0.757 -0.716 -0.751 -0.352 -0.743 -0.719 -0.811 -0.686
Ta 0.147 0.792 0.982 0.868 0.851 0.957 0.895 -0.927 0.407 0.989 0.857 0.955 0.527 0.854 0.827 0.977 0.921
Te 0.059 0.816 0.724 0.873 0.892 0.693 0.860 -0.696 0.372 0.704 0.477 0.654 -0.035 0.927 0.462 0.795 0.714
Th 0.159 0.750 0.972 0.826 0.806 0.956 0.852 -0.908 0.345 0.988 0.879 0.936 0.580 0.807 0.840 0.952 0.938
Ti 0.198 0.833 0.998 0.888 0.828 0.980 0.861 -0.953 0.447 0.968 0.896 0.941 0.591 0.823 0.886 0.981 0.908
Tl 0.084 0.947 0.929 0.987 0.908 0.902 0.919 -0.931 0.513 0.873 0.723 0.857 0.303 0.930 0.739 0.963 0.810
U 0.200 0.826 0.904 0.818 0.604 0.938 0.614 -0.919 0.314 0.793 0.937 0.742 0.721 0.624 0.953 0.842 0.854
V 0.302 0.876 0.887 0.845 0.626 0.895 0.631 -0.906 0.554 0.731 0.865 0.739 0.664 0.615 0.930 0.844 0.702
W 0.019 0.976 0.930 0.974 0.743 0.947 0.775 -0.954 0.539 0.836 0.835 0.835 0.525 0.768 0.866 0.916 0.768
Y 0.111 0.694 0.938 0.764 0.719 0.925 0.818 -0.874 0.446 0.979 0.879 0.966 0.633 0.736 0.838 0.914 0.865
Zn -0.150 0.719 0.535 0.614 0.188 0.583 0.337 -0.610 0.826 0.411 0.603 0.511 0.528 0.275 0.693 0.499 0.238
Zr 0.271 0.769 0.976 0.807 0.719 0.965 0.760 -0.942 0.433 0.923 0.942 0.906 0.721 0.710 0.943 0.935 0.879
379
 Appendix A5.2:Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna

Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf 1
Hg 0.501 1
In 0.932 0.530 1
K 0.877 0.390 0.976 1
La 0.929 0.335 0.930 0.917 1
Li 0.192 -0.281 -0.083 -0.114 0.065 1
Mg 0.548 0.617 0.366 0.208 0.273 0.343 1
Mn 0.836 0.673 0.961 0.929 0.819 -0.288 0.369 1
Mo 0.200 -0.214 0.366 0.492 0.330 -0.002 -0.094 0.347 1
Na 0.302 0.028 0.274 0.194 0.370 0.184 0.033 0.198 -0.181 1
Nb 0.960 0.359 0.954 0.943 0.989 0.082 0.319 0.846 0.330 0.317 1
Ni 0.906 0.546 0.886 0.822 0.829 0.027 0.612 0.829 0.251 0.050 0.861 1
P 0.888 0.637 0.812 0.697 0.858 0.102 0.611 0.755 0.035 0.377 0.837 0.845 1
Pb 0.780 0.865 0.853 0.768 0.678 -0.303 0.575 0.935 0.135 0.060 0.713 0.837 0.783 1
Rb 0.913 0.442 0.990 0.996 0.929 -0.081 0.290 0.941 0.446 0.209 0.957 0.859 0.748 0.803 1
Re 0.667 0.113 0.834 0.924 0.777 -0.153 -0.119 0.782 0.622 0.201 0.801 0.569 0.406 0.524 0.888 1
S 0.608 0.636 0.685 0.626 0.566 -0.384 0.545 0.752 0.248 -0.166 0.579 0.803 0.646 0.826 0.658 0.384 1
Sb 0.805 0.802 0.909 0.837 0.746 -0.311 0.493 0.976 0.212 0.169 0.772 0.840 0.794 0.985 0.863 0.630 0.801 1
Se 0.286 -0.113 0.257 0.229 0.299 0.062 0.412 0.203 0.443 0.050 0.287 0.474 0.330 0.184 0.248 0.111 0.437 0.208
Sn 0.955 0.416 0.936 0.911 0.946 0.103 0.336 0.844 0.218 0.450 0.967 0.779 0.812 0.713 0.930 0.782 0.493 0.773
Sr -0.736 -0.527 -0.864 -0.825 -0.761 0.385 -0.246 -0.885 -0.224 -0.224 -0.776 -0.814 -0.709 -0.827 -0.833 -0.680 -0.663 -0.878
Ta 0.964 0.373 0.949 0.934 0.990 0.091 0.333 0.842 0.312 0.322 0.999 0.860 0.850 0.716 0.951 0.785 0.576 0.772
Te 0.615 0.236 0.826 0.901 0.720 -0.404 -0.065 0.831 0.599 -0.017 0.746 0.674 0.424 0.649 0.868 0.915 0.587 0.726
Th 0.963 0.362 0.919 0.897 0.988 0.156 0.368 0.798 0.293 0.306 0.991 0.859 0.875 0.688 0.918 0.728 0.565 0.736
Ti 0.986 0.457 0.964 0.929 0.968 0.092 0.434 0.871 0.270 0.295 0.989 0.913 0.876 0.781 0.954 0.747 0.627 0.824
Tl 0.871 0.500 0.984 0.990 0.882 -0.181 0.271 0.969 0.448 0.176 0.914 0.839 0.710 0.843 0.991 0.891 0.682 0.900
U 0.913 0.598 0.853 0.788 0.796 0.095 0.712 0.809 0.271 -0.019 0.837 0.960 0.844 0.846 0.833 0.516 0.813 0.825
V 0.889 0.692 0.876 0.782 0.730 0.027 0.706 0.865 0.144 0.152 0.786 0.939 0.802 0.902 0.829 0.533 0.744 0.898
W 0.898 0.729 0.960 0.905 0.842 -0.188 0.492 0.980 0.252 0.157 0.873 0.891 0.837 0.962 0.931 0.699 0.778 0.978
Y 0.942 0.370 0.878 0.830 0.973 0.146 0.372 0.756 0.150 0.470 0.962 0.804 0.904 0.655 0.858 0.648 0.520 0.708
Zn 0.537 0.826 0.585 0.432 0.404 -0.316 0.639 0.706 -0.131 0.379 0.418 0.578 0.664 0.822 0.484 0.188 0.643 0.813
Zr 0.993 0.468 0.908 0.845 0.919 0.219 0.589 0.800 0.185 0.297 0.947 0.929 0.896 0.756 0.885 0.617 0.633 0.778
380
 Appendix A5.2:Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna

Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
Hg
In
K
La
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Nb
Ni
P
Pb
Rb
Re
S
Sb
Se 1
Sn 0.153 1
Sr -0.373 -0.726 1
Ta 0.281 0.969 -0.770 1
Te 0.263 0.666 -0.833 0.728 1
Th 0.297 0.950 -0.725 0.994 0.669 1
Ti 0.306 0.961 -0.806 0.989 0.718 0.981 1
Tl 0.214 0.893 -0.859 0.906 0.896 0.864 0.917 1
U 0.430 0.777 -0.696 0.840 0.584 0.850 0.890 0.808 1
V 0.344 0.780 -0.797 0.786 0.602 0.766 0.865 0.832 0.917 1
W 0.211 0.865 -0.864 0.874 0.755 0.847 0.912 0.946 0.891 0.915 1
Y 0.285 0.951 -0.707 0.968 0.570 0.976 0.953 0.799 0.788 0.730 0.807 1
Zn 0.268 0.492 -0.673 0.425 0.302 0.393 0.509 0.534 0.572 0.741 0.715 0.463 1
Zr 0.368 0.926 -0.728 0.950 0.584 0.955 0.977 0.836 0.925 0.894 0.870 0.939 0.535 1
381
Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the host-rocks at
Fortuna East

382
 Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna East

Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga
Au 1
Ag 0.026 1
Al -0.145 -0.047 1
As 0.903 0.157 -0.070 1
Ba -0.175 0.069 0.661 -0.120 1
Be -0.128 0.056 0.939 -0.048 0.731 1
Bi -0.111 0.197 0.569 0.101 0.427 0.533 1
Ca 0.125 0.090 -0.947 0.066 -0.642 -0.868 -0.443 1
Cd 0.098 0.317 -0.287 0.129 -0.387 -0.446 0.174 0.313 1
Ce -0.164 -0.079 0.946 -0.074 0.655 0.931 0.578 -0.900 -0.460 1
Co -0.094 0.036 0.912 -0.027 0.788 0.882 0.577 -0.898 -0.229 0.847 1
Cr -0.113 0.003 0.887 -0.074 0.680 0.827 0.507 -0.938 -0.238 0.853 0.885 1
Cs -0.026 0.595 0.096 0.071 0.391 0.159 0.186 -0.043 0.228 -0.009 0.160 0.023 1
Cu -0.019 0.248 0.438 0.229 0.301 0.376 0.939 -0.288 0.343 0.415 0.437 0.314 0.304 1
Fe -0.158 0.085 0.859 -0.027 0.643 0.750 0.707 -0.849 0.042 0.759 0.915 0.855 0.198 0.610 1
Ga -0.152 -0.100 0.991 -0.091 0.622 0.906 0.555 -0.952 -0.256 0.944 0.885 0.904 0.044 0.417 0.849 1
Ge -0.130 0.100 0.864 -0.003 0.641 0.933 0.565 -0.796 -0.473 0.890 0.848 0.754 0.029 0.409 0.717 0.813
Hf -0.227 0.097 0.717 -0.060 0.342 0.589 0.545 -0.610 0.154 0.565 0.576 0.461 0.377 0.584 0.672 0.700
Hg -0.062 -0.149 -0.025 -0.068 -0.153 -0.062 0.182 0.053 0.043 0.028 -0.097 -0.029 -0.111 0.117 -0.050 0.021
In -0.157 0.059 0.872 -0.001 0.443 0.774 0.740 -0.777 -0.083 0.874 0.760 0.704 0.101 0.665 0.808 0.873
K -0.095 0.287 0.659 0.049 0.407 0.681 0.264 -0.651 -0.279 0.646 0.642 0.557 0.259 0.170 0.509 0.626
La -0.163 -0.070 0.945 -0.069 0.657 0.935 0.587 -0.890 -0.464 0.999 0.846 0.843 -0.004 0.427 0.755 0.939
Li -0.080 0.106 0.839 0.036 0.551 0.839 0.448 -0.844 -0.202 0.765 0.790 0.836 0.077 0.334 0.791 0.823
Mg -0.081 0.053 0.408 0.033 0.171 0.235 0.478 -0.341 0.519 0.178 0.406 0.322 0.381 0.522 0.623 0.411
Mn -0.189 0.411 0.045 -0.008 0.242 0.075 0.284 0.017 0.210 -0.010 0.205 -0.041 0.411 0.269 0.211 -0.001
Mo -0.076 0.235 0.103 0.031 0.410 0.116 0.530 -0.034 0.247 0.005 0.248 0.134 0.507 0.539 0.405 0.048
Na -0.163 -0.237 0.791 -0.203 0.728 0.748 0.431 -0.778 -0.408 0.791 0.759 0.821 -0.072 0.246 0.704 0.799
Nb -0.166 -0.103 0.966 -0.117 0.671 0.942 0.536 -0.923 -0.426 0.981 0.874 0.891 -0.005 0.353 0.784 0.969
Ni 0.045 0.243 0.504 0.157 0.525 0.434 0.517 -0.529 0.226 0.393 0.736 0.579 0.212 0.521 0.755 0.467
P -0.119 0.023 0.833 0.014 0.675 0.710 0.557 -0.850 -0.059 0.731 0.886 0.796 0.205 0.465 0.909 0.820
Pb -0.090 0.727 -0.001 0.005 0.095 0.035 0.572 0.088 0.513 -0.016 0.106 0.110 0.328 0.550 0.249 -0.014
Rb -0.081 0.280 0.795 0.071 0.417 0.805 0.432 -0.763 -0.240 0.783 0.711 0.647 0.266 0.356 0.634 0.767
Re -0.098 0.172 0.081 -0.096 0.198 0.191 -0.097 -0.189 -0.098 0.079 0.075 0.117 0.286 -0.117 -0.043 0.069
S 0.130 -0.072 0.265 0.085 0.306 0.203 0.097 -0.374 -0.073 0.279 0.468 0.366 -0.205 0.076 0.387 0.260
Sb 0.403 0.057 0.241 0.559 0.027 0.215 0.414 -0.231 -0.141 0.290 0.156 0.158 -0.055 0.418 0.253 0.220
Se 0.000 -0.347 0.516 -0.060 0.439 0.517 0.242 -0.623 -0.386 0.552 0.606 0.732 -0.331 0.019 0.529 0.538
Sn -0.183 -0.181 0.963 -0.146 0.605 0.905 0.487 -0.914 -0.327 0.925 0.832 0.851 0.026 0.341 0.766 0.973
Sr 0.177 -0.347 -0.371 -0.022 -0.077 -0.355 -0.191 0.444 -0.001 -0.348 -0.293 -0.268 -0.408 -0.188 -0.336 -0.361
Ta -0.170 -0.104 0.965 -0.129 0.678 0.942 0.518 -0.930 -0.441 0.978 0.878 0.895 -0.008 0.330 0.781 0.966
Te 0.458 0.123 -0.487 0.405 -0.033 -0.369 -0.075 0.479 -0.005 -0.404 -0.209 -0.393 0.035 0.004 -0.291 -0.542
Th -0.167 -0.074 0.966 -0.097 0.639 0.950 0.544 -0.918 -0.450 0.984 0.860 0.859 0.013 0.370 0.770 0.961
Ti -0.143 -0.066 0.990 -0.074 0.676 0.928 0.557 -0.964 -0.308 0.954 0.916 0.930 0.050 0.403 0.861 0.990
Tl -0.018 0.346 0.714 0.100 0.556 0.768 0.308 -0.682 -0.222 0.640 0.717 0.575 0.456 0.261 0.572 0.656
U -0.149 0.286 0.426 0.031 0.251 0.267 0.493 -0.348 0.442 0.210 0.440 0.269 0.498 0.597 0.611 0.388
V 0.060 0.181 0.302 0.185 0.079 0.099 0.294 -0.304 0.587 0.045 0.321 0.242 0.357 0.438 0.500 0.285
W -0.140 0.039 0.923 -0.006 0.589 0.923 0.531 -0.893 -0.416 0.965 0.806 0.823 0.061 0.392 0.750 0.917
Y -0.198 -0.151 0.944 -0.150 0.621 0.902 0.502 -0.931 -0.420 0.969 0.839 0.869 -0.048 0.313 0.762 0.959
Zn 0.021 0.375 -0.035 0.117 -0.150 -0.151 0.484 0.115 0.898 -0.198 0.039 -0.010 0.304 0.584 0.317 -0.025
Zr -0.191 0.053 0.594 -0.029 0.202 0.455 0.482 -0.478 0.252 0.423 0.432 0.321 0.389 0.551 0.556 0.586
383
 Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna East

Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge 1
Hf 0.478 1
Hg -0.128 0.009 1
In 0.768 0.723 0.039 1
K 0.703 0.477 -0.109 0.630 1
La 0.901 0.565 0.019 0.877 0.647 1
Li 0.776 0.531 -0.138 0.661 0.503 0.764 1
Mg 0.140 0.677 -0.039 0.456 0.235 0.178 0.372 1
Mn 0.124 0.300 -0.139 0.165 0.440 -0.002 -0.074 0.419 1
Mo 0.127 0.181 -0.049 0.123 -0.082 0.018 0.119 0.450 0.278 1
Na 0.663 0.369 0.028 0.577 0.217 0.788 0.718 0.188 -0.203 0.177 1
Nb 0.868 0.573 0.038 0.840 0.644 0.979 0.784 0.248 0.007 0.024 0.818 1
Ni 0.515 0.364 -0.222 0.460 0.334 0.394 0.499 0.399 0.218 0.389 0.395 0.388 1
P 0.669 0.696 -0.116 0.745 0.576 0.727 0.675 0.579 0.349 0.266 0.650 0.761 0.695 1
Pb 0.061 0.113 0.048 0.174 -0.002 -0.009 0.109 0.260 0.397 0.375 -0.021 -0.028 0.303 0.085 1
Rb 0.790 0.622 -0.056 0.794 0.910 0.783 0.650 0.258 0.247 -0.029 0.323 0.769 0.367 0.634 0.045 1
Re 0.120 0.072 -0.151 -0.041 0.223 0.070 0.160 -0.199 -0.064 -0.081 -0.088 0.054 0.025 -0.017 -0.033 0.281 1
S 0.263 0.023 -0.114 0.192 0.067 0.268 0.186 -0.198 -0.152 -0.037 0.314 0.261 0.651 0.405 -0.087 0.144 0.021 1
Sb 0.292 0.270 0.125 0.346 0.025 0.294 0.245 0.023 -0.100 0.187 0.225 0.221 0.110 0.261 0.016 0.192 -0.199 0.179
Se 0.510 -0.062 0.000 0.309 0.238 0.542 0.569 0.087 -0.235 0.036 0.632 0.585 0.369 0.433 -0.086 0.255 0.000 0.288
Sn 0.775 0.693 0.054 0.806 0.606 0.920 0.775 0.357 -0.021 -0.008 0.768 0.960 0.335 0.752 -0.086 0.746 0.129 0.198
Sr -0.346 -0.520 -0.039 -0.458 -0.696 -0.339 -0.315 -0.277 -0.369 0.071 0.080 -0.326 -0.135 -0.399 -0.016 -0.735 -0.320 0.077
Ta 0.868 0.569 0.031 0.825 0.642 0.975 0.784 0.233 0.004 0.019 0.826 0.999 0.391 0.766 -0.036 0.765 0.070 0.280
Te -0.219 -0.540 -0.120 -0.421 -0.352 -0.394 -0.451 -0.371 0.009 0.235 -0.288 -0.465 0.185 -0.298 0.120 -0.426 -0.145 0.333
Th 0.887 0.623 0.032 0.855 0.676 0.982 0.783 0.239 0.028 0.015 0.784 0.990 0.366 0.752 -0.033 0.806 0.080 0.248
Ti 0.857 0.653 -0.007 0.846 0.648 0.951 0.835 0.364 0.026 0.082 0.816 0.977 0.513 0.842 0.001 0.774 0.084 0.300
Tl 0.723 0.584 -0.190 0.594 0.886 0.644 0.589 0.280 0.375 0.095 0.276 0.654 0.445 0.641 0.038 0.904 0.403 0.160
U 0.238 0.821 -0.130 0.479 0.310 0.213 0.291 0.766 0.468 0.448 0.105 0.225 0.548 0.645 0.291 0.382 -0.011 0.091
V 0.092 0.615 -0.160 0.304 0.172 0.044 0.290 0.712 0.181 0.346 0.037 0.069 0.614 0.522 0.135 0.233 0.072 0.148
W 0.869 0.596 0.030 0.857 0.690 0.963 0.823 0.188 0.011 -0.014 0.701 0.947 0.349 0.712 -0.002 0.851 0.131 0.235
Y 0.820 0.594 0.042 0.841 0.636 0.962 0.765 0.248 0.022 -0.061 0.792 0.980 0.329 0.754 -0.057 0.760 0.106 0.248
Zn -0.167 0.291 0.051 0.168 -0.088 -0.195 0.054 0.691 0.359 0.476 -0.189 -0.162 0.346 0.140 0.676 -0.033 -0.156 -0.151
Zr 0.330 0.974 0.066 0.628 0.411 0.423 0.403 0.730 0.323 0.172 0.211 0.442 0.243 0.587 0.078 0.543 0.062 -0.121
384
 Appendix A5.3: Trace element correlation table for the Host-rocks at Fortuna East

Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
Hg
In
K
La
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Nb
Ni
P
Pb
Rb
Re
S
Sb 1
Se -0.046 1
Sn 0.158 0.523 1
Sr -0.168 0.080 -0.330 1
Ta 0.221 0.591 0.960 -0.326 1
Te 0.147 -0.062 -0.570 0.446 -0.460 1
Th 0.288 0.533 0.959 -0.379 0.991 -0.460 1
Ti 0.227 0.587 0.962 -0.356 0.978 -0.476 0.968 1
Tl 0.041 0.188 0.658 -0.632 0.659 -0.295 0.685 0.687 1
U 0.195 -0.162 0.329 -0.376 0.223 -0.193 0.264 0.368 0.438 1
V 0.124 -0.098 0.179 -0.294 0.067 -0.189 0.075 0.260 0.310 0.837 1
W 0.344 0.472 0.903 -0.485 0.944 -0.466 0.962 0.927 0.697 0.235 0.067 1
Y 0.225 0.572 0.955 -0.383 0.981 -0.523 0.978 0.957 0.615 0.221 0.054 0.942 1
Zn -0.056 -0.171 -0.095 -0.063 -0.182 -0.044 -0.183 -0.060 -0.037 0.531 0.552 -0.158 -0.180 1
Zr 0.215 -0.153 0.595 -0.518 0.434 -0.557 0.492 0.525 0.509 0.823 0.633 0.465 0.471 0.361 1
385
Appendix A6: Frequency intervals used to construct histograms

386
 Appendix A6: Frequency intervals used to construct histograms
Limestone
Ag Ag As As Bi Bi Cu Cu Mo Mo Pb Pb Sb Sb Tl Tl Zn Zn
Class interval Frecuency Class Frequency Class Frequency Class interval Frequency Class Frequency Class interval Frequency Class Frequency Class Frequency Class Frequency
interval interval interval interval interval interval

0 - 0.31 34 0 - 25 32 0 - 1.3 38 0 - 37 38 0 - 0.45 3 0 - 35 36 0 - 0.75 30 0 - 0.35 11 0 - 90 28

0.31 - 0.62 2 25 - 50 3 1.3 - 2.6 0 37 - 74 0 0.45 - 0.9 17 35 - 70 1 0.75 - 1.5 3 0.35 - 0.7 19 90 - 180 8
0.62 - 0.93 1 50 - 75 1 2.6 - 3.9 0 74 - 111 0 0.9 - 1.35 15 70 - 105 0 1.5 - 2.25 1 0.7 - 1.05 7 180 - 270 1
0.93 - 1.24 0 75 - 100 1 3.9 - 5.2 0 111 - 148 0 1.35 - 1.8 3 105 - 140 0 2.25 - 3 2 1.05 - 1.4 0 270 - 360 0
1.24 - 1.55 0 100 - 125 0 5.2 - 6.5 0 148 - 185 0 1.8 - 2.25 0 140 - 175 0 3 - 3.75 2 1.4 - 1.75 0 360 - 450 1
1.55 - 1.86 0 125 - 150 1 6.5 - 7.8 0 185 - 222 0 2.25 - 2.70 0 175 - 210 1 3.75 - 4.5 0 1.75 - 2.1 1 450 - 540 0
1.86 - 2.17 1 150 - 175 0 7.8 - 9.1 0 222 - 259 0 2.70 - 3.15 0 210 - 245 0 4.5 - 5.25 0 2.1 - 2.45 0 540 - 630 0
2.17 - 2.48 0 9.1 - 10.4 0 3.15 - 3.60 0 245 - 280 0 5.25 - 6 0 2.45 - 2.8 0
280 - 315 0 2.8 - 3.15 0
3.15 - 3.5 0

Hornfels
Ag Ag As As Bi Bi Cu Cu Mo Mo Pb Pb Sb Sb Tl Tl Zn Zn
Class interval Frecuency Class Frequency Class Frequency Class interval Frequency Class Frequency Class interval Frequency Class Frequency Class Frequency Class Frequency
interval interval interval interval interval interval

0 - 0.31 16 0 - 25 13 0 - 1.3 23 0 - 37 20 0 - 0.45 0 0 - 35 19 0 - 0.75 11 0 - 0.35 6 0 - 90 19

0.31 - 0.62 5 25 - 50 8 1.3 - 2.6 0 37 - 74 3 0.45 - 0.9 6 35 - 70 2 0.75 - 1.5 9 0.35 - 0.7 10 90 - 180 2
0.62 - 0.93 2 50 - 75 0 2.6 - 3.9 0 74 - 111 0 0.9 - 1.35 13 70 - 105 1 1.5 - 2.25 3 0.7 - 1.05 5 180 - 270 2
0.93 - 1.24 0 75 - 100 1 3.9 - 5.2 2 111 - 148 1 1.35 - 1.8 4 105 - 140 1 2.25 - 3 0 1.05 - 1.4 1 270 - 360 1
1.24 - 1.55 1 100 - 125 0 5.2 - 6.5 0 148 - 185 0 1.8 - 2.25 0 140 - 175 1 3 - 3.75 2 1.4 - 1.75 2 360 - 450 1
1.55 - 1.86 0 125 - 150 2 6.5 - 7.8 0 185 - 222 0 2.25 - 2.70 1 175 - 210 0 3.75 - 4.5 0 1.75 - 2.1 0 450 - 540 0
1.86 - 2.17 0 150 - 175 1 7.8 - 9.1 0 222 - 259 1 2.70 - 3.15 1 210 - 245 0 4.5 - 5.25 0 2.1 - 2.45 0 540 - 630 0
2.17 - 2.48 1 9.1 - 10.4 0 3.15 - 3.60 0 245 - 280 0 5.25 - 6 0 2.45 - 2.8 0
280 - 315 1 2.8 - 3.15 0
3.15 - 3.5 1

Marble
Ag Ag As As Bi Bi Cu Cu Mo Mo Pb Pb Sb Sb Tl Tl Zn Zn
Class interval Frecuency Class Frequency Class Frequency Class interval Frequency Class Frequency Class interval Frequency Class Frequency Class Frequency Class Frequency
interval interval interval interval interval interval

0 - 0.31 21 0 - 25 25 0 - 1.3 24 0 - 37 19 0 - 0.45 3 0 - 35 24 0 - 0.75 23 0 - 0.35 21 0 - 90 21

0.31 - 0.62 5 25 - 50 4 1.3 - 2.6 3 37 - 74 5 0.45 - 0.9 11 35 - 70 3 0.75 - 1.5 4 0.35 - 0.7 6 90 - 180 4
0.62 - 0.93 4 50 - 75 1 2.6 - 3.9 1 74 - 111 2 0.9 - 1.35 12 70 - 105 3 1.5 - 2.25 3 0.7 - 1.05 3 180 - 270 3
0.93 - 1.24 0 75 - 100 0 3.9 - 5.2 0 111 - 148 0 1.35 - 1.8 1 105 - 140 0 2.25 - 3 0 1.05 - 1.4 0 270 - 360 0
1.24 - 1.55 0 100 - 125 0 5.2 - 6.5 0 148 - 185 2 1.8 - 2.25 1 140 - 175 0 3 - 3.75 0 1.4 - 1.75 1 360 - 450 0
1.55 - 1.86 0 125 - 150 1 6.5 - 7.8 0 185 - 222 3 2.25 - 2.70 0 175 - 210 1 3.75 - 4.5 0 1.75 - 2.1 0 450 - 540 1
1.86 - 2.17 1 150 - 175 0 7.8 - 9.1 2 222 - 259 0 2.70 - 3.15 0 210 - 245 0 4.5 - 5.25 0 2.1 - 2.45 0 540 - 630 2
2.17 - 2.48 0 9.1 - 10.4 1 3.15 - 3.60 3 245 - 280 0 5.25 - 6 1 2.45 - 2.8 0
280 - 315 0 2.8 - 3.15 0
387

3.15 - 3.5 0
Appendix A7: Samples used to estimate geochemical background

388
 Appendix A7: Samples used to estimate geochemical background

Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Distance ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 Hg- ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
from dike CV41
(m)
Ag As Ba Bi Cd Cu Hg In Mn Mo Pb Sb Sn Tl W Zn
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 100 0.005 2.5 70 0.09 0.49 7 0.03 0.025 297 0.53 8.7 0.37 1.1 0.31 0.6 65

3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 103 0.05 8 80 0.08 0.38 6.1 0.005 0.028 363 0.82 7.6 0.29 0.9 0.31 0.6 62

4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 108 0.22 2.5 20 0.09 1.89 6.8 0.01 0.017 496 0.63 4.8 0.63 0.4 0.3 0.2 225

4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 132 0.11 6 90 0.1 0.56 10 0.005 0.026 313 0.7 15.3 0.35 1.1 0.38 0.6 90

4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 132 0.07 2.5 40 0.07 1.08 6.3 0.005 0.019 303 0.52 8.4 0.22 0.7 0.47 0.4 138

4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 144 0.22 40 80 0.08 0.59 10.4 0.005 0.026 335 1.59 9.9 1.63 1 0.48 0.9 100

4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 162 0.04 2.5 40 0.04 0.14 3.3 0.02 0.011 192 0.36 3.9 0.14 0.4 0.23 0.2 15

4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha >100 0.03 15 40 0.08 0.54 10.7 0.03 0.021 249 0.66 8.9 0.19 1 0.37 0.5 62

4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha >100 0.06 5 50 0.08 0.67 10 0.01 0.025 278 0.47 7.2 0.25 1 0.55 0.5 95

4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha >100 0.005 5 30 0.01 1.25 2.5 0.005 0.0025 154 0.31 1.5 0.05 0.2 0.06 0.1 177

4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha >100 0.05 2.5 10 0.02 0.02 2.6 0.005 0.0025 172 0.13 1.1 0.23 0.2 0.05 0.1 55

Samples in bold numbers are half the detection limit

389
Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet

390
 Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet

Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect Distance ME-MS81 ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61
from dike

La La-median Ag Ag-median Ag/La Ag/La -median As As-median As/La As/La - median Ba

ppm ppm ppm ppm
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East T14 100 15.4 3.1 0.005 0.045 0.0003 0.0066 2.5 2.5 0.1623 0.2687 70

3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East T13 103 15.9 3.6 0.05 0 0.0031 0.0037 8 3 0.5031 0.0721 80

4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna T5 108 9.8 2.5 0.22 0.17 0.0224 0.0156 2.5 2.5 0.2551 0.1759 20

4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East T14 132 16 3.7 0.11 0.06 0.0069 0.0000 6 1 0.3750 0.0560 90

4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna T5 132 9.5 2.8 0.07 0.02 0.0074 0.0005 2.5 2.5 0.2632 0.1679 40

4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East T13 144 12.3 0 0.22 0.17 0.0179 0.0110 40 35 3.2520 2.8210 80

4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna T5 162 5.8 6.5 0.04 0.01 0.0069 0.0000 2.5 2.5 0.4310 0.0000 40

4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Celendin 300 16.6 4.3 0.03 0.02 0.0018 0.0051 15 10 0.9036 0.4726 40
Hill

4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Celendin 300 13 0.7 0.06 0.01 0.0046 0.0023 5 0 0.3846 0.0464 50
Hill

4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Jumasha 300 5.2 7.1 0.005 0.045 0.0010 0.0059 5 0 0.9615 0.5305 30
Hill

4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Jumasha 300 2.3 10 0.05 0 0.0217 0.0149 2.5 2.5 1.0870 0.6559 10
Hill

median: 12.3 3.6 0.050 0.02 0.0069 0.0051 5 2.5 0.4310 0.1759 40

Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: 19.5 0.09 0.0170 10 0.7829

Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: 5.1 0.01 -0.0033 0 0.0792
Values in red are half detection limit

mean: 11.0727 0.0782 8.3182 50.0000

Standard deviation: 4.7235 0.0724 10.6393 25.2262

Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: 20.5196 0.2230 29.5967

Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: 1.6258 -0.0667 -12.9604
391

visual threshold: 0.1 10

 Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet

Sample N° Easting Northing Locality ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS

Ba-median Ba/La Ba/La - median Bi Bi-median Bi/La Bi/La - median Cd Cd-median Cd/La Cd/La - median Cu Cu-median
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 30 4.5455 0.0000 0.09 0.01 0.0058 0.0004 0.49 0.07 0.0318 0.0032 7 0.2

3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 40 5.0314 0.4860 0.08 0 0.0050 0.0012 0.38 0.18 0.0239 0.0111 6.1 0.7

4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 20 2.0408 2.5046 0.09 0.01 0.0092 0.0029 1.89 1.33 0.1929 0.1579 6.8 0

4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 50 5.6250 1.0795 0.1 0.02 0.0063 0.0000 0.56 0 0.0350 0.0000 10 3.2

4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 0 4.2105 0.3349 0.07 0.01 0.0074 0.0011 1.08 0.52 0.1137 0.0787 6.3 0.5

4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 40 6.5041 1.9586 0.08 0 0.0065 0.0003 0.59 0.03 0.0480 0.0130 10.4 3.6

4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 0 6.8966 2.3511 0.04 0.04 0.0069 0.0006 0.14 0.42 0.0241 0.0109 3.3 3.5

4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha 0 2.4096 2.1358 0.08 0 0.0048 0.0014 0.54 0.02 0.0325 0.0025 10.7 3.9
Hill

4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha 10 3.8462 0.6993 0.08 0 0.0062 0.0001 0.67 0.11 0.0515 0.0165 10 3.2
Hill

4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha 10 5.7692 1.2238 0.01 0.07 0.0019 0.0043 1.25 0.69 0.2404 0.2054 2.5 4.3
Hill

4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha 30 4.3478 0.1976 0.02 0.06 0.0087 0.0024 0.02 0.54 0.0087 0.0263 2.6 4.2
Hill

20 4.5455 1.0795 0.08 0.01 0.0063 0.0011 0.56 0.18 0.0350 0.0130 6.8 3.2

Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: 80 6.7045 0.1 0.0085 0.92 0.0609 13.2
Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: 0 2.3864 0.06 0.0040 0.2 0.0091 0.4
Values in red are half detection limit

mean: 0.0673 0.6918 6.8818

Standard deviation: 0.0286 0.5084 2.9808

Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: 100.4525 0.1245 1.7086 12.8434
Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: -0.4525 0.0100 -0.3249 0.9202
392

visual threshold: 100 0.1 1 10

 Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet

Sample N° Easting Northing Locality ABS Hg-CV41 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS

Cu/La Cu/La - median Hg Hg-median Hg/La Hg/La - median In In-median In/La In/La - median Mn Mn-median Mn/La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 0.4545 0.1900 0.03 0.025 0.0019 0.0010 0.025 0.004 0.0016 0.0001 297 0 19.2857

3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 0.3836 0.2609 0.005 0 0.0003 0.0006 0.028 0.007 0.0018 0.0000 363 66 22.8302

4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 0.6939 0.0493 0.01 0.005 0.0010 0.0001 0.017 0.004 0.0017 0.0000 496 199 50.6122

4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 0.6250 0.0196 0.005 0 0.0003 0.0006 0.026 0.005 0.0016 0.0001 313 16 19.5625

4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 0.6632 0.0186 0.005 0 0.0005 0.0004 0.019 0.002 0.0020 0.0003 303 6 31.8947

4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 0.8455 0.2010 0.005 0 0.0004 0.0006 0.026 0.005 0.0021 0.0004 335 38 27.2358

4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 0.5690 0.0756 0.02 0.015 0.0034 0.0025 0.011 0.01 0.0019 0.0002 192 105 33.1034

4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha 0.6446 0.0000 0.03 0.025 0.0018 0.0008 0.021 0 0.0013 0.0005 249 48 15.0000
Hill

4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha 0.7692 0.1247 0.01 0.005 0.0008 0.0002 0.025 0.004 0.0019 0.0002 278 19 21.3846
Hill

4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha 0.4808 0.1638 0.005 0 0.0010 0.0000 0.0025 0.0185 0.0005 0.0013 154 143 29.6154
Hill

4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha 1.1304 0.4859 0.005 0 0.0022 0.0012 0.0025 0.0185 0.0011 0.0006 172 125 74.7826
Hill

0.6446 0.1247 0.005 0 0.0010 0.0006 0.021 0.005 0.0017 0.0002 297 48 27.2358

Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: 0.8939 0.005 0.0023 0.031 0.0021 393
Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: 0.3953 0.005 -0.0003 0.011 0.0014 201
Values in red are half detection limit

mean: 0.0118 0.0185 286.5455

Standard deviation: 0.0096 0.0089 92.5668

Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: 0.0310 0.0362 471.6790

Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: -0.0074 0.0007 101.4119
393

visual threshold: 0.01 0.03 800

 Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet

Sample N° Easting Northing Locality ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS

Mn/La - median Mo Mo-median Mo/La Mo/La - median Pb Pb-median Pb/La Pb/La - median Sb Sb-median Sb/La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 7.9501 0.53 0 0.0344 0.0203 8.7 1.1 0.5649 0.0111 0.37 0.12 0.0240

3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 4.4056 0.82 0.29 0.0516 0.0032 7.6 0 0.4780 0.0759 0.29 0.04 0.0182

4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 23.3765 0.63 0.1 0.0643 0.0095 4.8 2.8 0.4898 0.0641 0.63 0.38 0.0643

4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 7.6733 0.7 0.17 0.0438 0.0110 15.3 7.7 0.9563 0.4024 0.35 0.1 0.0219

4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 4.6590 0.52 0.01 0.0547 0.0000 8.4 0.8 0.8842 0.3304 0.22 0.03 0.0232

4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 0.0000 1.59 1.06 0.1293 0.0745 9.9 2.3 0.8049 0.2510 1.63 1.38 0.1325

4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 5.8677 0.36 0.17 0.0621 0.0073 3.9 3.7 0.6724 0.1186 0.14 0.11 0.0241

4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha 12.2358 0.66 0.13 0.0398 0.0150 8.9 1.3 0.5361 0.0177 0.19 0.06 0.0114
Hill

4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha 5.8512 0.47 0.06 0.0362 0.0186 7.2 0.4 0.5538 0.0000 0.25 0 0.0192
Hill

4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha 2.3796 0.31 0.22 0.0596 0.0049 1.5 6.1 0.2885 0.2654 0.05 0.2 0.0096
Hill

4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha 47.5468 0.13 0.4 0.0565 0.0018 1.1 6.5 0.4783 0.0756 0.23 0.02 0.1000
Hill

5.8677 0.53 0.17 0.0547 0.0095 7.6 2.3 0.5538 0.0759 0.25 0.1 0.0232

Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: 38.9711 0.87 0.0738 12.2 0.7056 0.45
Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: 15.5004 0.19 0.0356 3 0.4021 0.05
Values in red are half detection limit

mean: 0.6109 7.0273 0.3955

Standard deviation: 0.3609 3.8807 0.4155

Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: 1.3326 14.7888 1.2265

Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: -0.1108 -0.7342 -0.4356
394

visual threshold: 1 25 1
 Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet

Sample N° Easting Northing Locality ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS

Sb/La - median Sn Sn-median Sn/La Sn/La - median Sr Sr-median Sr/La Sr/La - median Tl Tl-median Tl/La Tl/La - median
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 0.0009 1.1 0.2 0.0714 0.0025 797 51 51.7532 8.8972 0.31 0 0.0201 0.0036

3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 0.0049 0.9 0 0.0566 0.0124 918 172 57.7358 2.9146 0.31 0 0.0195 0.0043

4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 0.0411 0.4 0.5 0.0408 0.0281 711 35 72.5510 11.9006 0.3 0.01 0.0306 0.0069

4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 0.0013 1.1 0.2 0.0688 0.0002 796 50 49.7500 10.9004 0.38 0.07 0.0238 0.0000

4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 0.0000 0.7 0.2 0.0737 0.0047 817 71 86.0000 25.3496 0.47 0.16 0.0495 0.0257

4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 0.1094 1 0.1 0.0813 0.0123 746 0 60.6504 0.0000 0.48 0.17 0.0390 0.0153

4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 0.0010 0.4 0.5 0.0690 0.0000 888 142 153.1034 92.4530 0.23 0.08 0.0397 0.0159

4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha 0.0117 1 0.1 0.0602 0.0087 721 25 43.4337 17.2167 0.37 0.06 0.0223 0.0015
Hill

4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha 0.0039 1 0.1 0.0769 0.0080 527 219 40.5385 20.1119 0.55 0.24 0.0423 0.0186
Hill

4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha 0.0135 0.2 0.7 0.0385 0.0305 437 309 84.0385 23.3881 0.06 0.25 0.0115 0.0122
Hill

4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha 0.0768 0.2 0.7 0.0870 0.0180 473 273 205.6522 145.0018 0.05 0.26 0.0217 0.0020
Hill

0.0049 0.9 0.2 0.0690 0.0087 746 71 60.6504 17.2167 0.31 0.08 0.0238 0.0069

Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: 0.0330 1.3 0.0864 888 95.0837 0.47 0.0375
Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: 0.0133 0.5 0.0515 604 26.2171 0.15 0.0100
Values in red are half detection limit

mean: 0.7273 711.9091 0.3191

Standard deviation: 0.3440 155.7757 0.1526

Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: 1.4153 1023.4606 0.6244

Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: 0.0392 400.3576 0.0138
395

visual threshold: 1
 Appendix A8: Background calculation worksheet

Sample N° Easting Northing Locality ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS ME-MS61 ABS ABS

V V-median V/La V/La - median W W-median W/La W/La - median Zn Zn-median Zn/La Zn/La - median
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East 56 0 3.6364 0.8011 0.6 0.1 0.0390 0.0012 65 25 4.2208 3.0869

3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East 53 3 3.3333 1.1042 0.6 0.1 0.0377 0.0000 62 28 3.8994 3.4083

4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna 37 19 3.7755 0.6620 0.2 0.3 0.0204 0.0173 225 135 22.9592 15.6515

4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East 71 15 4.4375 0.0000 0.6 0.1 0.0375 0.0002 90 0 5.6250 1.6827

4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna 59 3 6.2105 1.7730 0.4 0.1 0.0421 0.0044 138 48 14.5263 7.2186

4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East 102 46 8.2927 3.8552 0.9 0.4 0.0732 0.0354 100 10 8.1301 0.8224

4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna 26 30 4.4828 0.0453 0.2 0.3 0.0345 0.0033 15 75 2.5862 4.7215

4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha 80 24 4.8193 0.3818 0.5 0 0.0301 0.0076 62 28 3.7349 3.5728
Hill

4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha 91 35 7.0000 2.5625 0.5 0 0.0385 0.0007 95 5 7.3077 0.0000
Hill

4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha 9 47 1.7308 2.7067 0.1 0.4 0.0192 0.0185 177 87 34.0385 26.7308
Hill

4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha 5 51 2.1739 2.2636 0.1 0.4 0.0435 0.0057 55 35 23.9130 16.6054
Hill

56 24 4.4375 1.1042 0.5 0.1 0.0377 0.0044 90 28 7.3077 3.5728

Upper background limit = median + 2MAD: 104 6.6458 0.7 0.0465 146 14.4532
Lower background limit = median - 2MAD: 8 2.2292 0.3 0.0290 34 0.1622
Values in red are half detection limit

mean: 53.5455 0.4273 98.5455

Standard deviation: 30.3985 0.2416 57.5742

Lower background limit = mean + 2 standard deviation: 114.3424 0.9104 213.6939

Lower background limit = mean - 2 standard deviation: -7.2515 -0.0558 -16.6030
396

visual threshold: 1 100

Appendix A9: Threshold calculation worksheet

397
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Locality Transect or Distance from Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Threshold Med(Ag) + Mean + 2Std Visual
depth dike MAD Ag MAD Ag Ag/La 2MAD (Ag) Dev threshold

La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Median

(Ag/La)* La (Ag/La)* La Ag/La*La Ag/La* La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA238 Yanacancha Celendin 200 Brown limestone13 0.0025 0.06 0.0170 0.2211 -0.0033 -0.0424 0.0086 0.1112 0.0069 0.0894 0.09 0.2231 0.1
Hill

4PAA233 Yanacancha Celendin 200 Brown limestone16.6 0.03 0.0170 0.2824 -0.0033 -0.0541 0.0086 0.1420 0.0069 0.1141 0.09 0.2231 0.1
Hill

4PAA235 Yanacancha Jumasha 200 Brown limestone5.2 0.005 0.0170 0.0885 -0.0033 -0.0170 0.0086 0.0445 0.0069 0.0358 0.09 0.2231 0.1
Hill

4PAA236 Yanacancha Jumasha 200 Brown limestone2.3 0.0025 0.05 0.0170 0.0391 -0.0033 -0.0075 0.0086 0.0197 0.0069 0.0158 0.09 0.2231 0.1
Hill

3PAA214 Fortuna East T10 1 Gray limestone 23.2 <0.005 0.2 0.0170 0.3946 -0.0033 -0.0756 0.0086 0.1984 0.0069 0.1595 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA215 Fortuna East T10 5 Gray limestone 27 <0.005 0.43 0.0170 0.4593 -0.0033 -0.0880 0.0086 0.2309 0.0069 0.1856 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA216 Fortuna East T10 10 Gray limestone 22.7 <0.005 0.12 0.0170 0.3861 -0.0033 -0.0740 0.0086 0.1941 0.0069 0.1561 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA217 Fortuna East T10 19 Gray limestone 15.3 <0.005 0.08 0.0170 0.2603 -0.0033 -0.0499 0.0086 0.1308 0.0069 0.1052 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA221 Fortuna East T10 49 Gray limestone 32.2 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.5477 -0.0033 -0.1050 0.0086 0.2754 0.0069 0.2214 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA223 Fortuna East T10 71 Gray limestone 22 <0.005 0.08 0.0170 0.3742 -0.0033 -0.0717 0.0086 0.1881 0.0069 0.1513 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA219 Fortuna East T10 36 Gray hornfels 45.3 <0.005 0.14 0.0170 0.7706 -0.0033 -0.1477 0.0086 0.3874 0.0069 0.3114 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA260 Fortuna East T13 17 Gray limestone 11.2 0.007 0.2 0.0170 0.1905 -0.0033 -0.0365 0.0086 0.0958 0.0069 0.0770 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA257 Fortuna East T13 33 Gray limestone 28.7 <0.005 0.1 0.0170 0.4882 -0.0033 -0.0936 0.0086 0.2454 0.0069 0.1973 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA255 Fortuna East T13 42 Gray limestone 52.5 <0.005 0.2 0.0170 0.8931 -0.0033 -0.1712 0.0086 0.4490 0.0069 0.3609 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA253 Fortuna East T13 66 Gray limestone 20 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.3402 -0.0033 -0.0652 0.0086 0.1710 0.0069 0.1375 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA250 Fortuna East T13 103 Gray limestone 15.9 <0.005 0.05 0.0170 0.2705 -0.0033 -0.0518 0.0086 0.1360 0.0069 0.1093 0.09 0.2231 0.1
398
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Locality Transect or Distance from Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Threshold Med(Ag) + Mean + 2Std Visual
depth dike MAD Ag MAD Ag Ag/La 2MAD (Ag) Dev threshold

La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Median

(Ag/La)* La (Ag/La)* La Ag/La*La Ag/La* La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA224 Fortuna East T13 144 Gray limestone 12.3 <0.005 0.22 0.0170 0.2092 -0.0033 -0.0401 0.0086 0.1052 0.0069 0.0846 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA112 Fortuna East T14 1 Gray limestone 22.8 <0.005 0.19 0.0170 0.3878 -0.0033 -0.0743 0.0086 0.1950 0.0069 0.1568 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA114 Fortuna East T14 10 Gray limestone 13.4 <0.005 0.22 0.0170 0.2279 -0.0033 -0.0437 0.0086 0.1146 0.0069 0.0921 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA115 Fortuna East T14 20 Gray limestone 6.7 <0.005 0.1 0.0170 0.1140 -0.0033 -0.0218 0.0086 0.0573 0.0069 0.0461 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA117 Fortuna East T14 33 Gray limestone 8.9 <0.005 0.3 0.0170 0.1514 -0.0033 -0.0290 0.0086 0.0761 0.0069 0.0612 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA118 Fortuna East T14 42.5 Gray limestone 12.6 <0.005 0.2 0.0170 0.2143 -0.0033 -0.0411 0.0086 0.1078 0.0069 0.0866 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA119 Fortuna East T14 50 Gray limestone 17.2 <0.005 0.005 0.0170 0.2926 -0.0033 -0.0561 0.0086 0.1471 0.0069 0.1183 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA121 Fortuna East T14 60 Gray limestone 16.4 <0.005 0.005 0.0170 0.2790 -0.0033 -0.0535 0.0086 0.1402 0.0069 0.1128 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA123 Fortuna East T14 85 Gray limestone 22.2 <0.005 0.005 0.0170 0.3776 -0.0033 -0.0724 0.0086 0.1898 0.0069 0.1526 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA124 Fortuna East T14 100 Gray limestone 15.4 <0.005 0.005 0.0170 0.2620 -0.0033 -0.0502 0.0086 0.1317 0.0069 0.1059 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA223 Fortuna East T14 132 Gray limestone 16 <0.005 0.11 0.0170 0.2722 -0.0033 -0.0522 0.0086 0.1368 0.0069 0.1100 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA107 Fortuna East T15 8 Gray limestone 13.8 <0.005 0.82 0.0170 0.2347 -0.0033 -0.0450 0.0086 0.1180 0.0069 0.0949 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA117 Quarry Bench T2 127 Gray limestone 16.2 <0.005 0.12 0.0170 0.2756 -0.0033 -0.0528 0.0086 0.1385 0.0069 0.1114 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA116 Quarry Bench T2 139.5 Gray limestone 32.5 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.5528 -0.0033 -0.1060 0.0086 0.2779 0.0069 0.2234 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA177 Fortuna T5 0.5 Gray hornfels 29.2 0.021 2.25 0.0170 0.4967 -0.0033 -0.0952 0.0086 0.2497 0.0069 0.2008 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA179 Fortuna T5 14 Gray limestone 8.4 <0.005 0.25 0.0170 0.1429 -0.0033 -0.0274 0.0086 0.0718 0.0069 0.0578 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA181 Fortuna T5 25 Gray limestone 16.4 0.005 1.91 0.0170 0.2790 -0.0033 -0.0535 0.0086 0.1402 0.0069 0.1128 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA183 Fortuna T5 36 Gray limestone 6.3 <0.005 0.31 0.0170 0.1072 -0.0033 -0.0205 0.0086 0.0539 0.0069 0.0433 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA185 Fortuna T5 44 Gray limestone 10.2 0.105 0.18 0.0170 0.1735 -0.0033 -0.0333 0.0086 0.0872 0.0069 0.0701 0.09 0.2231 0.1
399
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Locality Transect or Distance from Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Threshold Med(Ag) + Mean + 2Std Visual
depth dike MAD Ag MAD Ag Ag/La 2MAD (Ag) Dev threshold

La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Median

(Ag/La)* La (Ag/La)* La Ag/La*La Ag/La* La
ppm ppm ppm
3PAA188 Fortuna T5 60 Gray limestone 6 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.1021 -0.0033 -0.0196 0.0086 0.0513 0.0069 0.0413 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA190 Fortuna T5 75 Gray limestone 19.2 <0.005 0.06 0.0170 0.3266 -0.0033 -0.0626 0.0086 0.1642 0.0069 0.1320 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA164 Fortuna T5 108 Gray limestone 9.8 <0.005 0.22 0.0170 0.1667 -0.0033 -0.0320 0.0086 0.0838 0.0069 0.0674 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA165 Fortuna T5 132 Brown limestone9.5 <0.005 0.07 0.0170 0.1616 -0.0033 -0.0310 0.0086 0.0812 0.0069 0.0653 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA166 Fortuna T5 162 Gray limestone 5.8 <0.005 0.04 0.0170 0.0987 -0.0033 -0.0189 0.0086 0.0496 0.0069 0.0399 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA134 Antamina West 4225 bench 4 Bleached marble 4.1 <0.005 0.11 0.0170 0.0697 -0.0033 -0.0134 0.0086 0.0351 0.0069 0.0282 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA135 Antamina West 4225 bench 12 Bleached marble 4 <0.005 0.1 0.0170 0.0680 -0.0033 -0.0130 0.0086 0.0342 0.0069 0.0275 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA136 Antamina West 4225 bench 18 Bleached marble 3.9 <0.005 0.28 0.0170 0.0663 -0.0033 -0.0127 0.0086 0.0334 0.0069 0.0268 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA138 Antamina West 4225 bench 26 Bleached marble 12.2 <0.005 2.15 0.0170 0.2075 -0.0033 -0.0398 0.0086 0.1043 0.0069 0.0839 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA150 Antamina West Access to the 70 Bleached marble 8.9 <0.005 0.75 0.0170 0.1514 -0.0033 -0.0290 0.0086 0.0761 0.0069 0.0612 0.09 0.2231 0.1
crusher

4PAA186 Antamina West Access to the 27 Bleached marble 3.5 0.68 0.0170 0.0595 -0.0033 -0.0114 0.0086 0.0299 0.0069 0.0241 0.09 0.2231 0.1
crusher

4PAA191 Antamina West West flank 239 Bleached marble 3.9 <0.005 0.06 0.0170 0.0663 -0.0033 -0.0127 0.0086 0.0334 0.0069 0.0268 0.09 0.2231 0.1
anticline

3PAA332 Antamina West 152.85 - 68 Gray marble 4.6 0.87 0.0170 0.0782 -0.0033 -0.0150 0.0086 0.0393 0.0069 0.0316 0.09 0.2231 0.1
152.98

4PAA194 Antamina West 4195 bench 157 Gray marble 6.6 <0.005 0.05 0.0170 0.1123 -0.0033 -0.0215 0.0086 0.0564 0.0069 0.0454 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA137 Antamina West 4225 bench 22 Gray marble 3.5 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.0595 -0.0033 -0.0114 0.0086 0.0299 0.0069 0.0241 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA139 Antamina West 4225 bench 29 Gray marble 4.1 <0.005 0.26 0.0170 0.0697 -0.0033 -0.0134 0.0086 0.0351 0.0069 0.0282 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA188 Antamina West 4225 bench 145 Gray marble 5.3 <0.005 0.17 0.0170 0.0902 -0.0033 -0.0173 0.0086 0.0453 0.0069 0.0364 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA181 Antamina West 4270 bench 118 Gray marble 3.9 <0.005 0.14 0.0170 0.0663 -0.0033 -0.0127 0.0086 0.0334 0.0069 0.0268 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA182 Antamina West 4270 bench 98 Gray marble 4.8 <0.005 0.31 0.0170 0.0817 -0.0033 -0.0157 0.0086 0.0410 0.0069 0.0330 0.09 0.2231 0.1
400
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Locality Transect or Distance from Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Threshold Med(Ag) + Mean + 2Std Visual
depth dike MAD Ag MAD Ag Ag/La 2MAD (Ag) Dev threshold

La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Median

(Ag/La)* La (Ag/La)* La Ag/La*La Ag/La* La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA148 Antamina West Access to the 58 Gray marble 11.1 <0.005 0.16 0.0170 0.1888 -0.0033 -0.0362 0.0086 0.0949 0.0069 0.0763 0.09 0.2231 0.1
crusher
4PAA149 Antamina West Access to the 62 Gray marble 4.8 <0.005 0.1 0.0170 0.0817 -0.0033 -0.0157 0.0086 0.0410 0.0069 0.0330 0.09 0.2231 0.1
crusher
4PAA187 Antamina West Access to the 125 Gray marble 4 <0.005 0.06 0.0170 0.0680 -0.0033 -0.0130 0.0086 0.0342 0.0069 0.0275 0.09 0.2231 0.1
crusher
4PAA110 Antamina West West flank 266 Gray marble 20.2 <0.005 0.07 0.0170 0.3436 -0.0033 -0.0659 0.0086 0.1727 0.0069 0.1389 0.09 0.2231 0.1
anticline
4PAA226 Antamina West 147 Gray marble 1.7 <0.005 0.13 0.0170 0.0289 -0.0033 -0.0055 0.0086 0.0145 0.0069 0.0117 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA183 Antamina West 4270 bench 71 Light gray 5.1 <0.005 0.48 0.0170 0.0868 -0.0033 -0.0166 0.0086 0.0436 0.0069 0.0351 0.09 0.2231 0.1
marble

4PAA190 Antamina West West flank 247 Light gray 2.5 <0.005 0.05 0.0170 0.0425 -0.0033 -0.0082 0.0086 0.0214 0.0069 0.0172 0.09 0.2231 0.1
anticline marble

4PAA108 Antamina West West flank 265 Tan marble 30 <0.005 0.33 0.0170 0.5103 -0.0033 -0.0978 0.0086 0.2565 0.0069 0.2063 0.09 0.2231 0.1
anticline

3PAA105 Quarry Bench T1 54.5 Marble 70 0.24 0.0170 1.1907 -0.0033 -0.2282 0.0086 0.5986 0.0069 0.4813 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA105 Fortuna East T15 0.5 Marble 14 <0.005 0.44 0.0170 0.2381 -0.0033 -0.0456 0.0086 0.1197 0.0069 0.0963 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA114 Quarry Bench T2 140 Marble 57.2 0.87 0.0170 0.9730 -0.0033 -0.1865 0.0086 0.4892 0.0069 0.3933 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA120 Quarry Bench T2 102.5 Marble 24.2 <0.005 0.14 0.0170 0.4117 -0.0033 -0.0789 0.0086 0.2069 0.0069 0.1664 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA127 Quarry Bench T2 73.5 Marble 25.2 <0.005 0.17 0.0170 0.4287 -0.0033 -0.0822 0.0086 0.2155 0.0069 0.1733 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA127B Quarry Bench T2 73.4 Marble 23.2 <0.005 0.55 0.0170 0.3946 -0.0033 -0.0756 0.0086 0.1984 0.0069 0.1595 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA134 Quarry Bench T2 50 Marble 8.2 0.008 11.3 0.0170 0.1395 -0.0033 -0.0267 0.0086 0.0701 0.0069 0.0564 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA154 Quarry Bench T2 16 Marble 12.1 <0.005 0.27 0.0170 0.2058 -0.0033 -0.0395 0.0086 0.1035 0.0069 0.0832 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA154B Quarry Bench T2 15.5 Marble 14.6 <0.005 0.2 0.0170 0.2484 -0.0033 -0.0476 0.0086 0.1249 0.0069 0.1004 0.09 0.2231 0.1

2PAG59 Peak nine Marble 44 0.56 0.0170 0.7485 -0.0033 -0.1435 0.0086 0.3763 0.0069 0.3025 0.09 0.2231 0.1
401
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Locality Transect or Distance from Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Threshold Med(Ag) + Mean + 2Std Visual
depth dike MAD Ag MAD Ag Ag/La 2MAD (Ag) Dev threshold

La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Median

(Ag/La)* La (Ag/La)* La Ag/La*La Ag/La* La
ppm ppm ppm
2PAG60 Peak nine Marble 36.3 0.18 0.0170 0.6175 -0.0033 -0.1184 0.0086 0.3104 0.0069 0.2496 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA112 Quarry Bench T1 91 Hornfels 63.4 0.12 0.0170 1.0785 -0.0033 -0.2067 0.0086 0.5422 0.0069 0.4359 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA106 Fortuna East T15 3.5 Hornfels 11.8 <0.005 0.22 0.0170 0.2007 -0.0033 -0.0385 0.0086 0.1009 0.0069 0.0811 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA115A Quarry Bench T2 86 Hornfels 49 0.72 0.0170 0.8335 -0.0033 -0.1598 0.0086 0.4190 0.0069 0.3369 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA115B Quarry Bench T2 86 Hornfels 51.5 0.33 0.0170 0.8760 -0.0033 -0.1679 0.0086 0.4404 0.0069 0.3541 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA121 Quarry Bench T2 96.3 Hornfels 50.5 0.14 0.0170 0.8590 -0.0033 -0.1647 0.0086 0.4319 0.0069 0.3472 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA122 Quarry Bench T2 95.7 Hornfels 47.9 0.05 0.0170 0.8148 -0.0033 -0.1562 0.0086 0.4096 0.0069 0.3293 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA123 Quarry Bench T2 94.3 Hornfels 49.3 0.05 0.0170 0.8386 -0.0033 -0.1607 0.0086 0.4216 0.0069 0.3389 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA124 Quarry Bench T2 93.5 Hornfels 45.2 <0.005 0.08 0.0170 0.7689 -0.0033 -0.1474 0.0086 0.3865 0.0069 0.3108 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA156 Quarry Bench T2 7.2 Hornfels 13.6 <0.005 0.21 0.0170 0.2313 -0.0033 -0.0443 0.0086 0.1163 0.0069 0.0935 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA288 Fortuna T8 8 Hornfels 23.5 0.06 0.0170 0.3997 -0.0033 -0.0766 0.0086 0.2010 0.0069 0.1616 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA290 Fortuna T8 18 Hornfels 30.5 0.14 0.0170 0.5188 -0.0033 -0.0994 0.0086 0.2608 0.0069 0.2097 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA210 Fortuna East T9 25 Hornfels 46.6 0.23 0.0170 0.7927 -0.0033 -0.1519 0.0086 0.3985 0.0069 0.3204 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA211 Fortuna East T9 33 Hornfels 35.1 0.19 0.0170 0.5971 -0.0033 -0.1144 0.0086 0.3002 0.0069 0.2413 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA212 Fortuna East T9 50 Hornfels 49 0.39 0.0170 0.8335 -0.0033 -0.1598 0.0086 0.4190 0.0069 0.3369 0.09 0.2231 0.1

2PAE233 Peak nine Hornfels 80.9 0.005 4.05 0.0170 1.3762 -0.0033 -0.2638 0.0086 0.6918 0.0069 0.5562 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA195 Ridge road 5 Hornfels 41.1 0.05 0.0170 0.6991 -0.0033 -0.1340 0.0086 0.3515 0.0069 0.2826 0.09 0.2231 0.1
402
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Locality Transect or Distance from Lithology ME-MS81 Au-AA23 ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Ag/La Threshold Ag Median Threshold Med(Ag) + Mean + 2Std Visual
depth dike MAD Ag MAD Ag Ag/La 2MAD (Ag) Dev threshold

La Au Ag Ag/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Median

(Ag/La)* La (Ag/La)* La Ag/La*La Ag/La* La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA196 Ridge road 2 Hornfels 51 0.73 0.0170 0.8675 -0.0033 -0.1663 0.0086 0.4361 0.0069 0.3506 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA201 Ridge road 0.3 Hornfels 40.6 0.04 0.0170 0.6906 -0.0033 -0.1324 0.0086 0.3472 0.0069 0.2791 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA202 Ridge road 0.9 Hornfels 26.3 0.04 0.0170 0.4474 -0.0033 -0.0858 0.0086 0.2249 0.0069 0.1808 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA203 Ridge road 0.6 Hornfels 31.9 0.08 0.0170 0.5426 -0.0033 -0.1040 0.0086 0.2728 0.0069 0.2193 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA208 Ridge road 16 Hornfels 13.2 0.46 0.0170 0.2245 -0.0033 -0.0430 0.0086 0.1129 0.0069 0.0908 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA209 Ridge road 10 Hornfels 39.2 1.42 0.0170 0.6668 -0.0033 -0.1278 0.0086 0.3352 0.0069 0.2695 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA211 Ridge road 11.5 Hornfels 48.2 3.84 0.0170 0.8199 -0.0033 -0.1572 0.0086 0.4122 0.0069 0.3314 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA212 Ridge road 13 Hornfels 46 0.29 0.0170 0.7825 -0.0033 -0.1500 0.0086 0.3934 0.0069 0.3163 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA228 Fortuna 230 Hornfels 34.5 0.31 0.0170 0.5869 -0.0033 -0.1125 0.0086 0.2950 0.0069 0.2372 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA219 Fortuna East T10 36 Gray hornfels 45.3 <0.005 0.14 0.0170 0.7706 -0.0033 -0.1477 0.0086 0.3874 0.0069 0.3114 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA177 Fortuna T5 0.5 Gray hornfels 29.2 0.021 2.25 0.0170 0.4967 -0.0033 -0.0952 0.0086 0.2497 0.0069 0.2008 0.09 0.2231 0.1

4PAA107 Fortuna East T15 8 Limestone 13.8 <0.005 0.82 0.0170 0.2347 -0.0033 -0.0450 0.0086 0.1180 0.0069 0.0949 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA116 Quarry Bench T2 139.5 Limestone 32.5 <0.005 0.09 0.0170 0.5528 -0.0033 -0.1060 0.0086 0.2779 0.0069 0.2234 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA117 Quarry Bench T2 127 Limestone 16.2 <0.005 0.12 0.0170 0.2756 -0.0033 -0.0528 0.0086 0.1385 0.0069 0.1114 0.09 0.2231 0.1

3PAA263 Antamina West 4148 bench 0 Skarn 16 52.8 0.0170 0.2722 -0.0033 -0.0522 0.0086 0.1368 0.0069 0.1100 0.09 0.2231 0.1

2PAE226 Antamina West 0 Skarn 11 <0.005 10.9 0.0170 0.1871 -0.0033 -0.0359 0.0086 0.0941 0.0069 0.0756 0.09 0.2231 0.1
403

Numbers in red are half the lower limit of detection

 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (As) Dev threshold 2MAD (Ba) Dev threshold 2MAD (Bi) Dev threshold

As As/La MAD(As/La)* Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA238 5 0.7829 10.1777 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 87.1591 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1103 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA233 15 0.7829 12.9961 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 111.2955 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1409 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA235 5 0.7829 4.0711 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 34.8636 80 100.4525 100 0.01 0.0085 0.0441 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA236 2.5 0.7829 1.8007 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 15.4205 80 100.4525 100 0.02 0.0085 0.0195 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA214 21 0.7829 18.1633 10 29.5967 10 200 6.7045 155.5455 80 100.4525 100 0.11 0.0085 0.1969 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA215 2.5 0.7829 21.1383 10 29.5967 10 70 6.7045 181.0227 80 100.4525 100 0.15 0.0085 0.2291 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA216 2.5 0.7829 17.7718 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 152.1932 80 100.4525 100 0.13 0.0085 0.1927 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA217 15 0.7829 11.9784 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 102.5795 80 100.4525 100 0.1 0.0085 0.1298 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA221 2.5 0.7829 25.2094 10 29.5967 10 210 6.7045 215.8864 80 100.4525 100 0.2 0.0085 0.2733 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA223 6 0.7829 17.2238 10 29.5967 10 170 6.7045 147.5000 80 100.4525 100 0.14 0.0085 0.1867 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA219 5.1 0.7829 35.4653 10 29.5967 10 260 6.7045 303.7159 80 100.4525 100 0.34 0.0085 0.3845 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA260 143 0.7829 8.7685 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 75.0909 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.0951 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA257 10 0.7829 22.4692 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 192.4205 80 100.4525 100 0.24 0.0085 0.2436 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA255 48 0.7829 41.1022 10 29.5967 10 180 6.7045 351.9886 80 100.4525 100 0.67 0.0085 0.4456 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA253 2.5 0.7829 15.6580 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 134.0909 80 100.4525 100 0.11 0.0085 0.1697 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA250 8 0.7829 12.4481 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 106.6023 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1349 0.1 0.1245 0.1
404
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (As) Dev threshold 2MAD (Ba) Dev threshold 2MAD (Bi) Dev threshold

As As/La MAD(As/La)* Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA224 40 0.7829 9.6297 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 82.4659 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1044 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA112 36 0.7829 17.8501 10 29.5967 10 130 6.7045 152.8636 80 100.4525 100 0.15 0.0085 0.1935 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA114 15 0.7829 10.4909 10 29.5967 10 70 6.7045 89.8409 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.1137 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA115 10 0.7829 5.2454 10 29.5967 10 110 6.7045 44.9205 80 100.4525 100 0.03 0.0085 0.0569 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA117 13 0.7829 6.9678 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 59.6705 80 100.4525 100 0.05 0.0085 0.0755 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA118 13 0.7829 9.8645 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 84.4773 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.1069 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA119 9 0.7829 13.4659 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 115.3182 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.1460 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA121 2.5 0.7829 12.8395 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 109.9545 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.1392 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA123 7 0.7829 17.3804 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 148.8409 80 100.4525 100 0.16 0.0085 0.1884 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA124 2.5 0.7829 12.0567 10 29.5967 10 70 6.7045 103.2500 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.1307 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA223 6 0.7829 12.5264 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 107.2727 80 100.4525 100 0.1 0.0085 0.1358 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA107 18 0.7829 10.8040 10 29.5967 10 130 6.7045 92.5227 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1171 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA117 8 0.7829 12.6830 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 108.6136 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1375 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA116 64 0.7829 25.4442 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 217.8977 80 100.4525 100 0.18 0.0085 0.2758 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA177 151 0.7829 22.8607 10 29.5967 10 210 6.7045 195.7727 80 100.4525 100 0.3 0.0085 0.2478 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA179 7 0.7829 6.5764 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 56.3182 80 100.4525 100 0.05 0.0085 0.0713 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA181 97 0.7829 12.8395 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 109.9545 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.1392 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA183 9 0.7829 4.9323 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 42.2386 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0535 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA185 6 0.7829 7.9856 10 29.5967 10 60 6.7045 68.3864 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.0866 0.1 0.1245 0.1
405
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (As) Dev threshold 2MAD (Ba) Dev threshold 2MAD (Bi) Dev threshold

As As/La MAD(As/La)* Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
3PAA188 5 0.7829 4.6974 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 40.2273 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0509 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA190 13 0.7829 15.0317 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 128.7273 80 100.4525 100 0.1 0.0085 0.1629 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA164 2.5 0.7829 7.6724 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 65.7045 80 100.4525 100 0.09 0.0085 0.0832 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA165 2.5 0.7829 7.4375 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 63.6932 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.0806 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA166 2.5 0.7829 4.5408 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 38.8864 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0492 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA134 2.5 0.7829 3.2099 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 27.4886 80 100.4525 100 0.94 0.0085 0.0348 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA135 7 0.7829 3.1316 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 26.8182 80 100.4525 100 0.48 0.0085 0.0339 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA136 2.5 0.7829 3.0533 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 26.1477 80 100.4525 100 1.14 0.0085 0.0331 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA138 50 0.7829 9.5514 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 81.7955 80 100.4525 100 8.71 0.0085 0.1035 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA150 5 0.7829 6.9678 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 59.6705 80 100.4525 100 9.4 0.0085 0.0755 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA186 8 0.7829 2.7401 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 23.4659 80 100.4525 100 8.47 0.0085 0.0297 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA191 2.5 0.7829 3.0533 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 26.1477 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0331 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA332 14 0.7829 3.6013 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 30.8409 80 100.4525 100 3.13 0.0085 0.0390 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA194 2.5 0.7829 5.1671 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 44.2500 80 100.4525 100 0.05 0.0085 0.0560 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA137 7 0.7829 2.7401 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 23.4659 80 100.4525 100 0.25 0.0085 0.0297 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA139 12 0.7829 3.2099 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 27.4886 80 100.4525 100 0.8 0.0085 0.0348 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA188 2.5 0.7829 4.1494 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 35.5341 80 100.4525 100 0.32 0.0085 0.0450 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA181 6 0.7829 3.0533 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 26.1477 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.0331 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA182 2.5 0.7829 3.7579 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 32.1818 80 100.4525 100 0.84 0.0085 0.0407 0.1 0.1245 0.1
406
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (As) Dev threshold 2MAD (Ba) Dev threshold 2MAD (Bi) Dev threshold

As As/La MAD(As/La)* Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA148 9 0.7829 8.6902 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 74.4205 80 100.4525 100 0.45 0.0085 0.0942 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA149 7 0.7829 3.7579 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 32.1818 80 100.4525 100 0.4 0.0085 0.0407 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA187 2.5 0.7829 3.1316 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 26.8182 80 100.4525 100 0.07 0.0085 0.0339 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA110 15 0.7829 15.8146 10 29.5967 10 80 6.7045 135.4318 80 100.4525 100 0.44 0.0085 0.1714 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA226 2.5 0.7829 1.3309 10 29.5967 10 30 6.7045 11.3977 80 100.4525 100 0.04 0.0085 0.0144 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA183 2.5 0.7829 3.9928 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 34.1932 80 100.4525 100 0.3 0.0085 0.0433 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA190 9 0.7829 1.9572 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 16.7614 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.0212 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA108 2.5 0.7829 23.4870 10 29.5967 10 10 6.7045 201.1364 80 100.4525 100 1.81 0.0085 0.2546 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA105 29 0.7829 54.8030 10 29.5967 10 220 6.7045 469.3182 80 100.4525 100 0.59 0.0085 0.5941 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA105 26 0.7829 10.9606 10 29.5967 10 140 6.7045 93.8636 80 100.4525 100 0.74 0.0085 0.1188 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA114 128 0.7829 44.7818 10 29.5967 10 330 6.7045 383.5000 80 100.4525 100 1.11 0.0085 0.4854 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA120 25 0.7829 18.9462 10 29.5967 10 50 6.7045 162.2500 80 100.4525 100 0.1 0.0085 0.2054 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA127 30 0.7829 19.7291 10 29.5967 10 120 6.7045 168.9545 80 100.4525 100 0.65 0.0085 0.2139 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA127B 11 0.7829 18.1633 10 29.5967 10 150 6.7045 155.5455 80 100.4525 100 1.91 0.0085 0.1969 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA134 9 0.7829 6.4198 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 54.9773 80 100.4525 100 30.5 0.0085 0.0696 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA154 10 0.7829 9.4731 10 29.5967 10 20 6.7045 81.1250 80 100.4525 100 1.91 0.0085 0.1027 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA154B 5 0.7829 11.4303 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 97.8864 80 100.4525 100 1.25 0.0085 0.1239 0.1 0.1245 0.1

2PAG59 48 0.7829 34.4476 10 29.5967 10 370 6.7045 295.0000 80 100.4525 100 0.17 0.0085 0.3734 0.1 0.1245 0.1
407
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (As) Dev threshold 2MAD (Ba) Dev threshold 2MAD (Bi) Dev threshold

As As/La MAD(As/La)* Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
2PAG60 20 0.7829 28.4192 10 29.5967 10 180 6.7045 243.3750 80 100.4525 100 0.19 0.0085 0.3081 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA112 18 0.7829 49.6358 10 29.5967 10 230 6.7045 425.0682 80 100.4525 100 0.34 0.0085 0.5381 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA106 8 0.7829 9.2382 10 29.5967 10 190 6.7045 79.1136 80 100.4525 100 0.11 0.0085 0.1001 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA115A 23 0.7829 38.3621 10 29.5967 10 310 6.7045 328.5227 80 100.4525 100 0.43 0.0085 0.4159 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA115B 21.5 0.7829 40.3193 10 29.5967 10 700 6.7045 345.2841 80 100.4525 100 0.49 0.0085 0.4371 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA121 243 0.7829 39.5364 10 29.5967 10 250 6.7045 338.5795 80 100.4525 100 0.56 0.0085 0.4286 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA122 32 0.7829 37.5009 10 29.5967 10 300 6.7045 321.1477 80 100.4525 100 0.41 0.0085 0.4065 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA123 17 0.7829 38.5969 10 29.5967 10 220 6.7045 330.5341 80 100.4525 100 0.85 0.0085 0.4184 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA124 15 0.7829 35.3871 10 29.5967 10 260 6.7045 303.0455 80 100.4525 100 1.07 0.0085 0.3836 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA156 14 0.7829 10.6474 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 91.1818 80 100.4525 100 0.4 0.0085 0.1154 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA288 44 0.7829 18.3981 10 29.5967 10 100 6.7045 157.5568 80 100.4525 100 0.24 0.0085 0.1994 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA290 28 0.7829 23.8784 10 29.5967 10 260 6.7045 204.4886 80 100.4525 100 0.3 0.0085 0.2588 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA210 8 0.7829 36.4831 10 29.5967 10 230 6.7045 312.4318 80 100.4525 100 0.13 0.0085 0.3955 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA211 97 0.7829 27.4798 10 29.5967 10 140 6.7045 235.3295 80 100.4525 100 0.22 0.0085 0.2979 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA212 45 0.7829 38.3621 10 29.5967 10 220 6.7045 328.5227 80 100.4525 100 0.5 0.0085 0.4159 0.1 0.1245 0.1

2PAE233 40 0.7829 63.3366 10 29.5967 10 850 6.7045 542.3977 80 100.4525 100 0.43 0.0085 0.6866 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA195 126 0.7829 32.1772 10 29.5967 10 150 6.7045 275.5568 80 100.4525 100 0.36 0.0085 0.3488 0.1 0.1245 0.1
408
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold As Med(As) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Ba Med(Ba) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Bi Med(Bi) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (As) Dev threshold 2MAD (Ba) Dev threshold 2MAD (Bi) Dev threshold

As As/La MAD(As/La)* Ba Ba/La MAD(Ba/La)* Bi Bi/La MAD(Bi/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA196 24 0.7829 39.9279 10 29.5967 10 780 6.7045 341.9318 80 100.4525 100 4.96 0.0085 0.4328 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA201 20 0.7829 31.7857 10 29.5967 10 290 6.7045 272.2045 80 100.4525 100 0.5 0.0085 0.3446 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA202 32 0.7829 20.5903 10 29.5967 10 280 6.7045 176.3295 80 100.4525 100 0.29 0.0085 0.2232 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA203 20 0.7829 24.9745 10 29.5967 10 230 6.7045 213.8750 80 100.4525 100 0.61 0.0085 0.2707 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA208 18.6 0.7829 10.3343 10 29.5967 10 500 6.7045 88.5000 80 100.4525 100 0.67 0.0085 0.1120 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA209 39 0.7829 30.6897 10 29.5967 10 280 6.7045 262.8182 80 100.4525 100 5.19 0.0085 0.3327 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA211 12 0.7829 37.7357 10 29.5967 10 470 6.7045 323.1591 80 100.4525 100 7.38 0.0085 0.4091 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA212 132 0.7829 36.0134 10 29.5967 10 140 6.7045 308.4091 80 100.4525 100 0.97 0.0085 0.3904 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA228 38 0.7829 27.0100 10 29.5967 10 280 6.7045 231.3068 80 100.4525 100 0.29 0.0085 0.2928 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA219 5.1 0.7829 35.4653 10 29.5967 10 260 6.7045 303.7159 80 100.4525 100 0.34 0.0085 0.3845 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA177 151 0.7829 22.8607 10 29.5967 10 210 6.7045 195.7727 80 100.4525 100 0.3 0.0085 0.2478 0.1 0.1245 0.1

4PAA107 18 0.7829 10.8040 10 29.5967 10 130 6.7045 92.5227 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1171 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA116 64 0.7829 25.4442 10 29.5967 10 90 6.7045 217.8977 80 100.4525 100 0.18 0.0085 0.2758 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA117 8 0.7829 12.6830 10 29.5967 10 40 6.7045 108.6136 80 100.4525 100 0.08 0.0085 0.1375 0.1 0.1245 0.1

3PAA263 111 0.7829 12.5264 10 29.5967 10 5 6.7045 107.2727 80 100.4525 100 297 0.0085 0.1358 0.1 0.1245 0.1

2PAE226 49 0.7829 8.6119 10 29.5967 10 1.9 6.7045 73.7500 80 100.4525 100 17.7 0.0085 0.0934 0.1 0.1245 0.1
409
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Threshold Med(Cu) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Cd) Dev threshold MAD Cu MAD Cu Cu/La 2MAD (Cu) Dev threshold

Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* Cu Cu/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Cu/La*La Median
La (Cu/La)* La (Cu/La)* La Cu/La*La
ppm ppm
4PAA238 0.67 0.0609 0.7922 0.92 1.7086 1 10 0.8939 11.6205 0.3953 5.1386 0.6600 8.5797 0.6446 8.3795 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA233 0.54 0.0609 1.0115 0.92 1.7086 1 10.7 0.8939 14.8385 0.3953 6.5615 0.6600 10.9556 0.6446 10.7000 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA235 1.25 0.0609 0.3169 0.92 1.7086 1 2.5 0.8939 4.6482 0.3953 2.0554 0.6600 3.4319 0.6446 3.3518 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA236 0.02 0.0609 0.1402 0.92 1.7086 1 2.6 0.8939 2.0559 0.3953 0.9091 0.6600 1.5179 0.6446 1.4825 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA214 0.13 0.0609 1.4137 0.92 1.7086 1 9.9 0.8939 20.7381 0.3953 9.1703 0.6600 15.3114 0.6446 14.9542 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA215 0.5 0.0609 1.6452 0.92 1.7086 1 9.7 0.8939 24.1348 0.3953 10.6724 0.6600 17.8194 0.6446 17.4036 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA216 0.32 0.0609 1.3832 0.92 1.7086 1 10.2 0.8939 20.2911 0.3953 8.9727 0.6600 14.9815 0.6446 14.6319 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA217 0.49 0.0609 0.9323 0.92 1.7086 1 11.3 0.8939 13.6764 0.3953 6.0477 0.6600 10.0976 0.6446 9.8620 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA221 0.2 0.0609 1.9621 0.92 1.7086 1 12.2 0.8939 28.7830 0.3953 12.7278 0.6600 21.2512 0.6446 20.7554 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA223 0.21 0.0609 1.3406 0.92 1.7086 1 8.7 0.8939 19.6654 0.3953 8.6960 0.6600 14.5195 0.6446 14.1807 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA219 0.16 0.0609 2.7604 0.92 1.7086 1 10.9 0.8939 40.4929 0.3953 17.9059 0.6600 29.8969 0.6446 29.1994 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA260 0.58 0.0609 0.6825 0.92 1.7086 1 10.6 0.8939 10.0115 0.3953 4.4271 0.6600 7.3917 0.6446 7.2193 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA257 0.05 0.0609 1.7488 0.92 1.7086 1 9.8 0.8939 25.6544 0.3953 11.3443 0.6600 18.9413 0.6446 18.4994 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA255 0.22 0.0609 3.1991 0.92 1.7086 1 31.5 0.8939 46.9289 0.3953 20.7519 0.6600 34.6487 0.6446 33.8404 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA253 0.37 0.0609 1.2187 0.92 1.7086 1 9.1 0.8939 17.8777 0.3953 7.9055 0.6600 13.1995 0.6446 12.8916 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA250 0.38 0.0609 0.9689 0.92 1.7086 1 6.1 0.8939 14.2127 0.3953 6.2848 0.6600 10.4936 0.6446 10.2488 13.2 12.8434 10
410
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Threshold Med(Cu) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Cd) Dev threshold MAD Cu MAD Cu Cu/La 2MAD (Cu) Dev threshold

Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* Cu Cu/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Cu/La*La Median
La (Cu/La)* La (Cu/La)* La Cu/La*La
ppm ppm
4PAA224 0.59 0.0609 0.7495 0.92 1.7086 1 10.4 0.8939 10.9948 0.3953 4.8619 0.6600 8.1177 0.6446 7.9283 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA112 0.33 0.0609 1.3893 0.92 1.7086 1 9.4 0.8939 20.3805 0.3953 9.0122 0.6600 15.0475 0.6446 14.6964 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA114 0.63 0.0609 0.8165 0.92 1.7086 1 10.1 0.8939 11.9780 0.3953 5.2967 0.6600 8.8437 0.6446 8.6373 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA115 0.37 0.0609 0.4083 0.92 1.7086 1 7 0.8939 5.9890 0.3953 2.6483 0.6600 4.4218 0.6446 4.3187 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA117 0.2 0.0609 0.5423 0.92 1.7086 1 4.9 0.8939 7.9556 0.3953 3.5179 0.6600 5.8738 0.6446 5.7367 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA118 0.88 0.0609 0.7678 0.92 1.7086 1 10.4 0.8939 11.2629 0.3953 4.9804 0.6600 8.3157 0.6446 8.1217 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA119 0.36 0.0609 1.0481 0.92 1.7086 1 8.7 0.8939 15.3748 0.3953 6.7987 0.6600 11.3516 0.6446 11.0867 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA121 0.49 0.0609 0.9993 0.92 1.7086 1 7.1 0.8939 14.6597 0.3953 6.4825 0.6600 10.8236 0.6446 10.5711 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA123 0.95 0.0609 1.3528 0.92 1.7086 1 13.1 0.8939 19.8442 0.3953 8.7751 0.6600 14.6515 0.6446 14.3096 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA124 0.49 0.0609 0.9384 0.92 1.7086 1 7 0.8939 13.7658 0.3953 6.0872 0.6600 10.1636 0.6446 9.9265 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA223 0.56 0.0609 0.9750 0.92 1.7086 1 10 0.8939 14.3021 0.3953 6.3244 0.6600 10.5596 0.6446 10.3133 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA107 0.7 0.0609 0.8409 0.92 1.7086 1 9.9 0.8939 12.3356 0.3953 5.4548 0.6600 9.1077 0.6446 8.8952 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA117 0.06 0.0609 0.9871 0.92 1.7086 1 12.8 0.8939 14.4809 0.3953 6.4034 0.6600 10.6916 0.6446 10.4422 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA116 0.04 0.0609 1.9804 0.92 1.7086 1 15.3 0.8939 29.0512 0.3953 12.8464 0.6600 21.4492 0.6446 20.9488 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA177 1.47 0.0609 1.7793 0.92 1.7086 1 34.6 0.8939 26.1014 0.3953 11.5420 0.6600 19.2713 0.6446 18.8217 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA179 0.14 0.0609 0.5119 0.92 1.7086 1 6.6 0.8939 7.5086 0.3953 3.3203 0.6600 5.5438 0.6446 5.4145 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA181 1.44 0.0609 0.9993 0.92 1.7086 1 9 0.8939 14.6597 0.3953 6.4825 0.6600 10.8236 0.6446 10.5711 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA183 0.21 0.0609 0.3839 0.92 1.7086 1 7.1 0.8939 5.6315 0.3953 2.4902 0.6600 4.1578 0.6446 4.0608 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA185 0.38 0.0609 0.6215 0.92 1.7086 1 7 0.8939 9.1176 0.3953 4.0318 0.6600 6.7318 0.6446 6.5747 13.2 12.8434 10
411
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Threshold Med(Cu) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Cd) Dev threshold MAD Cu MAD Cu Cu/La 2MAD (Cu) Dev threshold

Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* Cu Cu/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Cu/La*La Median
La (Cu/La)* La (Cu/La)* La Cu/La*La
ppm ppm
3PAA188 0.36 0.0609 0.3656 0.92 1.7086 1 5.1 0.8939 5.3633 0.3953 2.3716 0.6600 3.9599 0.6446 3.8675 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA190 0.14 0.0609 1.1700 0.92 1.7086 1 8.5 0.8939 17.1626 0.3953 7.5892 0.6600 12.6715 0.6446 12.3759 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA164 1.89 0.0609 0.5972 0.92 1.7086 1 6.8 0.8939 8.7601 0.3953 3.8737 0.6600 6.4678 0.6446 6.3169 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA165 1.08 0.0609 0.5789 0.92 1.7086 1 6.3 0.8939 8.4919 0.3953 3.7551 0.6600 6.2698 0.6446 6.1235 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA166 0.14 0.0609 0.3534 0.92 1.7086 1 3.3 0.8939 5.1845 0.3953 2.2926 0.6600 3.8279 0.6446 3.7386 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA134 0.5 0.0609 0.2498 0.92 1.7086 1 35.7 0.8939 3.6649 0.3953 1.6206 0.6600 2.7059 0.6446 2.6428 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA135 0.31 0.0609 0.2437 0.92 1.7086 1 23 0.8939 3.5755 0.3953 1.5811 0.6600 2.6399 0.6446 2.5783 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA136 0.48 0.0609 0.2376 0.92 1.7086 1 46.2 0.8939 3.4861 0.3953 1.5416 0.6600 2.5739 0.6446 2.5139 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA138 0.79 0.0609 0.7434 0.92 1.7086 1 183.5 0.8939 10.9054 0.3953 4.8223 0.6600 8.0517 0.6446 7.8639 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA150 1.6 0.0609 0.5423 0.92 1.7086 1 75.5 0.8939 7.9556 0.3953 3.5179 0.6600 5.8738 0.6446 5.7367 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA186 1.53 0.0609 0.2133 0.92 1.7086 1 202 0.8939 3.1286 0.3953 1.3835 0.6600 2.3099 0.6446 2.2560 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA191 0.02 0.0609 0.2376 0.92 1.7086 1 6.9 0.8939 3.4861 0.3953 1.5416 0.6600 2.5739 0.6446 2.5139 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA332 0.12 0.0609 0.2803 0.92 1.7086 1 61.7 0.8939 4.1119 0.3953 1.8183 0.6600 3.0359 0.6446 2.9651 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA194 0.1 0.0609 0.4022 0.92 1.7086 1 8.1 0.8939 5.8996 0.3953 2.6088 0.6600 4.3558 0.6446 4.2542 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA137 0.37 0.0609 0.2133 0.92 1.7086 1 39.7 0.8939 3.1286 0.3953 1.3835 0.6600 2.3099 0.6446 2.2560 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA139 0.53 0.0609 0.2498 0.92 1.7086 1 81.2 0.8939 3.6649 0.3953 1.6206 0.6600 2.7059 0.6446 2.6428 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA188 0.14 0.0609 0.3230 0.92 1.7086 1 10.6 0.8939 4.7376 0.3953 2.0949 0.6600 3.4979 0.6446 3.4163 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA181 0.29 0.0609 0.2376 0.92 1.7086 1 6.6 0.8939 3.4861 0.3953 1.5416 0.6600 2.5739 0.6446 2.5139 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA182 0.71 0.0609 0.2925 0.92 1.7086 1 7.8 0.8939 4.2906 0.3953 1.8973 0.6600 3.1679 0.6446 3.0940 13.2 12.8434 10
412
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Threshold Med(Cu) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Cd) Dev threshold MAD Cu MAD Cu Cu/La 2MAD (Cu) Dev threshold

Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* Cu Cu/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Cu/La*La Median
La (Cu/La)* La (Cu/La)* La Cu/La*La
ppm ppm
4PAA148 0.13 0.0609 0.6764 0.92 1.7086 1 53.7 0.8939 9.9221 0.3953 4.3875 0.6600 7.3257 0.6446 7.1548 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA149 0.09 0.0609 0.2925 0.92 1.7086 1 8.8 0.8939 4.2906 0.3953 1.8973 0.6600 3.1679 0.6446 3.0940 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA187 0.05 0.0609 0.2437 0.92 1.7086 1 10.5 0.8939 3.5755 0.3953 1.5811 0.6600 2.6399 0.6446 2.5783 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA110 0.04 0.0609 1.2309 0.92 1.7086 1 11.7 0.8939 18.0564 0.3953 7.9845 0.6600 13.3315 0.6446 13.0205 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA226 0.18 0.0609 0.1036 0.92 1.7086 1 8.4 0.8939 1.5196 0.3953 0.6720 0.6600 1.1220 0.6446 1.0958 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA183 0.38 0.0609 0.3108 0.92 1.7086 1 185 0.8939 4.5588 0.3953 2.0159 0.6600 3.3659 0.6446 3.2873 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA190 0.09 0.0609 0.1523 0.92 1.7086 1 7.2 0.8939 2.2347 0.3953 0.9882 0.6600 1.6499 0.6446 1.6114 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA108 0.51 0.0609 1.8280 0.92 1.7086 1 21.8 0.8939 26.8165 0.3953 11.8582 0.6600 19.7993 0.6446 19.3373 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA105 0.01 0.0609 4.2654 0.92 1.7086 1 21.6 0.8939 62.5718 0.3953 27.6691 0.6600 46.1983 0.6446 45.1205 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA105 1.19 0.0609 0.8531 0.92 1.7086 1 31.8 0.8939 12.5144 0.3953 5.5338 0.6600 9.2397 0.6446 9.0241 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA114 1.38 0.0609 3.4855 0.92 1.7086 1 181 0.8939 51.1301 0.3953 22.6096 0.6600 37.7506 0.6446 36.8699 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA120 0.05 0.0609 1.4746 0.92 1.7086 1 9.1 0.8939 21.6320 0.3953 9.5656 0.6600 15.9714 0.6446 15.5988 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA127 0.08 0.0609 1.5356 0.92 1.7086 1 27.8 0.8939 22.5259 0.3953 9.9609 0.6600 16.6314 0.6446 16.2434 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA127B 0.05 0.0609 1.4137 0.92 1.7086 1 68.8 0.8939 20.7381 0.3953 9.1703 0.6600 15.3114 0.6446 14.9542 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA134 1.36 0.0609 0.4997 0.92 1.7086 1 222 0.8939 7.3298 0.3953 3.2412 0.6600 5.4118 0.6446 5.2855 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA154 0.04 0.0609 0.7373 0.92 1.7086 1 193.5 0.8939 10.8160 0.3953 4.7828 0.6600 7.9857 0.6446 7.7994 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA154B 0.07 0.0609 0.8897 0.92 1.7086 1 11.2 0.8939 13.0507 0.3953 5.7710 0.6600 9.6356 0.6446 9.4108 13.2 12.8434 10

2PAG59 0.4 0.0609 2.6811 0.92 1.7086 1 59 0.8939 39.3309 0.3953 17.3920 0.6600 29.0389 0.6446 28.3614 13.2 12.8434 10
413
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Threshold Med(Cu) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Cd) Dev threshold MAD Cu MAD Cu Cu/La 2MAD (Cu) Dev threshold

Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* Cu Cu/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Cu/La*La Median
La (Cu/La)* La (Cu/La)* La Cu/La*La
ppm ppm
2PAG60 0.02 0.0609 2.2119 0.92 1.7086 1 12.8 0.8939 32.4480 0.3953 14.3484 0.6600 23.9571 0.6446 23.3982 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA112 0.01 0.0609 3.8633 0.92 1.7086 1 18.3 0.8939 56.6722 0.3953 25.0603 0.6600 41.8425 0.6446 40.8663 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA106 0.41 0.0609 0.7190 0.92 1.7086 1 10.8 0.8939 10.5478 0.3953 4.6642 0.6600 7.7877 0.6446 7.6060 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA115A 1.09 0.0609 2.9858 0.92 1.7086 1 237 0.8939 43.8003 0.3953 19.3684 0.6600 32.3388 0.6446 31.5843 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA115B 0.13 0.0609 3.1382 0.92 1.7086 1 13.8 0.8939 46.0350 0.3953 20.3566 0.6600 33.9888 0.6446 33.1958 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA121 0.01 0.0609 3.0772 0.92 1.7086 1 23.4 0.8939 45.1411 0.3953 19.9613 0.6600 33.3288 0.6446 32.5512 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA122 0.02 0.0609 2.9188 0.92 1.7086 1 4.8 0.8939 42.8170 0.3953 18.9336 0.6600 31.6128 0.6446 30.8753 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA123 0.02 0.0609 3.0041 0.92 1.7086 1 8.4 0.8939 44.0684 0.3953 19.4870 0.6600 32.5368 0.6446 31.7777 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA124 0.03 0.0609 2.7543 0.92 1.7086 1 19.3 0.8939 40.4035 0.3953 17.8664 0.6600 29.8309 0.6446 29.1349 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA156 0.17 0.0609 0.8287 0.92 1.7086 1 49 0.8939 12.1568 0.3953 5.3757 0.6600 8.9757 0.6446 8.7663 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA288 0.49 0.0609 1.4320 0.92 1.7086 1 13.2 0.8939 21.0063 0.3953 9.2889 0.6600 15.5094 0.6446 15.1476 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA290 0.13 0.0609 1.8585 0.92 1.7086 1 8.2 0.8939 27.2634 0.3953 12.0558 0.6600 20.1293 0.6446 19.6596 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA210 0.03 0.0609 2.8396 0.92 1.7086 1 12.8 0.8939 41.6550 0.3953 18.4197 0.6600 30.7549 0.6446 30.0373 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA211 0.22 0.0609 2.1388 0.92 1.7086 1 12.2 0.8939 31.3753 0.3953 13.8741 0.6600 23.1652 0.6446 22.6247 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA212 1.15 0.0609 2.9858 0.92 1.7086 1 11.1 0.8939 43.8003 0.3953 19.3684 0.6600 32.3388 0.6446 31.5843 13.2 12.8434 10

2PAE233 0.94 0.0609 4.9296 0.92 1.7086 1 904 0.8939 72.3152 0.3953 31.9776 0.6600 53.3921 0.6446 52.1464 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA195 0.01 0.0609 2.5044 0.92 1.7086 1 16.3 0.8939 36.7386 0.3953 16.2457 0.6600 27.1250 0.6446 26.4922 13.2 12.8434 10
414
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Cd Med(Cd) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 Higher value High Threshold Lower value Low threshold Mean Cu/La Threshold Cu Median Threshold Med(Cu) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Cd) Dev threshold MAD Cu MAD Cu Cu/La 2MAD (Cu) Dev threshold

Cd Cd/La MAD(Cd/La)* Cu Cu/La High MAD Low MAD Mean Cu/La*La Median
La (Cu/La)* La (Cu/La)* La Cu/La*La
ppm ppm
4PAA196 0.16 0.0609 3.1077 0.92 1.7086 1 133 0.8939 45.5880 0.3953 20.1589 0.6600 33.6588 0.6446 32.8735 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA201 0.01 0.0609 2.4740 0.92 1.7086 1 14.4 0.8939 36.2917 0.3953 16.0481 0.6600 26.7950 0.6446 26.1699 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA202 0.01 0.0609 1.6026 0.92 1.7086 1 18 0.8939 23.5091 0.3953 10.3957 0.6600 17.3574 0.6446 16.9524 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA203 0.01 0.0609 1.9438 0.92 1.7086 1 40.3 0.8939 28.5149 0.3953 12.6092 0.6600 21.0532 0.6446 20.5620 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA208 0.94 0.0609 0.8043 0.92 1.7086 1 34.7 0.8939 11.7993 0.3953 5.2176 0.6600 8.7117 0.6446 8.5084 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA209 0.19 0.0609 2.3887 0.92 1.7086 1 15.6 0.8939 35.0402 0.3953 15.4947 0.6600 25.8711 0.6446 25.2675 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA211 6.47 0.0609 2.9371 0.92 1.7086 1 223 0.8939 43.0852 0.3953 19.0522 0.6600 31.8108 0.6446 31.0687 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA212 0.11 0.0609 2.8030 0.92 1.7086 1 32.1 0.8939 41.1186 0.3953 18.1826 0.6600 30.3589 0.6446 29.6506 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA228 0.16 0.0609 2.1023 0.92 1.7086 1 25.2 0.8939 30.8390 0.3953 13.6369 0.6600 22.7692 0.6446 22.2380 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA219 0.16 0.0609 2.7604 0.92 1.7086 1 10.9 0.8939 40.4929 0.3953 17.9059 0.6600 29.8969 0.6446 29.1994 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA177 1.47 0.0609 1.7793 0.92 1.7086 1 34.6 0.8939 26.1014 0.3953 11.5420 0.6600 19.2713 0.6446 18.8217 13.2 12.8434 10

4PAA107 0.7 0.0609 0.8409 0.92 1.7086 1 9.9 0.8939 12.3356 0.3953 5.4548 0.6600 9.1077 0.6446 8.8952 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA116 0.04 0.0609 1.9804 0.92 1.7086 1 15.3 0.8939 29.0512 0.3953 12.8464 0.6600 21.4492 0.6446 20.9488 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA117 0.06 0.0609 0.9871 0.92 1.7086 1 12.8 0.8939 14.4809 0.3953 6.4034 0.6600 10.6916 0.6446 10.4422 13.2 12.8434 10

3PAA263 75.4 0.0609 0.9750 0.92 1.7086 1 49400 0.8939 14.3021 0.3953 6.3244 0.6600 10.5596 0.6446 10.3133 13.2 12.8434 10

2PAE226 160 0.0609 0.6703 0.92 1.7086 1 5920 0.8939 9.8327 0.3953 4.3480 0.6600 7.2597 0.6446 7.0904 13.2 12.8434 10
415
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Hg) Dev threshold 2MAD (In) Dev threshold 2MAD (Mn) Dev threshold

Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* In In/La MAD(In/La)* Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA238 0.01 0.0023 0.0293 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.025 0.0021 0.0274 0.031 0.0362 0.03 278 38.9711 506.6246 393 471.6790 800

4PAA233 0.03 0.0023 0.0374 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.021 0.0021 0.0351 0.031 0.0362 0.03 249 38.9711 646.9207 393 471.6790 800

4PAA235 0.005 0.0023 0.0117 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.0025 0.0021 0.0110 0.031 0.0362 0.03 154 38.9711 202.6498 393 471.6790 800

4PAA236 0.005 0.0023 0.0052 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.0025 0.0021 0.0049 0.031 0.0362 0.03 172 38.9711 89.6336 393 471.6790 800

3PAA214 0.005 0.0023 0.0523 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.025 0.0021 0.0490 0.031 0.0362 0.03 443 38.9711 904.1301 393 471.6790 800

3PAA215 0.005 0.0023 0.0609 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0570 0.031 0.0362 0.03 380 38.9711 1052.2204 393 471.6790 800

3PAA216 0.005 0.0023 0.0512 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.038 0.0021 0.0479 0.031 0.0362 0.03 309 38.9711 884.6445 393 471.6790 800

3PAA217 0.005 0.0023 0.0345 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.028 0.0021 0.0323 0.031 0.0362 0.03 289 38.9711 596.2582 393 471.6790 800

3PAA221 0.005 0.0023 0.0726 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.038 0.0021 0.0680 0.031 0.0362 0.03 446 38.9711 1254.8702 393 471.6790 800

3PAA223 0.005 0.0023 0.0496 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.035 0.0021 0.0465 0.031 0.0362 0.03 457 38.9711 857.3647 393 471.6790 800

3PAA219 0.005 0.0023 0.1022 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.051 0.0021 0.0956 0.031 0.0362 0.03 307 38.9711 1765.3919 393 471.6790 800

3PAA260 0.005 0.0023 0.0253 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.024 0.0021 0.0236 0.031 0.0362 0.03 306 38.9711 436.4766 393 471.6790 800

3PAA257 0.01 0.0023 0.0647 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.038 0.0021 0.0606 0.031 0.0362 0.03 380 38.9711 1118.4713 393 471.6790 800

3PAA255 0.01 0.0023 0.1184 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.071 0.0021 0.1109 0.031 0.0362 0.03 381 38.9711 2045.9840 393 471.6790 800

3PAA253 0.005 0.0023 0.0451 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.032 0.0021 0.0422 0.031 0.0362 0.03 390 38.9711 779.4225 393 471.6790 800

3PAA250 0.005 0.0023 0.0359 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.028 0.0021 0.0336 0.031 0.0362 0.03 363 38.9711 619.6409 393 471.6790 800
416
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Hg) Dev threshold 2MAD (In) Dev threshold 2MAD (Mn) Dev threshold

Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* In In/La MAD(In/La)* Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA224 0.005 0.0023 0.0277 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0260 0.031 0.0362 0.03 335 38.9711 479.3448 393 471.6790 800

4PAA112 0.005 0.0023 0.0514 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.038 0.0021 0.0481 0.031 0.0362 0.03 719 38.9711 888.5416 393 471.6790 800

4PAA114 0.005 0.0023 0.0302 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.029 0.0021 0.0283 0.031 0.0362 0.03 365 38.9711 522.2131 393 471.6790 800

4PAA115 0.005 0.0023 0.0151 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.015 0.0021 0.0141 0.031 0.0362 0.03 378 38.9711 261.1065 393 471.6790 800

4PAA117 0.005 0.0023 0.0201 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.018 0.0021 0.0188 0.031 0.0362 0.03 427 38.9711 346.8430 393 471.6790 800

4PAA118 0.005 0.0023 0.0284 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.029 0.0021 0.0266 0.031 0.0362 0.03 371 38.9711 491.0362 393 471.6790 800

4PAA119 0.005 0.0023 0.0388 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.027 0.0021 0.0363 0.031 0.0362 0.03 313 38.9711 670.3033 393 471.6790 800

4PAA121 0.005 0.0023 0.0370 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.027 0.0021 0.0346 0.031 0.0362 0.03 352 38.9711 639.1264 393 471.6790 800

4PAA123 0.005 0.0023 0.0501 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0469 0.031 0.0362 0.03 497 38.9711 865.1590 393 471.6790 800

4PAA124 0.03 0.0023 0.0347 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.025 0.0021 0.0325 0.031 0.0362 0.03 297 38.9711 600.1553 393 471.6790 800

4PAA223 0.005 0.0023 0.0361 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0338 0.031 0.0362 0.03 313 38.9711 623.5380 393 471.6790 800

4PAA107 0.005 0.0023 0.0311 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.0291 0.031 0.0362 0.03 529 38.9711 537.8015 393 471.6790 800

3PAA117 0.005 0.0023 0.0365 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.01 0.0021 0.0342 0.031 0.0362 0.03 391 38.9711 631.3322 393 471.6790 800

3PAA116 0.01 0.0023 0.0733 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0686 0.031 0.0362 0.03 427 38.9711 1266.5615 393 471.6790 800

3PAA177 0.02 0.0023 0.0659 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.073 0.0021 0.0617 0.031 0.0362 0.03 2960 38.9711 1137.9568 393 471.6790 800

3PAA179 0.01 0.0023 0.0189 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.015 0.0021 0.0177 0.031 0.0362 0.03 286 38.9711 327.3574 393 471.6790 800

3PAA181 0.06 0.0023 0.0370 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.048 0.0021 0.0346 0.031 0.0362 0.03 2240 38.9711 639.1264 393 471.6790 800

3PAA183 0.005 0.0023 0.0142 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.011 0.0021 0.0133 0.031 0.0362 0.03 309 38.9711 245.5181 393 471.6790 800

3PAA185 0.005 0.0023 0.0230 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.024 0.0021 0.0215 0.031 0.0362 0.03 265 38.9711 397.5055 393 471.6790 800
417
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Hg) Dev threshold 2MAD (In) Dev threshold 2MAD (Mn) Dev threshold

Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* In In/La MAD(In/La)* Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
3PAA188 0.005 0.0023 0.0135 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.012 0.0021 0.0127 0.031 0.0362 0.03 213 38.9711 233.8267 393 471.6790 800

3PAA190 0.005 0.0023 0.0433 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0405 0.031 0.0362 0.03 349 38.9711 748.2456 393 471.6790 800

4PAA164 0.01 0.0023 0.0221 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.017 0.0021 0.0207 0.031 0.0362 0.03 496 38.9711 381.9170 393 471.6790 800

4PAA165 0.005 0.0023 0.0214 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.019 0.0021 0.0201 0.031 0.0362 0.03 303 38.9711 370.2257 393 471.6790 800

4PAA166 0.02 0.0023 0.0131 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.011 0.0021 0.0122 0.031 0.0362 0.03 192 38.9711 226.0325 393 471.6790 800

4PAA134 0.005 0.0023 0.0092 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0087 0.031 0.0362 0.03 292 38.9711 159.7816 393 471.6790 800

4PAA135 0.005 0.0023 0.0090 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.031 0.0021 0.0084 0.031 0.0362 0.03 153 38.9711 155.8845 393 471.6790 800

4PAA136 0.005 0.0023 0.0088 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.072 0.0021 0.0082 0.031 0.0362 0.03 137 38.9711 151.9874 393 471.6790 800

4PAA138 0.005 0.0023 0.0275 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.071 0.0021 0.0258 0.031 0.0362 0.03 1100 38.9711 475.4477 393 471.6790 800

4PAA150 0.005 0.0023 0.0201 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.116 0.0021 0.0188 0.031 0.0362 0.03 162 38.9711 346.8430 393 471.6790 800

4PAA186 0.005 0.0023 0.0079 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.06 0.0021 0.0074 0.031 0.0362 0.03 172 38.9711 136.3989 393 471.6790 800

4PAA191 0.005 0.0023 0.0088 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.005 0.0021 0.0082 0.031 0.0362 0.03 238 38.9711 151.9874 393 471.6790 800

3PAA332 0.005 0.0023 0.0104 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.01 0.0021 0.0097 0.031 0.0362 0.03 211 38.9711 179.2672 393 471.6790 800

4PAA194 0.005 0.0023 0.0149 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.005 0.0021 0.0139 0.031 0.0362 0.03 99 38.9711 257.2094 393 471.6790 800

4PAA137 0.005 0.0023 0.0079 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.037 0.0021 0.0074 0.031 0.0362 0.03 154 38.9711 136.3989 393 471.6790 800

4PAA139 0.005 0.0023 0.0092 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.033 0.0021 0.0087 0.031 0.0362 0.03 173 38.9711 159.7816 393 471.6790 800

4PAA188 0.005 0.0023 0.0120 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.008 0.0021 0.0112 0.031 0.0362 0.03 102 38.9711 206.5470 393 471.6790 800

4PAA181 0.01 0.0023 0.0088 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.014 0.0021 0.0082 0.031 0.0362 0.03 135 38.9711 151.9874 393 471.6790 800

4PAA182 0.005 0.0023 0.0108 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.0101 0.031 0.0362 0.03 128 38.9711 187.0614 393 471.6790 800
418
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Hg) Dev threshold 2MAD (In) Dev threshold 2MAD (Mn) Dev threshold

Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* In In/La MAD(In/La)* Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA148 0.005 0.0023 0.0250 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.011 0.0021 0.0234 0.031 0.0362 0.03 155 38.9711 432.5795 393 471.6790 800

4PAA149 0.005 0.0023 0.0108 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.006 0.0021 0.0101 0.031 0.0362 0.03 126 38.9711 187.0614 393 471.6790 800

4PAA187 0.005 0.0023 0.0090 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.005 0.0021 0.0084 0.031 0.0362 0.03 146 38.9711 155.8845 393 471.6790 800

4PAA110 0.005 0.0023 0.0456 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.016 0.0021 0.0427 0.031 0.0362 0.03 365 38.9711 787.2167 393 471.6790 800

4PAA226 0.005 0.0023 0.0038 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.0025 0.0021 0.0036 0.031 0.0362 0.03 111 38.9711 66.2509 393 471.6790 800

4PAA183 0.005 0.0023 0.0115 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.012 0.0021 0.0108 0.031 0.0362 0.03 143 38.9711 198.7527 393 471.6790 800

4PAA190 0.005 0.0023 0.0056 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.007 0.0021 0.0053 0.031 0.0362 0.03 156 38.9711 97.4278 393 471.6790 800

4PAA108 0.005 0.0023 0.0677 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.017 0.0021 0.0633 0.031 0.0362 0.03 1280 38.9711 1169.1337 393 471.6790 800

3PAA105 0.01 0.0023 0.1579 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.051 0.0021 0.1478 0.031 0.0362 0.03 391 38.9711 2727.9787 393 471.6790 800

4PAA105 0.01 0.0023 0.0316 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.039 0.0021 0.0296 0.031 0.0362 0.03 589 38.9711 545.5957 393 471.6790 800

3PAA114 0.01 0.0023 0.1290 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.08 0.0021 0.1208 0.031 0.0362 0.03 230 38.9711 2229.1483 393 471.6790 800

3PAA120 0.005 0.0023 0.0546 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.023 0.0021 0.0511 0.031 0.0362 0.03 384 38.9711 943.1012 393 471.6790 800

3PAA127 0.005 0.0023 0.0568 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.023 0.0021 0.0532 0.031 0.0362 0.03 331 38.9711 982.0723 393 471.6790 800

3PAA127B 0.005 0.0023 0.0523 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.023 0.0021 0.0490 0.031 0.0362 0.03 343 38.9711 904.1301 393 471.6790 800

3PAA134 0.01 0.0023 0.0185 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.068 0.0021 0.0173 0.031 0.0362 0.03 237 38.9711 319.5632 393 471.6790 800

3PAA154 0.005 0.0023 0.0273 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.047 0.0021 0.0255 0.031 0.0362 0.03 335 38.9711 471.5506 393 471.6790 800

3PAA154B 0.005 0.0023 0.0329 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.047 0.0021 0.0308 0.031 0.0362 0.03 298 38.9711 568.9784 393 471.6790 800

2PAG59 0.01 0.0023 0.0993 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.056 0.0021 0.0929 0.031 0.0362 0.03 575 38.9711 1714.7295 393 471.6790 800
419
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Hg) Dev threshold 2MAD (In) Dev threshold 2MAD (Mn) Dev threshold

Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* In In/La MAD(In/La)* Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
2PAG60 0.005 0.0023 0.0819 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.0766 0.031 0.0362 0.03 374 38.9711 1414.6518 393 471.6790 800

3PAA112 0.005 0.0023 0.1430 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.1339 0.031 0.0362 0.03 224 38.9711 2470.7693 393 471.6790 800

4PAA106 0.005 0.0023 0.0266 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0249 0.031 0.0362 0.03 416 38.9711 459.8593 393 471.6790 800

3PAA115A 0.005 0.0023 0.1105 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.035 0.0021 0.1035 0.031 0.0362 0.03 380 38.9711 1909.5851 393 471.6790 800

3PAA115B 0.01 0.0023 0.1162 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.089 0.0021 0.1087 0.031 0.0362 0.03 559 38.9711 2007.0129 393 471.6790 800

3PAA121 0.005 0.0023 0.1139 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.017 0.0021 0.1066 0.031 0.0362 0.03 338 38.9711 1968.0418 393 471.6790 800

3PAA122 0.005 0.0023 0.1080 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.059 0.0021 0.1011 0.031 0.0362 0.03 444 38.9711 1866.7168 393 471.6790 800

3PAA123 0.005 0.0023 0.1112 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.063 0.0021 0.1041 0.031 0.0362 0.03 413 38.9711 1921.2764 393 471.6790 800

3PAA124 0.005 0.0023 0.1020 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.11 0.0021 0.0954 0.031 0.0362 0.03 437 38.9711 1761.4948 393 471.6790 800

3PAA156 0.005 0.0023 0.0307 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.022 0.0021 0.0287 0.031 0.0362 0.03 354 38.9711 530.0073 393 471.6790 800

3PAA288 0.005 0.0023 0.0530 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0496 0.031 0.0362 0.03 488 38.9711 915.8214 393 471.6790 800

3PAA290 0.005 0.0023 0.0688 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.033 0.0021 0.0644 0.031 0.0362 0.03 401 38.9711 1188.6193 393 471.6790 800

3PAA210 0.005 0.0023 0.1051 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.061 0.0021 0.0984 0.031 0.0362 0.03 525 38.9711 1816.0544 393 471.6790 800

3PAA211 0.3 0.0023 0.0792 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.046 0.0021 0.0741 0.031 0.0362 0.03 442 38.9711 1367.8865 393 471.6790 800

3PAA212 0.005 0.0023 0.1105 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.07 0.0021 0.1035 0.031 0.0362 0.03 455 38.9711 1909.5851 393 471.6790 800

2PAE233 0.01 0.0023 0.1825 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.048 0.0021 0.1708 0.031 0.0362 0.03 2030 38.9711 3152.7639 393 471.6790 800

4PAA195 0.005 0.0023 0.0927 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.05 0.0021 0.0868 0.031 0.0362 0.03 386 38.9711 1601.7132 393 471.6790 800
420
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° Hg-CV41 MAD Threshold Hg Med(Hg) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold In Med(In) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mn Med(Mn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Hg) Dev threshold 2MAD (In) Dev threshold 2MAD (Mn) Dev threshold

Hg Hg/La MAD (Hg/La)* In In/La MAD(In/La)* Mn Mn/La MAD(Mn/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA196 0.005 0.0023 0.1150 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.106 0.0021 0.1077 0.031 0.0362 0.03 448 38.9711 1987.5273 393 471.6790 800

4PAA201 0.005 0.0023 0.0916 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.039 0.0021 0.0857 0.031 0.0362 0.03 755 38.9711 1582.2276 393 471.6790 800

4PAA202 0.005 0.0023 0.0593 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.046 0.0021 0.0555 0.031 0.0362 0.03 512 38.9711 1024.9406 393 471.6790 800

4PAA203 0.005 0.0023 0.0720 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.044 0.0021 0.0674 0.031 0.0362 0.03 499 38.9711 1243.1789 393 471.6790 800

4PAA208 0.005 0.0023 0.0298 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.033 0.0021 0.0279 0.031 0.0362 0.03 566 38.9711 514.4188 393 471.6790 800

4PAA209 0.005 0.0023 0.0884 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.331 0.0021 0.0828 0.031 0.0362 0.03 777 38.9711 1527.6681 393 471.6790 800

4PAA211 0.005 0.0023 0.1087 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.113 0.0021 0.1018 0.031 0.0362 0.03 432 38.9711 1878.4082 393 471.6790 800

4PAA212 0.005 0.0023 0.1038 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.07 0.0021 0.0971 0.031 0.0362 0.03 397 38.9711 1792.6717 393 471.6790 800

4PAA228 0.005 0.0023 0.0778 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.032 0.0021 0.0728 0.031 0.0362 0.03 308 38.9711 1344.5038 393 471.6790 800

3PAA219 0.005 0.0023 0.1022 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.051 0.0021 0.0956 0.031 0.0362 0.03 307 38.9711 1765.3919 393 471.6790 800

3PAA177 0.02 0.0023 0.0659 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.073 0.0021 0.0617 0.031 0.0362 0.03 2960 38.9711 1137.9568 393 471.6790 800

4PAA107 0.005 0.0023 0.0311 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.03 0.0021 0.0291 0.031 0.0362 0.03 529 38.9711 537.8015 393 471.6790 800

3PAA116 0.01 0.0023 0.0733 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.026 0.0021 0.0686 0.031 0.0362 0.03 427 38.9711 1266.5615 393 471.6790 800

3PAA117 0.005 0.0023 0.0365 0.005 0.0310 0.01 0.01 0.0021 0.0342 0.031 0.0362 0.03 391 38.9711 631.3322 393 471.6790 800

3PAA263 0.07 0.0023 0.0361 0.005 0.0310 0.01 23.2 0.0021 0.0338 0.031 0.0362 0.03 1920 38.9711 623.5380 393 471.6790 800

2PAE226 0.07 0.0023 0.0248 0.005 0.0310 0.01 26.2 0.0021 0.0232 0.031 0.0362 0.03 1350 38.9711 428.6824 393 471.6790 800
421
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Mo) Dev threshold 2MAD (Pb) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sb) Dev threshold

Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La

La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA238 0.47 0.0738 0.9598 0.87 1.3326 1 7.2 0.7056 9.1723 12.2 14.7888 25 0.25 0.0330 0.4289 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA233 0.66 0.0738 1.2257 0.87 1.3326 1 8.9 0.7056 11.7124 12.2 14.7888 25 0.19 0.0330 0.5477 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA235 0.31 0.0738 0.3839 0.87 1.3326 1 1.5 0.7056 3.6689 12.2 14.7888 25 0.05 0.0330 0.1716 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA236 0.13 0.0738 0.1698 0.87 1.3326 1 1.1 0.7056 1.6228 12.2 14.7888 25 0.23 0.0330 0.0759 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA214 1.16 0.0738 1.7130 0.87 1.3326 1 5.4 0.7056 16.3691 12.2 14.7888 25 0.19 0.0330 0.7655 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA215 0.98 0.0738 1.9935 0.87 1.3326 1 23.4 0.7056 19.0502 12.2 14.7888 25 0.29 0.0330 0.8909 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA216 1.07 0.0738 1.6760 0.87 1.3326 1 11 0.7056 16.0163 12.2 14.7888 25 0.43 0.0330 0.7490 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA217 0.83 0.0738 1.1297 0.87 1.3326 1 7.8 0.7056 10.7951 12.2 14.7888 25 0.34 0.0330 0.5048 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA221 1.36 0.0738 2.3775 0.87 1.3326 1 8.4 0.7056 22.7191 12.2 14.7888 25 0.44 0.0330 1.0625 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA223 1.28 0.0738 1.6244 0.87 1.3326 1 6.7 0.7056 15.5224 12.2 14.7888 25 0.43 0.0330 0.7259 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA219 1.16 0.0738 3.3447 0.87 1.3326 1 21.8 0.7056 31.9620 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 1.4947 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA260 0.91 0.0738 0.8269 0.87 1.3326 1 8.6 0.7056 7.9023 12.2 14.7888 25 2.49 0.0330 0.3696 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA257 1.3 0.0738 2.1191 0.87 1.3326 1 5.7 0.7056 20.2497 12.2 14.7888 25 3.33 0.0330 0.9470 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA255 1.28 0.0738 3.8763 0.87 1.3326 1 19.4 0.7056 37.0421 12.2 14.7888 25 2.97 0.0330 1.7323 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA253 1.01 0.0738 1.4767 0.87 1.3326 1 13.7 0.7056 14.1113 12.2 14.7888 25 0.83 0.0330 0.6599 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA250 0.82 0.0738 1.1740 0.87 1.3326 1 7.6 0.7056 11.2185 12.2 14.7888 25 0.29 0.0330 0.5246 0.45 1.2265 1
422
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Mo) Dev threshold 2MAD (Pb) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sb) Dev threshold

Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La

La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA224 1.59 0.0738 0.9082 0.87 1.3326 1 9.9 0.7056 8.6784 12.2 14.7888 25 1.63 0.0330 0.4058 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA112 0.96 0.0738 1.6834 0.87 1.3326 1 5.4 0.7056 16.0869 12.2 14.7888 25 0.45 0.0330 0.7523 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA114 0.94 0.0738 0.9894 0.87 1.3326 1 7.1 0.7056 9.4546 12.2 14.7888 25 0.45 0.0330 0.4421 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA115 1.11 0.0738 0.4947 0.87 1.3326 1 11.8 0.7056 4.7273 12.2 14.7888 25 0.34 0.0330 0.2211 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA117 0.47 0.0738 0.6571 0.87 1.3326 1 30.4 0.7056 6.2795 12.2 14.7888 25 0.93 0.0330 0.2937 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA118 1.27 0.0738 0.9303 0.87 1.3326 1 9.8 0.7056 8.8901 12.2 14.7888 25 0.94 0.0330 0.4157 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA119 0.59 0.0738 1.2700 0.87 1.3326 1 7.1 0.7056 12.1357 12.2 14.7888 25 0.3 0.0330 0.5675 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA121 1.13 0.0738 1.2109 0.87 1.3326 1 9.4 0.7056 11.5712 12.2 14.7888 25 0.39 0.0330 0.5411 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA123 0.47 0.0738 1.6391 0.87 1.3326 1 13.3 0.7056 15.6635 12.2 14.7888 25 0.34 0.0330 0.7325 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA124 0.53 0.0738 1.1371 0.87 1.3326 1 8.7 0.7056 10.8657 12.2 14.7888 25 0.37 0.0330 0.5081 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA223 0.7 0.0738 1.1814 0.87 1.3326 1 15.3 0.7056 11.2890 12.2 14.7888 25 0.35 0.0330 0.5279 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA107 0.77 0.0738 1.0189 0.87 1.3326 1 49.7 0.7056 9.7368 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 0.4553 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA117 1.25 0.0738 1.1961 0.87 1.3326 1 5.2 0.7056 11.4301 12.2 14.7888 25 0.39 0.0330 0.5345 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA116 1.78 0.0738 2.3996 0.87 1.3326 1 6.9 0.7056 22.9308 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 1.0724 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA177 1.13 0.0738 2.1560 0.87 1.3326 1 132.5 0.7056 20.6025 12.2 14.7888 25 3.31 0.0330 0.9635 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA179 1.09 0.0738 0.6202 0.87 1.3326 1 7.9 0.7056 5.9267 12.2 14.7888 25 0.22 0.0330 0.2772 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA181 0.46 0.0738 1.2109 0.87 1.3326 1 180.5 0.7056 11.5712 12.2 14.7888 25 3.56 0.0330 0.5411 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA183 0.75 0.0738 0.4652 0.87 1.3326 1 12.7 0.7056 4.4451 12.2 14.7888 25 0.31 0.0330 0.2079 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA185 0.59 0.0738 0.7531 0.87 1.3326 1 8.3 0.7056 7.1967 12.2 14.7888 25 0.33 0.0330 0.3366 0.45 1.2265 1
423
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Mo) Dev threshold 2MAD (Pb) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sb) Dev threshold

Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La

La La
ppm ppm ppm
3PAA188 0.72 0.0738 0.4430 0.87 1.3326 1 6.5 0.7056 4.2334 12.2 14.7888 25 0.22 0.0330 0.1980 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA190 0.55 0.0738 1.4176 0.87 1.3326 1 7.6 0.7056 13.5468 12.2 14.7888 25 0.32 0.0330 0.6335 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA164 0.63 0.0738 0.7236 0.87 1.3326 1 4.8 0.7056 6.9145 12.2 14.7888 25 0.63 0.0330 0.3234 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA165 0.52 0.0738 0.7014 0.87 1.3326 1 8.4 0.7056 6.7029 12.2 14.7888 25 0.22 0.0330 0.3135 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA166 0.36 0.0738 0.4282 0.87 1.3326 1 3.9 0.7056 4.0923 12.2 14.7888 25 0.14 0.0330 0.1914 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA134 0.73 0.0738 0.3027 0.87 1.3326 1 9.4 0.7056 2.8928 12.2 14.7888 25 0.39 0.0330 0.1353 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA135 0.35 0.0738 0.2953 0.87 1.3326 1 7.5 0.7056 2.8223 12.2 14.7888 25 0.26 0.0330 0.1320 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA136 1.15 0.0738 0.2880 0.87 1.3326 1 14.6 0.7056 2.7517 12.2 14.7888 25 0.19 0.0330 0.1287 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA138 3.26 0.0738 0.9008 0.87 1.3326 1 201 0.7056 8.6079 12.2 14.7888 25 5.97 0.0330 0.4025 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA150 3.5 0.0738 0.6571 0.87 1.3326 1 47.1 0.7056 6.2795 12.2 14.7888 25 0.16 0.0330 0.2937 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA186 1.02 0.0738 0.2584 0.87 1.3326 1 24.7 0.7056 2.4695 12.2 14.7888 25 0.5 0.0330 0.1155 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA191 0.21 0.0738 0.2880 0.87 1.3326 1 3.6 0.7056 2.7517 12.2 14.7888 25 0.2 0.0330 0.1287 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA332 0.55 0.0738 0.3396 0.87 1.3326 1 81.9 0.7056 3.2456 12.2 14.7888 25 0.32 0.0330 0.1518 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA194 0.6 0.0738 0.4873 0.87 1.3326 1 2.9 0.7056 4.6567 12.2 14.7888 25 0.1 0.0330 0.2178 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA137 1.21 0.0738 0.2584 0.87 1.3326 1 3.5 0.7056 2.4695 12.2 14.7888 25 0.13 0.0330 0.1155 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA139 1.07 0.0738 0.3027 0.87 1.3326 1 8.7 0.7056 2.8928 12.2 14.7888 25 0.73 0.0330 0.1353 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA188 0.94 0.0738 0.3913 0.87 1.3326 1 23.3 0.7056 3.7395 12.2 14.7888 25 2.04 0.0330 0.1749 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA181 0.56 0.0738 0.2880 0.87 1.3326 1 11.6 0.7056 2.7517 12.2 14.7888 25 0.25 0.0330 0.1287 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA182 1.16 0.0738 0.3544 0.87 1.3326 1 13.4 0.7056 3.3867 12.2 14.7888 25 0.13 0.0330 0.1584 0.45 1.2265 1
424
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Mo) Dev threshold 2MAD (Pb) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sb) Dev threshold

Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La

La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA148 1.37 0.0738 0.8196 0.87 1.3326 1 13.9 0.7056 7.8318 12.2 14.7888 25 0.34 0.0330 0.3663 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA149 1.33 0.0738 0.3544 0.87 1.3326 1 9.2 0.7056 3.3867 12.2 14.7888 25 0.24 0.0330 0.1584 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA187 0.77 0.0738 0.2953 0.87 1.3326 1 3.1 0.7056 2.8223 12.2 14.7888 25 0.45 0.0330 0.1320 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA110 0.71 0.0738 1.4915 0.87 1.3326 1 9.7 0.7056 14.2524 12.2 14.7888 25 1.38 0.0330 0.6665 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA226 0.32 0.0738 0.1255 0.87 1.3326 1 32.6 0.7056 1.1995 12.2 14.7888 25 0.27 0.0330 0.0561 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA183 1.18 0.0738 0.3766 0.87 1.3326 1 47.2 0.7056 3.5984 12.2 14.7888 25 0.33 0.0330 0.1683 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA190 0.46 0.0738 0.1846 0.87 1.3326 1 4.7 0.7056 1.7639 12.2 14.7888 25 0.21 0.0330 0.0825 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA108 0.83 0.0738 2.2150 0.87 1.3326 1 68.9 0.7056 21.1669 12.2 14.7888 25 1.95 0.0330 0.9899 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA105 1.07 0.0738 5.1684 0.87 1.3326 1 15.8 0.7056 49.3895 12.2 14.7888 25 1.19 0.0330 2.3097 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA105 3.17 0.0738 1.0337 0.87 1.3326 1 71.6 0.7056 9.8779 12.2 14.7888 25 1.04 0.0330 0.4619 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA114 1.88 0.0738 4.2233 0.87 1.3326 1 74.4 0.7056 40.3582 12.2 14.7888 25 1.15 0.0330 1.8874 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA120 0.79 0.0738 1.7868 0.87 1.3326 1 4.9 0.7056 17.0746 12.2 14.7888 25 0.56 0.0330 0.7985 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA127 0.98 0.0738 1.8606 0.87 1.3326 1 14.1 0.7056 17.7802 12.2 14.7888 25 0.64 0.0330 0.8315 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA127B 1.15 0.0738 1.7130 0.87 1.3326 1 32 0.7056 16.3691 12.2 14.7888 25 0.38 0.0330 0.7655 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA134 0.82 0.0738 0.6054 0.87 1.3326 1 915 0.7056 5.7856 12.2 14.7888 25 0.61 0.0330 0.2706 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA154 0.69 0.0738 0.8934 0.87 1.3326 1 10 0.7056 8.5373 12.2 14.7888 25 0.26 0.0330 0.3992 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA154B 0.62 0.0738 1.0780 0.87 1.3326 1 23.3 0.7056 10.3012 12.2 14.7888 25 0.44 0.0330 0.4817 0.45 1.2265 1

2PAG59 1.01 0.0738 3.2487 0.87 1.3326 1 30.1 0.7056 31.0448 12.2 14.7888 25 2.05 0.0330 1.4518 0.45 1.2265 1
425
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Mo) Dev threshold 2MAD (Pb) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sb) Dev threshold

Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La

La La
ppm ppm ppm
2PAG60 0.99 0.0738 2.6802 0.87 1.3326 1 4.3 0.7056 25.6120 12.2 14.7888 25 1.89 0.0330 1.1977 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA112 1.03 0.0738 4.6811 0.87 1.3326 1 14.4 0.7056 44.7327 12.2 14.7888 25 0.82 0.0330 2.0919 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA106 2.98 0.0738 0.8712 0.87 1.3326 1 7.7 0.7056 8.3257 12.2 14.7888 25 0.71 0.0330 0.3893 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA115A 1.47 0.0738 3.6179 0.87 1.3326 1 67.4 0.7056 34.5726 12.2 14.7888 25 0.36 0.0330 1.6168 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA115B 1.63 0.0738 3.8025 0.87 1.3326 1 18.9 0.7056 36.3365 12.2 14.7888 25 1.33 0.0330 1.6993 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA121 1.14 0.0738 3.7286 0.87 1.3326 1 11.4 0.7056 35.6310 12.2 14.7888 25 1.85 0.0330 1.6663 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA122 1.04 0.0738 3.5367 0.87 1.3326 1 5.7 0.7056 33.7965 12.2 14.7888 25 1.22 0.0330 1.5805 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA123 1.26 0.0738 3.6400 0.87 1.3326 1 10 0.7056 34.7843 12.2 14.7888 25 1.96 0.0330 1.6267 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA124 1.34 0.0738 3.3373 0.87 1.3326 1 6.1 0.7056 31.8915 12.2 14.7888 25 0.91 0.0330 1.4914 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA156 0.96 0.0738 1.0042 0.87 1.3326 1 36.8 0.7056 9.5957 12.2 14.7888 25 0.37 0.0330 0.4487 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA288 0.82 0.0738 1.7351 0.87 1.3326 1 8.8 0.7056 16.5807 12.2 14.7888 25 0.56 0.0330 0.7754 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA290 1.39 0.0738 2.2520 0.87 1.3326 1 28.5 0.7056 21.5197 12.2 14.7888 25 0.57 0.0330 1.0064 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA210 1.18 0.0738 3.4407 0.87 1.3326 1 12.2 0.7056 32.8793 12.2 14.7888 25 0.88 0.0330 1.5376 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA211 1.16 0.0738 2.5916 0.87 1.3326 1 27.7 0.7056 24.7653 12.2 14.7888 25 0.63 0.0330 1.1581 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA212 1.12 0.0738 3.6179 0.87 1.3326 1 77.7 0.7056 34.5726 12.2 14.7888 25 0.57 0.0330 1.6168 0.45 1.2265 1

2PAE233 5.17 0.0738 5.9732 0.87 1.3326 1 1800 0.7056 57.0801 12.2 14.7888 25 5.48 0.0330 2.6694 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA195 0.65 0.0738 3.0346 0.87 1.3326 1 6.6 0.7056 28.9987 12.2 14.7888 25 0.89 0.0330 1.3561 0.45 1.2265 1
426
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Mo Med(Mo) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Pb Med(Pb) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sb Med(Sb) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Mo) Dev threshold 2MAD (Pb) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sb) Dev threshold

Mo Mo/La MAD(Mo/La)* Pb Pb/La MAD(Pb/La)* Sb Sb/La MAD(Sb/La)* La

La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA196 0.71 0.0738 3.7656 0.87 1.3326 1 20.2 0.7056 35.9837 12.2 14.7888 25 1.01 0.0330 1.6828 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA201 0.66 0.0738 2.9977 0.87 1.3326 1 3.6 0.7056 28.6459 12.2 14.7888 25 0.66 0.0330 1.3396 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA202 2.32 0.0738 1.9418 0.87 1.3326 1 5 0.7056 18.5563 12.2 14.7888 25 0.88 0.0330 0.8678 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA203 0.87 0.0738 2.3553 0.87 1.3326 1 9.3 0.7056 22.5075 12.2 14.7888 25 0.66 0.0330 1.0526 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA208 1.17 0.0738 0.9746 0.87 1.3326 1 305 0.7056 9.3134 12.2 14.7888 25 2.11 0.0330 0.4355 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA209 1.74 0.0738 2.8943 0.87 1.3326 1 140.5 0.7056 27.6581 12.2 14.7888 25 3.65 0.0330 1.2934 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA211 1.81 0.0738 3.5588 0.87 1.3326 1 177.5 0.7056 34.0082 12.2 14.7888 25 0.64 0.0330 1.5904 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA212 0.76 0.0738 3.3964 0.87 1.3326 1 18.2 0.7056 32.4559 12.2 14.7888 25 0.61 0.0330 1.5178 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA228 1.22 0.0738 2.5473 0.87 1.3326 1 21.2 0.7056 24.3419 12.2 14.7888 25 1.36 0.0330 1.1384 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA219 1.16 0.0738 3.3447 0.87 1.3326 1 21.8 0.7056 31.9620 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 1.4947 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA177 1.13 0.0738 2.1560 0.87 1.3326 1 132.5 0.7056 20.6025 12.2 14.7888 25 3.31 0.0330 0.9635 0.45 1.2265 1

4PAA107 0.77 0.0738 1.0189 0.87 1.3326 1 49.7 0.7056 9.7368 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 0.4553 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA116 1.78 0.0738 2.3996 0.87 1.3326 1 6.9 0.7056 22.9308 12.2 14.7888 25 0.46 0.0330 1.0724 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA117 1.25 0.0738 1.1961 0.87 1.3326 1 5.2 0.7056 11.4301 12.2 14.7888 25 0.39 0.0330 0.5345 0.45 1.2265 1

3PAA263 7.3 0.0738 1.1814 0.87 1.3326 1 190 0.7056 11.2890 12.2 14.7888 25 1 0.0330 0.5279 0.45 1.2265 1

2PAE226 20 0.0738 0.8122 0.87 1.3326 1 178 0.7056 7.7612 12.2 14.7888 25 0.54 0.0330 0.3630 0.45 1.2265 1
427
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Sn) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sr) Dev threshold 2MAD (Tl) Dev threshold

Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA238 1 0.0864 1.1234 1.3 1.4153 527 95.0837 1236.0887 888 1023.4606 0.55 0.0375 0.4872 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA233 1 0.0864 1.4345 1.3 1.4153 721 95.0837 1578.3902 888 1023.4606 0.37 0.0375 0.6221 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA235 0.2 0.0864 0.4494 1.3 1.4153 437 95.0837 494.4355 888 1023.4606 0.06 0.0375 0.1949 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA236 0.2 0.0864 0.1988 1.3 1.4153 473 95.0837 218.6926 888 1023.4606 0.05 0.0375 0.0862 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA214 1.5 0.0864 2.0048 1.3 1.4153 598 95.0837 2205.9430 888 1023.4606 0.96 0.0375 0.8694 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA215 1.5 0.0864 2.3332 1.3 1.4153 452 95.0837 2567.2612 888 1023.4606 1.04 0.0375 1.0118 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA216 1.5 0.0864 1.9616 1.3 1.4153 1090 95.0837 2158.4011 888 1023.4606 0.56 0.0375 0.8507 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA217 1 0.0864 1.3221 1.3 1.4153 826 95.0837 1454.7814 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 0.5734 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA221 2.2 0.0864 2.7826 1.3 1.4153 936 95.0837 3061.6967 888 1023.4606 0.96 0.0375 1.2067 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA223 1.2 0.0864 1.9011 1.3 1.4153 768 95.0837 2091.8425 888 1023.4606 0.62 0.0375 0.8244 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA219 2.7 0.0864 3.9146 1.3 1.4153 763 95.0837 4307.2939 888 1023.4606 0.92 0.0375 1.6976 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA260 0.7 0.0864 0.9678 1.3 1.4153 913 95.0837 1064.9380 888 1023.4606 0.56 0.0375 0.4197 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA257 1.7 0.0864 2.4801 1.3 1.4153 627 95.0837 2728.9036 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 1.0755 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA255 2.2 0.0864 4.5368 1.3 1.4153 546 95.0837 4991.8969 888 1023.4606 0.84 0.0375 1.9674 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA253 1.1 0.0864 1.7283 1.3 1.4153 862 95.0837 1901.6750 888 1023.4606 0.39 0.0375 0.7495 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA250 0.9 0.0864 1.3740 1.3 1.4153 918 95.0837 1511.8316 888 1023.4606 0.31 0.0375 0.5958 0.47 0.6244 1
428
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Sn) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sr) Dev threshold 2MAD (Tl) Dev threshold

Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA224 1 0.0864 1.0629 1.3 1.4153 746 95.0837 1169.5301 888 1023.4606 0.48 0.0375 0.4609 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA112 1.3 0.0864 1.9703 1.3 1.4153 505 95.0837 2167.9095 888 1023.4606 0.99 0.0375 0.8544 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA114 0.8 0.0864 1.1580 1.3 1.4153 638 95.0837 1274.1222 888 1023.4606 0.6 0.0375 0.5022 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA115 0.2 0.0864 0.5790 1.3 1.4153 1045 95.0837 637.0611 888 1023.4606 0.24 0.0375 0.2511 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA117 0.3 0.0864 0.7691 1.3 1.4153 916 95.0837 846.2454 888 1023.4606 0.27 0.0375 0.3335 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA118 1 0.0864 1.0888 1.3 1.4153 758 95.0837 1198.0552 888 1023.4606 0.52 0.0375 0.4722 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA119 1.2 0.0864 1.4863 1.3 1.4153 826 95.0837 1635.4405 888 1023.4606 0.32 0.0375 0.6446 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA121 1 0.0864 1.4172 1.3 1.4153 874 95.0837 1559.3735 888 1023.4606 0.32 0.0375 0.6146 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA123 1.6 0.0864 1.9184 1.3 1.4153 659 95.0837 2110.8592 888 1023.4606 0.55 0.0375 0.8319 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA124 1.1 0.0864 1.3308 1.3 1.4153 797 95.0837 1464.2897 888 1023.4606 0.31 0.0375 0.5771 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA223 1.1 0.0864 1.3826 1.3 1.4153 796 95.0837 1521.3400 888 1023.4606 0.38 0.0375 0.5996 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA107 0.8 0.0864 1.1925 1.3 1.4153 611 95.0837 1312.1557 888 1023.4606 0.76 0.0375 0.5171 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA117 0.9 0.0864 1.3999 1.3 1.4153 870 95.0837 1540.3567 888 1023.4606 0.55 0.0375 0.6071 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA116 2 0.0864 2.8085 1.3 1.4153 678 95.0837 3090.2219 888 1023.4606 0.78 0.0375 1.2179 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA177 1.5 0.0864 2.5233 1.3 1.4153 397 95.0837 2776.4455 888 1023.4606 3.45 0.0375 1.0943 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA179 0.3 0.0864 0.7259 1.3 1.4153 925 95.0837 798.7035 888 1023.4606 0.38 0.0375 0.3148 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA181 0.9 0.0864 1.4172 1.3 1.4153 493 95.0837 1559.3735 888 1023.4606 1.84 0.0375 0.6146 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA183 0.1 0.0864 0.5444 1.3 1.4153 764 95.0837 599.0276 888 1023.4606 0.37 0.0375 0.2361 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA185 0.5 0.0864 0.8814 1.3 1.4153 751 95.0837 969.8542 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 0.3822 0.47 0.6244 1
429
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Sn) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sr) Dev threshold 2MAD (Tl) Dev threshold

Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
3PAA188 0.2 0.0864 0.5185 1.3 1.4153 661 95.0837 570.5025 888 1023.4606 0.32 0.0375 0.2248 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA190 0.8 0.0864 1.6592 1.3 1.4153 733 95.0837 1825.6080 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 0.7195 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA164 0.4 0.0864 0.8469 1.3 1.4153 711 95.0837 931.8207 888 1023.4606 0.3 0.0375 0.3673 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA165 0.7 0.0864 0.8209 1.3 1.4153 817 95.0837 903.2956 888 1023.4606 0.47 0.0375 0.3560 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA166 0.4 0.0864 0.5012 1.3 1.4153 888 95.0837 551.4857 888 1023.4606 0.23 0.0375 0.2174 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA134 0.5 0.0864 0.3543 1.3 1.4153 447 95.0837 389.8434 888 1023.4606 0.13 0.0375 0.1536 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA135 0.4 0.0864 0.3457 1.3 1.4153 499 95.0837 380.3350 888 1023.4606 0.07 0.0375 0.1499 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA136 0.4 0.0864 0.3370 1.3 1.4153 490 95.0837 370.8266 888 1023.4606 0.08 0.0375 0.1462 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA138 0.7 0.0864 1.0543 1.3 1.4153 621 95.0837 1160.0217 888 1023.4606 0.04 0.0375 0.4572 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA150 0.5 0.0864 0.7691 1.3 1.4153 1130 95.0837 846.2454 888 1023.4606 0.05 0.0375 0.3335 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA186 0.7 0.0864 0.3025 1.3 1.4153 486 95.0837 332.7931 888 1023.4606 0.18 0.0375 0.1312 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA191 0.3 0.0864 0.3370 1.3 1.4153 762 95.0837 370.8266 888 1023.4606 0.1 0.0375 0.1462 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA332 0.1 0.0864 0.3975 1.3 1.4153 1450 95.0837 437.3852 888 1023.4606 0.25 0.0375 0.1724 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA194 0.2 0.0864 0.5703 1.3 1.4153 1760 95.0837 627.5527 888 1023.4606 0.06 0.0375 0.2473 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA137 0.3 0.0864 0.3025 1.3 1.4153 499 95.0837 332.7931 888 1023.4606 0.07 0.0375 0.1312 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA139 0.3 0.0864 0.3543 1.3 1.4153 547 95.0837 389.8434 888 1023.4606 0.27 0.0375 0.1536 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA188 0.4 0.0864 0.4580 1.3 1.4153 2330 95.0837 503.9439 888 1023.4606 0.08 0.0375 0.1986 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA181 0.4 0.0864 0.3370 1.3 1.4153 873 95.0837 370.8266 888 1023.4606 0.13 0.0375 0.1462 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA182 0.4 0.0864 0.4148 1.3 1.4153 654 95.0837 456.4020 888 1023.4606 0.06 0.0375 0.1799 0.47 0.6244 1
430
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Sn) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sr) Dev threshold 2MAD (Tl) Dev threshold

Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA148 0.7 0.0864 0.9592 1.3 1.4153 615 95.0837 1055.4296 888 1023.4606 0.19 0.0375 0.4160 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA149 0.4 0.0864 0.4148 1.3 1.4153 637 95.0837 456.4020 888 1023.4606 0.13 0.0375 0.1799 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA187 0.4 0.0864 0.3457 1.3 1.4153 1235 95.0837 380.3350 888 1023.4606 0.15 0.0375 0.1499 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA110 1.1 0.0864 1.7456 1.3 1.4153 814 95.0837 1920.6917 888 1023.4606 0.48 0.0375 0.7570 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA226 0.2 0.0864 0.1469 1.3 1.4153 1980 95.0837 161.6424 888 1023.4606 0.25 0.0375 0.0637 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA183 0.5 0.0864 0.4407 1.3 1.4153 925 95.0837 484.9271 888 1023.4606 0.12 0.0375 0.1911 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA190 0.2 0.0864 0.2160 1.3 1.4153 899 95.0837 237.7094 888 1023.4606 0.07 0.0375 0.0937 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA108 1.8 0.0864 2.5924 1.3 1.4153 817 95.0837 2852.5125 888 1023.4606 0.03 0.0375 1.1242 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA105 2.4 0.0864 6.0490 1.3 1.4153 728 95.0837 6655.8625 888 1023.4606 0.87 0.0375 2.6232 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA105 1 0.0864 1.2098 1.3 1.4153 879 95.0837 1331.1725 888 1023.4606 0.5 0.0375 0.5246 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA114 4 0.0864 4.9429 1.3 1.4153 361 95.0837 5438.7905 888 1023.4606 1.68 0.0375 2.1435 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA120 0.8 0.0864 2.0912 1.3 1.4153 779 95.0837 2301.0267 888 1023.4606 0.67 0.0375 0.9069 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA127 1.3 0.0864 2.1776 1.3 1.4153 917 95.0837 2396.1105 888 1023.4606 0.6 0.0375 0.9444 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA127B 1.7 0.0864 2.0048 1.3 1.4153 969 95.0837 2205.9430 888 1023.4606 0.6 0.0375 0.8694 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA134 2 0.0864 0.7086 1.3 1.4153 823 95.0837 779.6867 888 1023.4606 0.43 0.0375 0.3073 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA154 1.3 0.0864 1.0456 1.3 1.4153 737 95.0837 1150.5134 888 1023.4606 0.83 0.0375 0.4534 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA154B 1.2 0.0864 1.2617 1.3 1.4153 742 95.0837 1388.2227 888 1023.4606 0.56 0.0375 0.5471 0.47 0.6244 1

2PAG59 3.2 0.0864 3.8022 1.3 1.4153 574 95.0837 4183.6850 888 1023.4606 1.29 0.0375 1.6489 0.47 0.6244 1
431
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Sn) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sr) Dev threshold 2MAD (Tl) Dev threshold

Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
2PAG60 1.5 0.0864 3.1369 1.3 1.4153 677 95.0837 3451.5401 888 1023.4606 0.91 0.0375 1.3603 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA112 2.9 0.0864 5.4787 1.3 1.4153 630 95.0837 6028.3097 888 1023.4606 0.92 0.0375 2.3759 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA106 0.7 0.0864 1.0197 1.3 1.4153 788 95.0837 1121.9882 888 1023.4606 0.53 0.0375 0.4422 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA115A 2.9 0.0864 4.2343 1.3 1.4153 357 95.0837 4659.1037 888 1023.4606 1.53 0.0375 1.8363 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA115B 3.2 0.0864 4.4504 1.3 1.4153 337 95.0837 4896.8131 888 1023.4606 1.44 0.0375 1.9299 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA121 2.9 0.0864 4.3639 1.3 1.4153 723 95.0837 4801.7294 888 1023.4606 1.53 0.0375 1.8925 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA122 3.1 0.0864 4.1393 1.3 1.4153 889 95.0837 4554.5116 888 1023.4606 0.59 0.0375 1.7950 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA123 3.3 0.0864 4.2602 1.3 1.4153 665 95.0837 4687.6289 888 1023.4606 0.57 0.0375 1.8475 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA124 3.2 0.0864 3.9059 1.3 1.4153 705 95.0837 4297.7855 888 1023.4606 0.64 0.0375 1.6938 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA156 1 0.0864 1.1752 1.3 1.4153 629 95.0837 1293.1390 888 1023.4606 0.22 0.0375 0.5097 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA288 1.3 0.0864 2.0307 1.3 1.4153 801 95.0837 2234.4681 888 1023.4606 0.43 0.0375 0.8807 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA290 1.8 0.0864 2.6356 1.3 1.4153 846 95.0837 2900.0544 888 1023.4606 0.4 0.0375 1.1430 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA210 2.7 0.0864 4.0269 1.3 1.4153 710 95.0837 4430.9027 888 1023.4606 0.44 0.0375 1.7463 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA211 2 0.0864 3.0332 1.3 1.4153 736 95.0837 3337.4396 888 1023.4606 0.27 0.0375 1.3154 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA212 2.7 0.0864 4.2343 1.3 1.4153 729 95.0837 4659.1037 888 1023.4606 0.42 0.0375 1.8363 0.47 0.6244 1

2PAE233 2.4 0.0864 6.9909 1.3 1.4153 619 95.0837 7692.2753 888 1023.4606 1.36 0.0375 3.0317 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA195 2.2 0.0864 3.5516 1.3 1.4153 859 95.0837 3907.9421 888 1023.4606 0.18 0.0375 1.5402 0.47 0.6244 1
432
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sn Med(Sn) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Sr Med(Sr) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Tl Med(Tl) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (Sn) Dev threshold 2MAD (Sr) Dev threshold 2MAD (Tl) Dev threshold

Sn Sn/La MAD(Sn/La)* Sr Sr/La MAD(Sr/La)* Tl Tl/La MAD(Tl/La)*

La La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA196 2.8 0.0864 4.4071 1.3 1.4153 704 95.0837 4849.2712 888 1023.4606 0.78 0.0375 1.9112 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA201 1.9 0.0864 3.5084 1.3 1.4153 887 95.0837 3860.4002 888 1023.4606 0.22 0.0375 1.5215 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA202 1.8 0.0864 2.2727 1.3 1.4153 800 95.0837 2500.7026 888 1023.4606 0.41 0.0375 0.9856 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA203 1.9 0.0864 2.7566 1.3 1.4153 649 95.0837 3033.1716 888 1023.4606 0.29 0.0375 1.1954 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA208 3 0.0864 1.1407 1.3 1.4153 298 95.0837 1255.1055 888 1023.4606 1.01 0.0375 0.4947 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA209 3.5 0.0864 3.3875 1.3 1.4153 509 95.0837 3727.2830 888 1023.4606 0.45 0.0375 1.4690 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA211 2.7 0.0864 4.1652 1.3 1.4153 548 95.0837 4583.0367 888 1023.4606 0.54 0.0375 1.8063 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA212 2.4 0.0864 3.9751 1.3 1.4153 615 95.0837 4373.8525 888 1023.4606 0.28 0.0375 1.7238 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA228 1.9 0.0864 2.9813 1.3 1.4153 775 95.0837 3280.3894 888 1023.4606 0.82 0.0375 1.2929 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA219 2.7 0.0864 3.9146 1.3 1.4153 763 95.0837 4307.2939 888 1023.4606 0.92 0.0375 1.6976 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA177 1.5 0.0864 2.5233 1.3 1.4153 397 95.0837 2776.4455 888 1023.4606 3.45 0.0375 1.0943 0.47 0.6244 1

4PAA107 0.8 0.0864 1.1925 1.3 1.4153 611 95.0837 1312.1557 888 1023.4606 0.76 0.0375 0.5171 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA116 2 0.0864 2.8085 1.3 1.4153 678 95.0837 3090.2219 888 1023.4606 0.78 0.0375 1.2179 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA117 0.9 0.0864 1.3999 1.3 1.4153 870 95.0837 1540.3567 888 1023.4606 0.55 0.0375 0.6071 0.47 0.6244 1

3PAA263 34.2 0.0864 1.3826 1.3 1.4153 5 95.0837 1521.3400 888 1023.4606 0.46 0.0375 0.5996 0.47 0.6244 1

2PAE226 21.6 0.0864 0.9506 1.3 1.4153 4.4 95.0837 1045.9212 888 1023.4606 0.21 0.0375 0.4122 0.47 0.6244 1
433
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (V) Dev threshold 2MAD (W) Dev threshold 2MAD (Zn) Dev threshold

V V/La MAD(V/La)* W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)*

La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA238 91 6.6458 86.3958 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.6042 0.7 0.9104 1 95 14.4532 187.8916 146 213.6939 100

4PAA233 80 6.6458 110.3208 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7715 0.7 0.9104 1 62 14.4532 239.9231 146 213.6939 100

4PAA235 9 6.6458 34.5583 104 114.3424 0.1 0.0465 0.2417 0.7 0.9104 1 177 14.4532 75.1566 146 213.6939 100

4PAA236 5 6.6458 15.2854 104 114.3424 0.1 0.0465 0.1069 0.7 0.9104 1 55 14.4532 33.2424 146 213.6939 100

3PAA214 76 6.6458 154.1833 104 114.3424 1 0.0465 1.0782 0.7 0.9104 1 29 14.4532 335.3142 146 213.6939 100

3PAA215 74 6.6458 179.4375 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 1.2548 0.7 0.9104 1 89 14.4532 390.2363 146 213.6939 100

3PAA216 84 6.6458 150.8604 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 1.0550 0.7 0.9104 1 60 14.4532 328.0876 146 213.6939 100

3PAA217 116 6.6458 101.6812 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7111 0.7 0.9104 1 64 14.4532 221.1339 146 213.6939 100

3PAA221 87 6.6458 213.9958 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 1.4965 0.7 0.9104 1 44 14.4532 465.3930 146 213.6939 100

3PAA223 49 6.6458 146.2083 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.0224 0.7 0.9104 1 47 14.4532 317.9703 146 213.6939 100

3PAA219 89 6.6458 301.0562 104 114.3424 1.9 0.0465 2.1053 0.7 0.9104 1 56 14.4532 654.7298 146 213.6939 100

3PAA260 92 6.6458 74.4333 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.5205 0.7 0.9104 1 76 14.4532 161.8758 146 213.6939 100

3PAA257 75 6.6458 190.7354 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 1.3338 0.7 0.9104 1 22 14.4532 414.8068 146 213.6939 100

3PAA255 92 6.6458 348.9062 104 114.3424 2 0.0465 2.4399 0.7 0.9104 1 61 14.4532 758.7929 146 213.6939 100

3PAA253 72 6.6458 132.9167 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 0.9295 0.7 0.9104 1 71 14.4532 289.0639 146 213.6939 100

3PAA250 53 6.6458 105.6687 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.7389 0.7 0.9104 1 62 14.4532 229.8058 146 213.6939 100
434
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (V) Dev threshold 2MAD (W) Dev threshold 2MAD (Zn) Dev threshold

V V/La MAD(V/La)* W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)*

La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA224 102 6.6458 81.7437 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 0.5716 0.7 0.9104 1 100 14.4532 177.7743 146 213.6939 100

4PAA112 92 6.6458 151.5250 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.0596 0.7 0.9104 1 73 14.4532 329.5329 146 213.6939 100

4PAA114 130 6.6458 89.0542 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.6228 0.7 0.9104 1 70 14.4532 193.6728 146 213.6939 100

4PAA115 37 6.6458 44.5271 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.3114 0.7 0.9104 1 44 14.4532 96.8364 146 213.6939 100

4PAA117 47 6.6458 59.1479 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.4136 0.7 0.9104 1 23 14.4532 128.6335 146 213.6939 100

4PAA118 126 6.6458 83.7375 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.5856 0.7 0.9104 1 96 14.4532 182.1103 146 213.6939 100

4PAA119 55 6.6458 114.3083 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.7994 0.7 0.9104 1 54 14.4532 248.5950 146 213.6939 100

4PAA121 68 6.6458 108.9917 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7622 0.7 0.9104 1 63 14.4532 237.0324 146 213.6939 100

4PAA123 133 6.6458 147.5375 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 1.0317 0.7 0.9104 1 127 14.4532 320.8610 146 213.6939 100

4PAA124 56 6.6458 102.3458 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.7157 0.7 0.9104 1 65 14.4532 222.5792 146 213.6939 100

4PAA223 71 6.6458 106.3333 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.7436 0.7 0.9104 1 90 14.4532 231.2512 146 213.6939 100

4PAA107 84 6.6458 91.7125 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 0.6414 0.7 0.9104 1 97 14.4532 199.4541 146 213.6939 100

3PAA117 72 6.6458 107.6625 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7529 0.7 0.9104 1 18 14.4532 234.1418 146 213.6939 100

3PAA116 85 6.6458 215.9896 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.5104 0.7 0.9104 1 27 14.4532 469.7289 146 213.6939 100

3PAA177 106 6.6458 194.0583 104 114.3424 2.4 0.0465 1.3571 0.7 0.9104 1 190 14.4532 422.0334 146 213.6939 100

3PAA179 41 6.6458 55.8250 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.3904 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 121.4069 146 213.6939 100

3PAA181 118 6.6458 108.9917 104 114.3424 2.2 0.0465 0.7622 0.7 0.9104 1 436 14.4532 237.0324 146 213.6939 100

3PAA183 30 6.6458 41.8687 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.2928 0.7 0.9104 1 38 14.4532 91.0551 146 213.6939 100

3PAA185 74 6.6458 67.7875 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.4740 0.7 0.9104 1 38 14.4532 147.4226 146 213.6939 100
435
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (V) Dev threshold 2MAD (W) Dev threshold 2MAD (Zn) Dev threshold

V V/La MAD(V/La)* W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)*

La La
ppm ppm ppm
3PAA188 41 6.6458 39.8750 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.2788 0.7 0.9104 1 48 14.4532 86.7192 146 213.6939 100

3PAA190 42 6.6458 127.6000 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 0.8923 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 277.5014 146 213.6939 100

4PAA164 37 6.6458 65.1292 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.4555 0.7 0.9104 1 225 14.4532 141.6413 146 213.6939 100

4PAA165 59 6.6458 63.1354 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.4415 0.7 0.9104 1 138 14.4532 137.3054 146 213.6939 100

4PAA166 26 6.6458 38.5458 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.2696 0.7 0.9104 1 15 14.4532 83.8285 146 213.6939 100

4PAA134 10 6.6458 27.2479 104 114.3424 1.7 0.0465 0.1905 0.7 0.9104 1 132 14.4532 59.2581 146 213.6939 100

4PAA135 8 6.6458 26.5833 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.1859 0.7 0.9104 1 72 14.4532 57.8128 146 213.6939 100

4PAA136 8 6.6458 25.9187 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.1813 0.7 0.9104 1 106 14.4532 56.3675 146 213.6939 100

4PAA138 20 6.6458 81.0792 104 114.3424 7.2 0.0465 0.5670 0.7 0.9104 1 244 14.4532 176.3290 146 213.6939 100

4PAA150 12 6.6458 59.1479 104 114.3424 0.7 0.0465 0.4136 0.7 0.9104 1 558 14.4532 128.6335 146 213.6939 100

4PAA186 7 6.6458 23.2604 104 114.3424 1.1 0.0465 0.1627 0.7 0.9104 1 610 14.4532 50.5862 146 213.6939 100

4PAA191 8 6.6458 25.9187 104 114.3424 0.2 0.0465 0.1813 0.7 0.9104 1 5 14.4532 56.3675 146 213.6939 100

3PAA332 9 6.6458 30.5708 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.2138 0.7 0.9104 1 33 14.4532 66.4847 146 213.6939 100

4PAA194 8 6.6458 43.8625 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.3067 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 95.3911 146 213.6939 100

4PAA137 11 6.6458 23.2604 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.1627 0.7 0.9104 1 84 14.4532 50.5862 146 213.6939 100

4PAA139 7 6.6458 27.2479 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.1905 0.7 0.9104 1 134 14.4532 59.2581 146 213.6939 100

4PAA188 8 6.6458 35.2229 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.2463 0.7 0.9104 1 31 14.4532 76.6019 146 213.6939 100

4PAA181 9 6.6458 25.9187 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.1813 0.7 0.9104 1 67 14.4532 56.3675 146 213.6939 100

4PAA182 7 6.6458 31.9000 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.2231 0.7 0.9104 1 148 14.4532 69.3753 146 213.6939 100
436
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (V) Dev threshold 2MAD (W) Dev threshold 2MAD (Zn) Dev threshold

V V/La MAD(V/La)* W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)*

La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA148 24 6.6458 73.7687 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.5159 0.7 0.9104 1 32 14.4532 160.4305 146 213.6939 100

4PAA149 12 6.6458 31.9000 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.2231 0.7 0.9104 1 19 14.4532 69.3753 146 213.6939 100

4PAA187 7 6.6458 26.5833 104 114.3424 0.7 0.0465 0.1859 0.7 0.9104 1 11 14.4532 57.8128 146 213.6939 100

4PAA110 34 6.6458 134.2458 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.9388 0.7 0.9104 1 16 14.4532 291.9546 146 213.6939 100

4PAA226 7 6.6458 11.2979 104 114.3424 0.1 0.0465 0.0790 0.7 0.9104 1 30 14.4532 24.5704 146 213.6939 100

4PAA183 12 6.6458 33.8937 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.2370 0.7 0.9104 1 89 14.4532 73.7113 146 213.6939 100

4PAA190 5 6.6458 16.6146 104 114.3424 0.1 0.0465 0.1162 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 36.1330 146 213.6939 100

4PAA108 49 6.6458 199.3750 104 114.3424 9 0.0465 1.3942 0.7 0.9104 1 244 14.4532 433.5959 146 213.6939 100

3PAA105 81 6.6458 465.2083 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 3.2532 0.7 0.9104 1 30 14.4532 1011.7238 146 213.6939 100

4PAA105 118 6.6458 93.0417 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.6506 0.7 0.9104 1 219 14.4532 202.3448 146 213.6939 100

3PAA114 115 6.6458 380.1417 104 114.3424 1.9 0.0465 2.6584 0.7 0.9104 1 493 14.4532 826.7229 146 213.6939 100

3PAA120 71 6.6458 160.8292 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 1.1247 0.7 0.9104 1 17 14.4532 349.7674 146 213.6939 100

3PAA127 85 6.6458 167.4750 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 1.1712 0.7 0.9104 1 26 14.4532 364.2206 146 213.6939 100

3PAA127B 82 6.6458 154.1833 104 114.3424 0.7 0.0465 1.0782 0.7 0.9104 1 51 14.4532 335.3142 146 213.6939 100

3PAA134 31 6.6458 54.4958 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.3811 0.7 0.9104 1 401 14.4532 118.5162 146 213.6939 100

3PAA154 59 6.6458 80.4146 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.5623 0.7 0.9104 1 24 14.4532 174.8837 146 213.6939 100

3PAA154B 60 6.6458 97.0292 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.6785 0.7 0.9104 1 33 14.4532 211.0167 146 213.6939 100

2PAG59 114 6.6458 292.4167 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 2.0449 0.7 0.9104 1 149 14.4532 635.9407 146 213.6939 100
437
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (V) Dev threshold 2MAD (W) Dev threshold 2MAD (Zn) Dev threshold

V V/La MAD(V/La)* W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)*

La La
ppm ppm ppm
2PAG60 91 6.6458 241.2437 104 114.3424 1.1 0.0465 1.6870 0.7 0.9104 1 26 14.4532 524.6511 146 213.6939 100

3PAA112 124 6.6458 421.3458 104 114.3424 1.4 0.0465 2.9465 0.7 0.9104 1 14 14.4532 916.3327 146 213.6939 100

4PAA106 109 6.6458 78.4208 104 114.3424 0.4 0.0465 0.5484 0.7 0.9104 1 73 14.4532 170.5477 146 213.6939 100

3PAA115A 117 6.6458 325.6458 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 2.2773 0.7 0.9104 1 398 14.4532 708.2067 146 213.6939 100

3PAA115B 113 6.6458 342.2604 104 114.3424 1.5 0.0465 2.3934 0.7 0.9104 1 42 14.4532 744.3397 146 213.6939 100

3PAA121 133 6.6458 335.6146 104 114.3424 2.7 0.0465 2.3470 0.7 0.9104 1 20 14.4532 729.8865 146 213.6939 100

3PAA122 134 6.6458 318.3354 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 2.2261 0.7 0.9104 1 20 14.4532 692.3082 146 213.6939 100

3PAA123 128 6.6458 327.6396 104 114.3424 1.9 0.0465 2.2912 0.7 0.9104 1 25 14.4532 712.5426 146 213.6939 100

3PAA124 126 6.6458 300.3917 104 114.3424 1.3 0.0465 2.1007 0.7 0.9104 1 19 14.4532 653.2845 146 213.6939 100

3PAA156 58 6.6458 90.3833 104 114.3424 0.3 0.0465 0.6321 0.7 0.9104 1 48 14.4532 196.5635 146 213.6939 100

3PAA288 94 6.6458 156.1771 104 114.3424 0.6 0.0465 1.0922 0.7 0.9104 1 113 14.4532 339.6501 146 213.6939 100

3PAA290 89 6.6458 202.6979 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.4175 0.7 0.9104 1 46 14.4532 440.8225 146 213.6939 100

3PAA210 103 6.6458 309.6958 104 114.3424 1.5 0.0465 2.1657 0.7 0.9104 1 31 14.4532 673.5190 146 213.6939 100

3PAA211 98 6.6458 233.2687 104 114.3424 1.2 0.0465 1.6313 0.7 0.9104 1 75 14.4532 507.3072 146 213.6939 100

3PAA212 104 6.6458 325.6458 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 2.2773 0.7 0.9104 1 260 14.4532 708.2067 146 213.6939 100

2PAE233 135 6.6458 537.6479 104 114.3424 21.4 0.0465 3.7598 0.7 0.9104 1 317 14.4532 1169.2637 146 213.6939 100

4PAA195 104 6.6458 273.1437 104 114.3424 1.7 0.0465 1.9101 0.7 0.9104 1 23 14.4532 594.0264 146 213.6939 100
438
 Appendix A9: Threshold Calculation Worksheet

Sample N° ME-MS61 MAD Threshold V Med(V) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold W Med(W) + Mean + 2Std Visual ME-MS61 MAD Threshold Zn Med(Zn) + Mean + 2Std Visual
2MAD (V) Dev threshold 2MAD (W) Dev threshold 2MAD (Zn) Dev threshold

V V/La MAD(V/La)* W W/La MAD(W/La)* La Zn Zn/La MAD(Zn/La)*

La La
ppm ppm ppm
4PAA196 95 6.6458 338.9375 104 114.3424 2.3 0.0465 2.3702 0.7 0.9104 1 63 14.4532 737.1131 146 213.6939 100

4PAA201 125 6.6458 269.8208 104 114.3424 1.5 0.0465 1.8869 0.7 0.9104 1 47 14.4532 586.7998 146 213.6939 100

4PAA202 120 6.6458 174.7854 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 1.2223 0.7 0.9104 1 28 14.4532 380.1191 146 213.6939 100

4PAA203 122 6.6458 212.0021 104 114.3424 1.6 0.0465 1.4825 0.7 0.9104 1 18 14.4532 461.0570 146 213.6939 100

4PAA208 93 6.6458 87.7250 104 114.3424 4.9 0.0465 0.6135 0.7 0.9104 1 296 14.4532 190.7822 146 213.6939 100

4PAA209 148 6.6458 260.5167 104 114.3424 3 0.0465 1.8218 0.7 0.9104 1 73 14.4532 566.5653 146 213.6939 100

4PAA211 92 6.6458 320.3292 104 114.3424 2 0.0465 2.2401 0.7 0.9104 1 1650 14.4532 696.6441 146 213.6939 100

4PAA212 99 6.6458 305.7083 104 114.3424 1.7 0.0465 2.1378 0.7 0.9104 1 65 14.4532 664.8471 146 213.6939 100

4PAA228 102 6.6458 229.2812 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.6034 0.7 0.9104 1 63 14.4532 498.6353 146 213.6939 100

3PAA219 89 6.6458 301.0562 104 114.3424 1.9 0.0465 2.1053 0.7 0.9104 1 56 14.4532 654.7298 146 213.6939 100

3PAA177 106 6.6458 194.0583 104 114.3424 2.4 0.0465 1.3571 0.7 0.9104 1 190 14.4532 422.0334 146 213.6939 100

4PAA107 84 6.6458 91.7125 104 114.3424 0.8 0.0465 0.6414 0.7 0.9104 1 97 14.4532 199.4541 146 213.6939 100

3PAA116 85 6.6458 215.9896 104 114.3424 0.9 0.0465 1.5104 0.7 0.9104 1 27 14.4532 469.7289 146 213.6939 100

3PAA117 72 6.6458 107.6625 104 114.3424 0.5 0.0465 0.7529 0.7 0.9104 1 18 14.4532 234.1418 146 213.6939 100

3PAA263 5 6.6458 106.3333 104 114.3424 730 0.0465 0.7436 0.7 0.9104 1 31700 14.4532 231.2512 146 213.6939 100

2PAE226 13 6.6458 73.1042 104 114.3424 240 0.0465 0.5112 0.7 0.9104 1 76900 14.4532 158.9852 146 213.6939 100
439
Appendices A10.1 to A10.8: Bivariate graphs of metal versus La graphs
for limestone, marble and hornfels from Antamina

440
 Ba threshold values limestone Bi threshold values in limestone

400 0.8

300 0.6
Ba ppm

Bi ppm
200 0.4

100 0.2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
La ppm La ppm

Ba threshold values marble Bi threshold values in marble

500 10

400 8
Ba ppm

Bi ppm
300 6

200 4

100 2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ppm La ppm

Ba threshold values hornfels Bi threshold values in hornfels

1000 8

800
6
Ba ppm

Bi ppm

600
4
400
2
200

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

La ppm La ppm

Legend

Limestone Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD

Marble Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD
Hornfels Mean metal/La
Median metal/La
Visual cut-off
Coincidence of Mean and median of metal/La

Appendix A10.2: Bivariate graphs of Ba vs. La and Bi vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from
Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold
estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines
of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off.

442
 Cu threshold values in limestone Cd threshold values in limestone

50 5
Cu ppm 40 4

Cd ppm
30 3

20 2
10 1
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
La ppm La ppm

Cu threshold in marble Cd threshold values in marble

100 5

80 4
Cu ppm

Cd ppm
60 3

40 2
20 1
0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
La ppm La ppm

Cu threshold values in hornfels Cd threshold values in hornfels

100 8

75 6
Cu ppm

Cd ppm

50 4

25 2

0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
La ppm
La ppm

Legend

Limestone Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD

Marble Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD
Hornfels Mean metal/La
Median metal/La
Visual cut-off

Appendix A10.3: Bivariate graphs of Cu vs. La and Cd vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from
Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold
estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines
of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off.

443
 Ag threshold values in limestone As threshold values limestone

2.5 160
2
120

As ppm
1.5
Ag ppm

1
80
0.5
0
40
-0.5
-1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

La ppm La ppm

Ag threshold values in marble As threshold values marble

2.5 160
2
120

As ppm
1.5
Ag ppm

1
80
0.5
0
40
-0.5
-1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ppm La ppm

Ag threshold values in hornfels As threshold values hornfels

2.5 300
2 240
Ag ppm

1.5
As ppm

1 180
0.5 120
0
-0.5 60
-1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

La ppm La ppm

Legend

Limestone Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD

Marble Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD
Hornfels Mean metal/La
Median metal/La
Visual cut-off

Appendix A10.1: Bivariate graphs of Ag vs. La and As vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from
Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold
estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines
of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off.

441
 Hg threshold values in limestone In threshold values in limestone

0.16 0.12

0.12
Hg ppm
0.08

In ppm
0.08

0.04
0.04
0

-0.04 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

La ppm La ppm

Hg threshold values in marble In threshold values in marble

0.2 0.16

0.15
0.12
Hg ppm

In ppm
0.1
0.08
0.05
0.04
0

-0.05 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ppm La ppm

Hg threshold values in hornfels In threshold values in hornfels

0.32 0.4

0.24
0.3
Hg ppm

In ppm

0.16
0.2
0.08
0.1
0

-0.08 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

La ppm La ppm

Legend

Limestone Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD

Marble Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD
Hornfels Mean metal/La
Median metal/La
Visual cut-off

Appendix A10.4: Bivariate graphs of Hg vs. La and In vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from
Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold
estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines
of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off.

444
 Mn threshold values in limestone Mo threshold values in limestone

4000 5

4
3000
Mn ppm

Mo ppm
3
2000
2
1000 1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

La ppm La ppm

Mn threshold values in marble Mo threshold values in marble

3000 6
Mn ppm

Mo ppm
2000 4

1000 2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ppm La ppm

Mn threshold values in hornfels Mo threshold values in hornfels

4000 8

3000 6
Mn ppm

Mo ppm

2000 4

1000 2

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

La ppm La ppm

Legend

Limestone Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD

Marble Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD
Hornfels Mean metal/La
Median metal/La
Visual cut-off

Appendix A10.5: Bivariate graphs of Mn vs. La and Mo vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from
Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold
estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines
of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off.

445
 Pb threshold values in limestone Sb threshold values in limestones

200 4

150 3
Pb ppm

Sb ppm
100 2

50 1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

La ppm La ppm

Pb threshold values in marble Sb threshold values in marble

1000 8

750 6
Pb ppm

Sb ppm
500 4

250 2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ppm La ppm

Pb threshold values in hornfels Sb threshold values in hornfels

2000 6

1500
4
Pb ppm

Sb ppm

1000
2
500

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

La ppm La ppm

Legend

Limestone Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD

Marble Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD
Hornfels Mean metal/La
Median metal/La
Visual cut-off
Coincidence of Mean and median of metal/La

Appendix A10.6: Bivariate graphs of Pb vs. La and Sb vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from
Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold
estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines
of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off.

446
 Sn threshold values in limestone Tl threshold values in limestone

5 4

4 3
Sn ppm

Tl ppm
3
2
2

1 1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
La ppm La ppm

Sn threshold values in marble Tl threshold values in marble

8 3

6
Sn ppm

Tl ppm
4
1
2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
La ppm La ppm

Sn threshold values in hornfels Tl threshold values in hornfels

8 4

6 3
Sn ppm

Tl ppm

4 2

2 1

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
La ppm La ppm

Legend

Limestone Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD

Marble Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD
Hornfels Mean metal/La
Median metal/La
Visual cut-off

Appendix A10.7: Bivariate graphs of Sn vs. La and Tl vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from
Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold
estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines
of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off.

447
 W threshold values in limestones Zn threshold values in limestone

3 800

600

Zn ppm
W ppm
2
400
1
200

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
La ppm La ppm

W threshold values in marble Zn threshold values in marble

10 1200

8
900

Zn ppm
W ppm

6
600
4

2 300

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
La ppm La ppm

W threshold values in hornfels Zn threshold values in hornfels

24 2000

18 1500
Zn ppm
W ppm

12 1000

6 500

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
La ppm La ppm

Legend

Limestone Upper threshold: median + 2 MAD

Marble Lower threshold: median - 2 MAD
Hornfels Mean metal/La
Median metal/La
Visual cut-off
Coincidence of Mean and median of metal/La

Appendix A10.8: Bivariate graphs of W vs. La and Zn vs. La for limestone, marble and hornfels from
Antamina showing the presence of anomalous values in relation to the trace element threshold
estimated by using the formula: Median + 2 MAD of the metal/La ratio. It is also shown the lines
of Mean metal/La, Median metal/La, the lower threshold and the visual cut-off.

448
Appendices A11.1 to A11.6: Plots of metal content in marble vs. distance
to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values
determined by diverse methods

449
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
2.5 60 250

2
A 50 B 200
C
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
40
1.5 150
30
1 20 100
0.5 10 50
0 0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

2.5 60 250

2 D 50 E 200
F
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
40
1.5 150
30
1 100
20
0.5 10 50
0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

2.5 60 250

2
G 50 H 200
I
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
40
1.5 150
30
1 100
20
0.5 10 50

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m)

Legend
bleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values mean + 2SDEV , median + 2MAD , Visual threshold

Appendix A11.1: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
450

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 1000 La ME-MS81
10 2.5

8
A 2
B C

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
100
Bi ppm

6 1.5

4 1 10
2 0.5

0 0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

10 2.5 1000

8
D 2
E F

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

100
6 1.5

4 1 10
2 0.5

0 0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

10 2.5 1000

8
G 2
H I
Cd ppm

Cu ppm
100
Bi ppm

6 1.5

4 1 10
2 0.5

0 0 1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m)

Legend
bleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values mean + 2SDEV , median + 2MAD , Visual threshold

Appendix A11.2: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
451

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.08 0.16 1600
A B C
0.06 0.12 1200

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

In ppm
0.04 0.08 800

0.02 0.04 400

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.1 0.16 1600

0.08 D E F

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.12 1200

In ppm
0.06
0.08 800
0.04

0.02 0.04 400

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0.04 0.16 1600

G H I
0.03 0.12 1200

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

In ppm

0.02 0.08 800

0.01 0.04 400

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m)

Legend
bleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values mean + 2SDEV , median + 2MAD , Visual threshold

Appendix A11.3: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
452

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
4 250 8
A 200
B C
3 6
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
150
2 4
100
1 2
50

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

4 250 8
D 200
E F
3 6
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
150
2 4
100
1 2
50

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

4 250 8
G 200
H I
3 6
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
150
2 4
100
1 50 2

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m)

Legend
bleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values mean + 2SDEV , median + 2MAD , Visual threshold

Appendix A11.4: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
453

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
3 4000 1.6
A B C
3000 1.2
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
2
2000 0.8
1
1000 0.4

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

3 4000 1.6
D E F
3000 1.2
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
2000 0.8
1
1000 0.4

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

3 4000 1.6
G H I
3000 1.2
2
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
2000 0.8
1
1000 0.4

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m)

Legend
bleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values mean + 2SDEV median +2MAD Visual threshold

Appendix A11.5: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
454

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
250 10 800

200
A 8
B C

Zn ppm
600

W ppm
V ppm

150 6
400
100 4
200
50 2

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

250 10 800

200 D 8
E F
600

Zn ppm
W ppm
V ppm

150 6
400
100 4
200
50 2

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

250 10 800

200 G 8
H I

Zn ppm
W ppm

600
V ppm

150 6
400
100 4
200
50 2

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m) Distance from skarn front (m)

Legend
bleached marble gray marble light gray marble tan marble threshold values mean + 2SDEV median +2MAD , Visual threshold

Appendix A11.6: Plots of V, W and Zn content in marble versus distance to the skarn front at Antamina West in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
455

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
Appendices A11.7 to A11.12: Plots of metal content vs. distance to a fluid
conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values
determined by diverse methods

456
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
100 300 800
A 250 B C
10
Ag ppm

600

As ppm

Ba ppm
200
1 150 400
100
0.1 200
50
0.01 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

100 300 800
D 250 E F
10 600
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
200
1 150 400
100
0.1 200
50
0.01 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

100 300 800

G 250
H I
10 600
Ag ppm

200
As ppm

Ba ppm
1 150 400
100
0.1 200
50
0.01 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m)

Legend
hornfels limestone marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.7: Graphs of Ag, As and Ba content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
457

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
40 4 250
A B 200
C
30 3

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

150
20 2
100
10 1
50

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

40 4 250
D E 200
F
30 3

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

150
20 2
100
10 1
50

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

40 4 250
G H 200
I
30 3
Cd ppm

Cu ppm
150
Bi ppm

20 2
100
10 1
50

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m)

Legend
hornfels limestone marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.8: Graphs of Bi, Cd and Cu content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
458

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
1 0.16 2500
A B 2000
C
0.12

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.1

In ppm
1500
0.08
1000
0.01
0.04
500

0.001 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

1 0.16 2500
D E 2000
F
0.12

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.1

In ppm
1500
0.08
1000
0.01
0.04
500

0.001 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

1 0.16 2500
G H 2000
I
0.12

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.1
In ppm

1500
0.08
1000
0.01
0.04
500
0.001 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m)

Legend
hornfels limestone marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.9: Graphs of Hg, In and Mn content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
459

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
5 1000 2.5

4
A B 2 C
Mo ppm

Sb ppm
Pb ppm
100
3 1.5

2 1
10
1 0.5

0 1 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

5 1000 2.5

4 D E 2
F
Mo ppm

100

Sb ppm
Pb ppm
3 1.5

2 1
10
1 0.5

0 1 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

5 1000 2.5

4 G H 2
I
Mo ppm

Sb ppm
Pb ppm

100
3 1.5

2 1
10
1 0.5

0 1 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m)

Legend
hornfels limestone marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.10: Graphs of Mo, Pb and Sb content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
460

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
6 6000 2.5

A 5000 B 2
C
Sn ppm

Sr ppm
4 4000

Tl ppm
1.5
3000
1
2 2000
1000 0.5

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

6 6000 2.5
D 5000
E 2
F
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
4 4000
1.5
3000
1
2 2000
1000 0.5

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

6 6000 2.5
G 5000 H 2
I
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
4 4000
1.5
3000
1
2 2000
1000 0.5

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m)

Legend
hornfels limestone marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.11: Graphs of Sn, Sr and Tl content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
461

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
400 3 1000
A B 800
C

Zn ppm
300

W ppm
V ppm

2
600
200
400
1
100
200

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

400 3 1000

D E 800
F
300

Zn ppm
W ppm
2
V ppm

600
200
400
1
100
200

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

400 3 1000

G H 800
I

Zn ppm
300
W ppm
V ppm

2
600
200
400
1
100
200

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m) Distance from the QFP dike (m)

Legend
hornfels limestone marble threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.12: Graphs of V, W and Zn content versus distance to a fluid conduit at transect 2 (Quarry Bench) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
462

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
Appendices A11.13 to A11.18: Plots of metal content in limestone vs.
distance to a QFP dike at transect 13 in comparison to threshold values
determined by diverse methods

463
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
1 160 400

0.8 A B C
120 300
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
0.6
80 200
0.4
40 100
0.2

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

1 160 400

0.8
D E F
120 300
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
0.6
80 200
0.4
40 100
0.2

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

1 160 400

0.8
G H I
120 300
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
0.6
80 200
0.4
40 100
0.2

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

measured values threshold values median + 2MAD , mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.13: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
464

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 0.8 La ME-MS81 4 La ME-MS81 50 La ME-MS81

0.6
A 3
B 40 C

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

30
0.4 2
20
0.2 1
10

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.8 4 50
D E 40
F
0.6 3

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

30
0.4 2
20
0.2 1
10

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0.8 4 50
G H 40 I
0.6 3
Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

30
0.4 2
20
0.2 1
10

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

measured values threshold values median + 2MAD , mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.14: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
465

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.16 0.12 2500
A B 2000
C

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.12

In ppm
0.08
1500
0.08
1000
0.04
0.04
500

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.16 0.12 2500
D E 2000
F
0.12

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.08

In ppm
1500
0.08
1000
0.04
0.04
500

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0.16 0.12 2500

G H 2000
I
0.12

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

In ppm

0.08
1500
0.08
1000
0.04
0.04
500

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

measured values threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.15: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
466

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
5 60 5

4 A B 4
C
Mo ppm

Sb ppm
Pb ppm
40
3 3

2 2
20
1 1

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

5 60 5

4
D E 4
F
Mo ppm

Sb ppm
Pb ppm
40
3 3

2 2
20
1 1

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

5 60 5

4 G H 4 I
Mo ppm

Sb ppm
Pb ppm

40
3 3

2 2
20
1 1

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

measured values threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.16: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
467

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
5 3
B
6000
4 A 5000 2.5 C
Sn ppm

Sr ppm
2

Tl ppm
3 4000
3000 1.5
2
2000 1
1 1000 0.5
0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

5 6000 3

4 D 5000 E 2.5 F
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
4000 2
3
3000 1.5
2
2000 1
1 1000 0.5
0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

5 6000 3

4 G 5000 H 2.5 I
4000 2
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
3000 1.5
2
2000 1
1 1000 0.5
0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

measured values threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.17: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
468

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
4 800
B
400
A C
3 600

Zn ppm
300

W ppm
V ppm

200 2 400

100 1 200

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

400 4 800
D E F

Zn ppm
300 3 600

W ppm
V ppm

200 2 400

100 1 200

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

400 4 800
G H I
300 3 600

Zn ppm
W ppm
V ppm

200 2 400

100 1 200

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

measured values threshold values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.18: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 13 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
469

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
Appendices A11.19 to A11.24: Plots of metal content in limestone vs.
distance to a QFP dike at transect 14 in comparison to threshold values
determined by diverse methods

470
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.6 40 200
A B C
30 150
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
0.4

20 100
0.2
10 50

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.6 40 200
D E F
30 150
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
0.4
20 100
0.2
10 50

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0.6 40 200
G H I
30 150
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
0.4
20 100
0.2
10 50

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD , mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.19: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
471

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.3 2 30
A B C
1.5

Cu ppm
Cd ppm
0.2 20
Bi ppm

2
0.1 10
0.5

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.3 2 30

D 1.5 E F

Cu ppm
Cd ppm
Bi ppm

0.2 20
1
0.1 10
0.5

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0.3 2 30

G 1.5 H I

Cu ppm
Cd ppm
Bi ppm

0.2 20
1
0.1 10
0.5

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.20: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
472

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.08 0.06 1200
A B C
0.06

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.04 800

In ppm
0.04
0.02 400
0.02

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.08 0.06 1200
D E F

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.06

In ppm
0.04 800
0.04
0.02 400
0.02

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

0.08 0.06 1200

G H I
0.06

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

In ppm

0.04 800
0.04
0.02 400
0.02

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.21: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
473

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
2 40 1.6
A B C
1.5 30 1.2
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
1 20 0.8

0.5 10 0.4

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

2 40 1.6
D E F
1.5 30 1.2
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
1 20 0.8

0.5 10 0.4

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

2 40 1.6
G H I
1.5 30 1.2
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
1 20 0.8

0.5 10 0.4

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.22: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
474

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
3 2500 1.2
A 2000
B C
Sn ppm

2 0.8

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
1500

1 1000
0.4
500
0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

3 2500 1.2
D 2000
E F
Sn ppm

2 0.8

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
1500

1000
1 0.4
500

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

3 2500 1.2
G 2000 H I
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

2 0.8

Tl ppm
1500

1000
1 0.4
500

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.23: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
475

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
200 1.5 400

160
A B C
300

Zn ppm
W ppm
1
V ppm

120
200
80
0.5
100
40

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

200
La ME-MS61 1.5
La ME-MS61 400
La ME-MS61
160 D E F

Zn ppm
300

W ppm
V ppm

1
120
200
80
0.5
100
40

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

200 1.5 400

160 G H I
300

Zn ppm
1
W ppm
V ppm

120
200
80
0.5
100
40

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.24: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 14 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
476

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
Appendices A11.25 to A11.30: Plots of metal content in limestone vs.
distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (transect 5) in comparison to threshold
values determined by diverse methods

477
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
3 160 250
A B 200
C
120
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
2
150
80
100
1
40
50

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

160 250
F
3
D 120
E 200
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
2 150
80
100
1 40 50
0 0
0 0 50 100 150 200
0 50 100 150 200
0 50 100 150 200

3 160 250
G H 200
I
120
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
2
150
80
100
1
40
50

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD , mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.25: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T-5) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
478

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.4 2 40
A B C
0.3 1.5 30

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

0.2 2 20

0.1 0.5 10

0 0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.4 2 40
D E F

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
0.3 1.5
Bi ppm

30
0.2 1 20
0.1 0.5
10
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0
0 50 100 150 200

0.4 2 40
G H I
0.3 1.5 30
Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

0.2 1 20

0.1 0.5 10

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.26: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T- 5) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
479

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.08 0.08 3200

0.06
A 0.06
B 2400
C

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

In ppm
0.04 0.04 1600

0.02 0.02 800

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.08 0.08 3200
D 0.06 E F

Mn ppm
0.06 2400
Hg ppm

In ppm
0.04
0.04 1600
0.02
0.02 800
0
0 0 50 100 150 200 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

0.08 0.08 3200

G H I
0.06 0.06 2400

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

In ppm

0.04 0.04 1600

0.02 0.02 800

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.27: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T- 5) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
480

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
2.5 200 4

2 A 160 B C
3
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
1.5 120
2
1 80

0.5 40 1

0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

2.5 200 4
2 D 160 E 3 F
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
1.5 120
2
80
1
40 1
0.5
0 0
0 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
0 50 100 150 200

2.5 200 4

2
G 160
H I
3
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
1.5 120
2
1 80

0.5 40 1

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.28: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T- 5) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
481

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 3
La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 4 La ME-MS81
3000
A 2500 B C
3
Sn ppm

Sr ppm
2

Tl ppm
2000
1500 2
1 1000
1
500
0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 50 100 150 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

3 3000 4

D 2500 E F
3
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
2 2000
1500 2
1 1000 1
500
0 0
0 0 50 100 150 200
0 50 100 150 200
0 50 100 150 200

3 3000 4
G 2500 H I
3
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

2 2000

Tl ppm
1500 2
1 1000
1
500
0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.29: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T- 5) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
482

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
3 500
B
250

200
A 2.5
400
C

Zn ppm
W ppm
2
V ppm

150 300
1.5
100 200
1
50 0.5 100
0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

E
250 3 500

200
D 2.5 400 F

Zn ppm
2

W ppm
V ppm

300
150 1.5
1 200
100
0.5 100
50 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
0
0 50 100 150 200

250 3 500

200
G 2.5 H 400
I

Zn ppm
W ppm

2
V ppm

150 300
1.5
100 200
1
50 0.5 100

0 0 0
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.30: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Fortuna (T-5) in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
483

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
Appendices A11.31 to A11.36: Plots of metal content in limestone vs.
distance to a QFP dike at transect 10 in comparison to threshold values
determined by diverse methods

484
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
1 40 400

0.8 A B C
30 300
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
0.6
20 200
0.4
10 100
0.2

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

1 40 400

0.8
D E F
30 300
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
0.6
20 200
0.4
10 100
0.2

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1 40 400

0.8
G H I
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
30 300
0.6
20 200
0.4
10 100
0.2

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD , mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.31: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
485

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.5 4 50

0.4 A B 40
C

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
3
Bi ppm

0.3 30
2
0.2 20
0.1 1
10
0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.5 4 50

0.4
D E 40 F
3

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

0.3 30
2
0.2 20
1
0.1 10
0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0.5 4 50

0.4
G H 40 I
3
Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

0.3 30
2
0.2 20
1
0.1 10
0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.32: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
486

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.16 0.12 2500
A B 2000
C
0.12

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

In ppm
0.08
1500
0.08
1000
0.04
0.04
500

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.16 0.12 2500
D E 2000 F

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.12

In ppm
0.08
1500
0.08
1000
0.04
0.04
500

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0.16 0.12 2500

G H 2000 I

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

0.12
In ppm

0.08
1500
0.08
1000
0.04
0.04
500

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.33: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
487

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
4 50 2
A 40 B C
3 1.5
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
30
2 1
20
1 10 0.5

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

4 50 2
D 40
E F
Mo ppm

3 1.5

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
30
2 1
20
1 0.5
10

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

4 50 2
G 40 H I
3 1.5
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
30
2 1
20
1 0.5
10

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.34: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
488

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
5 6000 2.5

4 A 5000 B 2
C
Sn ppm

4000

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
3 1.5
3000
2 1
2000
1 1000 0.5

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

5 6000 2.5

4
D 5000 E 2 F
Sn ppm

Sr ppm
4000

Tl ppm
3 1.5
3000
2 1
2000
1 1000 0.5

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

5 6000 2.5

4
G 5000 H 2
I
Sn ppm

4000
Sr ppm

Tl ppm
3 1.5
3000
2 1
2000
1 1000 0.5

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.35: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
489

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
400 3 800
A B C
300 600

Zn ppm
W ppm
2
V ppm

200 400
1
100 200

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

400 3 800
D E F

Zn ppm
300 600

W ppm
V ppm

2
200 400
1
100 200

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

400 3 800
G H 600
I
300

Zn ppm
2
W ppm
V ppm

200 400
1
100 200

0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend

threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.36: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at Transect 10 in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
490

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
Appendices A11.37 to A11.42: Plots of metal content in the host rocks vs.
distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge Road in comparison to threshold
values determined by diverse methods

491
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
5 150 1200

4
A 120
B 1000 C
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
800
3 90
600
2 60
400
1 30 200
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

5 150 1200

4 D 120
E 1000 F
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
800
3 90
600
2 60
400
1 30 200
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

5 150 1200

4
G 120
H 1000 I
Ag ppm

As ppm

Ba ppm
800
3 90
600
2 60
400
1 30 200
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend
threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.37: Plots of Ag, As and Ba content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
492

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
10 8 250
A B 200
C
7.5

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
6
Bi ppm

150
5 4
100
2.5 2
50

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

10 8 250
D E 200
F
7.5 6

Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

150
5 4
100
2.5 2
50

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

10 8 250
G H 200
I
7.5 6
Cd ppm

Cu ppm
Bi ppm

150
5 4
100
2.5 2
50

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend
threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.38: Plots of Bi, Cd and Cu content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
493

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
0.2 0.4 2500
A B 2000
C
0.15 0.3

Mn ppm
Hg ppm

In ppm
1500
0.1 0.2
1000
0.05 0.1
500

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

0.2 0.4 2500
D E 2000
F

Mn ppm
0.15
Hg ppm

0.3

In ppm
1500
0.1 0.2
1000
0.05 0.1
500

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

0.2 0.4 2500

G H 2000
I

Mn ppm
0.15 0.3
Hg ppm

In ppm

1500
0.1 0.2
1000
0.05 0.1
500

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend
threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.39: Plots of Hg, In and Mn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
494

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
4 400 4
A B C
3 300 3
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
2 200 2

1 100 1

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

4 400 4
D E F
3 300 3
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
2 200 2

1 100 1

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

4 400 4
G H I
3 300 3
Mo ppm

Pb ppm

Sb ppm
2 200 2

1 100 1

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend
threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.40: Plots of Mo, Pb and Sb content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
495

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
3
C
5 6000

4
A 5000 B
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
4000 2
3
3000
2
2000 1
1 1000
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

5 6000 3

4 D 5000 E F
Sn ppm

4000 2

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
3
3000
2
2000 1
1 1000
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

5 6000 3

4
G 5000 H I
Sn ppm

Sr ppm

Tl ppm
4000 2
3
3000
2
2000 1
1 1000
0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend
threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.41: Plots of Sn, Sr and Tl content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
496

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81 La ME-MS81
400 6 2000
A 5 B 1600
C
300

Zn ppm
W ppm
4
V ppm

1200
200 3
800
2
100
1 400

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61 La ME-MS61

400 6 2000
D 5 E 1600
F

Zn ppm
300

W ppm
V ppm

4
1200
200 3
800
2
100
1 400

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

400 6 2000
G 5 H 1600 I

Zn ppm
300
W ppm
V ppm

4
1200
200 3
800
2
100
1 400

0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m) Distance from QFP dike (m)

Legend
threshold values measured values median + 2MAD mean + 2SDEV visual threshold

Appendix A11.42: Plots of V, W and Zn content in limestone versus distance to a QFP dike at the Ridge road in comparison to threshold values.
Graphs A, B and C show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained by lithium borate
fusion (ME-MS81). Graphs D, E and F show threshold values estimated by using the Median + 2MAD of metal/La ratios, where La was obtained
by four acid digestion methods (ME-MS61). Graphs G,H and I show threshold values estimated by the mean + 2SDEV and the median + 2MAD of
497

un-normalized data, and the line of threshold determined visually in the graph.
Appendix A12: Geochemical alteration halos obtained by different
methods for the sampling transects at Antamina

498
Appendix A12: Geochemical alteration halos obtained by different methods

Antamina West Altitude: 4250 m.a.s.l.

Lithium
borate Four acid Median + Mean + Visual cut-
Element fusion digestion 2MAD 2SDEV off
Ag 147 147 147 98 147
As 68 68 0 0 0
Ba 0 0 0 0 0
Bi 145 145 98 98 98
Cd 29 29 0 0 0
Cu 247 247 71 71 71
In 29 29 29 27 29
Mn 29 29 0 0 0
Mo 157 157 98 0 98
Pb 147 147 0 0 0
Sb 147 147 0 0 0
Sn 18 22 0 0 0
Sr 247 247 0 0 0
Tl 0 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 0 0
W 125 125 27 27 27
Zn 118 118 98 70 98

Transect 2 - Quarry Bench Altitude: 4330 m.a.s.l.

Lithium
borate Four acid Median + Mean + Visual cut-
Element fusion digestion 2MAD 2SDEV off
Ag 0 0 86 0 86
As 0 0 0 0 0
Ba 0 0 0 0 0
Bi 0 0 0 0 96.5
Cd 0 0 0 0 0
Cu 86 86 93.5 96.3 96.3
In 60 60 60 60 60
Mn 0 0 0 0 0
Mo 0 86 0 0 0
Pb 86 86 86 86 86
Sb 0 0 0 0 0
Sn 0 0 0 0 0
Sr 0 0 0 0 0
Tl 0 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 0 0
W 0 0 0 0 0
Zn 0 0 0 0 0

499
Appendix A12: Geochemical alteration halos obtained by different methods

Transect 13 - Fortuna East Altitude: 4450 m.a.s.l.

Lithium
borate Four acid Median + Mean + Visual cut-
Element fusion digestion 2MAD 2SDEV off
Ag 0 0 45 0 45
As 45 45 45 45 45
Ba 0 0 0 0 0
Bi 0 0 0 0 0
Cd 0 0 0 0 0
Cu 17 17 0 0 0
Hg 0 0 0 0 0
In 0 0 0 0 0
Mn 0 0 0 0 0
Mo 17 17 17 0 0
Pb 17 0 0 0 0
Sb 66 66 70 45 45
Sn 0 0 0 0 0
Sr 0 0 0 0 0
Tl 18 18 45 0 0
V 18 18 0 0 0
W 0 17 0 0 0
Zn 0 0 0 0 0

Transect 14 - Fortuna East Altitude: 4500 m.a.s.l.

Element Lithium Four acid Median + Mean + Visual cut-
borate digestion 2MAD 2SDEV off
fusion
Ag 0 0 45 0 45
As 45 45 45 5 45
Ba 0 0 5 5 5
Bi 0 0 5 5 5
Cd 0 0 0 0 0
Cu 0 0 0 0 0
Hg 0 0 0 0 0
In 0 0 5 5 5
Mn 0 0 5 5 0
Mo 0 0 25 0 25
Pb 0 0 0 0 0
Sb 0 0 0 0 0
Sn 0 0 0 0 0
Sr 0 0 0 0 0
Tl 15 15 15 5 0
V 0 0 0 0 0
W 0 0 5 0 0
Zn 0 0 0 0 0

500
Transect 5 - Fortuna Altitude: 4700 m.a.s.l.
Lithium
borate Four acid Median + Mean + Visual cut-
Element fusion digestion 2MAD 2SDEV off
Ag 40 40 45 40 45
As 36 36 30 30 30
Ba 1 1 1 1 1
Bi 1 1 1 1 1
Cd 0 0 25 0 0
Cu 1 1 1 1 1
Hg 0 0 30 0 30
In 30 30 30 30 30
Mn 36 36 30 30 30
Mo 0 0 15 0 15
Pb 36 36 30 30 30
Sb 36 36 30 30 30
Sn 0 0 1 1 1
Sr 0 0 0 0 0
Tl 60 60 30 30 30
V 0 0 0 0 0
W 30 30 30 30 30
Zn 0 0 30 0 30

Ridge Road
Lithium
borate Four acid Median + Mean + Visual cut-
Element fusion digestion 2MAD 2SDEV off
Ag 0 0 0 0 0
As 0 0 0 0 0
Ba 2.5 2.5 >16 >16 >16
Bi >16 >16 >16 >16 >16
Cd 0 0 0 0 0
Cu 2.5 2.5 >16 >16 >16
Hg values lower than detection limit
In 0 0 15 15 15
Mn 0 0 2 1 0
Mo 0 0 0 0 0
Pb 0 0 0 0 0
Sb 0 0 >16 0 0
Sn 0 0 >16 >16 >16
Sr 0 0 0 0 0
Tl 0 0 0 0 0
V 0 0 0 0 0
W 0 >16 >16 >16 >16
Zn 0 0 0 0 0

501
Transect 10 - Fortuna East Altitude: 4550 m.a.s.l.
Lithium
borate Four acid Median + Mean + Visual cut-
Element fusion digestion 2MAD 2SDEV off
Ag 0 0 10 0 40
As 2 2 2 0 2
Ba 2 2 2 2 2
Bi 0 0 10 0 10
Cd 0 0 0 0 0
Cu 0 0 0 0 0
Hg 0 0 0 0 0
In 0 0 0 0 0
Mn 0 0 0 0 0
Mo 0 0 0 0 0
Pb 0 0 0 0 0
Sb 0 0 0 0 0
Sn 0 0 0 0 0
Sr 0 0 0 0 0
Tl 5 0 70 6 0
V 0 0 0 0 0
W 0 6 10 5 5
Zn 0 0 0 0 0

502
Appendix A13: Graphs of anomalous halos of metals to paleo fluid escape
conduits at Antamina

503
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
3 Condorcocha 1
0.8
No halo
Ag ppm

Ag ppm
2
0.6
water
0.4
1
0.2
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Traverse 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
1 0.6
No halo Taco Pit No halo
0.8
Ag ppm

Ag ppm
0.6 0.4
Antamina West
0.4
0.2
0.2
0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

100 5
No halo Usu Pallares No halo
0 600 m 4
Ag ppm

10

Ag ppm
3
1 LEGEND
Soil White marble 2
0.1 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 1
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0.01 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia
0 5 10 15 20
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)
Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m
2.5
Symbols
2
Ag ppm

hornfels limestone Limit halo 1.5

1
white marble light gray marble Transect
0.5
gray marble marble skarn front 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
threshold values QFP dike

Distance from the skarn front (m)

504

Appendix A13.1: Anomalous halos of Ag to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
160 Condorcocha 40

As ppm
120
As ppm

30

80 water 20

40 10
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
160 40
Taco Pit
As ppm

120

As ppm
30

80 Antamina West 20

40 10

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Oscarina
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

300 150
250
No halo Usu Pallares No halo
0 600 m 120
As ppm

As ppm
200
90
150 LEGEND
100 Soil White marble 60
Limestone Green garnet exoskarn
50 30
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 5 10 15 20
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Symbols Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

60
hornfels limestone Limit halo 50
As ppm

40
white marble light gray marble Transect 30
20
gray marble marble skarn front
10
threshold values QFP dike 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

505

Appendix A13.2: Anomalous halos of As to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
250 Condorcocha 400
200

Ba ppm
300
Ba ppm

150
water 200
100
100
50
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road

Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
400 200
No halo Taco Pit No halo
Ba ppm

300 150

Ba ppm
Antamina West 100
200

100 50

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

800 1200
No halo Usu Pallares 0 600 m 1000
600
Ba ppm

Ba ppm
800
400 LEGEND
600
Soil White marble
Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 400
200
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn 200
0 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Symbols Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

250
No halo
hornfels limestone Limit halo 200
Ba ppm

150
white marble light gray marble Transect
100
gray marble marble skarn front
50
threshold values QFP dike 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from skarn front (m)

506

Appendix A13.3: Anomalous halos of Ba to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
0.4 Condorcocha 0.5
No halo
0.4

Bi ppm
0.3
Bi ppm

0.3
water
0.2
0.2
0.1 0.1
Fortuna East
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
0.8 0.3
No halo Taco Pit No halo
0.6

Bi ppm
Bi ppm

0.2
0.4
Antamina West
0.1
0.2

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

40 10
A No halo Usu Pallares 0 600 m
Open halo
30 7.5
Bi ppm

Bi ppm
20 LEGEND 5
Soil White marble
10 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 2.5
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 5 10 15 20
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Symbols Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

10
hornfels limestone Limit halo 8
Bi ppm

white marble light gray marble Transect 6

4
gray marble marble skarn front
2
threshold values QFP dike 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

507

Appendix A13.4: Anomalous halos of Bi to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
2 Condorcocha 4
No halo No halo

Cd ppm
3
Cd ppm

1.5
water 2
2

0.5 1
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
4 2
No halo Taco Pit No halo
3 1.5
Cd ppm

Cd ppm
2
Antamina West
2

1 0.5

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

4 8
No halo Usu Pallares No halo
3 0 600 m
6

Cd ppm
Cd ppm

2 LEGEND 4
Soil White marble
1 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 2
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0 0
Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 5 10 15 20
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

Symbols
2.5

hornfels limestone Limit halo 2

Cd ppm

1.5
white marble light gray marble Transect
1
gray marble marble skarn front 0.5

threshold values QFP dike 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

508

Appendix A13.5: Anomalous halos of Cd to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
40 Condorcocha 50
40
No halo
30

Cu ppm
Cu ppm

30
20 water
20
10 10
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
50 30
40
Taco Pit No halo
Cu ppm

Cu ppm
30 20
Antamina West
20
10
10
0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

250 250
200 Usu Pallares 0 200
Cu ppm

600 m

Cu ppm
150 150
LEGEND
100 Soil White marble 100
50 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 50
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0 0
Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 5 10 15 20
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Symbols Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

1000

hornfels limestone Limit halo

Cu ppm

100
white marble light gray marble Transect
10
gray marble marble skarn front

threshold values QFP dike 1

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

509

Appendix A13.6: Anomalous halos of Cu to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
0.08 Condorcocha 0.16
No halo No halo

Hg ppm
0.12
Hg ppm

0.06

0.04 water 0.08

0.02 0.04
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
0.16 0.08
No halo Taco Pit No halo
Hg ppm

0.12 0.06

Hg ppm
0.08 Antamina West 0.04

0.04 0.02

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

1 0.2
No halo Usu Pallares 0 600 m No halo

Hg ppm
Hg ppm

0.15
0.1
LEGEND
0.1
Soil White marble
0.01
Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 0.05
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0.001 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 5 10 15 20
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

Symbols
0.08
No halo
hornfels limestone Limit halo
Hg ppm

0.06

white marble light gray marble Transect 0.04

gray marble marble skarn front 0.02

threshold values QFP dike 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

510

Appendix A13.7: Anomalous halos of Hg to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
0.08 Condorcocha 0.12
No halo

In ppm
0.06
In ppm

0.08
water
0.04
0.04
0.02
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
0.12 0.06
No halo Taco Pit No halo
In ppm

In ppm
0.08 0.04
Antamina West
0.04 0.02

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

0.16 0.4
Usu Pallares 0 600 m
No halo
0.12 0.3

In ppm
In ppm

0.08 LEGEND 0.2

Soil White marble
0.04 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 0.1
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 5 10 15 20
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

Symbols
0.16

hornfels limestone Limit halo 0.12

In ppm

white marble light gray marble Transect 0.08

gray marble marble skarn front 0.04

threshold values QFP dike 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

511

Appendix A13.8: Anomalous halos of In to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
3200 Condorcocha 2500
No halo
2000

Mn ppm
Mn ppm

2400
water 1500
1600
1000
800 500
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Traverse 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
2500 1200
2000
No halo Taco Pit No halo
Mn ppm

Mn ppm
1500 800
Antamina West
1000
400
500
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

2500 2500
No halo No halo
2000

Mn ppm
Mn ppm

Usu Pallares 0 600 m

2000
1500 1500
1000 LEGEND
1000
Soil White marble
500 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 500
0 Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0 5 10 15 20
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)
Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m
Symbols 1600
Mn ppm

1200
hornfels limestone Limit halo
800
white marble light gray marble Transect
400
gray marble marble skarn front
0
threshold values QFP dike 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

512

Appendix A13.9: Anomalous halos of Mn to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
2.5 Condorcocha 4
No halo No halo
2
Mo ppm

Mo ppm
3
1.5
water
2
1
0.5 1
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
5 2
4 Taco Pit No halo

Mo ppm
Mo ppm

1.5
3
Antamina West 1
2
1 0.5

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

5 4
4
No halo Usu Pallares 0 No halo
Mo ppm

600 m

Mo ppm
3
3
LEGEND
2 2
Soil White marble
1 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 1
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0 Endoskarn ± breccia 0
Brown hornfels/marble
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Symbols Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

4
hornfels limestone Limit halo
Mo ppm

3
white marble light gray marble Transect 2

gray marble marble skarn front 1

threshold values QFP dike 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

513

Appendix A13.10: Anomalous halos of Mo to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
200 Condorcocha 50
160
No halo
40
Pb ppm

Pb ppm
120 30
water
80 20
40 10
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
60 40
Taco Pit No halo

Pb ppm
30
Pb ppm

40
Antamina West
20
20
10

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

1000 400
Usu Pallares 0 600 m No halo
Pb ppm

300

Pb ppm
100
LEGEND
200
Soil White marble
10
Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 100
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
1 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Symbols Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

250
hornfels limestone Limit halo 200
Pb ppm

white marble light gray marble Transect 150

100
gray marble marble skarn front
50
threshold values QFP dike 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from skarn front (m)

514

Appendix A13.11: Anomalous halos of Pb to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Condorcocha Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
4 2
No halo
3
Sb ppm

1.5

Sb ppm
water
2 1

1 0.5
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
5 1.6
Taco Pit No halo
4 1.2

Sb ppm
Sb ppm

3 Antamina West
0.8
2
1 0.4

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

2.5 4
No halo Usu Pallares No halo
2 0 600 m
Sb ppm

Sb ppm
1.5
LEGEND
2
1 Soil White marble
0.5 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 1
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Symbols Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

8
hornfels limestone Limit halo
Sb ppm

6
white marble light gray marble Transect 4

gray marble marble skarn front 2

threshold values QFP dike 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

515

Appendix A13.12: Anomalous halos of Sb to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
3 Condorcocha 5
No halo No halo
4
Sn ppm

Sn ppm
2
water 3

1 2

Fortuna East 1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
5 3
No halo Taco Pit No halo
4
Sn ppm

Sn ppm
2
3 Antamina West
2
1
1
0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

6
5
No halo No halo
Usu Pallares
Sn ppm

0 600 m 4

Sn ppm
4
3
LEGEND
2 Soil White marble 2
Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 1
0 Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

Symbols
3

hornfels limestone Limit halo

Sn ppm

2
white marble light gray marble Transect
1
gray marble marble skarn front

threshold values QFP dike 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

516

Appendix A13.13: Anomalous halos of Sn to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
4 Condorcocha 2.5

3 2
Tl ppm

Tl ppm
water 1.5
2
1
1
0.5
Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
3 1.2
Taco Pit
2.5
Tl ppm

Tl ppm
2 0.8
Antamina West
1.5
1 0.4
0.5
0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

2.5 3
No halo Usu Pallares No halo
2 0 600 m
Tl ppm

Tl ppm
1.5
LEGEND
1 Soil White marble 1
0.5 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia
Gray and white marble
0 5 10 15 20
Quartz feldspar porphyry

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Symbols Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

1.6
hornfels limestone Limit halo No halo
1.2
Tl ppm

white marble light gray marble Transect 0.8

gray marble marble skarn front 0.4

threshold values QFP dike 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

517

Appendix A13.14: Anomalous halos of Tl to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
3
Condorcocha 3
2.5 No halo

W ppm
W ppm

2 2
water
1.5
1 1
0.5 Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road

Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
4 1.5
No halo Taco Pit No halo
3
W ppm

W ppm
1
2
Antamina West
0.5
1

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

3
6
No halo Usu Pallares No halo
0 600 m 5
W ppm

W ppm
4
LEGEND
3
1 Soil White marble
Limestone Green garnet exoskarn 2
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn 1
0
Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)

Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m

Symbols
10
hornfels limestone Limit halo 8
W ppm

6
white marble light gray marble Transect
4
gray marble marble skarn front
2
threshold values QFP dike 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

518

Appendix A13.15: Anomalous halos of W to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
 Fortuna - Traverse 5 - 4710 m Fortuna East - Transect 10 - 4550 m
500
Condorcocha 800
No halo No halo
400

Zn ppm
600
Zn ppm

300 water
400
200
200
100 Fortuna East
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Quarry Bench
Fortuna

Fortuna East - Transect 13 - 4450 m Ridge Road

Fortuna East - Transect 14 - 4500 m
800 400
No halo Taco Pit No halo
600
Zn ppm

300

Zn ppm
400
Antamina West
200

200 100

0 Oscarina 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Quarry Bench - Transect 2 - 4330 m Ridge Road - Traverse 19 - 4590 m

1000 2000
No halo Usu Pallares No halo
800 0 600 m 1600
Zn ppm

Zn ppm
600 1200
LEGEND
400 Soil White marble 800
200 Limestone Green garnet exoskarn
400
Gray and light green hornfels Endoskarn
0 Brown hornfels/marble Endoskarn ± breccia 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Gray and white marble Quartz feldspar porphyry 0 5 10 15 20

Distance from fluid conduit (m) Distance from fluid conduit (m)
Antamina West - Traverses 16 & 17, 4250m
Symbols
800
Zn ppm

hornfels limestone Limit halo 600

white marble light gray marble Transect 400

gray marble marble skarn front 200

threshold values QFP dike 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Distance from the skarn front (m)

519

Appendix A13.16: Anomalous halos of Zn to the paleo fluid escape conduits of the Antamina skarn deposit
Appendices – Chapter 3

520
Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina

521
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike

2PAT-01 273337 8945201 Antamina West Marble black marble with cleavage contact between thermal aureole and bedding
40
2PAT-02 273553 8945299 Taco pit Skarn endoskarn moly coating fractures. Ar/Ar age determination Ar/39Ar
2PAT-03 274167 8946662 NE Antamina Limestone black limestone hornfels white calc veins and orange -brown/buff
weathered veins
2PAT-04 273791 8946645 Fortuna East Intrusive bt-plag porphyry Fortuna dike Major and minor elements
2PAT-05 274860 8946004 Ridge road Intrusive qtz-bt-plag porphyry Poderosa dike Major and minor elements
2PAT-06 274996 8945706 Ridge road Intrusive hnbd-bt-plag porphyry Oscarina dike. δ18O in quartz. 40Ar/39Ar age on 40
Ar/39Ar, major and minor
biot and hornb elements, δ18O
2PAT-07 274996 8945706 Ridge road Intrusive hornfels xenolith in dike
2PAT-08 273564 8945101 Taco pit Intrusive bt-orthoclase megacryst dike Usa Pallares intrusion from bottom of pit. δ18O in U-Pb, δ18O
quartz. U/Pb on zircons
2PAT-09 273564 8945101 Taco pit Intrusive bt-orthoclase megacryst dike cut by moly veinlets
2PAT-10 273755 8945467 Taco pit Intrusive bt-plag porphyry altered Taco porphyry-4228 bench
2PAT-11 273755 8945467 Taco pit Intrusive bt-plag porphyry Taco porphyry, δ18O in quartz. U/PB on zircons U-Pb, major and minor
18
elements, δ O, Sr/Sr
2PAT-12 272736 8943927 Usu Pallares Intrusive kspar megacryst porphyry Usa Pallares intrusion from end of valley, δ18O in Major and minor elements,
quartz δ18O
2PAT-13 272751 8943996 Usu Pallares Skarn calcsilicate & marble veinlets along bedding
2PAT-14 273101 8944581 Usu Pallares Intrusive kspar megacryst porphyry Usa Pallares intrusion
2PAT-15 275260 8944953 Truck shop Intrusive qsp altered porphyry stylolitic pyrite veinlets in porphyry dike at truck
shop
2PAT-16 273601 8945550 Antamina West Skarn endoskarn disseminate py-cpy in porphyry at 115 of mapping
traverse
2PAT18 273621 8945324 Taco pit Intrusive late dike cuts skarn with massive veins U/Pb on zircons U-Pb
CMA132 272436 8944264 Usu Pallares Intrusive post skarn dike collected at 314-316 interval; bt-2 feldspar
porphyry
2PAT-17 273621 8945324 Taco pit Veins qtz-cpy-mo veins
2PAT-19 273751 8946676 Fortuna East Hornfels pyritiferous bleached hornfels Fortuna area
2PAT-19a 273751 8946676 Fortuna East Veins siliceous pyrite veins

2PAT-20 Fortuna altered porphyry Fortuna- shane or greg have UTM

2PAT-21 273619 8943851 Peak nine Hornfels grey hornfels transition into skarn
2PAT-22 273619 8943851 Peak nine Hornfels brown hornfels
2PAT-23 273619 8943851 Peak nine Hornfels compositionally banded grey-brown hornfels
2PAT-24 273619 8943851 Peak nine Marble complete zonation in one piece
2PAT-25 278990 8938299 Intrusive kspar-bt granodiorite main phase of pluton underlying(?) Antamina Major and minor elements

2PAE203 273786 8946582 Ridge road Intrusive Sericite altered plag-qtz-bio phyric dike margin. 2 to Thin quartz-galena-pyrite veinlets semi Trace elements
20cm wide fault/shear continuous over 10's to about 100m.
2PAE205 274744 8945202 Oscarina dike. Intrusive QFP dike crosscut by semi massive sulfide veins and Euhedral pyrite, 5% galena, trz sphalerite, quartz- Trace elements
veinlets calcite and epidote/diopside gangue
2PAE207 273572 8945127 Taco Pit Intrusive Monzonite porp. with plag, biot and K-spar phenos K-spar and biotite relatively fresh in the sample.

2PAE211 273038 8946959 Condorcocha Intrusive mod porph to equigranular feldspar intrusive, 10- Feldsp and amph fresh, 1% diss py and minor py- δ18O
15% quartz, 2-3% amphibole, 1% biotite, 3m wide, cpy-qtz veins. This dike cuts 2PAE212
N140°, 75°W.
2PAE212 273038 8946959 Condorcocha Intrusive Light gray intrusion with subtle phantom Possibly albitized, sugary granular matrix
phenocrysts of feldspar and quartz.
2PAE213 273141 8947011 Condorcocha Intrusive Feldspar porphyry 65% phenos, 85% feldspar, 10% Most feldspars and amphiboles are fresh, local
qtz, 5% amphibole, minor biotite. sericite and chlorite.Intrusive plug 150 m wide
522
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
2PAE214 273318 8946907 Condorcocha Intrusive Porphyritic, 70% phenos, mostly 2-4mm size feldsp,Hairline fractures with py-cpy-qtz, minor diss py-
5-10% quartz (6 mm), 2-3% biot. No amphibole. cpy. Minor potassic alteration. Intrusive plug.

2PAE219 273740 8945485 Taco Pit Vein Qtz veins with fgr euhedral qtz, 2% cpy, py, 1% Selective grab of late quartz-moly vein, 1-2 cm Trace elements
moly as coatings along vein margins and diss within wide veins.
qtz.
2PAE220 273740 8945485 Taco Pit 55m of West Vein Coarse euhedral py ± po with abund cpy, minor This vein cuts skarn but is cut by sample Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C
wall transect calcite ± qtz. 2PAE219.
2PAE222 273700 8945420 Taco Pit Intrusive Qtz-bio-K-feldspar phyric porp cut by thin qtz-moly moly along fract and about 1% f-gr diss py and Trace elements
vlts, cpy in porp mtx
2PAE226 273519 8945300 Antamina West Skarn Pale green garnet exoskarn with 2-5% dark sph and Trace elements
minor cpy-py.
2PAE227A 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 Vein White, gray, brown to black calcite with py cut by Isotope sample: white calcite from late calcite - red-orange Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C
thin galena veinlets, 30 cm wide vein galena vein
2PAE227B 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 Vein The same as 2PAE227A sample Isotope sample: Early gray - brown vein calcite none Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C

2PAE228 273324 8946253 Fortuna Intrusive Feldspar-qtz-bio porphyry dike (QFP), 10cm to 1 m Veinlets of semi-massive pyrite-galena-tan Trace elements
wide mineralized contact sphalerite
2PAE229A 273324 8946253 Fortuna Vein Coarse white and black calcite, 10% gn, py, and tan Isotope sample: white vein calcite late relative to red-orange Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C
- yellow-red sph sulfides.
2PAA229B 273324 8946253 Fortuna Vein White, gray - black calcite, 10% tan to yellow-red Isotope sample: Dark gray calcite with 5% py. none Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C
sph, py and minor gn.
2PAE230 273215 8946278 Fortuna massive Semi-massive gn with py, brown sph, minor quartz Grab from dump. Trace elements
sulfide in bxd limestone.
2PAE231 273865 8946314 Fortuna East Vein Coarse white calcite vein, minor oxidized galena Ca + sulfide vein Trace elements
and py.
2PAE232 275018 8945208 Oscarina dike. Intrusive Silicified and sericite-altered fspar-qtz porp, with pyrite veinlets with minor galena and sphalerite Trace elements
traces fluorite.
2PAE233 273622 8943876 Peak nine Hornfels White fgr hornfelsed limestone, thin calcite vlts w/ tan-yellow garnet/diop, minor woll Trace elements, δ18O, δ13C
2 - 5% py-cpy-gn. Fracture-cleavage controlled patches.Isotopes on white calcite vein
veinlets.

2PAG51 273722 8944055 Peak nine Marble white marble Woll +/- py bleached massive marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG52 273722 8944055 Peak nine Marble Grey wollastonite marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG54 273772 8944054 Peak nine Marble Massive bleached marble. δ13C, δ18O
2PAG55 273772 8944054 Peak nine Marble Massive bleached marble. δ13C, δ18O
2PAG57 273851 8943995 Peak nine Limestone Gray limestone w/ diss py δ13C, δ18O
2PAG59 273859 8944054 Peak nine Hornfels bleached hornfels with calc-silicate (light green masssive, fine-grained Thick section, SEM, major
hornfels) 13
and minor elements, δ C,
18
δ O
2PAG60 273859 8944054 Peak nine Marble grey marble Thick section, SEM, major
13
and minor elements, δ C,
δ18O
2PAG61 273118 8945032 CMA 042 185.30 Marble scapolitic grey marble
Antamina West
2PAG62A CMA 042 158.30 Marble A - grey
Antamina West
2PAG62B CMA 042 158.30 Marble B- bleached halo of 1 cm around sulfide vein
Antamina West
2PAG63A CMA 042 141.50 Marble A grey
Antamina West
523
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
2PAG63B CMA 042 141.50 Marble B grey near vein
Antamina West
2PAG63C CMA 042 141.50 Vein C vein in gray marble woll margin
Antamina West
2PAG64A CMA 042 116.90 Marble A grey marble
Antamina West
2PAG64B CMA 042 116.90 Marble B bleached, massive
Antamina West
2PAG65A CMA 042 116.20 Marble A grey
Antamina West
2PAG65B CMA 042 116.20 Marble B bleached, 2cm at sulfide vein
Antamina West
2PAG66 484.70 Marble massive bleached
2PAG67 483.80 Marble grey marble
2PAG68 489.70 Marble massive bleached, with sulfide veins
2PAG69A 488.80 Marble A grey

2PAG69B 488.80 Marble B partially bleached

2PAG69C 488.80 Marble C bleached, gray and white marble 1cm

2PAG70A 494.30 Marble A gray

2PAG70B 494.30 Marble B bleached, ~ 3cm at vein margin

2PAG106 274371 8946620 Ridge road Hornfels Greenish gray hornfels w/ tremolite 270m from Poderosa δ13C, δ18O
2PAG107 274371 8946620 Ridge road Limestone grey limestone 270m from Poderosa δ13C, δ18O
2PAG108 274371 8946620 NE Antamina Limestone Marly limestones pencil slate, 270m from Poderosa δ13C, δ18O
2PAG110 273910 8946775 NE Antamina Limestone Gray, micritic limestone 150m from Fat dike δ13C, δ18O
2PAG111 273923 8946852 NE Antamina Limestone Gray, micritic limestone 150m from Fat dike δ13C, δ18O
2PAG112 273969 8947143 NE Antamina Limestone Gray, micritic limestone δ13C, δ18O
2PAG113 275139 8944757 Truck shop Limestone Gray limestone δ13C, δ18O
2PAG117A 272990 8946967 Condorcocha Marble A: vein margin at spotted marble calc-silicate vein. Spotted marble adjacent to dike

2PAG117B 272990 8946967 Condorcocha Limestone B: bleached limestone massive > 5cm

2PAG122 CMA232 18.50 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG123 CMA232 22.30 Marble massive bleached with sulfide veins δ13C, δ18O
2PAG124 CMA232 22.90 Marble coarse grained massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG125 CMA232 25.00 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG126 CMA232 26.40 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG127 CMA232 26.80 Marble grey marble with wollastonite vein δ13C, δ18O
2PAG128 CMA232 28.40 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG129 CMA232 32.80 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG130 CMA232 33.90 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG131 CMA232 35.00 Marble grey marble 13 18
δ C, δ O
2PAG132 CMA232 39.40 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG133 CMA232 40.10 Marble scapolitic grey marble
2PAG134 CMA232 42.20 Marble grey marble
524

2PAG135 CMA232 45.20 Marble white marble, near massive pyrite vein δ13C, δ18O
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
2PAG136 CMA232 47.30 Marble grey marble δ C, δ18O
13

2PAG138A CMA232 50.50 Marble A bleached δ13C, δ18O

2PAG138B CMA232 50.50 Marble B grey δ13C, δ18O

2PAG139 CMA232 52.00 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG140 CMA232 53.25 Marble massive bleached marble near calcite vein δ13C, δ18O
2PAG141 CMA232 57.60 Marble massive bleached marble near sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O
2PAG142 CMA232 58.00 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG143 CMA232 62.90 Marble massive bleached marble with chalco vein δ13C, δ18O
2PAG144 CMA232 71.90 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG145 CMA232 72.20 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O
2PAG147A CMA231A 257.00 Marble A bleached δ13C, δ18O

2PAG147B CMA231A 257.00 Marble B bleached δ13C, δ18O

2PAG147C CMA231A 257.00 Vein C late white calcite vein δ13C, δ18O

2PAG148 CMA231A 259.80 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG149 CMA231A 260.80 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG150 CMA231A 261.70 Marble massive bleached marble w/ sulfide vein swarm δ13C, δ18O

2PAG151 CMA231A 260.40 Marble massive bleached marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG152A CMA231A 268.70 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O

2PAG152B CMA231A 268.70 Marble B bleached, 3 cm around sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O

2PAG153 CMA231A 269.60 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG154 CMA231A 271.10 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG155 CMA231A 273.20 Marble massive bleached marble around skarn veins δ13C, δ18O

2PAG156 A CMA231A 278.10 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O

2PAG156B CMA231A 278.10 Marble B bleached ~ 3 cm thick, no sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O

2PAG157A CMA231A 283.30 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O

2PAG157B CMA231A 283.30 Marble B massive bleached δ13C, δ18O

2PAG159 CMA231A 285.50 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG160A CMA231A 286.00 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O

2PAG160B CMA231A 286.00 Marble B bleached, ~ 3cm thick δ13C, δ18O

2PAG161 CMA231A 288.40 Marble massive bleached marble with garnet veins 13 18
δ C, δ O
525
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
2PAG162 CMA231A 290.30 Marble grey marble δ C, δ18O
13

2PAG163A CMA231A 293.20 Marble A grey marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG163B CMA231A 293.20 Vein B planar vein δ13C, δ18O

2PAG164A CMA231A 293.60 Marble A grey marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG164B CMA231A 293.60 Vein B vein and bleached halo 1 cm thick δ13C, δ18O

2PAG165 Peak nine Skarn Green and brown garnet endoskarn A: brown to green garnets. B: Brown garnet
2PAG167A 273463 8945267 Antamina West 397m of West 2.0 Marble A bleaching near finger δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG167B 273463 8945267 Antamina West 397m of West 2.0 Marble B massive distal bleaching δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG168A 273463 8945267 Antamina West 397m of West 2.0 Marble A massive bleached δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG168B 273463 8945267 Antamina West 397m of West 2.0 Marble B massive bleached δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG169 273461 8945265 Antamina West 400m of West 5.0 Marble bleached marble with green veins δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG170A 273455 8945261 Antamina West 407m of West 12.0 Marble A massive bleached bleached marble with sulfide (chalco +/- pyrite?)
Wall transect veins

2PAG170B 273455 8945261 Antamina West 407m of West 12.0 Marble B massive bleached δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG171 273453 8945259 Antamina West 410m of West 15.0 Marble bleached massive marble δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG172A 273451 8945258 Antamina West 412m of West 17.0 Marble A grey patch δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG172B 273451 8945258 Antamina West 412m of West 17.0 Marble B massive bleached δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG173A 273449 8945256 Antamina West 415m of West 20.0 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG173B 273449 8945256 Antamina West 415m of West 20.0 Marble B grey near bleached grey marble with bleached halo around vein
Wall transect

2PAG173C 273449 8945256 Antamina West 415m of West 20.0 Marble C bleached, 1 cm around sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG174 273446 8945253 Antamina West 419m of West 24.0 Marble grey marble 3cm from woll-sphal-chalco vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect
526
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N°Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
2PAG175A 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West 26.0 Marble A grey grey marble with vein and bleaching
Wall transect

2PAG175B 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West 26.0 Marble B bleached 4 cm zone at sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG175C 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West 26.0 Marble C bleached 4 cm adjacent to sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG175D 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West 26.0 Marble D bleached core of 4 cm zone with sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG175E 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West 26.0 Marble E - midway bleached other side δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG175F 273445 8945252 Antamina West 421m of West 26.0 Marble F grey δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG176A 273436 8945245 Antamina West 432m of West 37.0 Marble A grey near calcsilicate pod δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG176B 273436 8945245 Antamina West 432m of West 37.0 Marble B grey at margin δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG176C 273436 8945245 Antamina West 432m of West 37.0 Marble C bleached 3 cm δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG176D 273436 8945245 Antamina West 432m of West 37.0 Marble D core of 3 cm bleached zone δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG177A 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West 44.0 Marble A bleached far from vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG177B 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West 44.0 Marble B middle δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG177C 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West 44.0 Marble C adjacent to vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG178A 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West 44.0 Marble A light grey δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG178B 273430 8945241 Antamina West 439m of West 44.0 Marble B dark grey δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG179A 273421 8945235 Antamina West 450m of West 55.0 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG179B 273421 8945235 Antamina West 450m of West 55.0 Marble B bleached lamination 13 18
δ C, δ O
Wall transect

2PAG179C 273421 8945235 Antamina West 450m of West 55.0 Marble C folded late ptygmatic vein δ13C, δ18O
527

Wall transect
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N°Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
2PAG180A 273420 8945233 Antamina West 452m of West 57.0 Marble A grey δ C, δ18O
13

Wall transect

2PAG180B 273420 8945233 Antamina West 452m of West 57.0 Marble B bleached with sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG181A 273405 8945222 Antamina West 470m of West 75.0 Marble A dark grey δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG181B 273405 8945222 Antamina West 470m of West 75.0 Marble B light grey grey scapolitic marble
Wall transect

2PAG182 273390 8945211 Antamina West 489m of West 94.0 Marble grey scapolitic marble grey scapolitic marble
Wall transect

2PAG183A 273377 8945201 Antamina West 505m of West 110.0 Marble A grey marble δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG183B 273377 8945201 Antamina West 505m of West 110.0 Marble B grey marble at vein margin δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG184A 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West 125.0 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG184B 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West 125.0 Marble B grey at margin δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG184C 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West 125.0 Marble C bleached sulfide vein at margin with gray δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG184D 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West 125.0 Marble D bleached core at sulfide vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG185A 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West 125.0 Marble A grey δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG185B 273365 8945192 Antamina West 520m of West 125.0 Marble B bleached lamination δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG186 273350 8945179 Antamina West 540m of West 145.0 Marble grey marble δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG187 273330 8945164 Antamina West 565m of West 170.0 Marble scapolitic grey marble δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG188A 273310 8945149 Antamina West 590m of West 195.0 Marble A dark grey δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG188B 273310 8945149 Antamina West 590m of West 195.0 Marble B light grey spot 13 18
δ C, δ O
Wall transect

2PAG189A 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West 203.0 Marble massive bleached δ13C, δ18O
528

Wall transect
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N°Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
2PAG189B 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West 203.0 Marble massive bleached δ C, δ18O
13

Wall transect

2PAG189C 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West 203.0 Marble massive bleached δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG189D 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West 203.0 Marble massive bleached δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG189E 273304 8945144 Antamina West 598m of West 203.0 Marble bleached, near vein δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect

2PAG190A 273578 8946645 Fortuna Marble A grey bleached marble

2PAG190B 273578 8946645 Fortuna Marble B bleached, 1 cm lamination δ13C, δ18O

2PAG190C 273578 8946645 Fortuna Vein C vein crosscutting bleached marble calcite ?

2PAG190D 273578 8946645 Fortuna Marble D bleached cm laminations

2PAG190E 273578 8946645 Fortuna Marble E bleached cm laminations

2PAG191A 273578 8946645 Fortuna Limestone A dark grey δ13C, δ18O

2PAG191B 273578 8946645 Fortuna Limestone B light grey δ13C, δ18O

2PAG193A 273002 8946929 Condorcocha Marble A bleached, massive bleached spotted marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG193B 273002 8946929 Condorcocha Marble B bleached, massive bleached spotted marble δ13C, δ18O

2PAG194A 273320 8946257 Fortuna Hornfels A dark grey Black hornfels, tan weathering

2PAG194B 273320 8946257 Fortuna Limestone B light grey δ13C, δ18O

2PAG195A 273303 8946184 Fortuna Limestone A grey ls δ13C, δ18O

2PAG195B 273303 8946184 Fortuna Limestone B dk brown δ13C, δ18O

2PAG195C 273303 8946184 Fortuna Limestone C light brown δ13C, δ18O

2PAG196 273296 8946192 Fortuna Limestone grey 'knobby' limestone δ13C, δ18O
2PAG199 274059 8946419 NE Antamina Limestone dark grey limestone 185m from Fat dike δ13C, δ18O
2PAE220 273740 8945485 Antamina West 55m of West Vein Vein:massive pyr phy w/ cal δ13C, δ18O
Wall transect
2PAE227A 273578 8946645 Fortuna Vein vein: whilte cal with mineralization δ13C, δ18O

2PAE227B 273578 8946645 Fortuna Vein grey-brown calcite vein δ13C, δ18O

2PAE 229A 273324 8946253 Fortuna Vein late white calcite vein, c ross-cuts min'zn 13 18
δ C, δ O

2PAE229B 273324 8946253 Fortuna Vein vein: Syn-mineralization δ13C, δ18O

529

2PAE233 273622 8943876 Fortuna Vein white cal veins w/ calc-sil and trace sulfide δ13C, δ18O
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
4PAG100 273164 8945114 Antamina West Marble White marble XRD

3PAA100 273950 8946186 Quarry Bench T1 115 Limestone Dark gray, dirty, fine grained limestone. Sample taken 1.5m from the contact. Local pale yellow on uneven PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
weathered surfaces
3PAA101 273951 8946185 Quarry Bench T1 113 Limestone Medium dark gray, fine grained limestone. High density ca+py veinlets: N56°W, 75-90°SW Very weak ORF of all ca vlts δ13C, δ18O

3PAA102 273952 8946183 Quarry Bench T1 111.5 Limestone Massive, gray, fine grained limestone with trz pyrite.Calcite veinlets: N56°W, 75°SW and N17°E, pale ORF of all ca vlts PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
72°NW
3PAA102A 273952 8946183 Quarry Bench T1 112 Vein white calcite + py vein PIMA, δ13C, δ18O

3PAA103 273937 8946157 Quarry Bench T1 83 Limestone Gray limestones with some carbonate veins carbonate veins: N50°W, 76°SW and N45°E, Pale ORF of last calcite event PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
70°NW
3PAA103A 273937 8946157 Quarry Bench T1 83.5 Vein white calcite + py vein PIMA, δ13C, δ18O

3PAA104 273924 8946131 Quarry Bench T1 55 Limestone Brown and gray banded limestone. Brown color ca+po veins: N30°W, 66°SW Local mod ORF of thin, planar ca
assoc with ca+po veins vlt.
3PAA105 273923 8946130 Quarry Bench T1 54.5 Marble Mod silicified, fgr, tan marble Brown, fine grained limestones associated with no fluorescence PIMA, major and minor
ca+py veinlets elements, δ13C, δ18O
3PAA106 273922 8946129 Quarry Bench T1 53.5 Limestone Grayish brown, fgr limestones, diffusion haloes to Mod ORF on uneven surfaces PIMA
carbonate veins
3PAA107 273921 8946127 Quarry Bench T1 50 Marble Gray marble taken at 3m from sample 3PAA106. This sample was taken to check the possible no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
oxygen depletion.
3PAA108 273914 8946112 Quarry Bench T1 29 Limestone Gray limestones without calcite veinlets no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
3PAA109 273897 8946092 Quarry Bench T1 0 Intrusive White, cgr, mod sericitized QFP dyke. 3% diss py, Ore mineralization along its margins Mod ORF mtx PIMA
2% galena, trz-1% sph.
3PAA110 273898 8946094 Quarry Bench T1 1 Marble Bleached fine grained marble with 2% disseminated no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
pyrite.
3PAA111 273851 8946037 Quarry Bench T1 69 Limestone Gray, fine grained, moderately fractured limestone. This unit is above a strong fracture filled gray Pale ORF of some ca vlts δ13C, δ18O
limestone.
3PAA112 273835 8946020 Quarry Bench T1 91 Hornfels Fine grained, tan hornfels and skarn, 1% diss po, no fluorescence PIMA, major and minor
diop. and tremolite vlts 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
3PAA113 273835 8946018 Quarry Bench T1 92 Limestone Dark gray, fine grained limestone. Sample taken 15cm below its contact with calc- no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
silicate skarn.
3PAA114 274008 8946101 Quarry Bench T2 140 Marble Tan, fine grained and strong fractured marble with This sample represents an extension of the mod-st ORF of ca+py vlts PIMA, PTS, SEM, major and
3% ca-py-sl-ga veinlets. bleached zone. minor elements, δ13C, d18O

3PAA115A 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench T2 86 Hornfels Brown hornfels partially replaced by calc-silicates, Good sample to analyze for Brown marble and pale ORF of some ca+py vlts. PIMA, PTS, SEM, major and
local woll + calc-py vlts. wollastonite. minor elements, δ13C, d18O,
Sr/Sr
3PAA115B 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench T2 86 Hornfels Bleached hornfels Possible presence of wollastonite SEM, major and minor
elements, δ13C, δ18O
3PAA116 274016 8946091 Quarry Bench T2 139.5 Limestone Gray limestones w/ very fine planar gray calcite vlts, no fluorescence major and minor elements,
0.5% diss. py δ13C, δ18O
3PAA117 274006 8946083 Quarry Bench T2 127 Limestone Gray, fgr limestone with trz to 0.5% fine diss pyrite White, discontinuous, zoned, mm-scale, calcite ± no fluorescence XRD, major and minor
py vlts. Calcite vlts: N73°W, 76°NW 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
3PAA118 273993 8946072 Quarry Bench T2 110.5 Limestone Mod to strongly fracd, fine grained, gray massive Goethite stains in fractures, 0.5% disseminated Local mod ORF on an uneven PIMA
limestone pyrite. sporadic planar calcite veins (N55°W) surface.
3PAA119 273988 8946068 Quarry Bench T2 103.5 Marble Tan, fine grained, massive marble crosscut by py-chl Massive disseminated sph and calcite stgs. Calcite no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
mt-cp veins stgs: N14°W, 80°SW.
3PAA120 273988 8946067 Quarry Bench T2 102.5 Marble Brownish gray fine grained marble Mod-st ORF of "b" ca±py vein PIMA, major and minor
system 13 18
530

elements, δ C, δ O
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA121 273983 8946064 Quarry Bench T2 96.3 Hornfels Tan, massive, fine grained, mod silicified marble It contains several planar calcite +py vlts and py Local planar mm ca vlts w/ pale ORFthick section, SEM, major
(hornfels) stgs. and minor elements, δ13C,
δ18O
3PAA122 273982 8946063 Quarry Bench T2 95.7 Hornfels Light gray to white, fgr hornfels with 1% diss py and This sample can also be considered as a no fluorescence PIMA, thick section, SEM,
crosscut by ca+py veinlets. moderately silicified, fgr bleached marble major and minor elements,
13 18
δ C, δ O
3PAA123 273981 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 94.3 Hornfels Greenish white hornfels, 2% cgr diss py, mm-scale 3mm wide bleaching halos surrounds py vlts. Py no fluorescence. Good sample for PTS, XRD, SEM, PIMA,
py and calc ± py veins. vlts: N30°W, 90°, 30 vlts x m skarnoid. major and minor elements,
δ13C, δ18O
3PAA124 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 93.5 Hornfels Pale green to light gray, fine grained, massive Garnet veins cut py vlts. Isotope sample A: green Local mod ORF of ca microvlts. PTS, XRD, SEM, PIMA,
hornfels, crosscut by gt+ca+py sigmoidal veins: white silicified halo to py+chl vein major and minor elements,
(N35°W, 90°) δ13C, δ18O
3PAA124B 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench T2 93.5 Hornfels Greenish gray, fgr marble to hornfels Isotope sample B: rock groundmass δ13C, δ18O

3PAA125 273980 8946061 Quarry Bench T2 93 Marble Contact between tan marble and pale green calc- One percent disseminated py no fluorescence PIMA, thick section
silicates.
3PAA126 273972 8946053 Quarry Bench T2 81.2 Marble Brown, fine grained rxl limestone (marble), high Local wk ORF of certain ca vlts PIMA
density of calc + py vlts. especially of uneven surfaces
3PAA127 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench T2 73.5 Marble Gray to tan marble, trz diss py, oxidized ca+ py vlts. Isotope sample A: Light gray marble with trz po no fluorescence PTS, PIMA, major and minor
elements, δ13C, δ18O
3PAA127B 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench T2 73.4 Marble tan marble Isotope sample B: tan, fgr, marble, 0.5% diss py XRD, major and minor
13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
3PAA128 273965 8946046 Quarry Bench T2 72.5 Marble Gray to tan, fine grained marble with ca + py vlts no fluorescence
3PAA129 273964 8946045 Quarry Bench T2 70.3 Marble The same as 3PAA127 sample pale ORF of some ca vlts
3PAA130 273961 8946042 Quarry Bench T2 66 Skarn Pale green skarnized dike crosscut by ca+py+trz Veins get wider within this unit turning into thin Strong ORF of calcite, Purple fls of PTS, XRD, SEM, PIMA,
fluorite vein. and planar within marble fluorite; bright orange fls of earthy δ13C, δ18O
weathered calcite
3PAA131 273959 8946041 Quarry Bench T2 64.3 Hornfels Light brown to white breccia, white hornfels clasts garnet matrix with 0.5% diss py. Gt: dull. Pale cream fls of mtx; mod PIMA
and light brown calc sil mtx (garnet), 0.5% diss py. ORF of local calcite vlts.

3PAA132 273956 8946037 Quarry Bench T2 58.5 Marble Fine grained tan marble, 1% diss py, Trz. po in Mod silicified, tan marble Mod-strong ORF of fresh surfaces. PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
fractures
3PAA133 273952 8946032 Quarry Bench T2 53.2 Marble Fine grained, gray marble, Trz py. Trz ca+py discontinuos vlts (3mm wide). no fluorescence
3PAA134 273950 8946030 Quarry Bench T2 50 Marble Light gray marble (bleached) crosscut by ca+py Parallel N48°E, 59°NW ca+py veins (0.5 cm Mod-strong ORF of calcite on XRD, PIMA, major and
veinlets wide) cross cut by N30°W ca+py fractures slickensides. No fls of matrix. 13 18
minor elements, δ C, δ O
3PAA135 274226 8946676 NE Antamina 307m from Vein Crustiform, light gray calcite vein, 4 cm wide. Trz py+goe, continuos, sigmoidal crosscut gray no - local bright ORF around PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
Poderosa fgr limestones Goethite filled void

3PAA136 274226 8946674 NE Antamina 305m from Limestone Gray, fine grained limestone. Weak to moderate no fluorescence
Poderosa fractured with traces FeOx

3PAA137 274282 8946648 NE Antamina 280m from Limestone Gray limestones Alteration halo no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
Poderosa

3PAA138 274282 8946649 NE Antamina 281m from Limestone Micritic, gray limestones no fluorescence
Poderosa

3PAA139 273133 8945860 Fortuna T3 252 Limestone Dark gray limestone crosscut by ptigmatic, N65°E No vlts in the sample. No PIMA
ca vlts fluorescence
3PAA140A 273141 8945864 Fortuna T3 246 Limestone Massive, tan fgr, very fractured limestone. Sample taken close to N-14W, 90 thin planar no fluorescence PIMA
calcite vlts, 2mm wide
531
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N°Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA140B 273141 8945864 Fortuna T3 245 Limestone Clastic, tan, fine grained gray, strong fractured Mod pale yellow fls on weathered
limestones. surf and mm planar calcite vlts
3PAA141 273156 8945946 Fortuna T4 182 Limestone Dark gray, moderate to strongly foliated limestone No oxides no fluorescence
with 1% discontinuos ca vlts, 2 mm wide.
3PAA142 273161 8945954 Fortuna T4 175 Vein Calcite vein, 2cm wide, 1m long with 1% diss ga Local MnOx patches Strong ORF of "a" system. "b" PIMA
alter to goe. system doesn't fluoresces
3PAA143 273163 8946052 Fortuna T5 83 Limestone Gray, fine grained, moderately fractured, massive No vlts in the sample. No
limestone fluorescence
3PAA144 273192 8946104 Fortuna T5 64 Limestone Gray, fgr, mod fract, massive limestone, sporadic Traces diss py. no fluorescence
calc vlts.
3PAA145 274297 8946652 NE Antamina 287m from Limestone Brecciated, bleached limestones containing 3% irregular distribution of ca + sulf in the hanging no fluorescence PIMA
Poderosa ca+ank(?)+ga vlts wall of a ca vein.

3PAA146 274293 8946650 NE Antamina 282m from Limestone Dark gray, moderately fractured, massive limestone no fluorescence. Local syntectonic
Poderosa veinlets.

3PAA147 274297 8946652 NE Antamina 287m from Limestone Gray, fgr limestone crosscut by 1% brown carbonate Local mod ORF on brown carb PIMA
Poderosa vlts. surfaces.

3PAA148 274345 8946630 NE Antamina 272m from Limestone Gray, fgr limestone, 2 m from a fibrous ca+py vein Ca+py vein are 5cm wide in average no fluorescence. Local syntectonic
Poderosa system. veinlets.

3PAA149 274506 8946524 NE Antamina 255m from Limestone Dark gray, pencil fractured, fgr limestone with 0.5% Marly limestones with trz jarosite in fractures. No vlts in the sample. No
Poderosa diss py. No ca vlts fluorescence

3PAA150 274404 8946418 NE Antamina 105m from Limestone Gray, fgr massive limestone crosscut by fibrous Mixed sample. No vlts in the sample. No PIMA
Poderosa ca+hem vein 1 cm wide. fluorescence

3PAA151 274171 8946322 NE Antamina 120m from Limestone Light gray, fgr and mod. fractured massive limestonePresence of oxidized, sigmoidal calcite vlts Local wk ORF on some planar ca
Poderosa vlts

3PAA152 274249 8946290 NE Antamina 35m from Marble Light gray, medium grained and mod. fract marble Local light gray calc silicate vlts. no - weak local mod ORF on some PIMA
Poderosa with 1% diss py. uneven surfaces
3PAA153 274249 8946289 NE Antamina 36m from Hornfels Pale gray - white, fgr calc silicate rock calcite + py ± cpy veinlets, 2mm wide, pale ORF on some patches. PIMA
Poderosa discontinuous
3PAA154 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 16 Marble Light brown marble crosscut by ca+chl microvlts. Isotope sample A: tan marble, 0.5% diss py no fluorescence PTS, XRD, SEM, PIMA,
major and minor elements,
δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr
3PAA154B 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 15.5 Marble Greenish gray, fgr, marble trz py Isotope sample B: Bleached diopsidic marble XRD, major and minor
elements, δ13C, δ18O
3PAA154C 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench T2 16 Marble Tan to light gray bleached zone between green and Isotope sample C: Bleached marble δ13C, δ18O
brown marble
3PAA155 273924 8946003 Quarry Bench T2 12.3 Marble Pale gray marble varying to cream and white, fine Moderately dense and discontinuos ca+py vlts. Greenish white fls, local strong ORF PIMA
grained calc silicate dots on a white ca±py vein
3PAA156 273921 8945999 Quarry Bench T2 7.2 Hornfels Pale gray to cream, mottled, f-gr calc silicate rock Py + sph + cpy discontinuous veinlets Local bright ORF points on uneven PTS, XRD, major and minor
(light gray hornfels) surfaces. elements, δ13C, δ18O
3PAA157 273918 8945997 Quarry Bench T2 2.5 Marble Moderately hard, pale cream (white), fine grained Strong fractured, py+ca vlts w/bleaching diffusionStrong ORF of ca±py vlts and on PIMA
marble. haloes. uneven rock surfaces.
3PAA158 273917 8945995 Quarry Bench T2 0.3 Hornfels Light gray hornfels Zone between pale gray calc silicate rocks and Local st ORF of some earthy calcite PIMA
dike. veins
3PAA159 273917 8945995 Quarry Bench T2 0 Skarn Coarse grained pale green skarnized dike brown gt+cp+mo+sl+py vlts (2mm -1cm wide) wk - mod ORF of rock mtx. Strong PIMA
ORF in fractures.
532
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA160 273902 8945972 Quarry Bench T2 -3.1 Marble Pale tan marble Local wk-mod ORF of some δ C, δ18O
13

fractures filled w/ calcite

3PAA161 273898 8945967 Quarry Bench T2 -10 Marble Gray marble no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
3PAA162 273890 8945957 Quarry Bench T2 -22.8 Marble Brown, fine grained marble crosscut by a dense, no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
gray ca vein system N46°W, 85°NE
3PAA163 273881 8945944 Quarry Bench T2 -38.7 Marble Light gray marble Subparallel brown bands that changes into gray Weak-mod ORF of earthy uneven PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
calcite vlts. surfaces of calcite.
3PAA164 273908 8945981 Quarry Bench T2 0 Intrusive Coarse grained feldspar porphyry dike, 1% cgr py, Mod-strong ORF mtx PIMA
late calcite vlts.
3PAA166 273740 8944060 Peak nine T19 4.5 Marble Gray, fine grained marble crosscut by ca+py+sl+gn This unit is between 2 green garnet + coarse wk-mod ORF of ca+py+sl+gn vlts PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
vlts. grained calc silicate layers.
3PAA167 273745 8944060 Peak nine T19 2 Marble Fine to medium grained, bleached marble ca+py vlts, 1 cm wide max. Pale - mod ORF of rough surf. XRD, δ13C, δ18O
Strong ORF in ca+py vlts
3PAA168 273755 8944059 Peak nine T19 1 Marble White, fine grained marble grading into coarse gn+sl+cp+py stgs and grayish green calc silicate Mod purplish red fls spots in the
grained green garnet skarn vlts parallel to the bedding. mtx, getting strong ORF near to
ca+sulf veins
3PAA169 273755 8944058 Peak nine T19 0 Skarn Coarse grained, green garnet skarn crosscut by local patches of light gray, fine grained calc Very strong ORF along fractures PIMA
cp+gn+sl+py stgs silicates. filled with ca + sulfides.
3PAA170 273849 8944024 Peak nine ? Limestone Gray, fine grained, mod. fractured limestone with no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
local rusty coatings.
3PAA171 273706 8943996 Peak nine ? Marble Dark brown, fine grained marble patches crosscut by patches surrounded by diopside and gray calc Pale - mod ORF along fractures 13 18
XRD, PIMA, δ C, δ O
thin ca+py vlts. silicates. filled w/ calcite
3PAA172 273642 8943948 Peak nine T20 2.5 Marble Gray, fine grained marble. no fluorescence PTS, δ 13C, δ18O
3PAA173 273639 8943948 Peak nine T20 0.5 Marble Tan, fine grained marble crosscut by ca+cp vlts no fluorescence
3PAA174 273638 8943948 Peak nine T20 0 Marble Tan, fine grained marble, white to pale gray calc Isotope sample A: Brown, fgr marble Mod-strong ORF on uneven rock PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
silicate+ca+py vlts. surfaces.
3PAA174B 273638 8943948 Peak nine T20 0.1 Marble tan marble Isotope sample B: Bleached, fgr marble around PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
calcite vein
3PAA175 273255 8946180 Fortuna T5 0 Intrusive Light gray, mod. Argillized, chloritized and silicified Goe > jar (1%), local ga vlts N20°W, 35°SW pale ORF mtx. Bright orange fls of
Q-F porphyry dike. oxide coatings of feldspars.
3PAA176 273255 8946180 Fortuna T5 0.1 Hornfels Contact zone between Q-F porphyry dike and gray, Strong ORF in both intrusive mtx PIMA
pyritized hornfels. and lms, especially along the contact.

3PAA177 273255 8946180 Fortuna T5 0.5 Hornfels Gray, fine to medium grained hornfels with brown Two ca vlts gen: 1st: pale-wk ORF XRD, PIMA, major and
patches, 1-2% fine diss. Py, 1% ca vlts. cgr gray ca. 2nd: very st ORF of mm minor elements, δ13C, δ18O
planar vlts, w/ bright orange fls on
weath surf
3PAA178 273251 8946175 Fortuna T5 5 Limestone Dark gray, medium grained, mod. Fract limestones crosscut by discontinuos, parallelno fluorescence. Weak -mod yellow PIMA
ca vlts. (10 vltsxm) S12°E, 45°SW. white fls on weathered surfaces.

3PAA179 273242 8946166 Fortuna T5 14 Limestone Gray, mod. fract, sandy, fossiliferous limestones. discont fine ca vlts and stg, 0.2-2cm wide, 6 no fluorescence, similar to the before major and minor elements,
Local mottled appearance vltsxm, NS. sample. 13 18
δ C, δ O
3PAA180 273235 8946160 Fortuna T5 20 Limestone Dark gray, mod fract fossil limestones crosscut by Basically no fluorescence. Local mod
fine ca vlts. ORF points within yellow white fls
coatings
3PAA181 273228 8946152 Fortuna T5 25 Limestone Strong fract, med grained, sandy limestones, Basically no fluorescence. Local mod PIMA, major and minor
crosscut by disc ca vlts, 0.3-1cm wide with trz ORF of oxidized uneven surfaces of elements, δ13C, δ18O
FeOx. the rock.
3PAA182 273227 8946151 Fortuna T5 25.5 Vein Calcite vein, 1 cm wide with 0.5% py assoc. With The cream vein (dolomite?) is dull. PIMA
local ca stwk < 0.3cm Mod - st ORF in mm ca vlts around
the dolomite vein.
3PAA183 273216 8946148 Fortuna T5 36 Limestone Gray, fine-med grained limestones with local ca stg no fluorescence PTS, XRD, major and minor
533

0.2-20cm elements, d13C, d18O

 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA184 273213 8946146 Fortuna T5 40 Vein White and gray ca vein, 20cm wide with goe stains Worth of taking a picture White calcite vein (a) show st ORF. PIMA
along fractures. The dark brown, cgr carb vlt is dull.

3PAA185 273207 8946145 Fortuna T5 44 Limestone Strong fract, gray limestones with weak bleaching Local ca vlts <0.2cm wide Trz ca stgs with no fluorescence major and minor elements,
(weath) haloes. 13 18
δ C, δ O
3PAA186 273201 8946144 Fortuna T5 48 Limestone Gray, med grained, strong fract, sandy limestones Trz ca vlts, local FeOx stains along fractures. No vlts in the sample. No
with pencil texture. fluorescence
3PAA187 273193 8946142 Fortuna T5 53 Limestone Similar to the before mentioned sample with strong Marly limestones No vlts in the sample. No
pencil texture, no ca vlts, trz-0.5% diss py. fluorescence
3PAA188 273183 8946140 Fortuna T5 60 Limestone f-mgr, gray marly limestones with mod ca vlts Marly limestones Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence PTS, XRD, major and minor
(<3mm wide). Trz diss py elements, δ13C, δ18O
3PAA189 273173 8946138 Fortuna T5 67 Limestone Similar to the before mentioned sample Trz ca stgs with no fluorescence PIMA
3PAA190 273163 8946136 Fortuna T5 75 Limestone Gray, fossiliferous marly limestones, mod pencil text No vlts in the sample. No major and minor elements,
and ca vlts. fluorescence 13 18
δ C, δ O
3PAA191 273301 8945950 Fortuna T4 1 Limestone Gray, marly limestones crosscut by fine ca vlts calcite veinlets: N5E, 8 vlts x m no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
(<0.5cm wide)
3PAA192 273283 8945950 Fortuna T4 20 Limestone Gray, marly limestones. Trz-0.5% fine diss py and ca Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence
vlts along bedding
3PAA193 273280 8945950 Fortuna T4 23.5 Limestone Similar to the before mentioned sample. No py, 2% Two ca vlts gen: 1st: cgr ca stgs are PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
ca vlts dull. 2nd: mm white ca vlts show
weak ORF.
3PAA194 273303 8945780 Fortuna T3 0 Intrusive Chloritized and pyritized monzonite porphyry dike Mod ORF of some feldspars
3PAA195 273301 8945782 Fortuna T3 1 Limestone Gray, fgr limestones crosscut by mod ca vlts, S37°W no fluorescence. Mod yellow ehite δ13C, δ18O
and N40°W fls of weathered surfaces.
3PAA196 273298 8945782 Fortuna T3 5.3 Limestone Gray limestones crosscut by ca vlts and stg <0.3cm no fluorescence

3PAA197 273298 8945784 Fortuna T3 6 Limestone Gray, marly limestones, fissible, 1% fine, planar ca bleaching along fract (N0-15°W) Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
vlts, 0.5% diss py.
3PAA198 273278 8945794 Fortuna T3 28 Limestone Gray, marly limestones, fissible, 1% fine, planar ca Bleaching controlled by bedding No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
vlts, trz diss py fluorescence
3PAA199 273274 8945802 Fortuna T3 38 Limestone Gray, marly limestones, fissible, crosscut by a gray Local weak ORF on an uneven fresh
ca+py vein, 0.5cm wide. Trz diss py surface of the ca + py vein
3PAA200 273274 8945802 Fortuna T3 40 Limestone Fgr, gray lms crosscut by a ca+py vein 0.5cm wide, Isotope sample: limestone Very weak ORF of the ca+py vein. PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
S15°E. Local mod yellow fls of voids within
ca + py vein
3PAA200A 273274 8945802 Fortuna T3 40 Vein Calcite vein Isotope sample A: Light gray, calcite vein PIMA, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr

3PAA201 273225 8945826 Fortuna T3 92 Limestone Gray marly limestones, 0.5%diss py. Close to thrust fault, incipient pencil texture. Trz Local mm planar ca vlts without fls. δ13C, δ18O
ca vlts. Light brown coatings on ca vlts
show mod yellow - wk orange fls.
3PAA202 273225 8945982 Fortuna T4 84 Limestone Gray, fissible, marly limestones. Trz diss py, local caStrong fract parallel to bedding. No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
vlts. fluorescence
3PAA203 273217 8945981 Fortuna T4 95 Limestone Gray, fissible, marly limestones. Strong fract parallel to bedding filled with calcite. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without
fluorescence
3PAA204 273208 8945980 Fortuna T4 105 Limestone Mod fract and weathered, gray, sandy limestones. No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
Trz diss py. fluorescence
3PAA205 273201 8945980 Fortuna T4 114 Limestone Strong fract, gray,fossiliferous, marly limestones, Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without PIMA
pencil texture and trz FeOx. fluorescence
3PAA206 273528 8946590 Fortuna East T9 0 Intrusive F-mgr, mod silicified QFP dike, 3% argillized Pale -weak ORF mtx PIMA
feldspars, 1% diss py, 1% pyro
3PAA207 273531 8946593 Fortuna East T9 3 Hornfels Light gray, fine-medium grained hornfels. No vlts in the sample. No 13 18
δ C, δ O
Moderately fractured, local 1% diss py. fluorescence
534
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA208 273536 8946596 Fortuna East T9 9 Limestone Gray, mod silicified and fractured, marly limestones. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without δ C, δ18O
13

Trz fine diss py. fluorescence

3PAA209 273541 8946601 Fortuna East T9 16 Hornfels Strong silicified, grayish white hornfels with 1% fineLocal gray spots controlled by py vlts. Local mor ORF of a white ca±py
diss py. vein (2mm wide)
3PAA210 273547 8946606 Fortuna East T9 25 Hornfels Strong silicified, grayish white hornfels with 1.5% Local gray spots controlled by py vlts. Trz cream No vlts in the sample. No PIMA, major and minor
fine diss py. caliche vlts. fluorescence elements, δ13C, δ18O
3PAA211 273554 8946612 Fortuna East T9 33 Hornfels Light gray, fine grained hornfels with 0.5%diss py. Mod-st silicified and fractured No vlts in the sample. No major and minor elements,
fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
3PAA212 273562 8946626 Fortuna East T9 50 Hornfels Grayish white, f-gr, strong silicified hornfels with No vlts in the sample. No PIMA, major and minor
1% fine diss py and replacing microfossils fluorescence 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
3PAA213 273570 8946492 Fortuna East T10 0 Intrusive Grayish white, medium grained Q-F porphyry dike. Mod ser feldspars, 1%diss py, mod silicified Mod ORF of some feldspars PIMA
aphanitic matrix, 0.5% goe-jar in fract.
3PAA214 273571 8946493 Fortuna East T10 1 Limestone Gray, fine to medium grained limestones. Lapiaz Mod. Recristallized, weak silicified, trz diss py, No vlts in the sample. No PIMA, major and minor
texture, mod fract: N30-40°W (7fr x m) fluorescence elements, δ13C, δ18O
3PAA215 273574 8946495 Fortuna East T10 5 Limestone Gray, fine to medium grained marly limestones. ModMod. Recristallized, weak silicified, trz -0.5% No vlts in the sample. No PTS, XRD, major and minor
fract: N10°W (4fr x m) some filled w/ ca. diss py. Lapiaz texture fluorescence 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
3PAA216 273578 8946498 Fortuna East T10 10 Limestone Gray, fine to medium grained marly limestones. ModMod. Recristallized, weak silicified, trz -0.5% No vlts in the sample. No major and minor elements,
fract: N35°W (6fr x m) some filled w/ ca. diss py. Lapiaz texture fluorescence 13 18
δ C, δ O
3PAA217 273587 8946504 Fortuna East T10 19 Limestone Gray, fine grained, mod rxl marly limestones cut by Weak-mod silicified, 0.5-1% diss po. Lapiaz No vlts in the sample. No PIMA, major and minor
planar py vlts: N30°W, 63°SW, 0.2cm bleaching texture. fluorescence elements, δ13C, δ18O
haloes
3PAA218 273582 8946501 Fortuna East T10 15 Limestone Mod rxl and silicifed, gray limestones, 1% py, 0.5% No vlts in the sample. No
po replacing microfossils fluorescence
3PAA219 273598 8946512 Fortuna East T10 36 Hornfels Light gray hornfels interfingered with dark gray 1-1.5% fine diss py No vlts in the sample. No XRD, PIMA, major and
pyritized mudstones. fluorescence minor elements, d13C, d18O

3PAA220 273608 8946513 Fortuna East T10 45 Limestone Weak to mod silicified marly limestones with lapiaz Local calcite stgs, trz po and py bright yellow fls of the weathered
texture. surface of ca vlts.
3PAA221 273611 8946520 Fortuna East T10 49 Limestone Mod silicified, gray, fgr limestones, 1% diss py-po. Fractures form riedel textures: N17°W, local ca no fluorescence. Syntectonic veinlets major and minor elements,
stg N30-40°E, 30°NW showing riedel structures. δ13C, δ18O
3PAA222 273620 8946525 Fortuna East T10 60 Limestone Gray, massive f-mgr limestones, 0.5% diss py. Weak fract N36°E Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence
3PAA223 273630 8946531 Fortuna East T10 71 Limestone Weak - mod silicified, gray, f-mgr limestones, 0.5% Isotope sample: Gray, fgr limestone Local mm ca vlts with no PIMA, major and minor
diss po. Mod ca-py vlts N28°W, 80°SW. fluorescence. 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
3PAA223B Fortuna East 71.5 Vein Isotope sample B: white calcite + py vein δ13C, δ18O

3PAA224 273636 8946534 Fortuna East T10 79 Limestone Strong fract, fgr gray limestones crosscut by ca vlts Trz diss po Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence
(0.2cm wide, S73°W).
3PAA225 273643 8946536 Fortuna East T10 86 Limestone Grayish brown, mod silicified, fgr limestones Trz diss py-po. No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
crosscut by ca vlts system N9°W. fluorescence
3PAA226 273648 8946543 Fortuna East T10 92 Limestone Grayish brown, mod silicified, fgr limestones Trz diss po. Trz planar mm ca vlts, no PIMA
crosscut by ca-po vlts system N35°W. fluorescence
3PAA227 273654 8946548 Fortuna East T10 99 Hornfels Brownish gray, fgr hornfels. Trz-0.5% diss po and No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
filling fract N25°W (<0.3cm) fluorescence
3PAA228 273668 8946549 Fortuna East T10 0 Intrusive Mod proz, mgr, Q-F porphyry dike. Silicified matrix Mod purple red fluorescence of PIMA
argillized feldspars. feldspars
3PAA229 273635 8946374 Fortuna East T11 5.4 Limestone Weak silicified, massive, gray limestones with 1- Trz ca vlts Trz planar mm ca vlts, no PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
1.5% diss py partially replaced by hem. fluorescence
3PAA230 273638 8946376 Fortuna East T11 9.5 Limestone Strong fract, weak-mod silicified, massive, gray Trz hem. Trz ca vlts Bright orange to yellow white fls on
limestones with 0.5-1% diss py. fine tan-cream carbonate crusts
(exotic?)
3PAA231 273643 8946382 Fortuna East T11 16 Limestone Strong fract, weak-mod silicified, massive, gray Trz ca vlts Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without δ13C, δ18O
535

limestones, 0.5% diss py Trz hem in fract. fluorescence

 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA232 273647 8946386 Fortuna East T11 22.6 Limestone Weak rxl, fgr, gray limestones, 0.5% diss py Mod ca vlts N26°W, 83°SW. No vlts in the sample. No PIMA
partially replaced by hem. fluorescence
3PAA233 273651 8946391 Fortuna East T11 29 Limestone Weak rxl, f-mgr, gray marly limestones, trz -0.5% Strong lapiaz texture N26°W. No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
diss py partially replaced by goe. fluorescence
3PAA234 273659 8946400 Fortuna East T11 40 Limestone Fine grained, fissible, gray marly limestones, 0.5% Local ca vlts, pencil texture. No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
diss py. fluorescence
3PAA235 273665 8946408 Fortuna East T11 50 Limestone Medium grained, gray, massive limestones, 0.5-1% Local ca + py stgs, no fluorescence
py diss, stg and vlts N50°E.
3PAA236 273670 8946417 Fortuna East T11 60 Limestone Weak rxl, fgr, massive, gray limestones, 0.5% diss mod fract N25°W, 6fr x m. No vlts in the sample. No PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
py, fluorescence
3PAA237 273675 8946425 Fortuna East T11 70 Limestone Strong fract, fissible, marly, gray limestones, 0.5-1% No vlts in the sample. No
diss py. fluorescence
3PAA238 273681 8946433 Fortuna East T11 80 Limestone Strong fract, fissible, gray marly limestones, trz diss Pencil texture, weak rxl. No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
py. fluorescence
3PAA239 273639 8946337 Fortuna East T12 -1 Limestone Mod fractured, micritic, gray limestones, 1% diss N12°W,50°SW and S65°W, 65°NW. No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
py. fluorescence
3PAA240 273633 8946333 Fortuna East T12 -8.5 Limestone Mod-st fractured, fgr gray limestones, 1% diss py, No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
trz ca vlts. fluorescence
3PAA241 273628 8946328 Fortuna East T12 -18.5 Limestone Strong fractured, fgr, gray limestones, 1% diss py, Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without PIMA
trz ca vlts. fluorescence
3PAA242 273616 8946323 Fortuna East T12 -32 Limestone Mod rxl, mgr, massive, gray limestones, trz diss py. Mod fract. N45°W No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
fluorescence
3PAA243 273608 8946320 Fortuna East T12 -40 Limestone Massive, f-mgr, gray limestones, 0.5% diss py, Local ca stringers <1mm wide. No vlts in the sample. No
brecciated texture. fluorescence
3PAA244 273596 8946314 Fortuna East T12 -53.5 Limestone Fine-mgr, gray limestones, trz-0.5% diss py. Local Mod fract: N0°E, S70°W, 48°NW; S40°74°NW. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without δ13C, δ18O
pencil texture fluorescence
3PAA245 273576 8946340 Fortuna East T12 -63 Limestone Mod rxl and silicified, f-mgr, massive limestones, Sample taken below a thrust fault. Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without PIMA
1% diss py. fluorescence
3PAA246 273553 8946300 Fortuna East T12 -96 Limestone Strong fractured, massive, f-mgr, gray limestones 0.5-1% diss py altering to goe, no ca vlts. No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
fluorescence
3PAA247 273664 8946064 Fortuna East T13 75 Limestone Weak-mod rxl, f-mgr gray limestones, trz diss py calcite vlts: N10E, 0.3 cm wide Trz mm ca vlts and stgs without
fluorescence
3PAA248 273655 8946064 Fortuna East T13 85 Limestone Massive, f-mgr, light gray limestones, 0.5-1% diss Local ca vlts N30°W no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
py, trz po stringers
3PAA249 273646 8946064 Fortuna East T13 94 Limestone Weak rxl, fgr, gray limestones, trz diss py, local diss Traces ca vlts N10-15°W no fluorescence
po.
3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East T13 103 Limestone Weak rxl, fgr, massive, gray limestones, trz diss py mod fract N10°E, lapiaz texture Local bright orange to yellow white major and minor elements,
fls on thin oxidized carb crusts 13 18
δ C, δ O
3PAA251 273628 8946064 Fortuna East T13 112 Limestone Weak rxl, f-mgr, massive, gray limestones, trz diss local ca-py stg (NS) and ca vlts and stringers no fluorescence PIMA
py, lapiaz texture forming clusters, mod fract N10°E
3PAA252 273616 8946064 Fortuna East T13 124 Limestone Weak rxl, f-mgr, gray limestones, trz diss py, local Calcite + py veinlets 2mm wide, N35W, 78SW. Local bright orange to yellow white δ13C, δ18O
ca stg Fractures: S68°W,80°NW; N5°E; N35°W, fls on thin oxidized carb crusts,
78°SW probably exotic in origin
3PAA253 273674 8946064 Fortuna East T13 66 Limestone Strong fractured, fine grained, gray limestones, 0.5% ca vlts (<0.2cm), trz-0.5% py diss and in no fluorescence major and minor elements,
stg: S75°W. δ13C, δ18O
3PAA254 273684 8946071 Fortuna East T13 56 Limestone Massive, f-mgr, light gray limestones with lapiaz Trz gray calcite stringers. No
texture, 0.5% diss py. fluorescence
3PAA255 273698 8946060 Fortuna East T13 42 Limestone Strong fractured, gray to light gray limestones ca-py vlts N30-40°W. no fluorescence major and minor elements,
13 18
δ C, δ O
3PAA256 273711 8946058 Fortuna East T13 29 Limestone Mod rxl, f-mgr light gray limestones, 0.5% diss py, mod ca-po vlts N35°W,70°SW (10 vlts x m). No vlts in the sample. No
fluorescence
536
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA257 273707 8946048 Fortuna East T13 33 Limestone Strong - mod fract, light gray limestones, trz diss py- Local ca vlts. no fluorescence PTS, XRD, SEM, major and
po. minor elements, δ13C, δ18O

3PAA258 273710 8946050 Fortuna East T13 30 Limestone Strong - mod fract, weak rxl, fgr, light gray Trace amount ca vlts and microfossils. no fluorescence PIMA
limestones, trz diss py-po.
3PAA259 273718 8946054 Fortuna East T13 22 Limestone Medium-fine grained, gray limestones, trz-0.5% diss High density of planar, gray ca vlts: N30-45°W. Local very weak ORF of a mm ca δ13C, δ18O
po. veinlet
3PAA260 273723 8946060 Fortuna East T13 17 Limestone Fine grained, gray limestones, trz diss py. Mod density of planar ca vlts: N35°W. Basically no fluorescence. Local major and minor elements,
weak ORF of some mm ca vlts. δ13C, δ18O
3PAA261 273303 8946827 Condorcocha Intrusive Medium grained Qz-monzonite porphyry, 1% Local qz-cp vlts. Mod purple red fluorescence of
primary bio, 1% diss py, 0.5% antlerite in fract, feldspars and matrix
0.5% hornb altering to bio.
3PAA262 273078 8946676 Condorcocha Intrusive Strong fract, weak sericitized Q-F porphyry crosscut Mod purple red fluorescence of PIMA
by orthoclase and qz vlts (8v x m) feldspars and matrix
3PAA263 273445 8945196 Antamina West 4148 bench 0 Skarn Cgr, mod porous, green garnet skarn partially Isotope sample: garnet grains Bright white fls dots related to white PTS, XRD, PIMA, major and
replaced by calcite + cp + sph, and crosscut by thin minerals. Local trz ORF in calcite minor elements, δ18O
calcite ± py vlts vlts.
3PAA264 273590 8945263 Taco pit 4148 bench Skarn M-cgr, highly porous, brown to yellowish brown Isotope sample: garnet grains, related to a brown Local calcite vlts with mod ORF. PTS, XRD, PIMA, major and
garnet skarn, 1-2% diss py+cp, thin calcite ± py vlts garnet endoskarn Rock groundmass doesn't fluoresce. minor elements, δ18O

3PAA265 273773 8945278 Taco pit Intrusive Biotitic altered Qz-monzonite intrusive with a Isotope sample: quartz vein Strong red to purple red fls of mtx PIMA, δ18O
moderate qz-cp stwk. and feldspars. Qtz veins do not
fluoresce.
3PAA266 272962 8946698 Condorcocha South west Skarn Contact zone between cgr, plg rich, mod silicified Q-A parallel qz vlt system crosscut the intrusive. Pale - mod red to purple red PIMA
F porphyry dike and light brown garnet skarn. fluorescence of mtx and feldspar
fenos. Qtz veins do not fluoresce.
3PAA267 273157 8946538 Condorcocha South Intrusive Strong silicified, dacitic, porphyry dike, trz-0.5% Pale-mod red to purple fluorescence.
green garnet in fract (<1mm), 2% qz eyes, 1% ca Qtz eyes do not fluoresce.
vlts.
3PAA268 273272 8946568 Condorcocha South Intrusive Mgr, weak chloritized, mod silicified Qz-monzonite Trz disseminated py altering to goe-hem Mod - strong red to purple
porphyry, 1% hb, 0.5% bio, 5% qz eyes. fluorescence.

3PAA269 273270 8946566 Condorcocha South Skarn weak chloritized, mod silicified Q-F porphyry dike Brown garnet endoskarn with local ga-sp-py vlts Mod-strong ORF of an oxidized ca PIMA
and greenish brown garnet skarn. with chloritized haloes. vein
3PAA270 273099 8946362 Fortuna T6 0 Intrusive Mod silicified and chloritized, grayish green, cgr, Qz Local patches of epidote + magnetite + chlorite no fluorescence PIMA
F porphyry dike, 0.5% bio, 0.5% diss mt, trz hb.

3PAA271 273099 8946362 Fortuna T6 0.1 Limestone Fine grained, gray limestones, trz diss py. Local rusty surfaces show bright δ13C, δ18O
white fls probably of exotic origin
3PAA272 273096 8946358 Fortuna T6 5 Limestone Fine-medium grained gray limestones, 0.5% diss py, local ca stg interfingered with dolomite lenses. no fluorescence PIMA, δ13C, δ18O

3PAA273 273093 8946354 Fortuna T6 10 Limestone Fine-mgr, gray limestones, trz diss py, 2% dolomite Isotope sample A: Cream, coarse grained, Calcite generations: 1st: none. 2nd: PTS, PIMA, δ 13C, δ18O
lenses with trz diss py. dolomite patch cream dolomite very weak ORF. 3rd:
strong ORF
3PAA273B Fortuna T6 10 Vein Isotope sample B: Light gray, mgr calcite vein δ13C, δ18O

3PAA274 273087 8946348 Fortuna T6 18 Limestone Strong fractured, gray limestones, trz diss py, local dolomite stringers No vlts in the sample. No
dolomite stg. fluorescence
3PAA275 273079 8946339 Fortuna T6 30 Limestone Mod fractured, gray limestones, trz diss py, local dolomite stringers No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
dolomite stg. fluorescence
3PAA276 273073 8946333 Fortuna T6 38 Limestone Strong fractured, gray limestones, trz diss py, 1% dolomite veinlets Trz ca vlts with no fluorescence PIMA
dolomite vlts <0.5cm wide.
537
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA277 273050 8946309 Fortuna T6 72 Limestone Strong fractured, f-mgr, gray limestones crosscut by Two calcite generations: 1st dull, PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
weak, discontinuos ca vlts <2cm wide. 2nd st ORF
3PAA278 273050 8946308 Fortuna T6 73 Vein Calcite vein, 2cm wide with bleaching halo. Strong ORF of white calcite within PTS, PIMA, δ 13C, δ18O
cream carbonate vlt (dol) without
fluorescence
3PAA279 273326 8946340 Fortuna T7 0 Intrusive Mod silicified, weak chloritized, cgr, plg rich, Qz-F Mod red fluorescence of feldspars
porphyry dike, 1% diss py, trz diss mt, 1% bio.
3PAA280 273327 8946341 Fortuna T7 0.3 Limestone Micritic, gray limestones, trz diss py with bleaching Local ca vlts:S72°E. No vlts in the sample. No PIMA
haloes. fluorescence
3PAA281 273332 8946345 Fortuna T7 10 Limestone Strong fract, f-mgr, gray limestones, 1% diss py, 1% Trz calcite stgs. No fluorescence
ca vlts < 0.5cm.
3PAA282 273341 8946355 Fortuna T7 20 Limestone Micritic, gray limestones, 1% gray ca stg, trz dis po. Calcite vlts parallel to the bedding. Weak ORF on a local calcite spot. δ13C, δ18O

3PAA283 273348 8946360 Fortuna T7 30 Limestone Micritic, gray limestones, trz-0.5% diss py and local Local wispy? Texture. Traces ca vlts: S75°W. No vlts in the sample. No PIMA
po, fluorescence
3PAA284 273356 8946367 Fortuna T7 40 Hornfels Light gray, f-mgr hornfels, 0.5% diss po, mod fract. No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
fluorescence
3PAA285 273361 8946375 Fortuna T7 50 Hornfels Massive, fgr, gray hornfels, 1% diss po. Local ca vlts and stringers: S65°W, N20°W. no fluorescence
3PAA286 273371 8946382 Fortuna T7 62 Hornfels Massive, fgr, gray hornfels, 1-2% diss po and ca-po Mod fract outcrop. Strong yellowish white fls of local PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
vlts oxidized tan to white calcite crusts.
3PAA287 273216 8946474 Fortuna T8 0 Skarn Medium grained, green garnet skarn interfingered no fluorescence PIMA
with grayish white and green, pyritized hornfels.
3PAA288 273222 8946476 Fortuna T8 8 Hornfels Medium grained, light gray hornfels, trz-0.5% diss Local green and brown patches along fractures. Moderate ORF of local milimetric major and minor elements,
po. Trz ca-jar in fractures. ca +py patches 13 18
δ C, δ O
3PAA289 273226 8946480 Fortuna T8 13 Hornfels Strong fractured, light gray, f-mgr hornfels, 1% diss No vlts in the sample. No
po, trz diss py. fluorescence
3PAA290 273230 8946484 Fortuna T8 18 Hornfels Strong fractured, light gray, f-mgr hornfels, 1% diss No vlts in the sample. No major and minor elements,
po, trz diss py. fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
3PAA291 273239 8946489 Fortuna T8 28 Hornfels Strong fract, light gray hornfels, trz-0.5% diss py. Local brown patches, trz diop, 2% goe, 1% No vlts in the sample. No PIMA
MnOx in fract. fluorescence
3PAA292 273244 8946492 Fortuna T8 35 Hornfels Grayish white, mgr hornfels changing into marble, No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
1% diss py and within ca inclusions. fluorescence
3PAA293 273251 8946495 Fortuna T8 33 Hornfels Fine-mgr, gray hornfels with local ca stg, trz diss py. Mod ca vlts:NS, 55°E No vlts in the sample. No
fluorescence
3PAA294 273250 8946495 Fortuna T8 32 Vein Crustiform calcite veinlet, 2.5 cm wide with goe + No to very weak ORF PIMA, δ13C, δ18O
pyro on fract.
3PAA295 273260 8946514 Fortuna T8 54 Hornfels Mod rxl, mgr, light gray hornfels Local calcite vlts (S20°E, S75°E and NS), trz No vlts in the sample. No δ13C, δ18O
goe. fluorescence
3PAA296 273442 8946886 Condorcocha East Skarn Green garnet skarn grading into mgr, laminar Traces amounts of diss spc+epd. No vlts in the sample. No PIMA
marble. fluorescence
3PAA297 273612 8946754 Condorcocha East Intrusive Grayish white, cgr, Q-F, plg rich porphyry dike with Weak-mod red fluorescence of
1% chlz hornb, 1% bio, 10% qz eyes, trz mt-py. feldspars

3PAA298 273593 8946764 Condorcocha East Vein Calcite+Qtz+MnOx vein along a S55°E fault, 2m Very strong ORF. Worth of taking a
wide. picture
3PAA299 273596 8946762 Condorcocha East Vein Qtz+MnOx+CuOx+goe brecciated vein with green No to very weak red fluorescence
garnet skarn and QFP clasts.
3PAA300A 273892 8945888 CMA 058 Quarry 0 Azimuth: 135, Average dip: -45° Hole length: 584.70 m
Bench
3PAA300B 273928 8945854 CMA 058 Quarry 73.30-73.50 6 Marble Grayish white marble grading into a green garnet Traces diss py and in vlts assoc with sp. Mod ORF on local white calcite PIMA
Bench skarn. patches.
3PAA301 273925 8945857 CMA 058 Quarry 67.00 - 67.15 12.2 Hornfels Brown hornfels crosscut by sp-py vlts (45°TCA). Bleaching haloes Local mod orange fls around ca+gor PIMA
538

Bench void
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA302 273920 8945862 CMA 058 Quarry 57.22 - 57.37 22 Marble Gray to brown, mgr, marble local ca vlts with bleaching haloes. Mod ORF along oxidized mm ca PIMA, thick section
Bench vlts.
3PAA303 273916 8945866 CMA 058 Quarry 48.50 - 48.68 30.5 Marble Greenish gray, mgr marble with trz green garnet Weak ORF along mm ca vlts PIMA
Bench
3PAA304 273911 8945871 CMA 058 Quarry 40.25 - 40.40 39 Hornfels Grayish green hornfels grading into marble. Traces py-sp-cp in fractures. Local very weak ORF of mm ca PIMA
Bench veinlets
3PAA305 273906 8945875 CMA 058 Quarry 30.65 - 30.82 48.5 Hornfels Light gray hornfels, trz diss py and ca vlts. Local weak ORF of a mm, oxidized,
Bench planar calcite fract
3PAA306 273901 8945880 CMA 058 Quarry 21.10 - 21.25 58 Hornfels Light gray hornfels No vlts in the sample. No PIMA
Bench fluorescence
3PAA307 273897 8945883 CMA 058 Quarry 12.95 - 13.10 66 Hornfels Light gray hornfels Mod ORF of local ca+sulf vlts.
Bench Weak blue-purple fls spots within the
rock mtx
3PAA308A 273627 8945232 CMA 120 Taco 0 Azimuth: 312.48° ; average dip: -45° Hole length: 376.10 m
pit
3PAA308B 273493 8945347 CMA 120 Taco 247.85-248 0 Marble Gray and white banded marble surrounded by green Strong white fls points in the mtx.
pit garnet, mineralized skarn, 0.5% diss py. Local wk-mod yellow fls spots of
calcite
3PAA309 273488 8945352 CMA 120 Taco 257.72 - 4.5 Marble Gray marble with py-sp vlts with bleaching haloes, 1 Very weak red fls around sulfide PIMA
pit 257.90 cm wide. veins
3PAA310 273481 8945358 CMA 120 Taco 270.10 - 17 Marble Gray, mgr marble crosscut by 1% ca vlts. Mod white fls of a local milimetric ca
pit 270.26 vein.
3PAA311 273475 8945363 CMA 120 Taco 280.42 - 27 Marble Gray, mgr marble No vlts in the sample. No
pit 280.56 fluorescence
3PAA312 273471 8945367 CMA 120 Taco 290.20 - 37 Marble Weak bleached, gray marble crosscut by gt+ca vlts. Weak-mod ORF along ca+sulfide PIMA
pit 290.30 vlts.
3PAA313 273465 8945372 CMA 120 Taco 300.85 - 47 Marble Gray marble with local ca+py vlts <0.3 cm wide. Local weak white fluorescence in PIMA
pit 301.00 patches within mtx
3PAA314 273459 8945377 CMA 120 Taco 311.45 - 57.5 Marble Gray, mgr marble, close to a calcite vein. Strong ORF of thin crustiform ca +
pit 311.62 sulfide vein crosscutting non fls py
veins
3PAA315 273453 8945383 CMA 120 Taco 322.00 - 68.5 Marble Gray marble with laminar bleaching stripes. no fluorescence PIMA
pit 322.16
3PAA316A 273582 8944786 CMA 082 Taco 0 Azimuth: 137.67° ; average dip: 0° Hole length: 142.45 m
pit
3PAA316B 273662 8944704 CMA 082 Taco 115.50 - 4.5 Marble White, coarse grained marble with trz green gt and Calcite patches around sulfide veins Strong ORF of mm ca vlts crosscut
pit 115.67 diss sp. very weak red fls calcite patches.
3PAA317 273666 8944699 CMA 082 Taco 122.25 - 11.25 Marble Banded, mgr, gray marble, trz diss py. Gray and white marble Local weak ORF along some mm
pit 122.45 fractures
3PAA318 273670 8944694 CMA 082 Taco 128.43 - 17.4 Marble Banded gray marble, trz diss py. Gray and white marble no fluorescence PIMA
pit 128.58
3PAA319 273674 8944691 CMA 082 Taco 133.40 - 22.35 Marble Banded gray marble, trz diss py. Gray and white marble no fluorescence
pit 133.56
3PAA320 273678 8944687 CMA 082 Taco 139.05 - 28.05 Marble Gray, mgr marble with green garnet stripes, and 1% Mod - strong ORF of ca filled PIMA
pit 139.22 diss scapolite. fractures and patches
3PAA321A 273639 8945001 CMA 168 Taco 0 Azimuth: 318.73° ; average dip: -43.5° Hole length: 542.90 m
pit
3PAA321B 273427 8945236 CMA 168 Taco 439.20 - 18.3 Marble White marble crosscut by py+sp vlts 2mm wide. Strong bluish white fls points and
pit 439.38 along fractures. Sulfide veins are dull

3PAA322 273420 8945243 CMA 168 Taco 452.12 - 31.2 Marble Grayish white , mgr marble. Local ca+py+sp vlts. Strong bluish white fls points.
pit 452.30 Sulfide veins are dull
539
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA323 273414 8945251 CMA 168 Taco 466.67 - 45.75 Marble Gray marble crosscut by py+sp vlts with 1.5cm Mod distribution strong bluish white PIMA
pit 466.83 bleaching halo. fls points. Local wk-mod yellow fls
of uneven surfaces
3PAA324 273408 8945256 CMA 168 Taco 476.65 - 55.75 Marble White marble crosscut by py+sp vlts Mod-strong ORF along py+sp vlts.
pit 476.84 Mod distribution of st bluish white
fls points.
3PAA325 273400 8945265 CMA 168 Taco 492.00 - 71.08 Marble Gray and white banded marble. Mod distribution of strong bluish PIMA
pit 492.15 white fls points, within the mtx
3PAA326 273392 8945274 CMA 168 Taco 507.15 - 86.25 Marble Gray, coarse grained marble. Weak distribution of mod bluish
pit 507.32 white fls points.
3PAA327 273387 8945280 CMA 168 Taco 517.90 - 96.98 Marble Light brown, mgr marble close to a brownish garnet, Mod-st ORF calcite vein parallel PIMA, thick section
pit 518.05 diopside, py vlts. TCA. Sulfide veins show wk mm
ORF halos.
3PAA328 273378 8945289 CMA 168 Taco 533.80 - 112.88 Marble Gray, mgr marble, trz dissmescap no fluorescence
pit 533.95
3PAA329A 273529 8945250 CMA 275 0 Azimuth: 315° , dip: -45° Hole length: 175.80 m
Antamina West
3PAA329B 273469 8945308 CMA 275 117.35 - 34 Marble Greenish white, fgr, marble, crosscut by green Mod ORF in a local mm bleached Thick section
Antamina West 117.52 garnet+trz py vlts. halo around ca+sulfide vein
3PAA330 273463 8945315 CMA 275 132.10 - 48 Marble Greenish gray, cgr marble, no mineralization, local no fluorescence PIMA
Antamina West 132.23 ca vlts.
3PAA331 273458 8945319 CMA 275 140.85 - 57 Marble White marble with local py vlts crosscut by ca Weak red fls around a mm sulfide
Antamina West 141.00 veinlets. veins. Local yellow-white fls spots.
3PAA332 273452 8945325 CMA 275 152.85 - 68 Marble Greenish gray, mgr, marble, 2% diss escapolite, no fluorescence PIMA, thick section, SEM,
Antamina West 152.98 Laminar, trz ca vlts. major and minor elements,
δ13C, δ18O
3PAA333 273444 8945333 CMA 275 168.33 - 84 Marble Gray marble with irregular white stripes (bleaching) Mod white-yellow fls of one layers.
Antamina West 168.50 Weak bluish white fls points within
gray mtx
3PAA334A 273878 8946115 CMA 530 Quarry 0 Azimuth: 225°, dip: ? Hole length: 350.4 m
Bench
3PAA334B CMA 530 Quarry 208.15 - Marble Brown, mgr marble with trz diss po. no fluorescence
Bench 208.32
3PAA335 CMA 530 Quarry 223.53 - Marble Light brown, fgr marble with trz diss py. Some white fls spots on the drilled PIMA
Bench 223.69 surface
3PAA336 CMA 530 Quarry 283.39 - Marble Brown, mgr marble with trz diss py. local mod ORF changing into a
Bench 238.53 bright white fls in a mm, planar ca vlt
w/ slickensides
3PAA337 CMA 530 Quarry 253.84 - Marble Light brown, fgr marble, 0.5% diss py and in vlts. Weak ORF to yellow white fls of PIMA
Bench 254.02 thin mm calcite vlts
3PAA338 CMA 530 Quarry 269.28 - Marble Brown, mgr marble, 0.5% diss py. Weak red fls of local mm ca vlts. PIMA
Bench 269.43 Local patches of bright white fls on
the drilled surface
3PAA339 CMA 530 Quarry 284.56 - Limestone Gray, mgr limestone with trz-1% diss py. no fluorescence
Bench 284.70
3PAA340 CMA 530 Quarry 299.93 - Limestone Gray - brown, mgr, rxl limestones with pyritized Local st yellow fls with blue halos PIMA
Bench 300.05 stylolites and sp+py+ca vlts. surrounding a subrounded brown
patch
3PAA341 CMA 530 Quarry 315.21 - Marble Brown marble with trz laminar po <2mm wide. no fluorescence
Bench 315.35
3PAA342 CMA 530 Quarry 330.60 - Marble Gray, cgr marble. Trz stilolites with py and no fluorescence PIMA
Bench 330.74 bituminous material.
540
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
3PAA343 CMA 530 Quarry 346.88 - Marble Gray, cgr marble crosscut by py+sp vlts. Possible Weak red fls of the gray ca vlt PIMA
Bench 347.03 fault zone. around py+sp vein. Strong ORF of
ca within py+sp vlts.
3PAA344A 273679 8944472 CMA542 Taco 0 Azimuth: 50°, Dip: -60° Hole length: 420 m
pit
3PAA344B 273705 8944493 CMA542 Taco 68.69 -68.89 21.15 Marble White, cgr marble, 0.5% diss sp, Local py+ca+sp vlt Weak-mod ORF in some parts of the
pit with bleaching halo. bleached halo of a py+ca+sp vein.

3PAA345 273711 8944498 CMA542 Taco 84.40 - 84.55 36.83 Marble Light gray, cgr marble, 1% dis po. Irregularly distributed bleaching haloes. Local wk -mod ORF along a mm PIMA
pit ca+py vlt and calc stgs
3PAA346 273717 8944503 CMA542 Taco 100.00 - 52.43 Marble Dark gray, cgr marble trz-0.5% diss po. no fluorescence PIMA
pit 100.017
3PAA347 273724 8944508 CMA542 Taco 115.00 - 67.43 Marble Gray, cgr marble with trz diss po. Local bright white fls points
pit 115.15 probably due to weathering
3PAA348 273729 8944513 CMA542 Taco 130.00 - 82.45 Marble Gray and light gray, cgr, laminated marble. Trz diss py+po+cp crosscut by ca vlts. 1% bright white fls points, probably PIMA
pit 130.20 some ca crystals
3PAA349 273734 8944517 CMA542 Taco 145.00 - 97.43 Marble Gray, cgr marble with trz diss py. 2% bright white fls points
pit 145.15
3PAA350 273800 8945370 Taco pit Skarn Cgr, brownish green endoskarn containing 45% gt, Five percent late crustiform qz-cp-mo vlts. Mod-st purple red fluorescence of PIMA
2% bio, 40% qtz mtx, 3% qtz eyes, 2% big felds feldspar and mtx. Qtz veinlets are
dull.
3PAA351 273450 8945181 Antamina West 0 Skarn Cgr, mod oxid, green-brown gt skarn. Strongly 1% diss cp, trz calc in fract. Strong ORF of an oxidized gt+ca PIMA
porous (gt geodes and qz filling voids), vein. Local bright green dots within
weathered calcite
3PAA352 272813 8943974 Usu Pallares Intrusive Strongly fractured, mod argz and weak ser, cgr. Q- 5% qz eyes, 2% arg feldspar, 1% thin qz vlts Mod purple - red fls of the mtx and PIMA
F porphyry, (,3mm wide), 1% mod chlz bio, 60% felds, 30% feldspars. Big plg crystals show
sil mtx. bright red fls
3PAA353 272843 8943988 Usu Pallares Skarn Mod alt brown-yellow green gt skarn, 2% MnOx in Local chl patches, 0.5% malaq, trz nat Cu. Mod ORF of ca+sulfides veins PIMA
fract, trz vfine qz vlts, trz mal, 0.5% diss cp+mt(?),
2% ca vlts.
3PAA354 273116 8944178 Usu Pallares Skarn Mod chlz, mgr, brown green garnet endoskarn Trz epd, ca+chl vlts, 2% jar-goe in fractures. Strong red fls of calcite associated PIMA
replacing QFP intrusive, 2% diss cp+sl(?). Local chalcocite with sulfides
3PAA355 273084 8944218 Usu Pallares Skarn Mod weathered, strongly fract, yellow green, f-mgr No sulfides, trz Cu oxides Mod ORF of calcite + sulfide PIMA
gt skarn (exoskarn) cut by 1% fine qz+gt vlts. stringers.
4PAA100 274894 8944708 Truck shop 160 Limestone Gray, fgr, marly lms, < 1m thick, 0.5% py, wk-mod Trz-0.5% fine planar ca vlts: N28W, 65°SW. no vlts in the sample
rxl. Bedding: S70°E, 26°NE
4PAA101 275064 8944760 Truck shop 12 Limestone Gray, fgr marly lms, congl aspect. Trz diss py or aspy and ca vlts. no vlts in the sample
4PAA102 274989 8944850 Truck shop 0 Intrusive Greenish gray, mod weath, chlz and pyz, cgr 0.5% bio alter to ser, local big pink ort, 5% qtz Feldspars show moderate red
monzonite dike. eyes fluorescence
4PAA103 275135 8944782 Truck shop 80 Limestone Gray, fgr, massive marly lms, py+ ca elongated Trz-0.5% diss py, trz mm ca vlts. Ca+py stgs: no fluorescence
structures S27W, 68NW
4PAA104 275156 8944826 Truck shop 120 Limestone St frac'd, gray marly lms w/ 1% microfossils Ca v: N32°W, 57°SW. Ca+py vlts: N12W, 34NE

4PAA105 273802 8946662 Fortuna East T15 0.5 Marble Grayish green, fgr, mod sil diop marble, trz py (diss Mod weath, green spider web texture.Trz py±ga weak yellowish white color of thin XRD, major and minor
& fract), 1% MnOx vlts vlts. 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
4PAA106 273805 8946662 Fortuna East T15 3.5 Hornfels Mod weath and fract, gray hornfels, 0.5% diss py Dense brown spider web texture filled w/ goe. yellowish white color in fractures PTS, XRD, major and minor
13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
4PAA107 273809 8946663 Fortuna East T15 8 Limestone Gray, fgr, marly lms, 1% mm planar ca vlts, trz diss Outcrop close to the base of spider web hornfels. no fluorescence XRD, major and minor
py Bedding: N35W, 35SW 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
4PAA108 273148 8945204 Antamina West West flank 265 Marble Green-brownish white, cgr marble, 0.5% diss py, trz calc+po+py+cp vlt. 10% brown patches (gt). trz red fluorescence PTS, XRD, major and minor
anticline diss cp, trz mb. Local calc silicate patches Bedding: N13E, 46NW 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
4PAA109 273148 8945204 Antamina West West flank 264 Vein Ca+po+cp+py vein crosscutting greenish white, cgr py+po vlt: N50W, 82SW wk-mod red fluorescence of calcite
541

anticline marble
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
4PAA110 273149 8945205 Antamina West West flank 266 Marble Gray, mgr marble, 1% fine diss py no fluorescence XRD, major and minor
anticline elements, δ13C, δ18O
4PAA111 273790 8946475 Fortuna East T14 0 Intrusive Light gray, mgr, mod chlz feldspar porp (mz)close ca+py vein zone extends up to 0.5m from the Feldspars show moderate red
to a 20cm thick ca+py±ga vein zone dike. Dike: N31W, 53SW fluorescence
4PAA112 273791 8946476 Fortuna East T14 1 Limestone Gray, fgr, massive lms, trz py (diss & fract), local no vlts in the sample major and minor elements,
goe δ13C, δ18O
4PAA113 273795 8946477 Fortuna East T14 5 Limestone Gray, fgr, massive marly lms, 1-2% diss py. Lapiaz Fractures: N60E, 78NW and N90, 72N no vlts in the sample
texture
4PAA114 273800 8946479 Fortuna East T14 10 Limestone Gray, fgr, mod marly lms, 2% diss py and ca+py Py+ca vlts: S18E, 90 no vlts in the sample major and minor elements,
stgs. Lapiaz texture 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA115 273809 8946482 Fortuna East T14 20 Limestone Mod frac, gray, marly lms, 0.5% diss py and goe. no vlts in the sample major and minor elements,
δ13C, δ18O
4PAA116 273817 8946484 Fortuna East T14 28.3 Limestone St frac'd, gray, massive, marly lms, 0.5%diss py, trz no vlts in the sample
goe in fract.
4PAA117 273821 8946486 Fortuna East T14 33 Limestone Gray, strongly pyz, marly lms with green patches Chl-goe spider web text: N7W Local ca spots show mod ORF major and minor elements,
(mal?) δ13C, δ18O
4PAA118 273830 8946489 Fortuna East T14 42.5 Limestone Gray, fgr, marly lms, 0.5% diss py, with weak spider no vlts in the sample major and minor elements,
web texture 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA119 273837 8946492 Fortuna East T14 50 Limestone Gray, fgr, wk rxl, marly lms, 1% diss py. Discontinuos and thin ca vlt system:N60E, 66NW no fluorescence PTS, major and minor
and N10W, 90 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
4PAA120 273842 8946494 Fortuna East T14 54.8 Limestone St frac, locally bxd, gray, marly lms, trz diss py, 3% Ca vlts: N50W, ±90, <5cm width Bright white fl of earthy oxidized
ca±goe vlts and stgs voids
4PAA121 273847 8946495 Fortuna East T14 60 Limestone Dark gray, fgr, marly lms, 0.5-1% diss py and repl Mod bleached, sandy surface, no oxides no fluorescence XRD, major and minor
fossils elements, δ13C, δ18O
4PAA122 273853 8946497 Fortuna East T14 67 Limestone Gray, micritic, marly lms, 0.5% diss py, trz brown Ca-goe vlts: N20W, 68SW no fluorescence
thin ca vlts
4PAA123 273870 8946503 Fortuna East T14 85 Limestone St frac'd, gray, micritic marls, trz fine ca vlts, trz- Pencil texture no fluorescence major and minor elements,
0.5% diss py δ13C, δ18O
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East T14 100 Limestone Gray, marly lms, trz-0.5% diss py, trz orange brown Fract: N35W, 77SW no fluorescence major and minor elements,
fine ca vlts 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA125 273323 8946332 Fortuna 0 Intrusive Greenish gray, mgr dacite porp dike with siliceous 0.5% diss py, 3% fresh bio, 1% chlz hornb, trz Moderate red fluorescence of PTS, Ar/Ar
aphyric matrix diss mt, 20% wk epdz plg < 0.5cm long, 0.5% feldspars
goe
4PAA125A 273324 8946308 Fortuna 0 Intrusive Mod weath, mgr, dacite porp dike, trz fresh bio Isotope sample: qtz grains Moderate red fluorescence of PTS, δ 18O
feldspars
4PAA126 273023 8947016 Condorcocha 0 Intrusive Light gray, st silicified, dacite porp dike in contact 94% silicified mtx, 5% plg, 1% diss py, trz Mod red fluorescence of feldspars PTS, δ 18O
w/ light brown garnet endoskarn. hornb. Isotope sample: qtz grains. Contact: S40E, and mtx
68SW
4PAA127 273049 8947008 Condorcocha 0 Intrusive Light gray, wk epz and alb, mgr, QFP (mz) with 5% Apparent young intrusivebody. Isotope sample: Mod-strong red fluorescence of PTS, Ar/Ar, δ 18O
qtz eyes, 0.5% chlz hornb, trz bio, 0.5% diss py. qtz grains feldspars and mtx

4PAA128 273569 8946490 Fortuna East T10 0 Intrusive Light gray, silicified, q-fspar porp dike (qz mz) w/ Silicified halos around the dike no - pale red fluorescence PTS
trz qz eyes, 1% diss py
4PAA129 273380 8946254 Fortuna Vein Banded calcite vein ± sph, ga, py Intense ORF of calcite PTS, δ 13C, δ18O

4PAA130 273261 8946114 Fortuna 1.5 Vein Brown carbonates zone replacing ca±py vlts:N3E, Sample taken 1m away from the qz-fspar porp Mod ORF of brown carb vlt
45SW. dike
4PAA131 273260 8946115 Fortuna 0.5 Limestone Mod rxl, gray-dark gray lms, 2% py (diss & vlts w/ MnOx coatings on the surface no fluorescence
ca), trz sph
4PAA132 273267 8946202 Fortuna 15m from Vein Orange brown carbonate vein (ca±py) crosscutting Sample taken 1m away from a py+gn±sph fault Intense ORF only on weathered δ13C, δ18O
dike gray, marly lms vein. surface
542
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
4PAA133 273288 8946222 Fortuna 40 Limestone Gray, marly lms, 1% diss py and ca+py vlts and stgs.mod oxid to goe±jar. Calc + py vlts: S15W,
72NW
4PAA134 273468 8945298 Antamina West 4225 bench 4 Marble White marble, 0.5% diss py, 0.5% calc-sil(gt) vlts, Sr isotope analysis on gray marble Local mod-strong ORF in some PTS, XRD, major and minor
gt + py ± gn ± sph vlts: N32W, 50SW; N15W, fractures elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr
57SW, 6v x m
4PAA135 273455 8945292 Antamina West 4225 bench 12 Marble Cgr, white marble, trz diss py, mod dist py±sph±po sulfide vlts: N20°W, 45°SW, 2mm-1cm, 15vlts x Local mod-strong ORF in some major and minor elements,
vlts. Bedding: N0°, 45E m fract. Late ca vlts show white fls. δ13C, δ18O
4PAA136 273453 8945291 Antamina West 4225 bench 18 Marble White and dark marble, tra diss po Local mod-strong ORF in some SEM, major and minor
fractures elements, d13C, d18O
4PAA137 273450 8945290 Antamina West 4225 bench 22 Marble Gray marble unit interbedded with white thin layers. Local mm py vlts with diffusional halos, trz diss Local mod ORF in fresh surfaces XRD, major and minor
po>py elements, δ13C, δ18O
4PAA138 273446 8945288 Antamina West 4225 bench 26 Marble Cgr, white marble, trz diss py and local py+cp (diss, Sample taken 40cm below and 40cm above Local mod ORF in fresh surfaces PTS, XRD, major and minor
vlts), 1% diss scapolite contact with gray marble 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
4PAA139 273444 8945288 Antamina West 4225 bench 29 Marble Cgr, gray marble, 0.5% diss py, 1% py vlts with cm Py+cp vlt: N70W, 43SW with bleaching halo. Ca Local mod ORF in fresh surfaces major and minor elements,
bleaching halos, ca+py vlts: N60E, 45NW. Calc- + calc sil vlt: N85W, 74NE. Pyrite vlt: N70W, δ13C, δ18O
sil+py±gn±sl: N30W, 42SW 74NE bleaching halo
4PAA140 273412 8945278 Antamina West 4225 bench 50 Marble Cgr, gray marble, trz diss py Bedding: N11W, 45NE. Py±sl vlt: N60W, 65SW Local mod ORF in fresh surfaces δ13C, δ18O

4PAA141 273390 8945271 Antamina West 4225 bench 70 Marble Mod frac, dark gray, cgr, scapolite rich marble. ca+py vlts: N38W, 70NE. Py±cp vlts: N16E, no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
White ca vlts <1cm wide. No bleaching halos around 88NW
vlts.
4PAA142 273378 8945268 Antamina West 4225 bench 78 Marble Dark gray, cgr, scapolite rich marble, trz diss py and Ca±py vlts (N50W, 63SW) form a parallel system no fluorescence
local interbedded bleached halos related to the schistosity of the anticline.Bedding:
N0°, 37E
4PAA143 273468 8945272 Antamina West 4195 bench 0.5 Marble Gray and white, cgr marble crosscut by This sample is the lateral projection of sample Local mod ORF δ13C, δ18O
gt+gn+py±sph vlts: N85W, 75SE. 140
4PAA144 273470 8945270 Antamina West 4195 bench 0 Skarn Cgr, green garnet skarn + ca + 5% py+gn+sph ±cp Fault: N32W, 66SW. Bedding: N12W, 47NE Mod-strong ORF of calcite spots PTS and XRD
forming irregular bodies
4PAA145 273463 8945267 Antamina West 4195 bench 4 Marble Cgr, gray marble, 5% scapolite, 1% diss py. Local brownish green gt±py lenses and stgs with Local mod-strong ORF of uneven δ13C, δ18O
1cm wide halos. surfaces
4PAA146 273461 8945266 Antamina West 4195 bench 6 Marble Mod frac'd, light gray to white, mgr marble crosscut Vlts: N43E, 83SE; N35W, 75NE; N10E, 57SE; Local mod-strong ORF of uneven δ13C, δ18O
by calc sil + py ± sl vlts N5W, 45NE surfaces
4PAA147 273380 8945336 Antamina West Access to the 74 Marble Strong frac'd, cgr, gray, scapolite rich marble, 1% Ca vlts: N15W, 80SE; N60E, 72SE no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
crusher diss py. This sample is the lateral projection of
sample 139
4PAA148 273392 8945345 Antamina West Access to the 58 Marble St frac, scapolite rich, cgr, gray marble, trz diss py Bleached fractures: N72W, 90. Calcite veins: Local weak-mod ORF in uneven PTS, SEM, major and minor
crusher and strong dist dark gray stylolites. Bedding: N5W, N50W, 90. This sample is the upper projection of fresh fractures elements, δ13C, δ18O
37NE 4PAA134
4PAA149 273387 8945343 Antamina West Access to the 62 Marble Strong frac'd, dark gray marble with flame texture. This sample is the upper projection of 135 and Local weak-mod ORF in uneven PTS, major and minor
crusher Calcite veinlets: N5W, 47SW without bleaching 136 samples.Py±sl vlts: S43E, 83SW; N56W, fresh fractures elements
halos. 80SW
4PAA150 273383 8945340 Antamina West Access to the 70 Marble Cgr, sacaroid, white marble body, 2% diss py Py±sl vlt: N66W, 66NE; N15E, 72NW. Sr Wk-mod ORF of mtx. Strong red fls XRD, major and minor
crusher isotope analysis on white marble of py vein elements, δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr
4PAA151 273372 8945335 Antamina West Access to the 80 Marble Scapolite rich, cgr, dark, massive marble with Ca+py±sl vlts: N50E, 66SE; N17W, 37NE no fluorescence δ13C, δ18O
crusher diffusional bleached halos, trz diss py.
4PAA152 273432 8945364 Antamina West Access to the 30 Marble Mgr, white marble, trz-0.5% diss py, high density Conjugated system: N50W, 80NE. Vlts: N74E, Weak - mod ORF. Strong ORF δ13C, δ18O
crusher mm py±calc-sil±gn+sl±cp vlts 76SE; N25W, 46SW along py vein
4PAA153 273438 8945367 Antamina West Access to the 28 Marble Light gray, mgr, marble, 1% diss py, local green calc Network system: N0°, 68W, N23W, 58NE, Mod ORF on uneven surfaces δ13C, δ18O
crusher sil + sl+gn forming network N70E, 70SE. Calc-silicate + sulfide veins
4PAA154 273442 8945370 Antamina West Access to the 26 Skarn Greenish brown, mgr, gt skarn in contact with 1% mb in fract. Sulfide vlts: N27W, 90 Strong red fls on uneven surfaces w/
crusher sulfide rich marble bright bluish white spots.
543
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
4PAA155 273444 8945372 Antamina West Access to the 21 Marble Light gray to white, mgr marble in contact with mgr, High density of mm to cm py, ca+py±calcsil Local wk-mod ORF of uneven 13 18
δ C, δ O
crusher gray marble.Relicts of stylolites: N60E, 60SE vlts±gn±sl. Vlts: N13W, 81SW, N13W, 45SW surfaces

4PAA156A 273385 8946306 Fortuna 50 Limestone Strong frac'd, fgr, gray lms, 1.5% diss py Calcite+MnOx vlts: N75W, 90; N35W, 60SW. no vlts in the sample δ13C, δ18O

4PAA156B 273385 8946306 Fortuna 50 Vein Calcite+MnOx veins Moderate -strong ORF

4PAA157 273349 8946286 Fortuna 16 Vein Orange brown carbonates with trz dolomites hosted dolomite patches.Vlts: N5E-N40W, 52-68SW no fluorescence XRD, δ13C, δ18O
in gray, pyz lms
4PAA158 273202 8946280 Fortuna 0 Intrusive Greenish gray, cgr, qz-fspar porp dike, w/ sil aphyric Mod mag, 2% mod chlz hornb, 1% bio, 10% qz no - pale yellowish orange little spots PTS
mtx eyes, 25% felsp. Strike: S60E, 72SW
4PAA159 272914 8946480 Fortuna T18 108 Limestone Mod sil, fgr, limestone, 0.5% diss po, gray carb vlts Discontinuos veinlets: N63W, 65SW; N85W, no fluorescence
w/ trz diss py 70NE; S5E, 57SW. Bedding: S26E, 41SW.
4PAA160 272910 8946468 Fortuna T18 92 Hornfels Gray, fgr hornfels, 1% diss po repl microfossils. Ca + py vlts parallel bedding no fluorescence
4PAA161 272896 8946458 Fortuna T18 75 Limestone Gray, fgr, mod rxl, wk-mod silcified, massive lms. no fluorescence
Trz ca vlts, no oxides.
4PAA162 272875 8946436 Fortuna T18 2 Limestone St frac'd, fgr, gray, mod rxl, marly lms, trz diss py Trz orange brown carbonates parallel to bedding. no fluorescence
High density ca vlts.
4PAA162A 272845 8946402 Fortuna T18 43 Vein Orange brown carbonate stgs hosted in gray, fgr, Bedding: S40-60E, 70NE no fluorescence
mod rxl, marly lms w/ trz diss py
4PAA163 272809 8946294 Fortuna 0 Vein calcite +MnOx +jar±goe vein, 10cm wide. Strike and dip: N25E, 53NW. Strontium isotope Very st ORF w/ bluish white thin PTS, XRD, major and minor
analysis on vein bands along fract 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O, Sr/Sr
4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna T5 108 Limestone Gray, mod rxl, wk sil, fgr, st frac marls crosscut by Vlts: N18W, 72SW; N80E,90 no fluorescence XRD, major and minor
thin disc cal vlts elements, δ13C, δ18O
4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna T5 132 Limestone St frac, mod rxl, wk sil, fgr, brownish gray marly Fine ca±py vlts altering to jar-goe forming local no fluorescence XRD, major and minor
lms spider web texture. Vlts: S30E, 64SW 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna T5 162 Limestone Wk rxl and sil, massive, fgr, gray to brownish gray 1% calcite stgs w/ jar-goe spots. This sample is Pale cream color on weathered major and minor elements,
marly lms w/ trz OBC vlts: N73E, 90 the lateral projection of 3PAA143 surfaces 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA167 272980 8946096 Fortuna 208 Limestone Massive, mod rxl, fgr, brownish gray marly lms, 1% Parallel and brecciated ca +MnOx±sid+goe-jar no fluorescence
light gray ca stgs, trz goe-jar vlts: N16E, 56SE
4PAA168 272979 8946114 Fortuna 209 Vein Parallel and brecciated ca +MnOx±sid+goe-jar vlts: Vein network close to the contact with laminated Yellowish white color along earthy
N16E, 56SE marls oxidized voids
4PAA169 272887 8946050 Fortuna 270 Limestone Massive, mod rxl and sil, fgr, brownish gray lms Conglomeradic aspect, no oxides, trz ca vlts no fluorescence
4PAA170 273112 8946278 Fortuna 55 Limestone St frac, mod oxid, fgr, gray lms w/ st dist ca vlts OBC vlts are crosscut by MnOx rich ca vlts: EW, Local mod ORF of some thin ca vlts
72S; N42E, 78SE
4PAA171 273142 8946228 Fortuna 75 Vein Ca+gn+goe+MnOx lensoidal vein within a Strike and dip: S22W, 37NW Very strong ORF of calcite
ca+MnOx stwk
4PAA172 272880 8945878 Fortuna ? Limestone Wk-mod sil, mod rxl and frac, fgr, brownish gray Fossiliferous unit crosscut by OBC vlts: S15E, no vlts in the sample δ13C, δ18O
marly lms. Local conglom aspect due to weathering. 30SW; S5-20E, 80SW

4PAA173 272881 8945876 Fortuna ? Vein Bxd calcite vein w/ 3% jar-goe, local py bxwk Calcite + MnOx + FeOx veins: S5-20E, 30SW no fluorescence
4PAA174 272792 8946200 Fortuna 325 Limestone Massive, brownish gray, fgr lms crosscut by high Ca+MnOx vlts: S48E, 78SW Strong ORF δ13C, δ18O
density ca+MnOx vlts
4PAA175 272793 8946280 Fortuna 0 Vein White ca+sid? Halos+MnOx coatings, trz Calcite+MnOx+FeOx vein crosscuts a laminated, Strong ORF
jar>goe.Bedding: N53E, 35NW gray, marly lms
4PAA176 272999 8946354 Fortuna T6 42 Vein Ca+MnOx+jar+goe vlt: S10E, 85NE, 3v x m This vlts crosscut wk sil, mod frac'd, fgr, gray no fluorescence
limestones
4PAA177 273069 8946354 Fortuna T6 15 Vein Continuos, irregular, yellowish white This vein S82E, 40SW, fills a thrust fault that no fluorescence
calcite+MnOx+FeOx+dol? vlts, 0.5% diss py, 1% crosscut a fgr, gray, st frac and folded, marly lms.
goe+jar
4PAA178 273093 8946318 Fortuna 42 Vein Ca+MnOx parallel veins: S57E, 35SW, 2cm avg, 6v Veins crosscut a mod sil, brownish gray, fgr lms Mod-strong ORF PTS, XRD, δ 13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr
x m. w/ 0.5% diss py. Sr isotope analysis on calcite
544

vein
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
4PAA179 273177 8946348 Fortuna 32 Limestone Wk sil and frac, massive, gray, micritic lms, trz diss Ca+MnOx vlts: S60E, 70SW no fluorescence
py-po and ca+MnOx vlts
4PAA180 273204 8946352 Fortuna 56 Hornfels Massive, brownish gray hornfels, 1% diss po 1% microfossils replaced by po. Lapiaz texture. no fluorescence
4PAA181 273317 8945335 Antamina West 4270 bench 118 Marble Ca parallel vein:N45W, 82SW cut a cgr, dark gray Trz diss py, 10% scapolite replaced by calcite Mod white fls needle like crystals major and minor elements,
marble. 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA182 273351 8945349 Antamina West 4270 bench 98 Marble St frac, dark gray, cgr marble, trz-0.5% diss py and The N70W, 35NE ca+py vlt system creates a Mod white fls of diss needle like XRD, major and minor
cut by mm ca vlts±calc-silicates: N40W, 82SW; diffusion halo of 1cm wide. crystals elements, δ13C, δ18O
S68W, 30NW
4PAA183 273379 8945365 Antamina West 4270 bench 71 Marble Mod frac, massive, c-mgr white and gray banded Ca vlts perpendicular to bedding: N0°, 70W; Mod white fls of diss needle like PTS, XRD, major and minor
marble, 0.5% diss py. N58W, 78SW, 5v x m. Bedding: N12W, 34NE. crystals elements, δ13C, δ18O

4PAA184 273403 8945382 Antamina West 4270 bench 55 Marble Mod frac, massive, cgr, light gray-white, scapolite 1% diss po, 0.5% py+calc-sil vlts. Margin zone Local wk-mod ORF along uneven δ13C, δ18O
rich marble. between gray and white marble contact. surfaces
4PAA185 273426 8945396 Antamina West 4270 bench 43 Marble Massive, mod frac, white, cgr marble interbedded w/ High density of ca+calc-sil+py+gn±sl vlts: N50E, Local wk-mod ORF on uneven δ13C, δ18O
thin, gray marble layers 40NW; N20E, 34SE; N35E, 54SE; N55W, surfaces
73SW.
4PAA186 273449 8945382 Antamina West Access to the 27 Marble White, mgr marble, 0.5% diss py interbedded w/ Py vlts: N5E, 80NW; N50W, 90; N0, 58W; Local wk-mod ORF on uneven Thick section, SEM, major
crusher thin, cgr, gray marble layers. S85W, 90.Bedding: N10E, 40SE surfaces 13
and minor elements, δ C,
δ18O
4PAA187 273302 8945294 Antamina West Access to the 125 Marble St frac, dark gray, cgr marble, 5% scapolite repl by High density of calc-sil+py±gn vlts: N30W, Mod distribution of white fls points XRD, major and minor
crusher ca, trz diss py. Bedding: N65E, 47NW 45SW; N60E, 44NW; N50W, 90. 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
4PAA188 273297 8945238 Antamina West 4225 bench 145 Marble St frac, banded, gray and white, cgr, scapolite rich Local planar ca vlts. Fract: N28E, 90; N65W, Mod distribution of white fls points major and minor elements,
marble, trz diss py. 75SW 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA189 273297 8945238 Antamina West 4225 bench 145 Marble Duplicate of 4PAA188 sample Mod distribution of white fls points
4PAA190 273177 8945254 Antamina West West flank 247 Marble Laminated, ca+po rich, mgr, light gray - gray marble Crossbedding structure: N30E, 60NW. Bedding: no fluorescence XRD, major and minor
anticline N50W, 36SW elements, δ13C, δ18O
4PAA191 273192 8945290 Antamina West West flank 239 Marble Light gray-white, sacaroid, mgr marble, 1% diss Vlts: N53W, 90; N15E, 90. Sr isotope analysis on no fluorescence PTS, major and minor
anticline po±gn,sl and forming thin layers rock 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O, Sr/Sr
4PAA192 273196 8945284 Antamina West West flank 236 Marble Light gray, fgr marble, 0.5% diss po.Ca vlts: N70W, The N0°, 35W ca+py vein system produce a no fluorescence
anticline 90; N0°, 35W 0.4cm wide bleaching halo.
4PAA193 273171 8945226 Antamina West West flank 248 Marble St frac, wk sil, massive, light to brownish gray, fgr sporadic and mod oxidized ca+py vlts w/ Weak ORF of very thin ca vein
anticline marble; 1% diss po bleaching halos. Fract: N25W, 37SW, 7f x m
4PAA194 273278 8945189 Antamina West 4195 bench 157 Marble Mod frac, gray, cgr, scapolite rich marble w/ 1% Scapolite up to 2cm long, local ca+py vlts with Local bright white fls of elongated major and minor elements,
diss py. Vlts: N10W, 75SW; N50W, 80SW. bleaching halos crystals and fract δ13C, δ18O
4PAA195 274878 8945584 Ridge road 5 Hornfels St frac, light gray hornfels, 0.5% diss py and Local gray patches. Fract: S40E, 75SW; N70E, no fluorescence major and minor elements,
diopside lenses 80SE. Bedding: S80E, 20SW 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA196 274880 8945578 Ridge road 2 Hornfels st frac, light greenish gray hornfels, 5% gt patches, Sample taken 1m south of py+gt±gn vein: N80E, Wk-mod purple red fls of ca vein. PTS, XRD, major and minor
1% diss py and filling fract 75SE Pale cream fls of mtx 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O
4PAA197 274881 8945551 Ridge road 0 Intrusive St silicified, light gray-white felspar porp, aphyric Local ORF of ca vlts and halos PTS
mtx, 3% diss py, stgs and fract. around py patches
4PAA198 874881 8945549 Ridge road 0 Intrusive Duplicate of 4PAA197 sample Local ORF along thin ca vlts.
4PAA199 274882 8945547 Ridge road 0 Intrusive Light gray, st sil intrusive in contact w/ a 30cm A set of qtz vlts run into the hornfels Very strong ORF of mtx and vlts.
fluorite + sulfide rich sil porp dike
4PAA200 274883 8945548 Ridge road 0 Intrusive Upper contact of fluorite rich intrusive w/ light gray Diopside and light brown gt appear as patches Weak-mod ORF of mtx
to tan hornfels. within hornfels.
4PAA201 274881 8945545 Ridge road 0.3 Hornfels Light brown gt skarn in contact w/ diopsidic, green 0.5% diss py appear in both units. Gt skarn is not Local mod ORF diss points major and minor elements,
hornfels porous 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA202 274885 8945541 Ridge road 0.9 Hornfels St frac, light gray to greenish gray hornfels 0.5% diss py Mod ORF of calcite + calc-sil vein major and minor elements,
δ13C, δ18O
4PAA203 274882 8945565 Ridge road 0.6 Hornfels Light gray hornfels, 10% gt patches, trz diss py and Bleaching halos around gt patches. Sample taken Mod ORF of calcite + calc-sil vein PTS, major and minor
545

filling fractures 60 cm below the contact w/ dike. elements, δ13C, δ18O

 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
4PAA204 274659 8946222 Ridge road 0 Skarn Pink brown garnet endoskarn with It crosscuts a very tight light green -pinkish Mod ORF w/ pale yellow halo of last XRD
ca+py±gn±sl±realgar vein (apparent last mineralizingbrown gt skarn and a ca+sl+cp±gn±py system ca vein. St bluish white fls halo
event):S45E, 65SW around py spot
4PAA205 274702 8946148 Ridge road 0 Intrusive St silicified felspar dike w/ brown gt patches and Gt+py stgs: S18E, 62NE; Gt+sl+gn+py±cp vlts: Pale-mod red fls mtx PTS
sulfide +calc-sil stgs. S46E, 63SW and N75E, 90
4PAA206 274719 8946116 Ridge road 5 Hornfels Light gray hornfels, trz diss py, crosscut by calc-sil Greenish brown gt + diopside stgs are crosscut by no - pale white fls of white ca vlts.
and qz+sulfides vlts. Hornfels and dike contact: qz+py+gn+sl±cp vlts
S54E, 80SW
4PAA207 274843 8945930 Ridge road 13 Hornfels Strong fractured light gray hornfels no fluorescence
4PAA208 274844 8945928 Ridge road 16 Hornfels White hornfels, 1% py diss and filling fractures Sample taken 50cm above the contact w/ light pale yellow reflection of mtx major and minor elements,
gray hornfels δ13C, δ18O
4PAA209 274877 8945598 Ridge road 10 Hornfels Light gray to gray hornfels contact Green calc-silicate patches w/ diss py form Mod ORF on local calcite stgs major and minor elements,
bleaching halos δ13C, δ18O
4PAA210 274875 8945600 Ridge road 10.5 Hornfels Laminated, mgr, light gray hornfels, 1% py in layers Local qz-py vlts and 1% gt patches no fluorescence

4PAA211 274873 8945603 Ridge road 11.5 Hornfels Greenish white hornfels showing transitional contact Gt±sl±py patches form the calc-sil rich hornfels no fluorescence major and minor elements
with gray hornfels
4PAA212 274871 8945609 Ridge road 13 Hornfels St frac, greenish gray hornfels, abundant diss py Sample taken 1.5m below contact w/ light gray Local mod ORF along ca veins. major and minor elements,
hornfels 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA213 274901 8945455 Ridge road 0.3 Hornfels St frac, brownish gray, fgr, hornfels, 1% diss py, 1% Sample taken 30cm below the contact w/ Q-F no fluorescence PTS and XRD
calc-sil vlts and patches porp dike
4PAA214 274901 8945454 Ridge road 0.1 Hornfels Greenish gray hornfels. Contact between Q-F porp 1% diss py and gn±sl vein appear along the Mod-st purple red fls on the
dike and calc-sil rich hornfels contact: S73E, 38SW porphyry
4PAA215 274898 8945450 Ridge road 1.5 Hornfels Brownish -greenish gray, fgr hornfels. Calc-sil+py vlts and 0.5% diss py no fluorescence XRD
4PAA216 274888 8954438 Ridge road 0 Intrusive Greenish gray, mgr, QF porp dike (plg>ort), 3% bio, Py+chl±epd planar vlts, local chl+py xenoliths, Purple red fls mtx PTS
0.5% chlz hornbl. 10% qz, 3%diss py, trz cp.
4PAA217 274306 8945285 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Skarn Brownish red garnet skarn crosscut by qtz±py±cp High distribution of vlts in the skarn, 5% py in Local pale ORF along margins of a XRD
vlt. patches and diss, 2% sph ca vein
4PAA218 274325 8945313 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Skarn Green, fgr garnet skarn crosscut by 1cm wide qz 2% sl, 1% gn, 5% py diss and filling fractures. PTS
vein: S60E, 80SW Apparent endoskarn
4PAA219 274345 8945342 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Skarn Light brown, f-mgr garnet skarn (endoskarn) with Four cm wide, porous qz+sl+gn±cp vein. Isotope Strong ORF of ca + sulfides vein. PTS, XRD, δ 18O
3% py within gt patches: S82E, 80SW. Fractures: sample: qtz veins Local bluish white fls points on ca
N60°, 73°SE voids
4PAA220 274418 8945477 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Intrusive St frac, mod ser, cgr QF porp. Mod density Py vlts: S40E, 72SW, 10v x m, up to 5cm wide. no-pale red fls mtx. Local st bluish
qz+cp+mb vlts white spots on carb? around pink gt?

4PAA221 274432 8945502 Oscarina dike. 4253 Bench 0 Intrusive St frac, mod-st ser, cgr Q-F porp w/ 1% bio, 5% py. High density of qz+mb+cp vlts (S32E, 55SW), up Purplish red fls of argillized mtx δ18O
to 1cm wide, 12v x m. Isotope sample A: qtz
grains
4PAA221B 274432 8945502 Oscarina dike. 0 Vein Isotope sample B: quartz vein chips δ18O

4PAA222 273896 8946524 Fortuna East T14 117 Limestone Mod frac, fgr, brownish gray marly lms, 1% diss py. Pencil texture. Mm ca stgs: N38E, 80NW; no fluorescence
N47W, 63NE. Bedding: N133, 34NE
4PAA223 273911 8946528 Fortuna East T14 132 Limestone Wk frac, gray, fgr, massive lms, 1% diss py Local wk ORF on fractures major and minor elements
4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East T13 144 Limestone Mod rxl and frac, gray, mgr lms w/ trz-0.5% diss py, Lateral projection of 223 sample.Thin ca vlts: no fluorescence major and minor elements,
mod dist ca vlts N18W, 85SW 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA225 273565 8946042 Fortuna East T13 174 Limestone Mod rxl and sil, gray, fgr lms, trz py, 3% gray ca Local pale yellow white fls on earthy
stgs ca vein
4PAA226 273330 8945450 Antamina West 147 Marble Light gray, cgr, laminated marble, 10% ca repl Local mm ca vlts, disgregable: N307, 77SW Local bright yellow white on earthy major and minor elements,
scapolite fractures. 13 18
δ C, δ O
4PAA227 273438 8945564 Antamina West 74 Marble Mod sil, light gray, mgr marble, 1% diss py and Other sulfide vlts: N80W, 40NE; N43W, 83SW; Local wk ORF along fractures
crosscut by ca±py±sl vlts N25E, 60NW. Sample taken between 2 gt layers.
546
 Appendix B1: Sample location and description from Antamina
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Transect or Distance Lithology Macroscopic description Aditional observations Fluorescence Analytical examinations
depth from dike
4PAA228 273458 8945768 Fortuna 230 Hornfels Light gray, fgr hornfels w/ 2% diss py and crosscut Vlts: N38W, 90 mod-st ORF along orange brown Thick section, SEM, major
by qz±py±cp vlts carb vlts and minor elements, δ13C,
δ18O
4PAA229 273461 8945912 Fortuna 340 Hornfels St frac, gray hornfels, 0.5% diss py.Bedding: N18E, Fract: N25E, 62SE; N35W, 62SW. Sample taken Local pale yellow white fls on earthy
33NW 2m from the dike hanging wall and wheatered surfaces
4PAA230 273819 8946100 Quarry Bench 0 Intrusive Mod weath, light gray, cgr Q-F porp dike, 2% bio, Local xenoliths of brown gray pyritized hornfels. Mod-st purplish red fls of mtx PTS, Ar/Ar, δ 18O
1% diss py, 15% qz eyes. Isotope sample: qtz grains
4PAA231 273918 8945984 Quarry Bench T2 0 Intrusive St sil, light gray, bio Q-F porp. Patch light brown Sample taken close to a dark green and brown Wk-mod red fls of feldspars. St PTS, Ar/Ar
gt+py stgs and qz+fluorite±cp±mb vlts calc-sil veins: N23W, 62SW white fls along fractures
4PAA232 275211 8945132 Truck shop 0 Intrusive Light gray-white, mod argz and frac, felspar porp 2% bio alter ser, trz hornb, patinas goe>jar PTS
dike replacing py.Py vlts: N10E, 33NW
4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone St fract, brownish gray, fgr, marly lms. Bedding: Local ca vlts: S8W, 85SE; S30E, 47SW; jar-hem no fluorescence major and minor elements,
S30E, 33SW in fract. δ13C, δ18O, Sr/Sr
4PAA234 275311 8941454 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone Mod silicified, fgr, brown marble grading to thin Local mm, orange brown ca vlts perpendicular to Mod white fls of vlts and crystals
brown hornfels layers bedding: S22E, 34SW
4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone Fgr, brown marble w/ local dark green calc-sil White calc-sil vlts: N227, 75NW w/ local goe-jar no fluorescence major and minor elements,
patches. Bedding: N42W, 58SW stains 13 18
δ C, δ O, Sr/Sr
4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone Fgr, brown marble w/ very fine planar ca vlts, trz jar-Ca vlts: S70W, 40NW. Bedding: S42E, 54SW Mod white fls of crystals XRD, major and minor
goe 13 18
elements, δ C, δ O, Sr/Sr
4PAA237 275355 8941160 Yanacancha Jumasha ? Limestone Fgr, brown marble w/ 3% white ca+goe+jar in fract. Calcite vlts: S70W, 40NW perpendicular to no-very weak ORF of a ca vein
bedding. Approximate location
4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone Mod fract, brownish gray, fgr marly lms w/ pencil Trz jar, trz ca vlts: S40W, 67SE. Bedding: no fluorescence PTS, XRD, SEM, major and
texture N18W, 76SW 13 18
minor elements, δ C, δ O,
Sr/Sr
4PAA239 275794 8942094 Yanacancha Celendin ? Limestone St frac, brownish gray, fgr, marly lms w/ pencil Oxidized fractures: N5W, 82SW; N35W, 53NE; no fluorescence
texture N28W, 78SW. Bedding: N40W, 28SW
547
 40
Appendix B2: Ar/39Ar and U-Pb Geochronology: analytical techniques
and data interpretation
Appendix B2 – 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb Geochronology: analytical techniques
and data interpretation
40
Ar/39Ar incremental heating geochronology
Each sample was crushed and sieved to obtain fragments ranging in the size range
from 0.25 to 1.0 mm. Magnetite and metallic crusher fragments were removed with a hand
magnet. The sieved fractions were washed in deionized water and then air-dried at room
temperature.

Mineral separates of biotite and hornblende were hand-picked using a binocular

microscope, wrapped in aluminum foil and stacked in an irradiation capsule with similar-
aged samples, neutron flux monitors (Fish Canyon Tuff sanidine, 28.03 Ma (Renne et al.,
1998) and Alder Creek sanidine, 1.93 Ma (Nomade et al., 2005)), optical grade CaF2 and
potassium glass.
The samples were irradiated with cadmium shielding on May 31, 2005 at the
McMaster Nuclear Reactor in Hamilton, Ontario, for 20 MWH, with a neutron flux of
approximately 3x1016neutrons/cm2. Total fusion analyses (n=68) of 21 neutron flux
monitor positions produced errors of <0.5% in the J value. The samples were analyzed on
June 19 and 20, 2005, at the Noble Gas Laboratory, Pacific Centre for Isotopic and
Geochemical Research (PCIGR), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
The mineral separates were step-heated at incrementally higher powers in the defocused
beam of a 10W CO2 laser (New Wave Research MIR10) until fused. The gas evolved from
each step was analyzed by a VG5400 mass spectrometer equipped with an ion-counting
electron multiplier. All measurements were corrected for total system blank, mass
spectrometer sensitivity, mass discrimination, radioactive decay during and subsequent to
irradiation, as well as interfering Ar from atmospheric contamination and the irradiation of
Ca, Cl and K (Isotope correction ratios: (36Ar/37Ar)Ca=3.60 x 10-4, (38Ar/37Ar)Ca=2.52 x
10-4, (39Ar/37Ar)Ca=3.71 x 10-4, (36Ar/38Ar)Cl=1.51 x 102, (37Ar/39Ar)K=1.44 x 10-4,
(38Ar/39Ar)K=1.22 x 10-2, (40Ar/39Ar)K= 4.69 x 10-2).
The plateau and correlation ages were calculated using Isoplot ver.3.09 (Ludwig,
2003). Errors are quoted at the 2-sigma (95% confidence) level and are propagated from all
sources except mass spectrometer sensitivity and age of the flux monitor. The best
statistically-justified plateau and plateau age were picked based on the following criteria:

549
 1. Three or more contiguous steps comprising more than 50% of the 39Ar;
2. Probability of fit of the weighted mean age greater than 5%;
3. Slope of the error-weighted line through the plateau ages equals zero at 5%
confidence;
4. Ages of the two outermost steps on a plateau are not significantly different from the
weighted-mean plateau age (at 1.8σ, six or more steps only);
5. Outermost two steps on either side of a plateau must not have nonzero slopes with
the same sign (at 1.8σ, nine or more steps only)

ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon analysis

All sample preparation, geochemical separations and mass spectrometry were done
at the Pacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical Research in the Department of Earth and
Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia. Zircon and other accessory phases were
separated from samples using conventional crushing, grinding, and Wilfley table
techniques, followed by final concentration using heavy liquids and magnetic separations.
Mineral fractions for analysis were selected based on grain quality, size, magnetic
susceptibility and morphology. All zircon fractions were air abraded prior to dissolution to
minimize the effects of post-crystallization Pb-loss, using the technique of Krogh (1982).
Samples were dissolved in concentrated HF and HNO3 in the presence of a mixed 233-235U-
205
Pb tracer for 40 hours at 240 C in PTFE or PFA microcapsules contained in high
pressure vessels (Parr™ bombs). Sample solutions were then dried to salts at ~125°C,
rebombed and redissolved in 3.1N HCl for 12 hours at 210°C. Separation and purification
of Pb and U employed ion exchange column techniques modified slightly from those
described by Parrish et al. (1987). Pb and U were sequentially eluted into a single beaker
and loaded together on a single zone refined Re filament using a phosphoric acid-silica gel
(SiCl4) emitter. Isotopic ratios were measured using a modified single collector VG-54R
thermal ionization mass spectrometer equipped with an analogue Daly photomultiplier.
Measurements were done in peak-switching mode on the Daly detector. U and Pb
analytical blanks were in the range of <1 pg and 5 pg, respectively, during the course of this
study. U fractionation was determined directly on individual runs using the 233-235U tracer,
and Pb isotopic ratios were corrected for fractionation of 0.32%/amu, based on replicate

550
analyses of the NBS981 Pb reference material and the values recommended by Thirlwall
(2000). All analytical errors were numerically propagated through the entire age
calculation using the technique of Roddick (1987). Standard concordia diagrams were
constructed and regression intercepts concordia ages and weighted means calculated with
Isoplot 3.00 (Ludwig, 2003). Unless otherwise noted, all errors are quoted at the 2σ level.

551
Appendix B3: 40Ar/39Ar analytical data for biotite and hornblende
 Appendix B3: 4PAA125 Biotite First run
Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-125 Biotite
Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho
0.15 -4.77 12.25 0.15 0.035925 0.000456 0.003444 0.000154 0.036
0.88 5.24 3.97 0.73 0.092033 0.000486 0.003216 0.000128 0.008 Laser Isotope Ratios
3.16 8.91 1.23 2.28 0.219472 0.001888 0.0027 0.000094 0.031 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age
9.56 10.29 0.34 6.4 0.441575 0.005034 0.001794 0.000046 0.194
20.06 10.75 0.23 10.5 0.61746 0.005775 0.001061 0.000042 0.087 2 29.201±0.012 0.132±0.088 0.115±0.074 0.116±0.038 0.677 0.021 101.66 0.15 -0.492±1.264 -4.77±12.25
33.9 10.91 0.25 13.84 0.498426 0.002287 0.00148 0.000042 0.016 2.3 11.187 0.005 0.092 0.032 0.218 0.029 0.039 0.036 1.557 0.016 94.74 0.73 0.543 0.412 5.24 3.97
56.05 10.99 0.13 22.15 0.659282 0.003574 0.000846 0.000025 0.037 2.6 4.683 0.009 0.090 0.026 0.156 0.023 0.014 0.032 1.124 0.017 79.19 2.28 0.924 0.128 8.91 1.23
71.99 10.92 0.13 15.94 0.709678 0.004536 0.00067 0.000026 0.064 2.9 2.331 0.011 0.093 0.020 0.030 0.036 0.005 0.023 0.216 0.018 52.18 6.4 1.067 0.035 10.29 0.34
85.2 10.96 0.14 13.21 0.675907 0.003078 0.00079 0.00003 0.016 3.2 1.672 0.009 0.095 0.015 0.008 0.036 0.002 0.034 0.057 0.019 30.58 10.5 1.115 0.023 10.75 0.23
100.02 10.98 0.15 14.82 0.72139 0.003199 0.00061 0.000034 0.006 3.5 2.054 0.005 0.096 0.011 0.005 0.044 0.003 0.027 0.037 0.019 42.93 13.84 1.132 0.026 10.91 0.25
3.8 1.558 0.005 0.096 0.011 0.007 0.035 0.001 0.027 0.047 0.019 24.3 22.15 1.141 0.013 10.99 0.13
Plateau age results: 4.1 1.454 0.006 0.099 0.011 0.010 0.018 0.001 0.032 0.069 0.02 19.15 15.94 1.133 0.013 10.92 0.13
100
4.4 1.528 0.004 0.098 0.009 0.011 0.025 0.001 0.032 0.077 0.019 22.65 13.21 1.138 0.015 10.96 0.14
Age = 10.942±0.084 Ma 4.8 1.432 0.004 0.097 0.010 0.012 0.025 0.001 0.045 0.086 0.019 17.41 14.82 1.140 0.015 10.98 0.15

(2σ, including J-error of .5%)

Total/Average 1.808±0.001 0.096±0.002 0.059±0.002 0.002±0.006 0.019 100 1.135±0.004
MSWD = 0.77, probability = 0.57
%40 Atmos
10

90.5% of the 39Ar, steps 5 through 10

J= 0.005358±0.000006

1
Inverse isochron (correlation age) results, plateau steps: Volume 39ArK = 1700.77

Integrated Date = 10.78±0.08

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 6 points
Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT
Age = 10.97±0.17 Ma 0.1
Cl/K

Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998)

40/36 intercept: 291±12
Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004,
MSWD = 0.94, Probability = 0.44 Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK).
(at J=.005358±.5% 2σ)
0.01

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 6 points

Age = 10.967 +0.164 -0.174 (MonteCarlo)
Ca/K

40/36 intercept: 291.1 +11.5 -12.4

0.001
MSWD = 0.94, Probability = 0.44
0.0 1.0
(at J=.005358±.5% 2σ) Fraction 39Ar
553
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-
125 Biotite, first run
Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ

20

16
Age (Ma)

12

Plateau age = 10.942±0.084 Ma

4 (2σ, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 0.77, probability=0.57
Includes 90.5% of the 39Ar

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Cumulative 39Ar Percent

554
 Appendix B3:4PAA-125
Biotite, first run
data-point error ellipses are 2σ

0.0017

Age = 10.97±0.17 Ma
0.0015 Initial 40Ar/36Ar =291±12
MSWD = 0.94
0.0013

36 0.0011
Ar
40
Ar 0.0009

0.0007

0.0005

0.0003
0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75

39
Ar/40Ar
555
 Appendix B3: 4PAA125 Biotite 2nd run
Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-125 Biotite
Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho
0.13 13.64 11.34 0.13 0.035916 0.000758 0.003213 0.000142 0.235
0.53 8.56 4.08 0.4 0.124333 0.001755 0.003012 0.000177 0.099 Laser Isotope Ratios
3.09 9.34 1.15 2.56 0.262517 0.002478 0.002527 0.000104 0.095 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age
9.85 10.46 0.39 6.76 0.47038 0.005389 0.001663 0.000057 0.162
22.22 10.86 0.27 12.37 0.52273 0.004953 0.001397 0.000044 0.125 2 34.323±0.018 0.155±0.096 0.163±0.061 0.133±0.031 0.78 0.025 94.81 0.13 1.416±1.182 13.64±11.34
42.17 11.03 0.12 19.95 0.74525 0.004406 0.000506 0.000025 0.035 2.3 10.512 0.012 0.091 0.058 0.143 0.026 0.040 0.036 0.924 0.015 88.63 0.4 0.888 0.424 8.56 4.08
61.73 11.05 0.16 19.56 0.795145 0.005004 0.00031 0.000038 0.01 2.7 4.233 0.009 0.090 0.018 0.152 0.021 0.012 0.033 1.129 0.017 73.99 2.56 0.968 0.119 9.34 1.15
83.78 11 0.09 22.05 0.805375 0.004101 0.000284 0.000019 0.009 3.1 2.308 0.011 0.096 0.016 0.060 0.024 0.005 0.027 0.441 0.019 48.29 6.76 1.085 0.040 10.46 0.39
100 11.12 0.12 16.22 0.805325 0.005459 0.00025 0.000027 0.01 3.5 2.027 0.009 0.096 0.014 0.014 0.044 0.003 0.027 0.097 0.019 40.45 12.37 1.127 0.029 10.86 0.27
3.9 1.424 0.006 0.098 0.012 0.005 0.052 0.001 0.034 0.038 0.019 14.35 19.95 1.145 0.012 11.03 0.12
Plateau age results: 4.3 1.341 0.006 0.099 0.010 0.007 0.034 0.001 0.067 0.046 0.02 8.65 19.56 1.146 0.016 11.05 0.16
100
4.7 1.319 0.005 0.099 0.010 0.008 0.022 0.001 0.036 0.057 0.02 7.9 22.05 1.141 0.009 11.00 0.09
Age = 11.033±0.079 Ma 5.2 1.336 0.007 0.099 0.013 0.007 0.032 0.001 0.047 0.052 0.02 6.92 16.22 1.154 0.013 11.12 0.12

(2σ, including J-error of .5%)

Total/Average 1.566±0.001 0.098±0.002 0.062±0.002 0.001±0.008 0.019 100 1.143±0.004
MSWD = 1.08, probability = 0.36
%40 Atmos
10

90.2% of the 39Ar, steps 5 through 9

J= 0.005358±0.000006

1
Inverse isochron (correlation age) results, plateau steps: Volume 39ArK = 1677.88

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 5 points Integrated Date = 10.93±0.08

Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT
Age = 11.034±0.097 Ma 0.1
Cl/K

Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998)

40/36 intercept: 288±12
Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004,
MSWD = 0.88, Probability = 0.45
Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK).
(at J=.005358±.5% 2σ) 0.01

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 5 points

Ca/K

Age = 11.0339 +0.0918 -0.0945 (MonteCarlo)

40/36 intercept: 287.7 +10.5 -11.4 0.001

MSWD = 0.88, Probability = 0.45 0.0 1.0

(at J=.005358±.5% 2σ) Fraction 39Ar

556
 Appendix B3:
4PAA-125 Biotite,
2nd run Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ
24

20

16
Age (Ma)

12

Plateau age = 11.033±0.079 Ma

(2σ, including J-error of .5%)
4
MSWD = 1.08, probability=0.36
Includes 90.2% of the 39Ar

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Cumulative 39Ar Percent

557
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-
125 Biotite, 2nd run
data-point error ellipses are 2σ

0.0016

Age = 11.034±0.097 Ma
0.0012 Initial 40Ar/36Ar =288±12
MSWD = 0.88

36
Ar
40 0.0008
Ar

0.0004

0.0000
0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85

39
Ar/40Ar
558
 Appendix B3: 4PAA127 Hornblende
Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-127 Hornblende
Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho
0.24 25.64 25.63 0.24 0.011647 0.000231 0.003281 0.000111 0.124
2.12 10.86 4.34 1.88 0.073551 0.000464 0.003107 0.000112 0.005 Laser Isotope Ratios
6.64 9.77 1.39 4.52 0.128918 0.000585 0.002945 0.000062 0.017 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age
13.26 10.55 1.24 6.62 0.263018 0.001404 0.002414 0.000114 0.014
21.85 10.98 1.02 8.59 0.235402 0.001045 0.002482 0.000084 0.013 2 88.053±0.018 1.623±0.027 0.344±0.093 0.322±0.033 2.153 0.357 96.86 0.24 2.671±2.688 25.64±25.63
37.37 10.55 0.74 15.52 0.294915 0.002854 0.002306 0.000075 0.121 2.3 14.008 0.006 0.392 0.026 0.184 0.026 0.048 0.032 1.281 0.085 91.51 1.88 1.127 0.452 10.86 4.34
62.41 10.98 0.52 25.04 0.352516 0.00343 0.002045 0.000063 0.118 2.6 7.951 0.004 0.198 0.015 0.206 0.025 0.025 0.020 1.463 0.041 86.6 4.52 1.013 0.145 9.77 1.39
85.22 10.87 0.49 22.81 0.418156 0.004334 0.001807 0.000069 0.125 2.9 3.945 0.005 0.108 0.021 0.161 0.026 0.011 0.040 1.148 0.021 70.66 6.62 1.094 0.129 10.55 1.24
99.99 10.98 0.48 14.77 0.457854 0.004341 0.001639 0.000077 0.079 3.2 4.364 0.004 0.191 0.014 0.322 0.016 0.012 0.030 2.33 0.04 72.67 8.59 1.139 0.106 10.98 1.02
3.6 3.465 0.010 0.364 0.014 0.762 0.016 0.009 0.028 5.541 0.08 67.12 15.52 1.095 0.077 10.55 0.74
Plateau age results: 4 2.890 0.010 0.411 0.014 1.145 0.015 0.007 0.024 8.341 0.091 59.22 25.04 1.139 0.054 10.98 0.52
100
4.5 2.449 0.010 0.334 0.014 1.092 0.015 0.006 0.027 7.96 0.074 52.18 22.81 1.128 0.051 10.87 0.49
Age = 10.85±0.25 Ma 5 2.259 0.009 0.329 0.013 1.146 0.016 0.006 0.030 8.356 0.072 47.19 14.77 1.139 0.050 10.98 0.48

(2σ, including J-error of .5%)

Total/Average 3.554±0.002 0.328±0.003 3.471±0.002 0.009±0.005 0.096 100 1.121±0.015
MSWD = 0.66, probability = 0.73
%40 Atmos
10

99.99% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 9

J= 0.005360±0.000006

1
Inverse isochron (correlation age) results, plateau steps: Volume 39ArK = 496

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 9 points Integrated Date = 10.84±0.29

Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT
Age = 10.81±0.40 Ma 0.1
Cl/K

Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998)

40/36 intercept: 294.0±5.1
Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004,
MSWD = 0.63, Probability = 0.73
Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK).
(at J=.00536±.5% 2σ)
0.01

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 9 points

Ca/K

Age = 10.807 +0.400 -0.430 (MonteCarlo)

40/36 intercept: 294.05 +5.41 -4.89 0.001
MSWD = 0.63, Probability = 0.73 0.0 1.0

(at J=.00536±.5% 2σ) Fraction 39Ar

High-T plateau results:

Age = 10.90±0.26 Ma
(2σ, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 0.28, probability = 0.89
86.7% of the 39Ar, steps 5 through 9
559
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-127
Hornblende
Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ

20

16
Age (Ma)

12

Plateau age = 10.85±0.25 Ma

4 (2σ, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 0.66, probability=0.73
Includes 99.99% of the 39Ar

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Cumulative 39Ar Percent

560
 Appendix B3:
4PAA-127
Hornblende, High- Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ
T plateau

20

16
Age (Ma)

12

Plateau age = 10.90±0.26 Ma

4 (2σ, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 0.28, probability=0.89
Includes 86.7% of the 39Ar

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Cumulative 39Ar Percent

561
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-127
Hornblende
data-point error ellipses are 2σ
0.0038

0.0034 Age = 10.81±0.40 Ma

Initial 40Ar/36Ar =294.0±5.1
MSWD = 0.63
0.0030

0.0026
36
Ar
40 0.0022
Ar
0.0018

0.0014

0.0010
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

39
Ar/40Ar
562
 Appendix B3: 4PAA230 Biotite first run
Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-230 Biotite
Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho
0.16 6.87 12.81 0.16 0.038205 0.000366 0.003292 0.000172 0.027
0.8 8.35 7.17 0.64 0.05494 0.000384 0.003223 0.000139 0.017 Laser Isotope Ratios
3 10.55 1.53 2.2 0.176669 0.001306 0.00273 9.40E-05 0.043 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age
6.59 11.19 0.95 3.59 0.337698 0.003994 0.002059 0.000111 0.096
12.1 10.59 0.47 5.51 0.48717 0.005278 0.001578 7.60E-05 0.086 2 27.499±0.009 0.064±0.100 0.139±0.052 0.109±0.042 0.694 0.007 97.17 0.16 0.712±1.329 6.87±12.81
20.58 10.87 0.24 8.48 0.627752 0.008245 0.000995 3.70E-05 0.16 2.3 18.572 0.007 0.043 0.046 0.536 0.031 0.065 0.039 3.756 0.004 95.09 0.64 0.866 0.745 8.35 7.17
35.97 10.98 0.16 15.39 0.714357 0.00659 0.000638 3.00E-05 0.078 2.6 5.805 0.007 0.046 0.023 0.097 0.021 0.017 0.031 0.668 0.007 80.24 2.2 1.094 0.159 10.55 1.53
47.6 11.03 0.19 11.63 0.750561 0.007693 0.000486 3.90E-05 0.049 2.9 3.063 0.012 0.053 0.024 0.046 0.032 0.007 0.046 0.311 0.009 60.19 3.59 1.161 0.099 11.19 0.95
59.7 10.93 0.16 12.1 0.761981 0.008045 0.000469 2.70E-05 0.078 3.2 2.130 0.011 0.061 0.026 0.045 0.025 0.004 0.040 0.309 0.011 45.85 5.51 1.098 0.049 10.59 0.47
75.14 11.06 0.23 15.44 0.763836 0.008912 0.000425 5.10E-05 0.028 3.5 1.654 0.013 0.068 0.020 0.042 0.028 0.002 0.029 0.288 0.012 28.71 8.48 1.127 0.025 10.87 0.24
99.99 10.86 0.13 24.85 0.755361 0.003847 0.000511 3.00E-05 0.017 3.8 1.448 0.009 0.072 0.014 0.017 0.023 0.001 0.037 0.119 0.013 18.28 15.39 1.138 0.017 10.98 0.16
4.1 1.385 0.010 0.076 0.015 0.013 0.029 0.001 0.053 0.088 0.014 13.85 11.63 1.144 0.020 11.03 0.19
Plateau age results: 4.5 1.364 0.010 0.078 0.018 0.014 0.025 0.001 0.038 0.094 0.015 13.35 12.1 1.133 0.017 10.93 0.16
100
5 1.357 0.011 0.079 0.015 0.013 0.030 0.001 0.082 0.089 0.015 12.07 15.44 1.147 0.024 11.06 0.23
Age = 10.932±0.088 Ma 6 1.366 0.005 0.073 0.011 0.017 0.019 0.001 0.047 0.119 0.014 14.58 24.85 1.126 0.013 10.86 0.13

(2σ, including J-error of .5%)

Total/Average 1.729±0.002 0.072±0.003 0.096±0.002 0.002±0.008 0.011 100 1.134±0.005
MSWD = 0.77, probability = 0.65
%40 Atmos
10

99.99% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 11

J= 0.005361±0.000006

1
Inverse isochron (correlation age) results: Volume 39ArK = 1742.95

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 11 points Integrated Date = 10.91±0.10

Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT
Age = 10.94±0.10 Ma 0.1
Cl/K

Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998)

40/36 intercept: 291.7±6.1
Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004,
MSWD = 0.69, Probability = 0.72
Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK).
(at J=.005361±.5% 2σ)
0.01

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 11 points

Ca/K

Age = 10.9384 +0.0998 -0.0988 (MonteCarlo)

40/36 intercept: 291.65 +5.74 -6.31 0.001
MSWD = 0.69, Probability = 0.72 0.0 1.0

(at J=.005361±.5% 2σ) Fraction 39Ar

563
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-
230 Biotite, first run
Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ

20

16
Age (Ma)

12

Plateau age = 10.932±0.088 Ma

4 (2σ, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 0.77, probability=0.65
Includes 99.99% of the 39Ar

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Cumulative 39Ar Percent

564
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-
230 Biotite, first run
data-point error ellipses are 2σ

0.004

0.003 Age = 10.94±0.10 Ma

Initial 40Ar/36Ar =291.7±6.1
MSWD = 0.69
36
Ar
40 0.002
Ar

0.001

0.000
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

39
Ar/40Ar
565
 Appendix B3: 4PAA230 Biotite 2nd run
Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-230 Biotite
Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho
0.24 9.8 10.92 0.24 0.040473 0.000353 0.003245 0.000155 0.038
1.32 9.39 3.55 1.08 0.065853 0.000351 0.003167 8.20E-05 0.023 Laser Isotope Ratios
4.19 10.9 1.79 2.87 0.10869 0.001224 0.002969 6.70E-05 0.173 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age
11.17 10.57 0.79 6.98 0.303432 0.004473 0.00226 7.80E-05 0.211
19.29 10.58 0.46 8.12 0.425445 0.006116 0.001807 6.00E-05 0.225 2 25.845±0.009 0.059±0.117 0.058±0.136 0.099±0.039 0.156 0.006 95.77 0.24 1.016±1.135 9.80±10.92
29.08 10.7 0.3 9.79 0.580129 0.0079 0.00121 4.70E-05 0.19 2.3 15.489 0.005 0.038 0.038 0.126 0.031 0.053 0.024 0.833 0.003 93.4 1.08 0.974 0.369 9.39 3.55
46.47 10.95 0.2 17.39 0.677647 0.008323 0.000785 3.10E-05 0.152 2.6 9.340 0.011 0.046 0.023 0.126 0.037 0.029 0.022 0.869 0.006 87.43 2.87 1.131 0.186 10.90 1.79
69.18 10.93 0.16 22.71 0.640513 0.005011 0.000932 2.90E-05 0.104 2.9 3.373 0.015 0.050 0.020 0.019 0.022 0.008 0.032 0.128 0.008 66.12 6.98 1.097 0.082 10.57 0.79
87.72 10.94 0.14 18.54 0.767824 0.006995 0.000442 2.50E-05 0.063 3.2 2.421 0.014 0.053 0.023 0.009 0.052 0.005 0.029 0.053 0.009 52.65 8.12 1.097 0.048 10.58 0.46
99.98 10.97 0.23 12.26 0.78278 0.006708 0.000378 5.60E-05 0.023 3.5 1.787 0.013 0.061 0.016 0.009 0.042 0.003 0.031 0.055 0.011 35.02 9.79 1.109 0.031 10.70 0.30
3.8 1.525 0.012 0.071 0.017 0.011 0.031 0.001 0.032 0.071 0.013 22.58 17.39 1.136 0.021 10.95 0.20
Plateau age results: 4.2 1.607 0.008 0.076 0.011 0.013 0.023 0.002 0.027 0.09 0.014 26.86 22.71 1.134 0.017 10.93 0.16
100
4.5 1.351 0.009 0.079 0.015 0.014 0.025 0.001 0.039 0.095 0.015 12.58 18.54 1.135 0.015 10.94 0.14
Age = 10.909±0.098 Ma 6 1.334 0.008 0.080 0.013 0.020 0.019 0.001 0.079 0.138 0.015 10.71 12.26 1.137 0.023 10.97 0.23

(2σ, including J-error of .5%)

Total/Average 2.117±0.002 0.070±0.003 0.066±0.002 0.003±0.006 0.01 100 1.126±0.006
MSWD = 0.69, probability = 0.72
%40 Atmos
10

99.98% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 10

J= 0.005361±0.000006

1
Inverse isochron (correlation age) results: Volume 39ArK = 1400.3

Integrated Date = 10.84±0.13

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 10 points
Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT
Age = 10.92±0.11 Ma 0.1
Cl/K

Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998)

40/36 intercept: 292.4±4.1 Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004,
MSWD = 0.49, Probability = 0.86 Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK).
(at J=.005361±.5% 2σ) 0.01

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 10 points

Ca/K

Age = 10.925 +0.101 -0.110 (MonteCarlo)

40/36 intercept: 292.38 +4.17 -4.20 0.001

MSWD = 0.49, Probability = 0.86 0.0 1.0

(at J=.005361±.5% 2σ) Fraction 39Ar

566
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-
230 Biotite, 2nd run
Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ

20

16
Age (Ma)

12

Plateau age = 10.909±0.098 Ma

4 (2σ, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 0.69, probability=0.72
Includes 99.98% of the 39Ar

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Cumulative 39Ar Percent

567
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-
230 Biotite, 2nd run
data-point error ellipses are 2σ

0.004 Age = 10.92±0.11 Ma

Initial 40Ar/36Ar =292.4±4.1
MSWD = 0.49

0.003

36
Ar
40 0.002
Ar

0.001

0.000
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

39
Ar/40Ar
568
 Appendix B3: 4PAA231 Biotite first run
Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-231 Biotite
Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho
0.06 9.08 24.38 0.06 0.013438 0.000183 0.003342 0.000118 0.095
0.26 8.44 9.88 0.2 0.046226 0.000466 0.003248 0.000161 0.015 Laser Isotope Ratios
2.29 11.24 1.24 2.03 0.220536 0.00147 0.002515 0.000095 0.083 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age
7.55 11.01 0.37 5.26 0.497781 0.002573 0.001463 0.000063 0.027
16.4 10.83 0.25 8.85 0.632391 0.005435 0.000984 0.00005 0.068 2 86.097±0.013 0.423±0.054 0.172±0.138 0.324±0.029 0.452 0.079 98.69 0.06 0.941±2.535 9.08±24.38
36.36 10.86 0.11 19.96 0.753887 0.003713 0.000517 0.000025 0.024 2.3 25.299 0.010 0.133 0.038 0.094 0.116 0.094 0.038 0.453 0.023 95.82 0.2 0.876 1.027 8.44 9.88
56.77 10.79 0.08 20.41 0.809027 0.003653 0.000326 0.000015 0.014 2.7 4.926 0.006 0.079 0.025 0.024 0.040 0.014 0.032 0.162 0.014 73.78 2.03 1.167 0.129 11.24 1.24
75.43 10.86 0.08 18.66 0.82924 0.003603 0.000228 0.000019 0.006 3.1 2.179 0.005 0.079 0.017 0.012 0.045 0.004 0.033 0.081 0.015 42.46 5.26 1.143 0.038 11.01 0.37
100 10.92 0.09 24.57 0.828299 0.003408 0.000216 0.000024 0.001 3.5 1.695 0.008 0.081 0.012 0.011 0.027 0.002 0.038 0.078 0.015 28.36 8.85 1.124 0.026 10.83 0.25
4 1.395 0.005 0.081 0.010 0.015 0.030 0.001 0.036 0.115 0.015 14.72 19.96 1.127 0.012 10.86 0.11
Plateau age results: 4.5 1.303 0.004 0.082 0.010 0.018 0.018 0.001 0.029 0.137 0.016 9.18 20.41 1.120 0.008 10.79 0.08
100
5 1.276 0.004 0.083 0.011 0.023 0.017 0.001 0.041 0.17 0.016 6.34 18.66 1.128 0.009 10.86 0.08
6 1.268 0.004 0.084 0.011 0.023 0.018 0.000 0.060 0.172 0.016 5.97 24.57 1.133 0.010 10.92 0.09
Age = 10.855±0.069 Ma
(2σ, including J-error of .5%) Total/Average 1.495±0.001 0.082±0.002 0.077±0.001 0.001±0.008 0.023 100 1.129±0.003

%40 Atmos
10
MSWD = 0.77, probability = 0.63
100% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 9
J= 0.005357±0.000006

1
Inverse isochron (correlation age) results: Volume 39ArK = 1995.38

Integrated Date = 10.87±0.06

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 9 points
Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT
Age = 10.819±0.073 Ma 0.1
Cl/K

Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998)

40/36 intercept: 296.3±5.8 Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004,
MSWD = 0.92, Probability = 0.49 Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK).
(at J=.005357±.5% 2σ) 0.01

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 9 points

Ca/K

Age = 10.8194 +0.0724 -0.0719 (MonteCarlo)

40/36 intercept: 296.30 +6.14 -5.43 0.001

MSWD = 0.92, Probability = 0.49 0.0 1.0

(at J=.005357±.5% 2σ) Fraction 39Ar

569
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-
231 Biotite, first run
Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ

20

16
Age (Ma)

12

Plateau age = 10.855±0.069 Ma

4 (2σ, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 0.77, probability=0.63
Includes 100% of the 39Ar

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Cumulative 39Ar Percent

570
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-
231 Biotite, first run
data-point error ellipses are 2σ

0.004
Age = 10.819±0.073 Ma
Initial 40Ar/36Ar =296.3±5.8
MSWD = 0.92
0.003

36
Ar
40 0.002
Ar

0.001

0.000
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

39
Ar/40Ar
571
 Appendix B3: 4PAA231 Biotite 2nd run
Isoplot Step-Heat Data Isoplot Inverse Isochron Data 4PAA-231 Biotite
Cum39Ar Age error (2-s) %39Ar 39/40 err (2-s) 36/40 err (2-s) rho
0.04 6.74 24.54 0.04 0.008947 0.000188 0.003363 0.000078 0.047
0.42 12.84 5 0.38 0.055957 0.000349 0.003132 0.000098 0.005 Laser Isotope Ratios
3.54 11.08 0.81 3.12 0.23393 0.001126 0.002475 0.000066 0.013 Power(%) 40Ar/39Ar 38Ar/39Ar 37Ar/39Ar 36Ar/39Ar Ca/K Cl/K %40Ar atm f 39Ar 40Ar*/39ArK Age
11.72 10.94 0.2 8.18 0.51575 0.002257 0.001407 0.000035 0.016
27.03 10.79 0.1 15.31 0.731675 0.0036 0.000617 0.000021 0.03 2.5 121.986 0.020 0.377 0.049 0.140 0.098 0.442 0.028 0.309 0.063 99.35 0.04 0.698 2.549 6.74 24.54
44 10.83 0.08 16.97 0.801336 0.004033 0.000345 0.000015 0.013 3 19.133 0.006 0.113 0.031 0.050 0.057 0.064 0.028 0.296 0.02 92.38 0.38 1.334 0.521 12.84 5.00
64.93 10.83 0.07 20.93 0.825804 0.003635 0.000252 0.000014 0.007 3.5 4.459 0.005 0.075 0.016 0.017 0.048 0.012 0.025 0.119 0.014 72.57 3.12 1.150 0.084 11.08 0.81
99.99 10.85 0.07 35.06 0.840738 0.00455 0.000189 0.000011 0.018 4 2.028 0.004 0.077 0.012 0.011 0.025 0.003 0.022 0.078 0.014 40.79 8.18 1.136 0.021 10.94 0.20
4.5 1.429 0.005 0.079 0.010 0.016 0.021 0.001 0.027 0.118 0.015 17.64 15.31 1.120 0.010 10.79 0.10
Plateau age results: 5 1.307 0.005 0.080 0.010 0.017 0.019 0.001 0.029 0.131 0.015 9.73 16.97 1.124 0.008 10.83 0.08
6 1.265 0.004 0.080 0.011 0.017 0.018 0.000 0.036 0.13 0.015 7.03 20.93 1.124 0.007 10.83 0.07
100
Age = 10.835±0.066 Ma 7 1.234 0.005 0.082 0.010 0.023 0.016 0.000 0.040 0.176 0.016 5.2 35.06 1.126 0.007 10.85 0.07

(2σ, including J-error of .5%)

Total/Average 1.532±0.001 0.080±0.003 0.077±0.002 0.001±0.006 0.022 100 1.126± 0.003
MSWD = 0.46, probability = 0.86

%40 Atmos
99.99% of the 39Ar, steps 1 through 8 10

J= 0.005357±0.000006

Inverse isochron (correlation age) results: 1

Volume 39ArK = 3104.91

Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 8 points Integrated Date = 10.85±0.06

Volumes are 1E-13 cm3 NPT
Age = 10.798±0.068 Ma
Neutron flux monitors: 28.02 Ma FCs (Renne et al., 1998)
40/36 intercept: 297.1±3.9 0.1
Cl/K

Isotope production ratios: (40Ar/39Ar)K=0.0302±0.00006, (37Ar/39Ar)Ca=1416.4±0.5, (36Ar/39Ar)Ca=0.3952±0.0004,

MSWD = 0.43, Probability = 0.86
Ca/K=1.83±0.01(37ArCa/39ArK).
(at J=.005357±.5% 2σ)
0.01
Model 1 Solution (±95%-conf.) on 8 points
Age = 10.7976 +0.0670 -0.0672 (MonteCarlo)
Ca/K

40/36 intercept: 297.13 +4.24 -3.49

MSWD = 0.43, Probability = 0.86 0.001

(at J=.005357±.5% 2σ) 0.0 1.0

Fraction 39Ar
572
 Appendix B3:4PAA-
231 Biotite, 2nd run
Plateau steps are filled, rejected steps are open box heights are 2σ

20

16
Age (Ma)

12

8
Plateau age = 10.835±0.066 Ma
(2σ, including J-error of .5%)
MSWD = 0.46, probability=0.86
4 Includes 99.99% of the 39Ar

0
0 20 40 60 80 100

Cumulative 39Ar Percent

573
 Appendix B3: 4PAA-
231 Biotite, 2nd run
data-point error ellipses are 2σ

0.004 Age = 10.798±0.068 Ma

Initial 40Ar/36Ar =297.1±3.9
MSWD = 0.43

0.003

36
Ar
40 0.002
Ar

0.001

0.000
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

39
Ar/40Ar
574
Appendix B4.1: Mineral content of limestone determined by optical
mineralogy, PIMA, XRD and SEM

575
Appendix B4.1: Mineralogical content of limestone determined by optical mineralogy,
PIMA, XRD and SEM

Proximal Quarry Bench 3PAA117 calcite, plagioclase, mica, clinochlore, rutile, 0.5% diss pyrite
T-13 3PAA251 calcite, siderite, kutnahorite(?)
calcite > quartz > albite > k-spar > chlorite > Ca-plg > pyrrhotite,
3PAA257 trz augite, biotite, titanite, apatite
3PAA258 calcite, kutnahorite (?)
T-12 1% diss pyrite
T-11 0.5 - 1% diss pyrite
Distal T-14 0.5 - 1% diss pyrite
4PAA119 calcarenite
4PAA121 calcite, quartz, plagioclase, mica, clinochlore, pyrite

Proximal T-3 3PAA140 calcite, halloysite, illite, traces - 0.5% pyrite

T-4 calcite > siderite, traces pyrite

NE Antamina Calcite, anhydrite, illite, kutnahorite, muscovite, ankerite, siderite

Fortuna T-5 3PAA178 aragonite

3PAA183 calcite, quartz, mica, talc, ankerite, pyrite
3PAA188 calcite, quartz, mica, clinochlore, pyrite
3PAA184 calcite, aragonite

4PAA164 calcite, quartz, plagioclase, clinochlore, ankerite, pyrite, beidellite

4PAA165 calcite, quartz, mica, clinochlore, ankerite
4PAA131 gray marly limestone, 1-2% pyrite
4PAA133 gray marly limestone, 1-2% pyrite

NW Fortuna Brownish gray limestone

T-18 Moderately silicified limestone, 0.5% diss pyrrhotite
T-6 Gray limestone, dolomite patches, 0.5% diss py
4PAA179 Moderately silicified limestone, 0.5% diss pyrrhotite
4PAA180 Moderately silicified limestone, 0.5% diss pyrrhotite

Truck shop Gray marly limestone, traces diss pyrite

Yanacancha Jumasha Brown limestone, local calc-silicate veinlets

4PAA236 calcite, quartz
Celendin Brownish gray, marly limestone, 1% diss pyrite
4PAA238 calcite, quartz, plagioclase, mica, illite, clinochlore, pyrite
calcite, quartz, plagioclase, albite, k-spar, chlorite, pyrite, titanite,
apatite
Red: pima
black: hand sample
green: XRD
blue: SEM
Conclusions:
Minerals other than calcite and pyrite are detrital in origin
Pyrrhotite only occurs in limestone units close to the gray hornfels halo
Pyrrhotite zone in limestone forms a halo of approximately 75m around gray hornfels halo
Most limestone units around Antamina are fossiliferous and contain diagenetic pyrite

576
Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina

577
 Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina
Sample Locality Observed
N° Spot

Wollastonite

chalcopyrite
Vesuvianite
Hornblende

Clinochlore
K-Feldspar

Amphibole

Phlogopite

Sphalerite
Andradite
Tremolite

Grossular

Dolomite
Scapolite
Diopside

pyrhotite
Ankerite
Chlorite

Allanite
Epidote

Calcite

titanite
Quartz

Augite

Biotite

apatite
Ca plg

zircon
Rutile
Pyrite
albite

Mica

Illite
3PAA134 Quarry Bench fgr, bleached marble X X X X X X X

3PAA167 Peak nine fmgr, bleached X X X X X X

marble
4PAA134 Antamina West cgr, white marble X X X X X X X

4PAA136 Antamina West cgr, white marble 2 tr 3 0.5 0.5 92 1 0.5 0.5

4PAA137 Antamina West banded gray and X X X X

white marble
4PAA138 Antamina West cgr, white marble X X X X

4PAA150 Antamina West cgr, bleached marble X X X X X X X

4PAA183 Antamina West banded gray and X X X X X

white marble
4PAA186 Antamina West cgr, white marble 0.5 1 2 1 5 3 0.5 84 2 0.5 0.5 tr
with stylolites
4PAA190 Antamina West fgr, white marble X X X X

4PAG100 Antamina West cgr, bleached marble X X X X X X

4PAA108 Antamina West Tan to white marble X X X X X X

3PAA127B Quarry Bench fgr, tan to white X X X X X X

marble
3PAA114 Quarry Bench Bleached spot 2 1 1 50 ? tr 0.5 5 5 tr 20 3 1 tr 1 0.5
within tan marble
Tan marble 3 0.5 55 10 0.5 25 2 4 tr
Calcite vein within 5 94 1 tr
tan marble
3PAA154A Quarry Bench brown marble X X X X X X X X
Tan marble 6 3 1 2 tr tr 1 15 0.5 70 1 0.5 tr
Light gray marble 1 5 20 8 5 tr 60 0.5 0.5 tr
Diffusional 10 trz 30 20 28 10 1 0.5 0.5
bleaching zone
3PAA171 Peak Nine fgr, brown marble X X X X X X

3PAA154B Quarry Bench fgr, greenish gray X X X X X X X

marble
Green marble 2 8 5 2 tr tr 12 tr 69 1 tr 1
Light green marble 2 5 10 3 10 0.5 68 1 0.5 tr
4PAA105 Fortuna East fgr, greenish gray X X X X X X X X
marble

3PAA332 Antamina West mgr, gray marble 5 1 2 7 3 80 tr 1 tr 1 tr

578
 Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina
Sample Locality Observed
N° Spot

Wollastonite

chalcopyrite
Vesuvianite
Hornblende

Clinochlore
K-Feldspar

Amphibole

Phlogopite

Sphalerite
Andradite
Tremolite

Grossular

Dolomite
Scapolite
Diopside

pyrhotite
Ankerite
Chlorite

Allanite
Epidote

Calcite

titanite
Quartz

Augite

Biotite

apatite
Ca plg

zircon
Rutile
Pyrite
albite

Mica

Illite
4PAA110 Antamina West mgr, gray marble X X X X X X X

4PAA148 Antamina West cgr, gray marble tr 8 10 0.5 2 8 2 67 2 0.5 tr tr

4PAA182 Antamina West cgr, gray marble X X X X X

4PAA187 Antamina West cgr, gray marble X X X X X X X

2PAG60 Peak Nine fgr, gray marble 10 18 tr 0.5 tr 1 0.5 66 2 2 tr

3PAA115 Quarry Bench Tan hornfels tr 10 35 4 1 2 1 44 2 tr 0.5 0.5

Bleached hornfels tr 25 28 15 3 1 25 1 tr 2 tr
3PAA121 Quarry Bench Tan hornfels 10 10 1 25 1 0.5 2 2 3 2 40 2 1 0.5
Sulf vein within tan 1 5 2 10 4 2 1 60 15 tr tr
hornfels
4PAA213 Ridge road brownish gray X X X X X X
hornfels
4PAA215 Ridge road brownish gray X X X X X X
hornfels
4PAA228 Brown hornfels brown hornfels 5 15 1 10 5 60 1 3
halo
Sulfide rich tan 8 20 tr 6 60 5 tr 1 tr
hornfels
Bleached tan 5 15 tr 2 10 65 2 1 tr
hornfels

2PAG59 Peak nine Light green hornfels 1 1 60 6 tr tr tr 30 2 tr tr

Bleached spot 1 10 60 20 tr 0.5 tr 5 2 tr 1 0.5

Diffusional bleach - tr 15 1 18 53 2 8 1 1 1 tr
Inner zone
Diffusional bleach - 1 12 1 35 tr 30 tr 0.5 1 18 1 0.5 tr
outer zone
3PAA122 Quarry Bench Bleached light green tr 5 25 35 tr 1 tr tr 2 30 tr 2 tr
hornfels
Light green hornfels 1 14 1 20 25 3 1 0.5 33 1 0.5 tr

3PAA123 Quarry Bench Bleached light green X X X X X X

hornfels
Light green hornfels tr 8 27 28 1 18 2 14 tr 1 1

3PAA124 Quarry Bench Greenish gray X X X X X X X X

hornfels
Greenish gray tr 6 tr 25 35 tr 12 1 18 1 1 1
hornfels
4PAA196 Ridge road greenish gray X X X X X
579

hornfels
 Appendix B4.2: XRD and SEM results Antamina
Sample Locality Observed
N° Spot

Wollastonite

chalcopyrite
Vesuvianite
Hornblende

Clinochlore
K-Feldspar

Amphibole

Phlogopite

Sphalerite
Andradite
Tremolite

Grossular

Dolomite
Scapolite
Diopside

pyrhotite
Ankerite
Chlorite

Allanite
Epidote

Calcite

titanite
Quartz

Augite

Biotite

apatite
Ca plg

zircon
Rutile
Pyrite
albite

Mica

Illite
3PAA156 Quarry Bench light gray hornfels X X X X X X
3PAA219 Fortuna East T- light gray hornfels X X X X X X
10
3PAA177 Fortuna T-5 gray hornfels X X X X X
4PAA106 Fortuna East T- Gray hornfels X X X X X X X X X
15
4PAA203 Ridge road gray hornfels 2 tr 15 20 2 60 tr 1 tr
Sulfide rich gray tr 5 tr 5 15 5 1 65 3 0.5 1
hornfels
Diffusional bleach 1 tr 10 72 15 2 tr tr
hornfels

3PAA130 Quarry Bench pale green calc X X X X X X

silicate rock
Light green X X ? X X X X
endoskarn

4PAA165 Fortuna T-5 brown gray X X X X X

limestones
4PAA236 Yanacancha tan limestones X X
4PAA238 Yanacancha brown gray X X X X X X X
limestones
brown gray 2 3 2 tr 0.5 92 0.5 tr tr
limestones

3PAA117 Quarry Bench Gray limestones X X X X X X

3PAA183 Fortuna T-5 gray limestones X X X X X
3PAA188 Fortuna T-5 marly limestones X X X X X
3PAA215 Fortuna East T- mod silicifed X X X X X X
10 limestones
3PAA257 Fortuna East T- gray limestones X X X X X X
13
gray limestones 12 2 8 5 tr tr 3 70 0.5 tr tr
4PAA107 Fortuna East T- marly limestones X X X X X X
15
4PAA121 Fortuna East T- marly limestones X X X X X X
14
4PAA164 Fortuna T-5 Mod silicifed X X X X X X
limestones

Numbers in blue represent % volume of minerals estimated for each sample in the SEM
580
Appendix B5: X-ray diffractograms

581
 2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
Lin (Counts)

1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU1.RAW - File: MDRU1.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.213 ° - End: 70.175 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 73.35 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 15.72 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 6.97 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 2.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.18 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
00-021-1276 (*) - Rutile, syn - TiO2 - Y: 1.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 4.59330 - b 4.59330 - c 2.95920 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Pri
00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 1.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90.

3PAA117

500

400
Lin (Counts)

300

200

100

6 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU10.RAW - File: MDRU10.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 38.62 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 3.13 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 2.01 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
01-089-5370 (C) - Actinolite - (Fe,Mg,Ca,Na,Mn)7Si8O22(OH)1.9Fe0.04 - Y: 0.30 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89100 - b 18.18999 - c 5.29700 - alpha 90.0

3PAA167

582
 1500

1400

1300

1200

1100

1000
Lin (Counts)

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU11.RAW - File: MDRU11.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 67.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 37.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 16.67 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.8
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.29 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 9.02 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
00-029-0724 (*) - Pyrrhotite-5T - Fe1-xS - Y: 1.82 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 6.88800 - b 6.88800 - c 28.67000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.0

3PAA171

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100
Lin (Counts)

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU12.RAW - File: MDRU12.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.150 ° - End: 70.123 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 63.91 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 10.05 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.0
01-073-2444 (C) - Dolomite - CaMg(CO3)2 - Y: 14.58 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82280 - b 4.82280 - c 16.22700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gam
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 2.95 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.

3PAA177

583
 1200

1100

1000

900

800
Lin (Counts)

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU13.RAW - File: MDRU13.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 72.83 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-041-0586 (*) - Ankerite - Ca(Fe+2,Mg)(CO3)2 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82870 - b 4.82870 - c 16.15200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 -
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.76 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
01-074-1036 (C) - Talc 2M - Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.36 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.26000 - b 9.10000 - c 18.81000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 100.080 - gamm

3PAA183

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800
Lin (Counts)

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU14.RAW - File: MDRU14.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.165 ° - End: 70.135 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 64.45 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 8.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.53 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.59 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97

3PAA188

584
 3100
3000
2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
Lin (Counts)

1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU15.RAW - File: MDRU15.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.083 ° - End: 70.068 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 71.07 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 27.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 3.12 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 1.96 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02
01-086-1319 (C) - Tremolite - (Ca1.97Na0.016Fe0.014)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.56 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.83560 - b 18.05569 - c 5.27850 - alpha 90.

3PAA215

6000

5000

4000
Lin (Counts)

3000

2000

1000

4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU16.RAW - File: MDRU16.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.149 ° - End: 70.122 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 62.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 14.87 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 12.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 8
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 1.45 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 5.89 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02

3PAA219

585
 1600

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100

1000
Lin (Counts)

900

800

700

600

500
d=3.49846

400

300

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU17.RAW - File: MDRU17.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.083 ° - End: 70.068 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 50.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 83.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 1.47 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 6.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87
01-089-4921 (C) - Anatase, syn - TiO2 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 3.77700 - b 3.77700 - c 9.50100 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 -

3PAA257

1900

1800

1700

1600

1500

1400

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Lin (Counts)

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU18.RAW - File: 18MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locke 00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 3.30 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 71.66 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 14.39
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 2.60 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexag
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 3.03 % - d x by: 1. -
01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 8.34 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.91 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.55 % - d x b

4PAA105

586
 3000
2900
2800
2700
2600
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Lin (Counts)

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1700
1600
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1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
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200
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0

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\19MDRU.RAW - File: 19MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locke 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 1.84 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubi
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 97.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh 00-039-0368 (*) - Grossular - Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 - Y: 1.20 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexa
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 2.08 % - d x b
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 5.57 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 7.32 %
01-085-2273 (C) - Phlogopite - KMg3Si3AlO10(F,OH)2 - Y: 0.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 2.92 % - d x by: 1. - W

4PAA106

1800

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200
Lin (Counts)

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU2.RAW - File: MDRU2.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 62.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 19.56 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.0
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 20.23 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - bet
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 3.41 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P
00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 17.80 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 9
00-041-0586 (*) - Ankerite - Ca(Fe+2,Mg)(CO3)2 - Y: 11.73 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82870 - b 4.82870 - c 16.15200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 -

3PAA123

587
 2100

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1300
Lin (Counts)

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

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100

6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\20MDRU.RAW - File: 20MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locke 00-025-0618 (*) - Sanidine, disordered - K(Si3Al)O8 - Y: 2.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 70.73 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 13.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexa
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.78 % - d x b
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.95 % - d x by: 1. -
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 0.89 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056
01-083-1604 (C) - Microcline intermediate - KAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.09 % - d x by: 1. - WL:
00-013-0465 (I) - Hydrobiotite - K(Mg,Fe)9(Si,Al)8O20(OH)4·4H2O - Y: 0.75 % - d x

4PAA107

700

600

500
Lin (Counts)

400

300

200

100

8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU21.RAW - File: MDRU21.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.010 ° - End: 70.008 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 66.93 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 36.46 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90
00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 7.81 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90.
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 1.62 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 0.98 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11.7

4PAA108

588
 2400

2300

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1500
Lin (Counts)

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1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

7 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU22.RAW - File: MDRU22.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.083 ° - End: 70.068 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 58.09 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 3.18 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 5.02 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90.
01-083-1604 (C) - Microcline intermediate - KAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.23 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.64300 - b 12.92900 - c 7.19000 - alpha 90.130 - beta 116.240 - ga
01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.63 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 2.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta

4PAA110

4000

3000
Lin (Counts)

2000

1000

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU23.RAW - File: MDRU23.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.127 ° - End: 70.104 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 63.20 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 3.28 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.69 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P

4PAA121

589
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Lin (Counts)

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600

500

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100

11 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU24.RAW - File: MDRU24.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 50.07 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 0.58 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000
01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 0.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 0.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87
01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 0.81 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11.7

4PAA134

2300

2200

2100

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Lin (Counts)

1400

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800

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600

500

400

300

200

100

6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU25.RAW - File: MDRU25.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 76.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 0.26 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.26 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.28 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02

4PAA137

590
 6000

5000

4000
Lin (Counts)

3000

2000

1000

4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\26MDRU.RAW - File: 26MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.095 ° - End: 70.078 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 65.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 6.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000
01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 2.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11.7

4PAA138

500

400
Lin (Counts)

300

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU27.RAW - File: MDRU27.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 51.46 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.26 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.13 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89500 - b 18.11899 - c 5.33200 - alpha 90.00
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.62 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 0.73 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000
00-010-0357 (I) - Sanidine, potassian, disordered, syn - (Na,K)(Si3Al)O8 - Y: 0.54 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.33500 - b 12.97000 - c 7.15900 - alpha 90.0

4PAA150

591
 2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
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1800
1700
Lin (Counts)

1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

7 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU28.RAW - File: MDRU28.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.119 ° - End: 70.097 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
01-084-2065 (C) - Dolomite - CaMg0.77Fe0.23(CO3)2 - Y: 47.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.81160 - b 4.81160 - c 16.04210 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90
01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 15.98 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 -
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 8.37 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 0.21 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87

4PAA157

1400

1300

1200

1100

1000

900
Lin (Counts)

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

5 10 20 30 40 50

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU29.RAW - File: MDRU29.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.065 ° - End: 70.053 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 56.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 -
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 6.26 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 1.77 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face
00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 0.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90.

4PAA163

592
 2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
Lin (Counts)

1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU3.RAW - File: mdru3.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - St 01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 26.35
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 75.53 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 18.83 % - d x
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 23.01 % - d x by: 1. -
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 2.87 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.75 % - d x by: 1. -
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.17 % - d x b
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 6.23 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexag

3PAA124

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800
Lin (Counts)

700

600

500

400

300
d=4.46755

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU30.RAW - File: MDRU30.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.179 ° - End: 70.147 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 83.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 -
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 10.66 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.85 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
00-041-0586 (*) - Ankerite - Ca(Fe+2,Mg)(CO3)2 - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82870 - b 4.82870 - c 16.15200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 -
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 0.15 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.47 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P
00-043-0688 (I) - Beidellite-12A - Na0.3Al2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2·2H2O - Y: 0.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 5.17200 - b 5.17200 - c 12.38900 - alpha 90.000 - b

4PAA164

593
 2000

1900

1800

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300
Lin (Counts)

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU31.RAW - File: MDRU31.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 64.58 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 -
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 14.67 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 1.55 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.02 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
00-041-0586 (*) - Ankerite - Ca(Fe+2,Mg)(CO3)2 - Y: 4.34 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.82870 - b 4.82870 - c 16.15200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 -

4PAA165

800

700

600
Lin (Counts)

500

400

300

200

100

6 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU32.RAW - File: MDRU32.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 2.914 ° - End: 69.930 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 59.98 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.24 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82

4PAA178

594
 700

600

500
Lin (Counts)

400

300

200

100

6 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU33.RAW - File: MDRU33.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 68.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 0.46 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.79 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89500 - b 18.11899 - c 5.33200 - alpha 90.00
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.30 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.37 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02

4PAA182

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100

1000
Lin (Counts)

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

5 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU34.RAW - File: MDRU34.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.179 ° - End: 70.146 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 45.83 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.81 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 0.87 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.29 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.62 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face

4PAA183

595
 500

400
Lin (Counts)

300

200

100

14 20 30 40 50

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\35MDRU.RAW - File: 35MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 2.893 ° - End: 69.912 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 58.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 7.81 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.78 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P
01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.93 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89500 - b 18.11899 - c 5.33200 - alpha 90.00
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.88 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.49 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta

4PAA187

400

300
Lin (Counts)

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU36.RAW - File: MDRU36.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.086 ° - End: 70.070 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 65.18 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
01-086-1319 (C) - Tremolite - (Ca1.97Na0.016Fe0.014)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.19 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.83560 - b 18.05569 - c 5.27850 - alpha 90.
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face

4PAA190

596
 1900

1800

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200
Lin (Counts)

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\37MDRU.RAW - File: 37MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.047 ° - End: 70.039 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 69.82 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
01-086-0439 (C) - Orthoclase - K(AlSi3O8) - Y: 31.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.59046 - b 12.99323 - c 7.18763 - alpha 90.000 - beta 115.990 - gamma 9
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.59 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 3.48 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 6.73 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82

4PAA196

1000

900

800

700
Lin (Counts)

600

500

400

300

200

100

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU38.RAW - File: MDRU38.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.065 ° - End: 70.053 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 60.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 27.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 9.12 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 5.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 1.34 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
01-089-0830 (C) - Diopside, syn - Ca0.964Mg(Si2O6) - Y: 14.35 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.74830 - b 8.92460 - c 5.25050 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.882 -
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 1.99 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P

4PAA204

597
 2400

2300

2200

2100

2000

1900

1800

1700

1600

1500
Lin (Counts)

1400

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU39.RAW - File: MDRU39.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.314 ° - End: 70.257 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 66.67 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 -
01-075-0945 (C) - Diopside - CaMg(SiO3)2 - Y: 14.84 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.71000 - b 8.89000 - c 5.24000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 74.170 - gamma 90.
00-039-0368 (*) - Grossular - Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 - Y: 12.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.84930 - b 11.84930 - c 11.84930 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 1.45 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 1.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87
01-083-1604 (C) - Microcline intermediate - KAlSi3O8 - Y: 1.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.64300 - b 12.92900 - c 7.19000 - alpha 90.130 - beta 116.240 - ga

4PAA213

3000
Lin (Counts)

2000

1000

5 10 20 30 40

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU4.RAW - File: MDRU4.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 66.32 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 21.87 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 5.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 2.10 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 4.22 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 0.65 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97

3PAA127B

598
 2900
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
Lin (Counts)

1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU40.RAW - File: MDRU40.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.105 ° - End: 70.086 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 72.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 8.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000
01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 1.04 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 0.96 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 1.19 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87

4PAA215

1000

900

800

700
Lin (Counts)

600

500

400

300

200

100

16 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU41.RAW - File: MDRU41.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.076 ° - End: 70.062 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 94.49 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Fac
00-024-0201 (I) - Augite - Ca(Fe,Mg)Si2O6 - Y: 4.43 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.78300 - b 8.96500 - c 5.27200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 105.710 - gamma 90.
00-031-0250 (N) - Grossular, hydroxylian - Ca3Al2(SiO4)2(OH)4 - Y: 14.32 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 12.00000 - b 12.00000 - c 12.00000 - alpha 90.000 - beta
01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 4.13 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11.7
01-083-1604 (C) - Microcline intermediate - KAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.08 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.64300 - b 12.92900 - c 7.19000 - alpha 90.130 - beta 116.240 - ga
00-037-0471 (*) - Chalcopyrite - CuFeS2 - Y: 4.22 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 5.28930 - b 5.28930 - c 10.42300 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.00
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 4.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P

4PAA217

599
 2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
Lin (Counts)

1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

5 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU42.RAW - File: MDRU42.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locke 00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cu
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 58.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexa
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 54.17 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 33.33
01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 62.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.5405
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 6.30 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. -
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. -

4PAA219

2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
Lin (Counts)

1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU43.RAW - File: MDRU43.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.095 ° - End: 70.078 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 75.44 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 2.14 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -

4PAA236

600
 2000

1900

1800

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300
Lin (Counts)

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU44.RAW - File: MDRU44.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.133 ° - End: 70.109 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 68.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 0.38 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 1.16 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.84 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P
00-043-0685 (I) - Illite-2M2 (NR) - KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 1.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.01700 - b 5.21000 - c 20.43700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 100.40

4PAA238

2200

2100

2000

1900

1800

1700

1600

1500

1400
Lin (Counts)

1300

1200

1100

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

4 10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MRDU5.RAW - File: MRDU5.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.171 ° - End: 70.140 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 68.53 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 31.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.00
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 25.00 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.0
01-073-2372 (C) - Grossular - Ca3Al2Si3O12 - Y: 29.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 11.91700 - b 11.91700 - c 11.91700 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 2.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
01-088-1949 (C) - Vesuvianite - Ca19(Al10Mg1.3Fe1.7)(SiO4)10(Si2O7)4O.65(OH)4.55 - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Tetragonal - a 15.53800 - b 15.53800 - c 11.

3PAA130

601
 1800

1700

1600

1500

1400

1300

1200

1100
Lin (Counts)

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU6.RAW - File: MDRU6.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.200 ° - End: 70.164 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Tim
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 67.68 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 5.21 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 2.09 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.91 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97
01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 0.51 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.89500 - b 18.11899 - c 5.33200 - alpha 90.00
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 0.97 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 1.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face

3PAA134

400

300
Lin (Counts)

200

100

10 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\69MDRU.RAW - File: 69MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.000 ° - End: 70.000 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 18.75 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-010-0288 (*) - Andradite, syn - Ca3Fe2+3(SiO4)3 - Y: 47.22 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 12.05900 - b 12.05900 - c 12.05900 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - ga
00-007-0025 (I) - Muscovite-1M, syn - KAl2Si3AlO10(OH)2 - Y: 1.47 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.20800 - b 8.99500 - c 10.27500 - alpha 90.000 - beta 101.
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 1.97 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 1.03 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face
01-086-2335 (C) - Calcite, magnesian - (Mg.064Ca.936)(CO3) - Y: 6.25 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.96730 - b 4.96730 - c 16.96310 - alpha 90.000 -

4PAG100

602
 900

800

700

600
Lin (Counts)

500

400

300

d=3.26720
200

100

4 10 20 30 40

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU7-2.RAW - File: MDRU7-2.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th lock 01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 1.52 % - d x by: 1. - W
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 16.67 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexa
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 60.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rh
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 3.95 % - d x by: 1. -
01-085-1423 (C) - Ferropargasite - NaCa2(Fe,Mg)4Al(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 - Y: 4.17 %
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.34 % - d x b
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 2.18 % - d x
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 8.33 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubi

3PAA154A

1000

900

800

700
Lin (Counts)

600

500

400

300

200

100

14 20 30 40 50 60

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\70MDRU.RAW - File: 70MDRU.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.077 ° - End: 70.063 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - T
00-010-0288 (*) - Andradite, syn - Ca3Fe2+3(SiO4)3 - Y: 87.50 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 12.05900 - b 12.05900 - c 12.05900 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - ga
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 10.94 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
00-010-0495 (I) - Phlogopite-1M - KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2 - Y: 8.97 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 5.30000 - b 9.20000 - c 10.22000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 99.82
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 10.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Fac
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 22.92 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
01-083-1392 (C) - Diopside - (Mg0.964Fe0.036)(Ca0.94Na0.06)(Si2O6) - Y: 3.82 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.72600 - b 8.90700 - c 5.25600 - alpha 90.000
00-024-0506 (C) - Clinochlore-1MIIb - (Mg5Al)(Si,Al)4O10(OH)8 - Y: 1.03 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 5.34000 - b 9.27000 - c 14.36000 - alpha 90.000 - beta 97

4PAA144

603
 1200

1100

1000

900

800
Lin (Counts)

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

8 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU8-2.RAW - File: MDRU8-2.RAW - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.143 ° - End: 70.117 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) -
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 60.42 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 2.74 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
01-086-1319 (C) - Tremolite - (Ca1.97Na0.016Fe0.014)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 - Y: 2.77 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.83560 - b 18.05569 - c 5.27850 - alpha 90.
01-086-0437 (A) - Orthoclase - (K0.94Na0.06)(AlSi3O8) - Y: 2.29 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 8.58800 - b 13.00490 - c 7.19240 - alpha 90.000 - beta 116.02
01-086-1650 (C) - Anorthite, sodian - Ca.66Na.34Al1.66Si2.34O8 - Y: 2.19 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.17470 - b 12.87080 - c 14.23000 - alpha 93.461 - beta
00-005-0566 (I) - Sphalerite, syn - ZnS - Y: 5.84 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.40600 - b 5.40600 - c 5.40600 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Face
00-042-1340 (*) - Pyrite - FeS2 - Y: 0.60 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.41790 - b 5.41790 - c 5.41790 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 90.000 - Primitive - P

3PAA154B

1000

900

800

700
Lin (Counts)

600

500

400

300

200
d=7.25409

100

7 10 20 30 40 50

2-Theta - Scale
c:\DIFFDAT1\XRD User\MDRU9.RAW - File: MDRU9.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 3.207 ° - End: 70.170 ° - Step: 0.040 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time
00-005-0586 (*) - Calcite, syn - CaCO3 - Y: 47.27 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 4.98900 - b 4.98900 - c 17.06200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma
00-046-1045 (*) - Quartz, syn - SiO2 - Y: 3.12 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Hexagonal - a 4.91344 - b 4.91344 - c 5.40524 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 - gamma 120.000 -
01-086-1319 (C) - Tremolite - (Ca1.97Na0.016Fe0.014)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 - Y: 1.28 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Monoclinic - a 9.83560 - b 18.05569 - c 5.27850 - alpha 90.
00-009-0466 (*) - Albite, ordered - NaAlSi3O8 - Y: 2.18 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.14400 - b 12.78700 - c 7.16000 - alpha 94.260 - beta 116.600 - gamma 87
01-089-3061 (C) - Sphalerite, ferroan, syn - Zn0.785Fe0.215S - Y: 4.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Cubic - a 5.42200 - b 5.42200 - c 5.42200 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000
01-076-0829 (C) - Microline intermediate - K0.94Na0.06Al0.95Si3.05O8 - Y: 1.64 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Triclinic - a 8.57400 - b 12.96200 - c 7.21000 - alpha 90.350 -
01-079-0988 (C) - Dioptase, syn - Cu6(Si6O18) - Y: 0.52 % - d x by: 1. - WL: 1.54056 - Rhombo.H.axes - a 14.42700 - b 14.42700 - c 7.74100 - alpha 90.000 - beta 90.000 -

3PAA156

604
Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina

605
Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina

δ13C δ18O
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW)
2PAE220 273740 8945485 West wall transect massive pyr phy w/ cal -10.3 13.6
2PAE227A 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 calcite + sulfide vein -2.2 13.6
2PAE227B 273578 8946645 Fortuna East T10 gray - brown calcite vein -1.4 14.5
2PAE229A 273324 8946253 Fortuna late white calcite crosscut -6.0 6.0
mineralization
2PAE229B 273324 8946253 Fortuna syn-mineralization calcite vein -2.8 12.3
2PAE233 273622 8943876 Fortuna white calcite veins with calc-sil -6.7 13.6
and trace sulfides
2PAG51 273722 8944055 Peak nine white marble 1.4 18.2
2PAG52 273722 8944055 Peak nine Grey wollastonite marble 1.4 17.8
2PAG54 273772 8944054 Peak nine Massive bleached marble. 0.3 15.2
2PAG55 273772 8944054 Peak nine Massive bleached marble. -1.7 14.8
2PAG57 273851 8943995 Peak nine Gray limestone w/ diss py 1.1 23.9
2PAG59 273859 8944054 Peak nine bleached hornfels with calc- -4.3 16.5
silicate (light green hornfels)
2PAG60 273859 8944054 Peak nine grey marble -0.1 17.6

2PAG106 274371 8946620 Ridge road Greenish gray hornfels 1.4 23.5
2PAG107 274371 8946620 Ridge road Gray limestone 1.7 23.7
2PAG108 274371 8946620 NE Antamina Marly limestones 0.8 22.3
2PAG110 273910 8946775 NE Antamina Gray limestone 1.2 22.5
2PAG111 273923 8946852 NE Antamina Gray limestone 1.1 20.0
2PAG112 273969 8947143 NE Antamina Gray limestone -0.7 23.0
2PAG113 275139 8944757 Truck shop Gray limestone 1.2 22.1
2PAG122 CMA232 Gray marble 1.8 24.0
2PAG123 CMA232 white marble with sulfide veins 2.0 24.4
2PAG124 CMA232 white marble 1.7 23.6
2PAG125 CMA232 Gray marble 2.3 20.4
2PAG126 CMA232 Gray marble 2.0 24.5
2PAG127 CMA232 Gray marble 1.6 17.5
2PAG128 CMA232 white marble 2.5 24.4
2PAG129 CMA232 Gray marble 2.5 24.6
2PAG130 CMA232 white marble 2.4 25.4
2PAG131 CMA232 Gray marble 2.0 23.3
2PAG132 CMA232 Gray marble 1.2 15.0
2PAG135 CMA232 white marble, near massive pyrite 1.3 21.6
vein
2PAG136 CMA232 Gray marble 1.8 21.7
2PAG138A CMA232 white marble 1.4 17.3
2PAG138B CMA232 Gray marble 2.1 20.8
2PAG139 CMA232 white marble 1.5 19.2
2PAG140 CMA232 white marble 1.5 16.9
2PAG141 CMA232 white marble 1.9 21.7
2PAG142 CMA232 white marble 2.3 23.3
2PAG143 CMA232 white marble 2.8 21.7
2PAG144 CMA232 white marble 2.7 21.4
2PAG145 CMA232 white marble 2.3 18.0
2PAG147A CMA231A white marble 2.0 17.2
2PAG147B CMA231A white marble 3.1 23.1
2PAG147C CMA231A late white calcite vein -8.7 15.7
2PAG148 CMA231A Gray marble 2.2 23.7
2PAG149 CMA231A Gray marble 2.6 24.6
2PAG150 CMA231A white marble 2.8 24.5
2PAG151 CMA231A white marble -0.8 14.0
2PAG152A CMA231A Gray marble 2.2 23.5
2PAG152B CMA231A white marble 2.2 23.3
2PAG153 CMA231A Gray marble 2.5 22.1
2PAG154 CMA231A Gray marble 2.3 23.8

606
Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina

δ13C δ18O
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW)
2PAG155 CMA231A white marble 0.5 19.7
2PAG156 A CMA231A Gray marble 2.1 23.3
2PAG156B CMA231A white marble 0.2 15.6
2PAG157A CMA231A Gray marble 2.3 23.8
2PAG157B CMA231A white marble 0.6 15.0
2PAG159 CMA231A grey marble 2.9 24.7
2PAG160A CMA231A Gray marble 2.4 22.6
2PAG160B CMA231A white marble -2.0 13.0
2PAG161 CMA231A white marble 0.9 15.8
2PAG162 CMA231A Gray marble 2.4 24.2
2PAG163A CMA231A Gray marble 1.4 13.3
2PAG163B CMA231A planar calcite vein -1.5 15.4
2PAG164A CMA231A Gray marble 2.4 24.4
2PAG164B CMA231A vein with bleached halo 1cm thick 1.8 21.4
2PAG167A 397m of West Wall white marble 1.1 13.1
transect
2PAG167B 397m of West Wall white marble 1.0 14.5
transect
2PAG168A 397m of West Wall white marble 2.1 19.3
transect
2PAG168B 397m of West Wall white marble 2.1 18.0
transect
2PAG169 400m of West Wall white marble 0.4 14.2
transect
2PAG170B 407m of West Wall white marble 1.9 21.4
transect
2PAG171 410m of West Wall white marble 2.4 24.5
transect
2PAG172A 412m of West Wall Gray marble 2.2 23.7
transect
2PAG172B 412m of West Wall white marble 2.3 24.2
transect
2PAG173A 415m of West Wall Gray marble 2.2 24.7
transect
2PAG173C 415m of West Wall white marble 2.2 24.1
transect
2PAG174 419m of West Wall Gray marble 2.2 24.2
transect
2PAG175B 421m of West Wall white marble 2.6 24.6
transect
2PAG175C 421m of West Wall white marble 1.9 23.5
transect
2PAG175D 421m of West Wall white marble 2.6 24.6
transect
2PAG175E 421m of West Wall white marble 2.3 24.3
transect
2PAG175F 421m of West Wall Gray marble 2.6 24.4
transect
2PAG176A 432m of West Wall Gray marble 2.2 18.4
transect
2PAG176B 432m of West Wall Gray marble 2.5 22.8
transect
2PAG176C 432m of West Wall white marble 2.7 23.6
transect
2PAG176D 432m of West Wall white marble 2.7 23.8
transect
2PAG177A 439m of West Wall white marble 2.1 22.4
transect

607
Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina

δ13C δ18O
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW)
2PAG177B 439m of West Wall white marble 1.9 22.9
transect
2PAG177C 439m of West Wall Gray marble 1.5 23.2
transect
2PAG178A 439m of West Wall Gray marble 2.4 22.0
transect
2PAG178B 439m of West Wall Gray marble 2.3 20.7
transect
2PAG179A 450m of West Wall Gray marble 1.5 14.7
transect
2PAG179B 450m of West Wall white marble 1.9 16.5
transect
2PAG179C Wall transect 452m folded late ptigmatic vein 2.1 22.8
of West
2PAG180A 452m of West Wall Gray marble 2.2 24.5
transect
2PAG180B 452m of West Wall white marble 1.2 22.7
transect
2PAG181A 470m of West Wall Gray marble 1.6 16.0
transect
2PAG183A 505m of West Wall Gray marble 2.4 22.0
transect
2PAG183B 505m of West Wall Gray marble 2.4 24.7
transect
2PAG184A 520m of West Wall Gray marble 2.5 24.8
transect
2PAG184B 520m of West Wall Gray marble 1.0 23.5
transect
2PAG184C 520m of West Wall C bleached sulfide vein at margin 2.3 24.4
transect with gray
2PAG184D 520m of West Wall D bleached core at sulfide vein 1.8 24.7
transect
2PAG185A 520m of West Wall Gray marble 2.7 26.1
transect
2PAG185B 520m of West Wall white marble 2.6 26.2
transect
2PAG186 540m of West Wall Gray marble 2.7 26.0
transect
2PAG187 565m of West Wall Gray marble 2.2 22.1
transect
2PAG188A 590m of West Wall Gray marble 2.3 22.0
transect
2PAG188B 590m of West Wall Gray marble 2.3 22.6
transect
2PAG189A 598m of West Wall white marble -0.1 17.4
transect
2PAG189B 598m of West Wall white marble -0.3 17.4
transect
2PAG189C 598m of West Wall white marble 0.0 17.2
transect
2PAG189D 598m of West Wall white marble 0.7 17.3
transect
2PAG189E 598m of West Wall white marble 1.2 17.2
transect
2PAG190B 273578 8946645 Fortuna white marble -1.7 18.5
2PAG191A 273578 8946645 Fortuna Gray marble -0.3 18.8
2PAG191B 273578 8946645 Fortuna Gray marble -0.1 19.3
2PAG193A 273002 8946929 Condorcocha white marble -1.7 17.6

608
Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina

δ13C δ18O
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW)
2PAG193B 273002 8946929 Condorcocha white marble -2.3 17.4
2PAG194B 273320 8946257 Fortuna Gray marble 0.5 11.8
2PAG195A 273303 8946184 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.9 11.5
2PAG195B 273303 8946184 Fortuna Brown marble -1.0 11.3
2PAG195C 273303 8946184 Fortuna tan marble 0.4 11.9
2PAG196 273296 8946192 Fortuna Gray marble 1.4 11.7
2PAG199 274059 8946419 NE Antamina Gray limestones 0.7 21.2
3PAA100 273950 8946186 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -0.4 18.0
3PAA101 273951 8946185 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -5.7 20.1
3PAA102 273952 8946183 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -5.2 19.1
3PAA 102A 273952 8946183 Quarry Bench calcite vein -1.4 18.7
3PAA103 273937 8946157 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -1.1 21.3
3PAA103A 273937 8946157 Quarry Bench calcite vein -1.0 22.2
3PAA105 273923 8946130 Quarry Bench Brown limestones -2.6 19.5
3PAA107 273921 8946127 Quarry Bench Gray marble -0.4 20.0
3PAA108 273914 8946112 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -0.4 20.5
3PAA110 273898 8946094 Quarry Bench white marble -5.0 15.1
3PAA111 273851 8946037 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -2.5 18.4
3PAA112 273835 8946020 Quarry Bench Tan hornfels -4.7 19.6
3PAA113 273835 8946018 Quarry Bench Gray limestones -0.7 19.7
3PAA114 274008 8946101 Quarry Bench tan marble -2.7 15.9
3PAA115A 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench Tan hornfels -14.9 27.7
3PAA115B 273975 8946056 Quarry Bench bleached hornfels -5.8 14.9
3PAA116 274016 8946091 Quarry Bench gray limestone -2.0 20.2
3PAA117 274006 8946083 Quarry Bench gray limestone -0.6 20.0
3PAA119 273988 8946068 Quarry Bench tan marble -0.1 20.8
3PAA120 273988 8946067 Quarry Bench Brownish gray marble -0.7 17.4
3PAA121 273983 8946064 Quarry Bench tan marble -3.4 16.0
3PAA122 273982 8946063 Quarry Bench light gray hornfels -1.5 19.8
3PAA123 273981 8946062 Quarry Bench white hornfels -5.8 19.9
3PAA124 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench Greenish gray hornfels -3.8 17.0
3PAA124B 273980 8946062 Quarry Bench Greenish gray marble -6.4 19.6
3PAA127 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench tan marble -1.0 19.3
3PAA127B 273966 8946047 Quarry Bench tan marble -0.5 19.1
3PAA130 273961 8946042 Quarry Bench pale green endoskarn dike -9.4 16.2
3PAA132 273956 8946037 Quarry Bench tan marble -3.6 18.8
3PAA134 273950 8946030 Quarry Bench Gray marble 0.5 16.0
3PAA135 274226 8946676 NE Antamina Calcite vein 0.7 23.3
3PAA137 274282 8946648 NE Antamina Gray limestones 0.3 22.2
3PAA154 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench tan marble -1.4 16.3
3PAA154B 273927 8946005 Quarry Bench Greenish gray, fgr, marble trz py -1.7 16.3
3PAA154C 273927 8946005 white marble -1.8 16.7
3PAA156 273921 8945999 Quarry Bench Light gray hornfels -0.8 16.0
3PAA160 273902 8945972 Quarry Bench tan marble 0.5 20.1
3PAA161 273898 8945967 Quarry Bench Gray marble 0.0 18.9
3PAA162 273890 8945957 Quarry Bench tan marble -1.2 19.8
3PAA163 273881 8945944 Quarry Bench Gray marble 0.1 20.8
3PAA166 273740 8944060 Peak nine Gray marble 0.2 17.7
3PAA167 273745 8944060 Peak nine white marble 0.2 19.9
3PAA170 273849 8944024 Peak nine Gray limestones -0.2 22.7
3PAA171 273706 8943996 Peak nine Brown marble -1.0 17.5
3PAA172 273642 8943948 Peak nine Gray marble 0.6 23.1
3PAA174 273638 8943948 Peak nine tan marble -0.2 23.5
3PAA174B 273638 8943948 tan marble 0.5 22.0
3PAA177 273255 8946180 Fortuna Gray hornfels -3.3 14.7
3PAA179 273242 8946166 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.0 13.5
3PAA181 273228 8946152 Fortuna Gray limestones -0.9 15.1
3PAA183 273216 8946148 Fortuna Gray limestones 1.4 14.2

609
Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina

δ13C δ18O
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW)
3PAA185 273207 8946145 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.1 17.7
3PAA188 273183 8946140 Fortuna Marly limestones 1.0 18.6
3PAA190 273163 8946136 Fortuna Marly limestones -0.1 19.7
3PAA191 273301 8945950 Fortuna Marly limestones 1.2 19.3
3PAA193 273280 8945950 Fortuna Marly limestones 0.2 15.6
3PAA195 273301 8945782 Fortuna Gray limestones -1.3 18.6
3PAA197 273298 8945784 Fortuna Marly limestones -0.8 19.5
3PAA198 273278 8945794 Fortuna Marly limestones 0.3 20.6
3PAA200 273274 8945802 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.4 19.1
3PAA 200A 273274 8945802 Fortuna T3 calcite vein 0.6 22.7
3PAA201 273225 8945826 Fortuna Marly limestones 0.2 19.7
3PAA202 273225 8945982 Fortuna Marly limestones 0.2 18.6
3PAA204 273208 8945980 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.6 23.1
3PAA207 273531 8946593 Fortuna East Light gray hornfels -2.6 20.9
3PAA208 273536 8946596 Fortuna East Marly limestones -1.4 22.4
3PAA210 273547 8946606 Fortuna East light gray hornfels -1.0 21.4
3PAA211 273554 8946612 Fortuna East Light gray hornfels -3.6 21.4
3PAA212 273562 8946626 Fortuna East Light gray hornfels -0.7 21.2
3PAA214 273571 8946493 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.6 15.1
3PAA215 273574 8946495 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones -2.0 15.5
3PAA216 273578 8946498 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.2 21.9
3PAA217 273587 8946504 Fortuna East Marly limestones -0.6 16.6
3PAA219 273598 8946512 Fortuna East Light gray hornfels -1.9 18.4
3PAA221 273611 8946520 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones -3.0 21.8
3PAA223 273630 8946531 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones -0.2 22.2
3PAA 223B 273630 8946531 Fortuna East T10 calcite + py vlt 0.0 23.0
3PAA225 273643 8946536 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones 0.1 22.1
3PAA227 273654 8946548 Fortuna East Brownish gray hornfels -2.0 20.1
3PAA229 273635 8946374 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones 0.6 15.2
3PAA231 273643 8946382 Fortuna East weak-mod silicified limestones 0.4 21.1
3PAA233 273651 8946391 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.8 22.6
3PAA234 273659 8946400 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.0 22.4
3PAA236 273670 8946417 Fortuna East Gray limestones -5.1 21.9
3PAA238 273681 8946433 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.2 22.0
3PAA239 273639 8946337 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.1 13.5
3PAA240 273633 8946333 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.5 18.7
3PAA242 273616 8946323 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.2 19.8
3PAA244 273596 8946314 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.4 20.6
3PAA246 273553 8946300 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.2 21.4
3PAA248 273655 8946064 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.2 18.2
3PAA250 273637 8946064 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.2 21.8
3PAA252 273616 8946064 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.7 19.4
3PAA253 273674 8946064 Fortuna East Gray limestones -0.8 17.9
3PAA255 273698 8946060 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.5 16.6
3PAA257 273707 8946048 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.1 18.4
3PAA259 273718 8946054 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.1 19.8
3PAA260 273723 8946060 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.5 17.6
3PAA263 273445 8945196 Antamina West - green garnet skarn 8.2
4148 bench
3PAA264 273590 8945263 Taco pit - 4148 Brown garnet endoskarn 7.8
bench
3PAA265 273773 8945278 Taco pit Quartz veins crosscutting QFP 11.1
dike
3PAA271 273099 8946362 Fortuna Gray limestones -0.1 16.4
3PAA272 273096 8946358 Fortuna Gray limestones w/ dolomite 0.6 18.3
lenses
3PAA273 273093 8946354 Fortuna Gray limestones w/ dolomite 0.2 16.2
lenses

610
Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina

δ13C δ18O
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW)
3PAA 273B 273093 8946354 Fortuna T6 calcite vlt 1.3 23.8
3PAA275 273079 8946339 Fortuna Gray limestones w/ dolomite -0.5 19.9
lenses
3PAA277 273050 8946309 Fortuna Gray limestones 1.1 17.6
3PAA 278 273050 8946308 Fortuna T6 calcite + dol vein 0.5 18.0
3PAA282 273341 8946355 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.0 20.5
3PAA284 273356 8946367 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -2.0 20.4
3PAA286 273371 8946382 Fortuna Gray hornfels -0.3 23.6
3PAA288 273222 8946476 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -0.9 20.2
3PAA290 273230 8946484 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -4.7 21.4
3PAA292 273244 8946492 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -3.6 19.6
3PAA 294 273250 8946495 Fortuna T8 calcite veinlet 0.1 22.8
3PAA295 273260 8946514 Fortuna Light gray hornfels -1.5 22.2
3PAA332 273452 8945325 CMA 275 Antamina Greenish gray marble 2.5 22.3
West
4PAA105 273802 8946662 Fortuna East Greenish gray marble 0.1 15.9
4PAA106 273805 8946662 Fortuna East Gray hornfels 0.8 18.8
4PAA107 273809 8946663 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.2 17.1
4PAA108 273148 8945204 Antamina West tan marble -4.2 15.4
4PAA110 273149 8945205 Antamina West Gray marble 2.0 23.0
4PAA112 273791 8946476 Fortuna East Gray limestones -1.1 13.0
4PAA114 273800 8946479 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.8 15.3
4PAA115 273809 8946482 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.3 19.4
4PAA117 273821 8946486 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.1 20.6
4PAA118 273830 8946489 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.9 19.6
4PAA119 273837 8946492 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.3 20.4
4PAA121 273847 8946495 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.1 22.0
4PAA123 273870 8946503 Fortuna East Marly limestones 0.7 22.7
4PAA124 273885 8946509 Fortuna East Marly limestones 1.8 22.9
4PAA125A 273324 8946308 Fortuna Quartz grains of a QFP dike 13.8
4PAA126 273023 8947016 Condorcocha Quartz grains of a QFP dike 18.3
4PAA127 273049 8947008 Condorcocha QFP dike 10.6
4PAA 129 273380 8946254 Fortuna calcite + sulfide vein -3.1 11.5
4PAA132 273267 8946202 Fortuna orange brown carbonate vein -3.4 34.2
4PAA134 273468 8945298 Antamina West White marble 2.5 22.2
4PAA135 273455 8945292 Antamina West White marble 2.8 24.1
4PAA136 273453 8945291 Antamina West White marble 2.9 24.8
4PAA137 273450 8945290 Antamina West Gray and white marble 2.4 23.9
4PAA138 273446 8945288 Antamina West White marble 0.3 17.2
4PAA139 273444 8945288 Antamina West Gray marble 2.2 23.4
4PAA140 273412 8945278 Antamina West Gray marble 2.5 24.2
4PAA141 273390 8945271 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 25.2
4PAA143 273468 8945272 Antamina West Gray marble 2.3 22.8
4PAA145 273463 8945267 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 23.3
4PAA146 273461 8945266 Antamina West White marble 2.3 22.7
4PAA147 273380 8945336 Antamina West Gray marble 2.3 23.9
4PAA148 273392 8945345 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 23.1
4PAA150 273383 8945340 Antamina West White marble 1.9 22.7
4PAA151 273372 8945335 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 23.2
4PAA152 273432 8945364 Antamina West White marble 1.9 22.9
4PAA153 273438 8945367 Antamina West Gray marble 2.2 20.7
4PAA155 273444 8945372 Antamina West White marble 2.6 22.9
4PAA156A 273385 8946306 Fortuna Gray limestones 0.9 14.0
4PAA 157 273349 8946286 Fortuna Brown carbonate veinlets 0.1 14.9
4PAA 163 272809 8946294 Fortuna Calcite + oxides veins -0.9 13.4
4PAA164 273126 8946098 Fortuna weak-mod silicified limestones 2.0 22.5
4PAA165 273092 8946080 Fortuna Grayish brown limestones 2.0 21.3
4PAA166 273044 8946100 Fortuna Grayish brown limestones 2.4 22.2

611
Appendix B6: Oxygen and carbon isotope data from Antamina

δ13C δ18O
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Lithology (VPDB) (VSMOW)
4PAA172 272880 8945878 Fortuna weak-mod silicified limestones -1.8 22.1
4PAA174 272792 8946200 Fortuna Grayish brown limestones 1.9 21.3
4PAA 178 273093 8946318 Fortuna Calcite + oxides veins -3.0 13.7
4PAA181 273317 8945335 Antamina West Gray marble 3.2 24.9
4PAA182 273351 8945349 Antamina West Gray marble 2.4 24.7
4PAA183 273379 8945365 Antamina West Gray and white marble 2.6 22.8
4PAA184 273403 8945382 Antamina West White marble 1.7 20.4
4PAA185 273426 8945396 Antamina West White marble 0.9 14.1
4PAA186 273449 8945382 Antamina West White marble 2.8 23.3
4PAA187 273302 8945294 Antamina West Gray marble 2.9 24.3
4PAA188 273297 8945238 Antamina West white and gray marble 2.8 24.4
4PAA190 273177 8945254 Antamina West light gray marble 3.0 24.9
4PAA191 273192 8945290 Antamina West light gray marble -1.9 27.0
4PAA194 273278 8945189 Antamina West Gray marble 2.5 23.9
4PAA195 274878 8945584 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -0.3 18.7
4PAA196 274880 8945578 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -7.6 14.5
4PAA201 274881 8945545 Ridge road light green hornfels -4.8 14.3
4PAA202 274885 8945541 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -0.4 16.2
4PAA203 274882 8945565 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -1.9 13.8
4PAA208 274844 8945928 Ridge road white hornfels -7.7 14.8
4PAA209 274877 8945598 Ridge road Light gray hornfels -5.2 13.5
4PAA212 274871 8945609 Ridge road Greenish gray hornfels -0.1 18.4
4PAA219 274345 8945342 Oscarina dike. Isotope sample: quartz veins 13.2
4PAA221 274432 8945502 Oscarina dike. Isotope sample: quartz grains 11.8
4PAA221B 274432 8945502 Oscarina dike. Isotope sample B: quartz vein 11.5
chips
4PAA224 273595 8946044 Fortuna East Gray limestones 0.8 17.3
4PAA226 273330 8945450 Antamina West light gray marble 2.9 24.4
4PAA228 273458 8945768 Fortuna Tan hornfels 0.2 19.7
4PAA230 273819 8946100 Quarry Bench Isotope sample: quartz grains of 9.7
QFP dike
4PAA233 276497 8941908 Yanacancha Grayish brown limestones 2.1 25.8
4PAA235 275208 8941344 Yanacancha Grayish brown limestones 2.6 26.0
4PAA236 275510 8941034 Yanacancha Grayish brown limestones 3.2 26.1
4PAA238 275598 8941606 Yanacancha Grayish brown limestones 1.8 23.9

612
Appendix B7: Oxygen and carbon isotope analytical procedures

613
Appendix B7: Oxygen and carbon isotope analytical procedures

Powdered carbonate samples were analysed in a Finnigan Delta XL Plus mass

spectrometer, using a gas bench with A200s autosampler as follows:
Between 200mg and 500mg of each sample or rock standard is weighed into a glass
exetainer and sealed with a cap with a pierceable septum. The gas bench is loaded with
samples interspersed with rock standards. The gas bench is at a constant temperature of
32°C. The autosampler is set up to flush the closed exetainers with He for 5 minutes, to
displace air in the headspace. Each exetainer is then acidified with 100% phosphoric acid to
liberate CO2 gas, and allowed to equilibrate for an hour before analysis. The autosampler is
loaded with both the acidifying needle and sampling needle, and is programmed to acidify
the exetainer in the next row while measuring each sample. This keeps a constant reaction
time for all samples.
During the analyses, 10 aliquots of the sample CO2 are bracketed by 6 aliquots of a
reference CO2 gas to provide internal calibration. External calibration is monitored using
the carbonate standard NBS 18 and NBS 19. The values obtained for these two standards
are used to calculate a fractionation correction that is applied to the sample results.
The results are reported using the δ notation measured in º/ºº relative to the V-

SMOW standard. After correction for fractionation, repeat analyses of NBS 18 give an
average δ13C value of –5.009 +/- 0.07º/ºº and δ18O value of 7.225 +/- 0.082º/ºº, NBS 19

give an average δ13C value of 1.927 +/- 0.08º/ºº and δ18O value of 28.742 +/- 0.18.

614
Appendices – Chapter 4

615
Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

616
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
Carmen Mine
2PUE253 316754 8826157 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE254 316754 8826159 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE255 316754 8826161 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE256 316754 8826163 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE257 316754 8826165 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE258 316754 8826167 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Uchucchacua 2m chip Rosa Vein plus fault ICPMS

2PUE259 316754 8826159 Grab 4940m Rosa 0 calcite vein coarse euhedral white calcite crustiform vein red-orange δ13C, δ18O,
ICPMS
2PUE260 316754 8826160 Grab 4940m Rosa 1 Alabandite rich calcite Grab late Mn vein-brx cutting-within Rosa 80% alabandite plus clear quartz δ13C, δ18O,
vein Vein. and 10% white calcite, trace py ICPMS
2PUE261 316754 8826165 Grab 4940m Rosa 6 Brecciated calcite vein Grab late breccia cutting and within Rosa Matrix contain dark calcite with 2 ICPMS
Vein. Angular clasts of white vein calcite and to 8% fine grained pyrite and
gray limestone. lessor coarse pyrite.
2PUE262A 316754 8826167 Grab 4940m Rosa 8 Crustiform calcite white and gray crustiform banded calcite, Rosa δ13C, δ18O,
Vein. Trace pyrite locally ICPMS
2PUE262B 316754 8826167 Grab 4940m Rosa 8 gray vein calcite Trace pyrite locally. δ13C, δ18O,
ICPMS
2PUE263 316754 8826174 Grab 4940m Rosa 15 calcite vein Grab 15cm white calcite vein cutting white-pale green footwall of the Rosa vein. δ13C, δ18O,
limestone ICPMS
2PUE264 316754 8826172 Grab 4940m Rosa 13 Gray limestones Limestone contains micro deformation Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall. δ13C, δ18O,
structures (microbreccias, fractures) ICPMS
2PUE265 316754 8826176 Grab 4940m Rosa 17 Gray limestones Limestone contains micro deformation Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall. δ13C, δ18O,
structures (microbreccias, fractures), and ICPMS
hairline white calcite vlts.

2PUE266 316754 8826179 Grab 4940m Rosa 20 Mn-rich brecciated Early coarse white calcite cut by veinlets and late Mn oxide stained vein-breccia δ13C, δ18O,
calcite vein matrix with calcite and abundant pyrite ± trz of ICPMS
a soft gray metalic mineral

2PUE267 316754 8826185 Grab 4940m Rosa 26 Gray limestones Limestone with micro deformation structures, Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall. δ13C, δ18O,
trace hairline white calcite vlts. ICPMS

2PUE268A 316754 8826186 Grab 4940m Rosa 27 Crustiform calcite none Grab 20cm white-brown δ13C, δ18O,
crustiform banded calcite vein, ICPMS
footwall.
2PUE268B 316754 8826186 Rosa 27 gray vein calcite none δ13C, δ18O,
ICPMS
2PUE269 316754 8826189 Grab 4940m Rosa 30 Gray limestones Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall ICPMS

2PUE270 316754 8826194 Grab 4940m Rosa 24 White calcite vein Uchucchacua Grab 60cm white-clear cal. Vn., ICPMS
footwall, 4940m
2PUE271 316754 8826169 RC 4940m Rosa 0 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
4940m
2PUE272 316754 8826171 RC 4940m Rosa 2 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
617

4940m
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
2PUE273 316754 8826173 RC 4940m Rosa 4 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
4940m
2PUE274 316754 8826175 RC 4940m Rosa 6 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
4940m
2PUE275 316754 8826177 RC 4940m Rosa 8 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
4940m
2PUE276 316754 8826179 RC 4940m Rosa 10 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
4940m
2PUE277 316754 8826181 RC 4940m Rosa 12 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
4940m
2PUE278 316754 8826183 RC 4940m Rosa 14 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
4940m
2PUE279 316754 8826185 RC 4940m Rosa 16 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
4940m
2PUE280 316754 8826187 RC 4940m Rosa 18 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip footwall of Rosa Vein, ICPMS
4940m
2PUE281 316300 8826109 Grab 4725m Rosa 0 Brown calcite + MnOx Grab brown calcite plus Mn ox, ICPMS
vein Rosa Vn
2PUE282 316300 8826110 Grab 4725m Rosa 0 Brown oxidized calcite Grab light brown to gray calcite δ13C, δ18O,
vein cut by Fe-oxide veinlets, Rosa ICPMS
Vein.
2PUE283 316300 8826111 Grab 4725m Rosa 0 calcite vein Grab white coarse calcite with δ13C, δ18O,
rhombs to 0.7cm, Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE284 316300 8826113 Grab 4725m Rosa 2 Brecciated calcite vein Small zones of breccia with limestone and none to very weak red footwall of the Rosa vein. Late δ13C, δ18O,
white calcite angular fragments in a dark banded calcite veins ICPMS
calcite matrix.
2PUE285 316300 8826115 Grab 4725m Rosa 4 Gray limestones Fine grained limestone with hairline calcite Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall. δ13C, δ18O,
veinlets . ICPMS
2PUE286 316300 8826118 Grab 4725m Rosa 7 Brown calcite vein Grab 10cm wide brown cal vn, ICPMS
footwall
2PUE287 316300 8826119 Grab 4725m Rosa 8 Gray limestones Grab unveined gray lmst, footwall ICPMS

2PUE288 316300 8826120 Grab 4725m Rosa 9 calcite vein Grab white calcite veins, footwall ICPMS
of Rosa
2PUE289 316300 8826129 Grab 4725m Rosa 18 Mn-rich brecciated Grab calcite plus Mn ox brx, ICPMS
calcite vein footwall
2PUE290 316300 8826108 RC 4725m Rosa 0 calcite vein 2m chip, Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE291 316300 8826110 RC 4725m Rosa 0 calcite vein 2m chip, Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE292 316300 8826112 RC 4725m Rosa 1 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE293 316300 8826114 RC 4725m Rosa 3 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE294 316300 8826116 RC 4725m Rosa 5 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE295 316300 8826118 RC 4725m Rosa 7 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE296 316300 8826125 RC 4725m Rosa 14 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE297 316300 8826127 RC 4725m Rosa 16 Gray limestones 2m chip, footwall of Rosa Vein ICPMS
2PUE298 316300 8826140 Grab 4725m Rosa 30 Alabandite rich calcite 80% f.g. brassy alabandite, 5% light-brown to Grab Mn-ox and Mn-sulf vein, δ13C, δ18O,
vein orange mineral (sphl?), trz py, 10% chalky footwall. Strong H2S smell when ICPMS
white calcite and clear quartz. HCL is added
618
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
2PUE299 316124 8826131 Grab 4670 Rosa White calcite vein Uchucchacua Grab white cal. vn between Rosa ICPMS
1 and 2, 4670m

2PUE300 315997 8826301 Grab 4640 Qtz-carb-sulf-skarn Uchucchacua Grab qtz-carb-sulf-skarn in road ICPMS
cut, 4640m

2PUE301 315997 8826301 Grab 4640 Qtz vein Uchucchacua Grab coarse dog tooth qtz vein ICPMS
in road cut, 4640m

2PUE304 316774 8826187 Grab Est s/n, gal Rosa 0 Mineralized limestone Brecciated limestone cut by cgr white calcite red-orange Late thin stylolite like sulfide vlts δ13C, δ18O,
754W, 4450 vlts and 6mm thick calcite + py + ICPMS
m level bustamite? + sph ± qtz vein

2PUE305 316774 8826189 Grab Est s/n, gal Rosa 2 Mineralized limestone Grab Rosa Vein. Gray limestone, 2-3% diss py Gray limestone, matrix of py- δ13C, δ18O,
754W, 4450 cut by white calcite vlts and vlts-breccia bustamite(?)-sph-calcite+/-quartz. ICPMS
m level Thin ruby silver vlts
2PUE306 316773 8826196 Grab Est s/n, gal Rosa 9 Calcite + sulfide vein Coarse white calcite vein with 2% bustamite(?)- red-orange Grab 25cm calcite vn, δ13C, δ18O,
754W, 4450 sph-py diss and in patches. hangingwall. ICPMS
m level
2PUE307 316773 8826197 Grab Est s/n, gal Rosa 10 Gray limestones microbrecciated limestone cut by hairline red-orange Grab 0.7cm white calcite veinlets δ13C, δ18O,
754W, 4450 calcite vlts. Thin dark stylolite like vlts with cutting gray limestone, ICPMS
m level bustamite(?) and py cut calcite vlts. hangingwall of the Rosa vein.
2PUE308 316773 8826198 Grab Est s/n, gal Rosa 11 Gray limestones Uchucchacua Grab unveined gray lmst, ICPMS
754W, 4450 hangingwall, 4450m, 11m north
m level

2PUE309 316773 8826199 Grab Est s/n, gal Rosa 12 calcite vein Limestone wallrock is microbrecciated. Grab red-orange Coarse white vein calcite with δ13C, δ18O,
754W, 4450 15cm white cal vn, hangingwall. trace disseminated pyrite and ICPMS
m level bustamite(?).
2PUE310 316773 8826201 Grab Est s/n, gal Rosa 14 Gray limestones Microfractured, hairline white calcite veinlets Grab unveined gray lmst, δ13C, δ18O,
754W, 4450 cut by thin black stylolites. hangingwall. ICPMS
m level
2PUE311 316773 8826201 RC Est s/n, gal Rosa 14 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall of Rosa ICPMS
754W, 4450 Vein, 4450m, 14m north
m level

2PUE312 316773 8826199 RC Est s/n, gal Rosa 12 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall of Rosa ICPMS
754W, 4450 Vein, 4450m, 12m north
m level
619
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
2PUE313 316773 8826197 RC Est s/n, gal Rosa 10 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall of Rosa ICPMS
754W, 4450 Vein, 4450m, 10m north
m level
2PUE314 316773 8826196 RC Est s/n, gal Rosa 8 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall of Rosa ICPMS
754W, 4450 Vein, 4450m, 8m north
m level
2PUE315 316773 8826192 RC Est s/n, gal Rosa 2 Gray limestones Uchucchacua 2m chip, hangingwall adjacent ICPMS
754W, 4450 to Vein, 4450m, 6m north
m level
2PUE316 316774 8826188 Grab Est s/n, gal Rosa 1 Uchucchacua Grab Rosa Vein, 4450m, 1m ICPMS
754W, 4450 north
m level
2PUE317 316774 8826187 Grab Est s/n, gal Rosa 0 Uchucchacua Grab Rosa Vein, 4450m, 0m ICPMS
754W, 4450 north
m level
2PUE320 Grab 4360m near Rosa 8m north White calcite vein Coarse white brecciated calcite cut by gray red-orange Grab Rosa Vein. Sulfides make δ13C, δ18O,
gallery 310SE sulfide-qtz-calcite vlts. Late clear to white up about 30% of the matrix with ICPMS
calcite ± sulfides vlts the remainder quartz and calcite
2PUE321 Grab underground Rosa 7m north Crustiform calcite vein crustiform banded white calcite vein. Grab red-orange Late sulfide vlts: py, bustamite δ13C, δ18O,
4360m Rosa vein and f.g. acicular stibnite ICPMS

2PUE322 Grab 4360m Rosa 14m north White calcite vein Grab coarse white calcite vein cutting red-orange No sulfides. δ13C, δ18O,
limestone, hangingwall of Rosa vein. ICPMS

2PUE323 Grab 4360m Rosa 13m north Gray limestones Microfractured, hairline white calcite veinlets none Grab unveined gray limestone. δ13C, δ18O,
cut by thin black stylolites. Local <1mm size round gray ICPMS
grains in a white calcite matrix.
2PUE324 Grab 4360m Rosa 1m north White calcite vein Small clast of gray limestone with diss py in red-orange Grab coarse white calcite vein, δ13C, δ18O,
the vein, and late dark stylolite like vlts footwall of Rosa vein. ICPMS
containing bustamite(?) and trace py.

2PUE325 Grab 4360m Rosa 0m north Gray limestones Microbxd and cut by hairline calcite vlts, large red-orange Grab gray limestone, footwall. δ13C, δ18O,
coarse white calcite vein. Trz late black ICPMS
bustamite(?)-py vlts.

2PUE326 Grab 4180m Rosa Uchucchacua Grab, Rosa Vein, 4180m, at ICPMS
710m N. along vein
2PUE327 Grab 4180m Rosa Calcite veins Uchucchacua Grab calcite veinlets near Rosa ICPMS
Vein, 4180
2PUE328 Grab 4180m Rosa Calcite ± sulfide veins Late clear calcite veinlets cutting red-orange Grab from dump, exact location δ13C, δ18O
mineralization. Ruby silver associated with unknown. Euhedral quartz
late white-clear calcite veinlets. crystals associated with sph-
bustamite(?)-stibnite and pyrite.
3PUA500 317265.5 8826226 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 141N Gray limestones Two generations of calcite vlts: 1st stage: 18v Pale red color in the center with ICPMS, PIMA
620

Level 300 x m, N190°,63°; 2nd stage: 10v x m, N62°, white haloes. Red gets deeper
80°, 2 cm wide. towards the vein.
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA501 317258 882624 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 136N Gray limestones Randomly distributed, discontinuos calcite vlts Pale red fluorescence in the δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 (7v x m) and stgs (25v x m): N78°, 73°, 1cm middle of the vein. ICPMS, PIMA
wide.
3PUA502 317257 8826220 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 131N Gray limestones Discontinuos, white calcite veinlets, N63°, No fluorescence δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 80°SE, 1cm wide, 8v x m. ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA503 317254 8826215 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 126N Gray limestones Echelon calcite vlts system: N55°, 90°, 14v x Local weak red and bright purple δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 m, 0.2 - 1cm wide flourescence with a white halo ICPMS, PIMA

3PUA504 317251.5 8826211 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 121N Gray limestones Irregular discontinuos tension gashes filled up Local pale red spots at the center ICPMS, PIMA,
Level 300 with calcite: N47°, 90°, 1cm wide as max., 25v of the vein. XRD
xm
3PUA505 317249 8826207 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 116N Gray limestones Two systems of crustiform calcite vlts: N60°, No fluorescence. . At 24.5 m calcite vlt shows a pale δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 90°, 11v x m, 0.2-0.5cm wide; and N40°, 90°, ORF centre with bright cream and ICPMS, PIMA
3v x m, 0.5cm wide. pale purple haloes
3PUA506 317246 8826202.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 111N Gray limestones Local calcite veinlets: N63°, 84°, <0.5cm wide No fluorescence. ICPMS, PIMA
Level 300
3PUA507 317244 8826198 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 106N Gray limestones Local calcite veinlets: <0.5cm wide No fluorescence. Trz ORF in δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 some vlts. ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA508 317241.5 8826194 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 101N Gray limestones Two generations of calcite vlts: 1st stage: 19v Local red fluorescence assoc. w/ PIMA
Level 300 x m, N175°,72°; 2nd stage: 6v x m, N230°, 45° 1st. Stage.

3PUA509 317238 8826190 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 96N Gray limestones Irregular and discontinuos, white calcite Red fluorescence in the core Three of them shows an extra δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 vlts:N185°, 73°; 13v x m, 3 cm wide). surrounded by a white halo. purple halo. ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA510 317236 8826186 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 91N Gray limestones Irregular white calcite vlts, 8v x m. Local 2 very strong red orange PIMA
Level 300 fluorescent spots.
3PUA511-LG 317241 8826187.5 chips of Xc 130N, Rosa 95N Calcite veinlet Crustiform, zoned, calcite veinlet, 90% light Red fluorescence in the core ICPMS & Isotope sample: light δ13C, δ18O,
vein Level 300 green, 10% yellow and trz blue fluorescent surrounded by a yellow and green fluorescence ICPMS, PIMA,
calcite purple haloes. PTS, SEM

3PUA511-Y 317241 8826187.5 chips of Xc 130N, Rosa 95N Calcite veinlet 90% yellow, 10% light green and trz blue ICPMS & Isotope sample: yellow δ13C, δ18O,
vein Level 300 fluorescent calcite fluorescence ICPMS, PIMA,
SEM
3PUA512 317260 8826218 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 130N Gray limestones Discontinuos, white calcite veinlets, N63°, No - weak fluorescence PIMA
Level 300 80°SE, 1cm wide, 8v x m.
3PUA513 317233 8826181.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 86N Strong fractured gray Echelon calcite vlts system: N23°, 73°, 10v x Mod to st red fluorescence only δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 limestones m, 3cm wide, crosscut by a N234°, 90° calcite in the first stage. ICPMS, PIMA,
vlts. XRD
3PUA514 317230.5 8826177.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 81N Strong fractured, Two discontinuos calcite vein systems: N42°, Moderate red fluorescence. Trz ICPMS, PIMA
Level 300 pyritized gray limestones 90°, 10v x m, 1cm wide; N345-350°, 90°, 22v yellow fluorescence.
x m, 0.1-1cm wide ocassionally up to 5cm
wide
3PUA515 317228 8826173 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 76N Moderate fractured gray Calcite vlts: 1st stage: 12v x m, N256°,70°, Local mod-strong red δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 limestones <0.3cm; 2nd stage: 4v x m, N45°, 46°, 1cm fluorescence in the 1st stage and ICPMS, PIMA
wide. weak red fluorescence in the 2nd
stage.
3PUA516 317224 8826169 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 70N Weak bleached gray Irregular calcite veinlets: 12v x m, N45°, 61°, Strong red fluorescence, also Microvlts show strong ICPMS, PIMA,
Level 300 limestones 0.3-3cm wide observable in the host rocks. fluorescence. XRD
621
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA517 317222.5 8826165 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 66N Brecciated, fossiliferous Wavy and discontinuos thin calcite veinlets: Moderate red fluorescence only Strong red fls in some microvlts. δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 gray limestones N65°, 80° and N40°, 62° systems, 8v x m, in the N65° system. ICPMS, PIMA
2mm wide
3PUA518 317220 8826161 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 61N Ore body Silica patches (opal) surrounded by rhodonite No fluorescence. Local trz strong ICPMS, PIMA,
Level 300 haloes red fluorescence. XRD
3PUA519 317217 8826157 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 56N Ore body Silica patches (opal) surrounded by rhodonite No fluorescence. Local trz strong δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 haloes red fluorescence. ICPMS, PIMA,
PTS
3PUA520 317214 8826153 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 51N Margin of the orebody Two generations of calcite veinlets: 1st stage: No fluorescence in the 1st. Stage ICPMS, PIMA,
Level 300 N45°, 90°, 16v x m; 2nd stage: N270°45°, and a strong ORF with white XRD
30cm long, 2cm wide, 6v x m haloes in the 2nd stage
3PUA521 317212 8826148.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 46N Gray limestones N225°, 63-90° calcite vlt system, <1cm wide Weak to mod red fluorescence. δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA522 317209 8826144 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 41N Weak to moderately Irregular white calcite vlts, N42°, 90°, 8v x m, Strong red fluorescence with Some of them shows yellowish ICPMS
Level 300 silicified gray to tan <2cm wide yellowish white haloes white fluorescence haloes.
limestones
3PUA523 317206.5 8826140 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 36N Brecciated gray Discontinuos, brecciated, white calcite vlts, Moderate red fluorescence with δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 limestones N40°, 70°SE, <5cm wide, 12v x m. 2mm wide white haloes. ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA524 317204 8826135.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 31N Mod sil and st frac gray Discontinuos white calcite veinlets: 1st stage: Strong red fluorescence with ICPMS
Level 300 limestones N90°, 90°, 7v x m, <1cm wide; 2nd stage: yellowish white haloes
N135°, 90°, <0.5cm wide, 8v x m
3PUA525 317201 8826131.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 26N Mod sil and st frac gray Discontinuos white calcite veinlets: N210°, Strong red fluorescence with δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 limestones 72°, 10v x m, 2cm wide yellowish white haloes. ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA526 317198.5 8826127.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 21N Mod sil gray to tan Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N145-150°, Moderate red fluorescence ICPMS
Level 300 limestones 90°; 18v x m, <1cm wide. High density of
calcite stgs
3PUA527 317196 8826123 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 16N Mod sil, light gray Discontinuos calcite vlts: 1st stage: N60°, 52°; The 2nd and 3rd stage show δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 limestones 2nd stage: N284°,90°, <0.3cm wide, 9v x m; moderate red fluorescence. ICPMS
3rd stage: N130°, 60°, 0.2cm
3PUA528 317193 8826119 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 11N Mod sil grayish brown, Discontinuos white calcite vlts and stgs. Most The vlts show mod to st red ICPMS, PIMA,
Level 300 fgr limestones of the stgs. (N25°,90°; 1mm wide) crosscut the fluorescence. Slight yellowish XRD
vlts. (N70°, 78°; <0.5cm, 11v x m). Local white haloes are distinguished in
thick vlts. some of the vlts.
3PUA529 317190 8826114.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 6N Weak sil and Two discontinuos, white calcite vlt systems: Moderate to strong red δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 fossiliferous gray N198°, 28°, 4v x m and N132°, 70°, 10v x m, fluorescence with yellowish white ICPMS
limestones <1cm wide. haloes
3PUA530 317187.5 8826110.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 1N Strong fractured, gray Two calcite generations. 1st stage: N155°, 70°; Moderate to strong red Sample taken close to the Rosa ICPMS, XRD
Level 300 limestones 0.2 - 1cm wide, 12 stgs x m. 2nd stage: N40°, fluorescence. vein.
75°; 2cm wide, 5v x m
3PUA531 317184.5 8826106 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 1S Mod sil, brownish gray Mod calcite vlts and stg dist: N70°, 90°; 3cm Moderate red fluorescence with δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 limestones wide; and N270°, 63°; 5v x m yellowish white haloes ICPMS, XRD
3PUA532 317182 8826102 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 6S Mod sil, brownish gray High density of calcite stgs, 0.5-1cm wide, Moderate red fluorescence with Rhodocrosite vein shows a red ICPMS, PIMA
Level 300 limestones w/ trz diss py. crosscut white calcite vlts: N233°, 68°, 4v x m. yellowish white haloes. fluorescence
Rho+gn+py vlt appears 1m to the south:
N243°, 72°; 1cm wide.
622
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA533 317179 8826098 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 11S Mod sil, fgr, gray Two tensional discontinuos systems are Mod-strong ORF with yellowish δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 limestones recognized: (A) N70-80°, 45-73°, 10v x m, 0.2- white haloes. Trz of gn+py in ICPMS, PIMA
1cm wide; and (B) N255°, 64°, 12v x m, some of the veins.
<1cm.
3PUA534 317176.5 8826094 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 16S Mod sil, fgr, gray Two tensional discontinuos systems: (A) Mod to st red fluorescence, also The last calcite event seems assoc ICPMS
Level 300 limestones N265°, 58°, 6v x m, 0.2cm wide; and (B) mod cream fluorescence. w/ stgs.
N32°, 60°, 1cm wide.
3PUA535 317173 8826089 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 21S Weak sil, mod fract, Scarse presence of calcite vlts. No - weak red fluorescence δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 grayish brown limestones ICPMS, PIMA

3PUA536 317171 8826085 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 26S Mod sil, grayish brown N55-63°, 85° white calcite vein system, 6v x No - weak cream flourescence in ICPMS
Level 300 limestones m, <1cm wide. Occasional 5cm wide microveinlets.
ca+gn+py vein appears 1m south.
3PUA537 317169 8826081 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 31S Mod sil, grayish brown Mod calcite vlts distribution: N230°, 90°, <1 Mod to st red fluorescence δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 limestones cm wide, 7v x m. Rare stgs. ICPMS
3PUA538 317251 8826204 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 113N Calcite veinlet N60°, 60°, 1cm wide Mod red fluorescence in the PIMA
Level 300 middle, surrounded by pink,
bright creamy and pale purple
thin haloes.
3PUA539 317246.5 8826196 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 105N Calcite veinlet No - weak red fluorescence PIMA
Level 300
3PUA540 317182 8826110.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa Rosa vein Rosa vein N70° mineralized system crosscut by N45° Strong red fls vlt crosscut by ICPMS, PIMA,
Level 300 calcite veinlets yellow fls mm ca vlts. XRD
3PUA541 317233.5 8826182.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 88N Calcite veinlet N23°, 73° calcite vlts, no longer than 15 cm Deep red fluorescence. PIMA
Level 300 and <3cm wide. This veinlet belongs to a
echelon system.
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 81N Calcite veinlet N225°, 78°, 10v x m, 3cm wide Deep ORF with white yellow and Isotope sample: vein δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 light blue halos. ICPMS, Sr/Sr,
PIMA, PTS, SEM

3PUA543 317234.5 8826173.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 80N Pyritized, gray limestones Close to a swarm of calcite vlts: N42°E and Deep red fluorescence of a rusty
Level 300 N45°W, 0.5-1cm wide avg surface and uneven surface.

3PUA544 317227 8826165.5 Grab Xc 130N, Rosa 70N Fgr, gray limestone ICP data corresponds to a 95% white rxl lms Pinkish spots under UV lamp. Sample taken close to a deep red δ13C, δ18O,
Level 300 with pale orange red fluorescence; 5% gray Mod - strong red fls on uneven fluorescence calcite vein. Isotope ICPMS, PIMA
lms. surfaces. sample: vein
3PUA545 317250.5 8826110 Grab Xc 916NE, Rosa 0 Grayish brown, rxl Crustiform, white calcite vlts, N70°, 90°, 1cm Weak to mod red fls. Some of ICPMS
Level 360 limestones wide, 7v x m them shows yellowish white fls
haloes. Mod red fls of the mtx.
3PUA546 317254.5 8826113 Grab Xc 916NE, Rosa 5 Brown, rxl limestones Discontinuos, white, crust calcite vlts, N245°, Mod. red fluorescence ICPMS, XRD
Level 360 78°, 1cm wide avg, 16v x m. surrounded by white haloes
especially assoc w/ sulfides.
3PUA547 317259 8826115.5 Grab Xc 916NE, Rosa 9 Weak to mod sil. brown, Several discontinuos, white calcite vlts The last system shows a deep red ICPMS
Level 360 rxl limestones systems: N300°, 54°, 9v x m, 1cm wide; N0°, fluorescence.
73°, 4v xm, and N225°, 66°, 8v x m, 0.3-2cm
wide
623
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA548-BH 317253.5 8826112 Crushed Xc 916NE, Rosa 4 Brown hornfels Brecciated calcite veinlet with silicified halos Zoned fluorescence: red in the Isotope sample: brown hornfels δ13C, δ18O,
material Level 360 crosscutting a gray stylolite rich limestone center with white haloes towards (crushed material) PIMA, XRD,
the margins. PTS
3PUA548- 317253.5 8826112 Crushed Xc 916NE, Rosa 4 Gray limestones Isotope sample: limestone δ13C, δ18O
LMS material Level 360 (crushed material)
3PUA548-OR 317253.5 8826112 Drilled Xc 916NE, Rosa 4 Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: orange red δ13C, δ18O,
material Level 360 fluorescent calcite (vein) ICPMS, SEM
3PUA549 317262 8826118.5 Grab Xc 916NE, Rosa 13 Brecciated grayish brown High density of stgs and patches of calcite. It Moderate red fluorescence and ICPMS
Level 360 limestones appears as a dissolution breccia . See picture some cream spots

3PUA550 317263.5 8826124 Grab Xc 916NE, Rosa 19 Grayish brown, rxl Discontinuos white calcite vlts, 5v x m, <1cm Moderate red fluorescence ICPMS, XRD
Level 360 limestones wide, N270°, 76°N
3PUA551 317264.5 8826129.5 Grab Xc 916NE, Rosa 24 Mod sil and rxl, gray, fgr High density of white calcite stgs: 0.2-1cm Red fluorescence with yellow The slab contains microvlts w/ ICPMS, PIMA
Level 360 limestones wide. haloes. weak red fluorescence.
3PUA552 317265.5 8826134 Grab Xc 916NE, Rosa 29 Mod sil gray limestones High density of white calcite vlts and stgs: None to moderate red fls of some ICPMS
Level 360 N15°, N248°, 78°; 0.2-1 cm wide, 15v x m. microvlts.

3PUA553 317266.5 8826138.5 Grab Xc 916NE, Rosa 33 Mod sil brown N20°, 45° white calcite vlts and stgs, 7v x m, Strong red fluorescence with ICPMS, PIMA
Level 360 limestones <0.5cm wide yellowish white haloes
3PUA554 316772.5 8826192.5 Grab Est s/n, Gal Rosa 0 St fract, gray limestones Mod calcite stg and py+proust vlts (1-2%) White calcite shows deep red PIMA
754W, Level fluorescence
450
3PUA555 316772 8826202 Grab Est s/n, Gal Rosa 9 Gray limestones Weak calcite vlts Weak red fls in the center of the Fluorescence is better observable PIMA
754W, Level vein. in fresh faces.
450
3PUA556 316860 8825897.5 Grab Xc 877SW, Silvana Calcite vein Crustiform, white calcite vein Red fluorescence in the middle Isotope sample: orange red δ13C, δ18O,
Level 450 and white in the margins. fluorescent calcite (vein) PIMA
3PUA559 316716 8826230 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 4S Mod frac dark gray Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N124°, 90°; Only calcite within the fault Trz diss proustite ICPMS, PIMA
Level 180 limestones <1cm wide, 6v x m. Assoc w/ a N208°, 63° shows strong red fluorescence
fault filled up w/calcite.
3PUA559-OR 316716 8826230 Drilled Xc 710SE, Rosa 4S Discontinuous white 98% mod orange red to purple fluorescent Moderate orange red fluorescence Isotope sample: orange red δ13C, δ18O,
material Level 180 calcite veinlets calcite, 2% limestone fluorescent calcite (vein) ICPMS
3PUA560 316716.5 8826225 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 9S Strongly frac, dark gray Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N300°, 84°; Strong red fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 180 limestones <1cm wide, 15v x m limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA561 316717.5 8826220.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 14S Mod frac gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts filling fractures Strong red fluorescence. Slab Possible bedding: N315°, 15° ICPMS, XRD,
Level 180 and faults: N310-338°, 64-84° and N115°, 86°; only contains trz microvlts. filled up with calcite PTS
0.3cm wide.
3PUA562 316718.5 8826215.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 19S Mod frac, brownish gray Discontinuos white calcite vlts filling fractures Strong red fluorescence with Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 180 limestones and faults: N310-338°, 64-84° and N115°, 86°. cream halos. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA
Possible bedding: N315°, 15° filled up with
calcite
3PUA562-NF 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled Xc 710SE, Rosa 19S Discontinuous white 99% non fluorescent vein with 1% orange red Isotope sample: non fluorescent δ13C, δ18O,
material Level 180 calcite veinlets fluorescent stains calcite vein ICPMS
3PUA562-OR 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled Xc 710SE, Rosa 19S White calcite vein 90% light orange red calcite, 10% limestoneWeak ORF in discontinuous ICPMS
material Level 180 calcite vlts
3PUA563 316719.5 8826210.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 24S Mod frac, brownish gray Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N260°, 80°, 5v Strong red fluorescence. Trz vlts ICPMS, XRD
Level 180 limestones x m, N180°,62°; N82°, 52°, 3v x m, <1.5cm in the slab.
624

wide
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA563-OR 316719.5 8826210.5 Drilled 24S Discontinuous white 95% strong orange red fluorescence with 5% Strong orange red fluorescence Isotope sample: orange red δ13C, δ18O,
material calcite veinlets yellow stains along fractures fluorescent calcite (vein) ICPMS
3PUA564 316721 8826205.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 29S Grayish brown, rxl Mod white calcite vlts and stg: N55°, 76°, Strong orange-red fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 180 limestones <1.5cm wide limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA565 316722 8826200.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 34S Mod frac, gray Weak calcite vlts distribution: N277°, 75°, absent to weak orange-red ICPMS
Level 180 limestones <0.5cm wide, 2v x m fluorescence.
3PUA565-NF 316722 8826200.5 Drilled 34S 99.5% non fluorescent calcite, 0.5% lms Weak calcite vein distribution Isotope sample: non fluorescent δ13C, δ18O,
material impurities calcite vein ICPMS, Sr/Sr
3PUA566 316717 8826231.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 3S Strong frac, gray Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N124°, 90°; Very weak fls and local mod Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 180 limestones <1cm wide, 6v x m. Assoc w/ a N208° bright red spots. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA

3PUA567 317384.5 8825642.5 Grab Gal 383NE, Monica 1 Strong frac, fgr gray Two white calcite vlts system: N52° and No fluorescence on first ca PIMA
Level 240 limestones N290°, close to Monica ore body (colloform generation. Weak - mod ORF in
rhod+gn+sl+prous vlts - N260°, 50°, 5cm the second calcite event.
wide, 11v x m)
3PUA568 317393 8825642.5 Grab Gal 383NE, Monica 0 Mod sil and mineralized No fluorescence. Local trz mod Colloform rhod+qtz+proust vlts PIMA
Level 240 (py+gn), brecciated, dark red fluorescent spots. crosscutting mod silicified and
gray limestones mineralized dark gray limestones.
3PUA569 317396.5 8825646.5 Grab Gal 383NE, Monica 0 Ore body No fluorescence. Local CaCO3 Bustamite + fluorite+gn+sph+py
Level 240 patinas show strong red fls. crosscutting a johannsonite block

3PUA570 316723.5 8826196 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 39S Strong frac, rusty, dark High content of calcite stgs and vlts: N32°E, Rusty calcite vlts shows strong Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 180 gray limestones 24°, 0.8-1cm wide; and N98°,90°, 5v x m, red fluorescence. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
<1cm wide.
3PUA571 316725 8826191 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 44S Strong frac, gray Subparallel calcite vlts and stgs: N275°, 90°, Mod red fluorescence with local Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 180 limestones 15v x m, <1cm wide bright white haloes crosscut a limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA
bright cream vein system.

3PUA572 316726 8826186.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 49S Strong frac, gray Subparallel calcite vlts and stgs: N275°, 90°, Weak red fluorescence crosscut Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 180 limestones 15v x m, 0.5-1cm wide by strong white fluorescent limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA
stringers.
3PUA573 316727.5 8826181.5 Grab Xc 710SE, Rosa 54S Strong frac, dark gray Subparallel calcite vlts and stgs: N275°, 90°, Local very weak pink to white Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 180 limestones 15v x m, <0.5cm wide fluorescence. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
3PUA591 317317 8825632.5 Grab Tajeo 290, Veronica Gray limestones crosscut 1st stage: Continuos, irregular white calcite 1st stage: No-weak fluorescence. PIMA
Level 180 by 2 gen of calcite vlts vlts, N175°, 82°, 1-1.5cm wide. 2nd stage: 2nd stage: Strong red
White calcite vlts and stgs, N265°, 74°; 0.3- fluorescence.
0.8cm wide
3PUA592 317369.5 8825635 Grab Est 362NE, Monica Ore body gn+py+cp crosscut by rho + proust vlts Strong red fluorescence of late PIMA
Tajeo 290, calcite veinlets.
Level 180
3PUA593 317338.5 8825670 Grab Est 334NE, Veronica 0 Ore body rho + py + gn + trz proust Scattered red fluorescence spots PIMA
Tajeo 290, probably calcite patinas.
Level 180
3PUA594A 317294.5 8825622 Grab Tajeo 286, Veronica 0 Ore body Johansonite? crosscut by rho+qtz vlts. No fluorescence PIMA
Level 120
3PUA594B 317297 8825626 Grab Tajeo 286, Veronica 0 Massive sulfide sample gn+py+rho+johansonite+gt? Trz ORF in carbonate vlts w/ PIMA
Level 120 local yellow white spots.
625
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA595 316891.5 8825939 DMC 252-7- 141.10 - Silvana 0.15 Strong frac, dark gray Calcite vlts (20% v sample), <0.3cm wide Mod-st ORF with local bright
97, Level 141.15 limestones yellow spots.
300
3PUA596 316890 8825941.8 DMC 252-7- 144 - 144.16 Silvana 3 Strong frac, dark gray Two generations of calcite vlts: 1st Strong red orange and yellowish Only some thicker vlts show mod- PIMA
97, Level limestones stage<0.3cm wide; 2nd stage <0.1 cm wide. white fls in the fine vlts (2nd strong fls.
300 Bituminous filled stilolytes gen).
3PUA597 316888.5 8825944 DMC 252-7- 146.9 - 147.03 Silvana 5 Bituminous dark gray Calcite stgs <0.1 cm wide Weak-mod orange red
97, Level limestones fluorescence. Some veins do not
300 fluoresce.
3PUA598 316887 8825946.5 DMC 252-7- 150 - 150.13 Silvana 7.5 Mod frac, gray Fractures and stilolytes filled with bitumen. Vwk fluorescence in spots along
97, Level limestones Sample close to a 1cm wide calcite vein the vein axis. Local very bright
300 white yellow mm vlt.
3PUA599 316885.5 8825949 DMC 252-7- 153.17 - Silvana 10 Mod frac, gray Stylolites filled w/bitumen. One calcite vlt 1st gen: without fluorescence. PIMA
97, Level 153.25 limestones <0.3 cm wide 2nd. gen: weak ORF and late gen.
300 very bright yellow
3PUA600 316884 8825951 DMC 252-7- 156.20 - Silvana 12 Mod frac, gray Stylolites filled w/bitumen. One calcite vlt Weak pale purple fluorescence of Mod red fluorescence is also PIMA
97, Level 156.28 limestones <0.3 cm wide the vein. observed in the bituminous
300 matrix.
3PUA601 316882.7 8825953 DMC 252-7- 159.17 - Silvana 14.5 Mod frac, gray Stylolites filled w/bitumen. One calcite vlt No fluorescence.
97, Level 159.26 limestones <0.3 cm wide
300
3PUA602 316881 8825955.5 DMC 252-7- 162.05 - Silvana 17 Fgr, gray limestone 5% stylolites filled with bitumen Very strong yellowish white PIMA
97, Level 162.25 fluorescence in the very fine, late
300 calcite event.
3PUA603 316879.5 8825958 DMC 252-7- 165.13 - Silvana 19.5 Fgr, gray limestone 5% stylolites filled with bitumen Mod-st orange red fluorescence is
97, Level 165.22 observed in the late calcite vlt
300 system.
3PUA604 316878 8825960.5 DMC 252-7- 168.14 - Silvana 22 Fgr, gray limestone 5% stylolites filled with bitumen and crosscut Fluorescence zonation: mod red late event: strong yellow white PIMA
97, Level 168.30 by calcite vlt (1.5cm wide) centre surrounded by non- fls calcite system.
300 haloes
3PUA605 316876.5 8825962.5 DMC 252-7- 171.03 - Silvana 24.5 Strong frac, fgr, gray 5% stylolites (<0.1cm wide) filled with Local trz orange red fluores, and
97, Level 171.20 limestone bitumen mod bright yellow spots 2mm
300 wide.
3PUA699 317349 8825632.5 DMC 252- 0 - 0.19 Monica 1 Dark gray limestones Mod density calcite vlts(2%), <0.4cm wide. transversal calcite vlt system and PIMA
22-02, mtx show intense red
Level 240 fluorescence.
3PUA700 317350 8825630 DMC 252- 2.93 - 3.04 Monica 4 Dark gray, fgr, Trz calcite vlts, 1cm wide. No fluorescence
22-02, bituminous limestones
Level 240
3PUA701 317351 8825627 DMC 252- 6.09 - 6.27 Monica 7 Dark gray, fgr, Two percent bitumen filling stylolites, 2% Mod-strong orange red Bright yellow color is also PIMA
22-02, bituminous limestones calcite vlts, <0.2cm wide. fluorescence appears in vlts and observable along some fractures.
Level 240 mtx.
3PUA702 317352.5 8825624.5 DMC 252- 9.03 - 9.18 Monica 10 Brownish gray micritic Five percent microfractures, high density of No vlts in the sample. Weak -
22-02, and bituminous stylolites (10%). mod red reflection of mtx.
Level 240 limestones
3PUA703 317354 8825622 DMC 252- 11.95 - 12.09 Monica 13 Dark gray, fgr, Trz very fine calcite vlts No fluorescence in the vlts, weak
22-02, bituminous limestones red reflection of mtx.
626

Level 240
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA704 317355 8825619 DMC 252- 15.10 - 15.25 Monica 16 Brownish gray micritic One percent calcite vlts, 1% bitumen. Very intense red fluorescence of
22-02, and bituminous vlts and mtx with some bright
Level 240 limestones yellow dots.
3PUA705 317356.5 8825616.5 DMC 252- 18.06 - 18.18 Monica 19 Strong fractured, fgr, One percent calcite vlts. Close to a Very intense red fluorescence
22-02, gray limestones calcite+rhod+proust vlt zone. with some yellow white spots.
Level 240
3PUA706 317357.5 8825613.5 DMC 252- 21.25 - 21.40 Monica 22 Brownish gray micritic No calcite vlts No fluorescence in the vlts. Weak PIMA
22-02, and bituminous red reflection of matrix.
Level 240 limestones
3PUA707 317359 8825611 DMC 252- 24.11 - 24.22 Monica 25 Brownish gray micritic Trz very fine calcite vlts: 45-90°TCA Local st pink-red fluorescence in
22-02, and bituminous a thin vein. Weak red
Level 240 limestones fluorescence of matrix.
3PUA708 317360 8825608 DMC 252- 27.08 - 27.20 Monica 28 Brownish gray micritic Three percent calcite vlts, <1mm wide, Weak red reflection of mtx.
22-02, and bituminous 45°TCA.
Level 240 limestones
3PUA709 317361.5 8825605.5 DMC 252- 30.14 - 30.30 Monica 31 Brownish gray, fgr, mod One percent stylolites, 2% calcite vlts: 0- Similar to the before sample.
22-02, silicified bituminous 15°TCA.
Level 240 limestones
3PUA710 317362.5 8825602.5 DMC 252- 32.98 - 33.20 Monica 34 Brownish gray, micritic No calcite vlts Similar to the before sample.
22-02, and brecciated
Level 240 limestones
3PUA711 317364 8825600 DMC 252- 35.98 - 36.09 Monica 37 St fract, dark gray One percent stylolites crosscut by calcite vlts, Weak red fluorescence in a Weak reflection of rock PIMA
22-02, limestones <0.2cm wide, 90°TCA. calcite vlt perpendicular TCA. groundmass
Level 240
3PUA712 317365.5 8825597.5 DMC 252- 39.00 - 39.13 Monica 40 Brecciated dark gray Two percent calcite vlts: 15-45° TCA. Mod bluish white fluoresc in Very weak reflection of
22-02, limestones some vlts. groundmass
Level 240
3PUA713 316852.5 8826188 LY 34-09- 0.13 - 0.21 Rosa 2 Gray limestones with diss Brecciated sample Intense red fluorescence in 3
02, Level gn + py calcite vlt systems.
360
3PUA714 316852.5 8826188.5 LY 34-09- 0.91 - 1.05 Rosa 3 Dark gray limestones Mod presence stylolites Mod red fluoresc in the 1st stage. Weak reflection of rock
02, Level Late thin vlts show trz yellow groundmass
360 white fluoresc.
3PUA715 316852.5 8826189 LY 34-09- 1.32 - 1.43 Rosa 3.5 Dark gray, mgr Two percent stylolites, 1% calcite vlt 90° TCA. Zoned thick vein: red, bluish Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O,
02, Level limestones white and yellow. Little veins from rock-matrix ICPMS, PIMA
360 show weak red fluorescence.
3PUA716 316852.5 8826196 LY 34-09- 8.17 - 8.33 Rosa 10 Brownish gray, mgr Two percent calcite vlts; 2% stylolites Local weak mod orange yellow Calcite replacing fossils do not
02, Level bituminous limestones fluoresc with yellow halos. fluoresces
360
3PUA717 316852.5 8826199 LY 34-09- 11.16 - 11.25 Rosa 13 Dark gray bituminous Two calcite vlt generations: 45° and 90° TCA First gen. calcite vlts shows no- Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O,
02, Level limestones yellow fls. Late gen: mod-st ORF from rock-matrix ICPMS, PIMA
360 with bluish white patches.

3PUA718 316852.5 8826201.5 LY 34-09- 13.87 - 14.0 Rosa 16 Dark gray, mgr Three percent calcite vlts. Strong red fluorescence PIMA
02, Level limestones surrounded by white and yellow
360 coatings.
627
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA719 316852.5 8826205 LY 34-09- 17.20 - 17.38 Rosa 19 Dark gray bituminous Three percent stylolites crosscut calcite vlts: Mod-intense red fluoresc in all Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O,
02, Level limestones 45° TCA. systems. Local bright yellow fls from rock-matrix ICPMS
360 lines on slickensides.
3PUA720 316852.5 8826208 LY 34-09- 20.24 - 20.38 Rosa 22 Dark gray bituminous Five percent calcite vlts, 1.5cm wide Three gen of calcite: 1st dull, 2nd
02, Level limestones mod-st red fluores, 3rd bright
360 yellow. The latter is assoc w/ thin
vlts.
3PUA721 316852.5 8826211 LY 34-09- 23.16 - 23.31 Rosa 25 Dark gray bituminous High density of stylolites filled w/ bitumen Local zoned orange red
02, Level limestones crosscut calcite vlts: 45° TCA fluorescent vein w/ yellow and
360 white haloes.
3PUA722 316852.5 8826213.5 LY 34-09- 26.20 - 26.28 Rosa 28 Dark gray bituminous Three percent calcite vlts crosscut by Three gen of calcite: 1st dull, 2nd Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O,
02, Level limestones bituminous stylolites. mod-st red fluores, 3rd bright from rock-matrix. Yellow fls ICPMS, PIMA
360 yellow. The latter is assoc w/ thin surrounds ORF veins
vlts.
3PUA723 316852.5 8826216.5 LY 34-09- 29.27 - 29.37 Rosa 31 Brownish gray, mgr, mod One percent stylolites crosscut 1% calcite vlts. Similar to the before sample.
02, Level fract limestones
360
3PUA724 316852.5 8826217.5 LY 34-09- 29.92 - 30.05 Rosa 32 Dark gray, bituminous High density calcite vlts. Similar to the before sample. Red
02, Level limestones and yellowish white to pinkish
360 white layers seems to be coeval.

3PUA725 316852.5 8826220 LY 34-09- 32.35 - 32.45 Rosa 34 Dark gray, bituminous High density calcite vlts; <0.2 cm wide Most of the vlts are dull. Local Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O
02, Level limestones crosscut stylolites. thin yellow white and wk-mod from rock-matrix
360 orange red vlts.
3PUA726 316852.5 8826221 LY 34-09- 33.72 - 33.88 Rosa 35.5 St fract, dark gray, High density of calcite vlts (80%) Weak orange red fluorescent vein PIMA
02, Level bituminous limestones is crosscut by a very bright
360 pinkish white system.
3PUA727 316852.5 8826222.5 LY 34-09- 35.20 - 35.32 Rosa 37 Dark gray bituminous Three generations of calcite vlts (5%) and 3% Very weak red fluorescent veins
02, Level limestones stylolites. crosscut non-fls veins
360
3PUA728 316852.5 8826225.5 LY 34-09- 38.39 - 38.55 Rosa 40 Dark gray bituminous Two generations of calcite vlts (2%). The Crustiform zonation w/ pale red Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O,
02, Level limestones thicker (0.7-1cm wide) crosscut the thinner core with non-fls halos. A late from rock-matrix ICPMS
360 ones (0.2 cm wide). bright yellow fls within stylolites.

3PUA729 316852.5 8826228.5 LY 34-09- 41.25 - 41.40 Rosa 43.5 Dark gray bituminous High density of calcite vlts (2mm wide) are Mod-st red fluorescence in the
02, Level limestones crosscut by 1% stylolites. core w/ white dull haloes. Mtx
360 shows mod red reflection.
3PUA730 316852.5 8826231.5 LY 34-09- 44.16 - 44.24 Rosa 46 St frac, dark gray, Brecciated sample Very strong red fluorescence in
02, Level bituminous limestones some of veins within the breccia
360 fragments.
3PUA731 316852.5 8826234 LY 34-09- 46.97 - 47.15 Rosa 49 St fract, dark gray, Five percent stylolites, 15% calcite vlts, 60-80° Mod orange red fluorescence A very late non-fluorescence vlt PIMA
02, Level bituminous limestones TCA, <0.5cm wide. changes into a purple white and crosscut the sequence.
360 yellow.
3PUA732 316852.5 8826237 LY 34-09- 49.75 - 49.81 Rosa 51.5 Dark gray bituminous Three percent calcite vlts<0.4cm wide. Crustiform zonation: mod orange Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O,
02, Level limestones red core surrounded by a bright from rock-matrix. Organic ICPMS
360 white halo. material seems to constraint the
fluorescence effect.
628
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA733 316852.5 8826240.5 LY 34-09- 53.00 - 53.17 Rosa 55 Mixed sample: white Mod-st orange red fluorescence. δ13C, δ18O
02, Level calcite vein and dark gray Some stgs do not fluoresces.
360 bitum lms
3PUA734 316852.5 8826243 LY 34-09- 56.0 - 56.25 Rosa 58 Dark gray, bituminous, Two generations of calcite vlts: 0.1-0.3cm Wk-mod orange red fluorescence Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O
02, Level mgr limestones wide and 3% stylolites filled up with bitumen. in vlts perpendicularTCA, 70% from rock-matrix
360 vlts do not fluoresce.

3PUA735 316852.5 8826246 LY 34-09- 59.09 - 59.25 Rosa 60.5 Dark gray, bituminous One percent stylolites crosscut very thin calcite Orange red fls of the late, cgr Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O,
02, Level limestones vlts (2mm wide). calcite vlt 90° TCA. Others do from rock-matrix ICPMS, PIMA
360 not fluoresce.
3PUA736 316852.5 8826249 LY 34-09- 62.30 - 62.39 Rosa 63.5 Brownish to dark gray Weak calcite vlt distribution (0.5%) are Very weak trz orange red Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O
02, Level limestones crosscut by 1% stylolites 0° TCA. fluorescence on altered fractures. from rock-matrix
360
3PUA737 316852.5 8826252 LY 34-09- 65.30 - 65.46 Rosa 67 Brownish to dark gray Weak calcite vlt distribution (0.5%) are Late cgr calcite vlt (70 TCA) Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O
02, Level limestones crosscut by 2% stylolites 0° TCA. shows mod-st orange red from rock-matrix
360 fluorescence. Others are dull.
3PUA738 316852.5 8826255.5 LY 34-09- 68.26 - 68.46 Rosa 70 Dark gray, bituminous Weak calcite vlt distribution (1%, <0.3cm Trz lemon yellow spots in the Isotope sample: Drilled material δ13C, δ18O,
02, Level limestones wide) are crosscut by 5% stylolites 0° TCA. matrix. Veinlets do not fluoresce. from rock-matrix ICPMS
360
4PUA500 316555 8826212 Grab Surface Rosa vein 15 Brown gray, mgr, partial 15m N of Ros a vein. Ca+ MnOx vlts N77W, <1% ca vlts, no fls. Traces white Isotope sample: brownish gray δ13C, δ18O
rxl limestones (dol?) 2cm wide, 2 vlts x m. Local calcite stringers spots on weathered surfaces lms (drilled material)

4PUA501 316555 8826212 Grab Surface Rosa vein 15 Crustiform ca + MnOx Mod-st orange-ORF with mm PTS
vlt, 3cm wide, S70E, bright white halos showing the
65SW contours of crystals
4PUA502 316559 8826221 Grab Surface Rosa vein 25 Brown gray, mgr, mod 2% ca+goe+MnOx stgs covered by ca crusts Two events of mm ca vlts: 1st: no Isotope sample: brownish gray δ13C, δ18O, PTS
rxl limestone given by glacial erosion fls; 2nd: mod ORF lms (drilled material)
4PUA503 316560 8826222 Grab Surface Rosa vein 26 Irregular and disc calcite 2cm wide, S65E, 90, 2vlts x m Weak-local mod ORF with weak
+ MnOx vein. white halos
4PUA504 316563 8826230 Grab Surface Rosa vein 35 Ca + MnOx + goe vein, High density of ca + MnOx vlts: N52E, 90, Strong ORF in all the calcite vlts Isotope sample: calcite + MnOx + δ13C, δ18O
2cm wide cuts brown >5cm, 3v x m. S83E, 20SW, 0.50-2cm, 9v xm. (3%). goe vein (drilled material)
gray, mod rxl lms (dol?) N18W, 90, <1cm, 3v x m.

4PUA505 316564 8826231 Grab Surface Rosa vein 37 Brownish gray, mod rxl Strong ORF - red in most of the Isotope sample: brownish gray δ13C, δ18O
limestones (dol?) vlts (5%) lms (drilled material)
4PUA506 316566 8826240 Grab Surface Rosa vein 45 Discontinuos ca + MnOx It crosscuts irregular, mm ca vlts, S27E and Strong ORF (gray ca) w/ bright Brown (goe) voids do not
+ goe vein, 2cm wide, forms a parallel system of 8v x m, 30-35cm white halos (white ca) in a fluoresce.
N66E, 90, crosscut mgr, wide. crustiform texture.
rxl lms.
4PUA507 316567 8826241 Grab Surface Rosa vein 46 Brownish gray, mgr, mod Ca + MnOx vlts S27E, 8v x m, <2cm wide Two mm ca events: 1st: dull;
rxl, dol? Lms 2nd: mod-st ORF
4PUA508 316569 8826247 Grab Surface Rosa vein 53 ca + goe +/- MnOx vein, It crosscuts a dol? limestone Strong ORF crustiform vein with Isotope sample: bluish fluorescent δ13C, δ18O, PTS
15 cm wide, N85E. thin white, yellow and bluish calcite vein (drilled material)
white fls halos
4PUA508 316569 8826247 Isotope sample: orange red δ13C, δ18O
fluorescent calcite vein (drilled
material)
629
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA509 316570 8826249 Grab Surface Rosa vein 55 Gray, mgr, fossiliferous, 2% fine white ca vlts and stringers Strong ORF of fine ca vlts. Some XRD
dol? lms. Mod-st rxl. of the microfossils show mod-st
ORF, especially close to ca vlts.

4PUA510 317234 8826089 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 5N Brownish gray, mod sil 15% white ca vlts. Three ca events: 1st: dull; 2nd: 3rd: crust of dull caliche w/ little
120 level and rxl, fgr limestone mod -st ORF with dull halos and bright blue dots.
crosscut by bright white mm vlts.

4PUA511 317237 8826084 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 0 White ca + gray gouge. It contains mod sil fragments. Three ca generations: 1st: dull Isotope sample: white calcite vein δ13C, δ18O,
120 level 10-15cm wide, S76E, mm ca; 2nd: wk ORF; 3rd: St (drilled material) ICPMS
75NE ORF w/ bright white halos and
spots.
4PUA512 317236.5 8826079 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 5S Strongly frac'd, brownish 10% white ca vlts and stgs, <0.5cm wide. Two calcite events: 1st: strong Groundmass also show local wk-
120 level gray, fgr, mod sil and rxl ORF; 2nd: mm strong white fls mod red fls.
lms w/ tiny pink orange fls centers.
4PUA513A 317236 8826074 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 10S brown gray, f-mgr, mod Strong fract and brecciated sample. 30% white Two calcite events: 1st: dull; 2nd: Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O,
120 level rxl, weak silicified lms. ca vlts and stgs and local pale gray, mgr mod - st ORF w/ bright white mod. silicified lms (drilled ICPMS, PTS,
marble spots. halos and spots. material) XRD
4PUA513B marble Marble patches and some borders ICPMS, SEM
of the vein are dull.
4PUA514 317236 8826063.5 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 20S Mod frac'd, brownish 1-2% ca vlts. Two ca events: 1st: dull; 2nd: Isotope sample: brownish gray δ13C, δ18O,
120 level gray, f-mgr, mod rxl lms. weak ORF lms (drilled material) ICPMS

4PUA515 317236 8826054 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 30S Mod frac'd, rxl, mgr 2% discontinuos ca vlts, <1cm wide, S75E, Three ca events: 1st: mm dull ca Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O,
120 level brownish gray, wk sil lms 68SW vlts; 2nd: dull-wk ORF; 3rd: st mod. silicified lms (drilled ICPMS
ORF w/ bright white halos. White material)
halos follow fractures.
4PUA516A 317236 8826044 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 40S Gray, mgr, rxl lms. It contains 1% planar white ca stgs crosscut by Marble spots w/ pale-weak ORF Isotope sample: gray lms (drilled δ13C, δ18O,
120 level planar 1cm wide ca vein S60E, 85SW surrounded by pinkish white mm material) ICPMS
ca vlts and stgs.
4PUA516B 40S marble Isotope sample: light brown, fgr δ13C, δ18O,
marble (drilled material) ICPMS
4PUA517 317236 8826034 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 50S St frac'd, rxl, mgr lms. 5% ca vlts and stgs: S72E, 74NE, <3cm wide, Four ca generations: 1st: Dull; Isotope sample: gray lms (drilled δ13C, δ18O,
120 level N70E, 90, <5cm 2nd: bright white; 3rd wk-mod material) ICPMS
ORF; 4th: bright white.
4PUA518 317236 8826024 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 60S St frac'd, brownish gray, f-5% white ca vlts, <2cm wide, N32E, 67SE. Three ca events: 1st: Dull; 2nd: Isotope sample: brownish gray δ13C, δ18O,
120 level mgr, rxl lms. wk-mod ORF; 3rd: yellow white lms (drilled material) ICPMS
ca with st ORF.
4PUA519 317233 8826014.5 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 70S Brownish gray, fgr, mod 3% white ca vlts and stgs, 2cm wide. Two ca events: 1st: white ca Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O,
120 level sil and rxl limestones patches w/ non to wk ORF. 2nd: mod. silicified lms (drilled ICPMS
mm ca vlts w/ very strong red - material)
ORF
4PUA520 317230 8826008 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 77S Brownish gray, f-mgr, 5% white discontinuos ca vlts <2cm wide, Two ca events: 1st: Dull white
120 level mod frac'd and rxl lms. N80E, 68SE, S25E, 53NE, 3vlts x m. calcite; 2nd: Gray ca vein with
mod-st ORF.
4PUA525 317237 8826094 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 10N Brownish gray, fgr, mod 1% stylolites, 0.5% diss py, 1% ca microvlts. Weak - mod ORF of mm stgs.
630

120 level rxl limestones

 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA526 317233.5 8826103.5 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 20N Brownish gray, fgr, mod 2mm-1cm wide ca vlts, 0.5% diss py, trz <0.5% ca vlts. 1st: no fls; 2nd:
120 level rxl, marly lms. microfossils. Pinkish white fls centres with dull
halos.
4PUA527 317233.5 8826114 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 30N St frac'd, brown, fgr, mod 2% calcite vlts. < 0.5% ca vlts. Last event w/ mod
120 level rxl and sil marly lms. ORF

4PUA528 317241.5 8826122 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 38N St frac'd, brown, fgr, mod 5% ca vlts: N60E, 65NW, <0.2cm wide, 3vts x Three ca events: 1st: Dull - wk The 2 last events surrounds brown
120 level sil and bxd marls. m. N85E, 28SE. ORF (up to 0.3 cm wide). 2nd: patches of lms and also invades
pinkish white. 3rd: strong ORF. rock mtx.

4PUA529 317246 8826130 Grab Xc 940-I-NE, Rosa vein 47N Strong frac'd, light 3% white ca stgs, <0.5cm wide, 1% py filling Very st ORF filling fractures and
120 level brown, fgr, mod sil-rxl fractures invading rock mtx. Close
marls. relationship of fls w/ sulfides.
4PUA530 316219 8826251 Grab 120 level Rosa vein Greenish gray, chlz, 2% ca vlts and py+po in fractures. PTS
andesite porp dike
4PUA531 316852.5 8826260 LY 34-09- 71.90-72.12m Rosa vein 74 Gray, mgr limestones, calcite vlts 50-70°TCA. Most of the vlts doesn't show fls Local 0.5-1cm wide vlts show thin
02, 360 5% white ca vlts, 3% (2mm wide). bands of st yellow fls w/ wk ORF
level stylolites halos cutting non-fls veins
4PUA532 316852.5 8826264 LY 34-09- 75.10-75.25m Rosa vein 78 Fgr, brownish gray, mod calcite vlts 50-70°TCA No fluorescence in the thin ca Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O,
02, 360 sil lms w/ local mm ca vlts. mod. silicified lms (drilled ICPMS
level vlts. material)
4PUA533 316852.5 8826268 LY 34-09- 80 - 80.18m Rosa vein 82 Mgr, mod sil and rxl gray 5% stylolites surrounded by white ca vlts, 5cm Mod-st ORF of mm sinous ca vlts
02, 360 limestones wide. w/ yellow spots on altered
level surfaces.
4PUA534 316852.5 8826272 LY 34-09- 84.30-84.50m Rosa vein 86 Strong frac'd, gray 5% stylolites, mod ca vlts distribution. Three ca events: 1st: non-fls, 2nd: Isotope sample: gray, bituminuos δ13C, δ18O,
02, 360 bituminous limestones thin mod-st yellow fls vlts that lms (drilled material) ICPMS
level also surrounds wk-mod ORF ca
patches. 3rd: st ORF in a mm ca
vein.
4PUA535 316852.5 8826278 LY 34-09- 90 - 90.2 m Rosa vein 92 Gray, mgr, 3% stylolites crosscut by white ca vlts. weak - mod ORF in one of the
02, 360 brecciated,mod rxl last ca vlt systems.
level limestones.
4PUA536 316852.5 8826284 LY 34-09- 95.45-95.60m Rosa vein 98 Brownish gray, mgr, mod 10% carbonaceous stylolites crosscutting Two ca generations: 1st: dull and Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O,
02, 360 rxl, wk sil limestones irregular patches of calcite weak ORF in the 2nd event. mod. silicified lms (drilled ICPMS
level material)
4PUA537 316852.5 8826288 LY 34-09- 100.33- Rosa vein 102 Brownish gray, mgr, mod 10% stylolites crosscut by 1cm wide white ca Two events: 1st: dull; 2nd: mod
02, 360 100.45m rxl limestones vlt. ORF in a 1.7 cm wide ca vein
level
4PUA538 316852.5 8826298 LY 34-09- 109.73- Rosa vein 112 Brownish gray, mgr, mod 1% stylolites, 0.5% diss py, 1% ca microvlts. Strong white to pale wk ORF in
02, 360 109.93m rxl limestones the 2nd calcite vein generation.
level
4PUA539 316852.5 8826304 LY 34-09- 115.20- Rosa vein 118 Brownish gray, mgr, mod Check white ca vein Mod-st ORF in most of the ca
02, 360 115.33m rxl limestones veins. Little strong yellow fls
level dots.
4PUA540 317264 8826232.5 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 5N of Rosa Strong frac'd, mod sil and mod ca vlts,<1.5cm wide, S58W,75SE, 8vlts x 1% mm ca stgs up to 0.2cm wide.
300 level 1 rxl, brown, fgr limestones m Two ca events: 1st: non-weak
white fls. 2nd: mod ORF in the
631

thinner ca vlts.
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA541 317266 8826235.5 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 10N of Mod frac'd and sil, fgr 3%ca vlts: S58W,75SE<1cm. Sample taken Two calcite generations: 1st 0.5% fine ca vlts.
300 level Rosa 1 limestones close to a fault: N30E, 36NW strong yellow and white centers
w/ weak red fls. 2nd: pale-wk
ORF.
4PUA542 317270 8826240 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 15N of irregular and disc calcite 10% white ca vlts, <1.5cm wide, 10vlts x m: Crustiform ca vein w/ 2 fls
300 level Rosa 1 + MnOx vein. S60W, 73SE, N25E, 65NW. generations: The first is non- to
mod white fls surrounding mod
ORF centers (2nd)
4PUA543 317272 8826244 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 20N of Brownish gray, f-mgr, 30% white ca vlts, <2cm wide, <5cm long. Two ca generations: 1st: dull - wk
300 level Rosa 1 mod sil and rxl, st frac'd Sample taken close to a dextral fault. bluish white fls (75% veins). 2nd:
limestones mod-st ORF w/ bright white halos

4PUA544 317278 8826252.5 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 30N of St frac'd, brown, fgr, mod 10% white ca stgs subparallel to a big fault. Ca vlts accounts 1% sample. Two
300 level Rosa 1 sil and rxl limestones generation: 1st: non fls, 2nd: wk-
mod ORF
4PUA545 317284 8826262 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 40N of Brownish gray, mgr, rxl 5% ca vlts: S55W, 62SE,<1cm wide, 6vlts x m Traces fine calcite vlts. No fls
300 level Rosa 1 limestones
4PUA546 317289 8826268 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 50N of Brown, fgr, rxl, wk Between 5 and 30% ca stgs zones, no longer Three ca generations: 1st-2nd:
300 level Rosa 1 silicified limestones than 20cm. dull. 3rd: mod ORF.
4PUA547 317165 8826073 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 40S Brown, fgr, st frac'd and 2% ca vlts and stgs. Two calcite generations: 1st dull,
300 level mod silicified limestones 2nd: mod-st ORF

4PUA548 317162 8826069 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 45S Brownish gray, f-mgr, wk 2% ca vlts, trz diss py. Four ca generations: 1st: thin
300 level silicified limestones mod-st yellow-white fls. 2nd: wk-
mod red-ORF. 3rd: strong ORF;
4th: non-fls
4PUA549 317156 8826060.5 Grab Xc 130NE - Rosa vein 55S Brownish gray, f-mgr, 1% ca vlts, trz-0.5% py in fract. Trz rhod vlts. 0.5% fine ca vlts. Two calcite gen
300 level mod sil and st frac'd w/ mod-st ORF and bright yellow-
limestone white halos.
4PUA550 316714 8826237 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 5N St frac'd, brownish gray, 15% ca vlts, 0.5-10cm wide: N15E, N35W, Three ca events. 1st: thin mm non
180 level mgr, rxl limestones 60NE, N50E, 65SE, 9v x m. fls veins. 2nd: wk ORF with non-
fls halos. 3rd: st ORF w/ yellow
white halos
4PUA551 316713 8826242 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 10N St frac'd, gray, fgr, rxl 30% white ca vlts, trz-0.5% diss py. Two vlts Very st ORF w/ local bright white
180 level limestones systems: N10W, 70SW, <2cm 6v x m. N40E, mm halos and dots. 1st gen (non
75NW, <2cm, trz sulf, 9v x m. fls veins) is partially replaced by
the ORF ones.
4PUA552 316712 8826247 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 15N Fault zone filled w/ white 50% white ca vlts parallel to the fault: 13v x Mod - st ORF in 60% ca spots.
180 level ca: N20E, 58NW. m, <1.5cm wide

4PUA553 316711 8826252 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 20N St frac'd, fgr, gray, mod 10% ca stgs: N15E, 60NW Non fls ca patch contains wk-
180 level rxl limestones mod ORF spots and is also
crosscut by mm pinkish white ca
vlts.
632
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA554 316710.5 8826257 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 25N St frac'd, gray-brown 20% white ca stgs and vlts, most of them Three ca events are recognized. XRD, PTS
180 level gray, fgr, mod rxl w/mm brown haloes, <6cm wide: N70E, 65- 1st: mm non fls veins. 2nd: mm st
limestones 70NW, 8v x m. They are crosscut by N10W, white fls w/ mod ORF centers.
90 ca vlts, <2cm, 10v x m. 3rd: 2-5mm wide mod ORF vlts.

4PUA555 316709 8826262 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 30N Fault zone filled w/ white 5% white mm to 1cm wide ca stgs and vlts. wk-mod ORF in 95% vlts. Local
180 level ca: N20E, 74SE afecting wk ORF calcite fragments.
brown gray, mgr, rxl and
mod sil limestones

4PUA556 316708 8826267 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 35N mgr, mod rxl, brownish 20% white ca vlts: N10W, 75SW, 15v x m. Three ca generations: 1st: pale- Very st frac'd zone w/ trz black
180 level gray marly limestones N40E, 65NW, 10v x m. Both systems < 2.5cm wk ORF. 2nd: mod-st ORF. 3rd: slickensides,
wide. st yellowish white fls halos w/
pinkish centers.
4PUA557 316707 8826272 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 40N Brownish gray, f-mgr, 3% mm ca vlts and 5% white ca vlts <1.5cm weak ORF replacing partially
180 level mod rxl limestones. wide. former non fls ca vlts.
4PUA558 316705.5 8826277 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 45N Mod sil, brownish gray, f- 3% white ca vlts, < 2cm wide, trz rhod?: Mod-st ORF replacing first non
180 level mgr limestones. N38E, 80NW crosscutting ca and ca+alab vlts. fls vlts and filling very thin ca
vlts.
4PUA559 316704.5 8826282 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 50N St frac'd, fgr, mod sil and 2% white ca stgs, <0.5cm, N80E, 75NW. No-pale white fls.
180 level rxl, brownish gray marly
Limestones
4PUA560 316702.5 8826291.5 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 60N St frac'd, f-mgr, rxl, 15% ca vlts: N30E, 90 <2cm, 9v x m. Two generations of cal vlts. 1st:
180 level brownish gray limestones dull. 2nd: thin zoned with mod
ORF centres and mod-st yellow
white halos.
4PUA561 316700.5 8826301 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 70N St frac'd, f-mgr, mod rxl, 15-20% ca vlts: N10W, 70NE, 2cm wide, 2v x No fluorescence vlts.
180 level brownish gray limestones m. N65E, 75NW, 3cm, 5v x m (syntectonic)

4PUA562 316729 8826176 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 60S Brownish gray, fgr, mod 5% ca vlts, <1cm wide. Two calcite generations: 1st mm Isotope sample: brownish gray δ13C, δ18O,
180 level rxl, st frac'd limestones dull vlts. 2nd: wk-mod ORF lms (drilled material) ICPMS
centers w/ non fls halos.
4PUA563 316731 8826171 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 65S St frac'd, brownish gray, f-15% white ca vlts and stgs, <1cm wide, N60E, Two calcite generations: 1st: dull.
180 level mgr, mod rxl limestones 85SE, 12 v x m. 2nd: weak white w/ very weak
ORF centers.
4PUA564 316728 8826165 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 70S St frac'd, brownish gray, f-10% ca stgs. Most of the veins are dull w/ Isotope sample: brownish gray δ13C, δ18O,
180 level mgr, mod rxl limestones weak bluish white fls. Weak ORF lms (drilled material) ICPMS
in a 2nd mm ca generation.

4PUA565 316733 8826161 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 75S Parallel ca vlt system: Mod-st ORF replacing initial
180 level N30E, 83NW, crosscuts stage of non fls calcite veins
fgr, bxd, mod sil, brown
gray lms
4PUA566 316733 8826156 Grab Xc 710NW - Rosa vein 80S St frac'd, gray, mgr, mod 10% ca vlts, stgs and patches. Sample close to Two calcite generations: 1st: Dull
180 level rxl limestones a ca vein: N10W, 82SW. to bluish white fls in mm ca vlts.
2nd: mod-strong ORF in thicker
ca veins.
633
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA567A 317107 8826141.5 Grab Xc s/n - 450 Rosa vein 0 Sphalerite, galena ± ca, ± 20% MnOx cover the sample, 1% assoc ca Spots of very strong ORF within a PTS
level Mn sil vein (Rosa vein) vlts. non fls matrix

4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 Grab Xc s/n - 450 Rosa vein 0 Brecciated white ca vein MnOx patches within the sample do not Two fls ca vein generations: st Isotope sample: brecciated white δ13C, δ18O,
level w/ sil limestone fragm fluoresce ORF is crosscut by a very st ORF calcite vein (drilled material) ICPMS, Sr/Sr,
(center of Rosa vein) mm system. PTS, SEM

4PUA567C 317106 8826141 Grab Xc s/n - 450 Rosa vein 0 Silicified bx w/ 2% white 2% ca stgs, goe stains, 15% MnOx covering Very strong ORF of veins and MnOx doesn't fluoresce.
level ca fragm (footwall Rosa Mn silicates fragments. Local bright white mm
vein) ca stgs.
4PUA568 317117 8826142.5 Grab Xc s/n - 450 Rosa vein 5 St frac'd, mod sil, fgr, ca vlts, 10v x m, <1cm wide, N70E, 70NW Two calcite generations: 1st: dull. Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O,
level brownish gray limestones 2nd: weak ORF mod. silicified lms (drilled ICPMS
material)
4PUA569 317119.5 8826151 Grab Xc s/n - 450 Rosa vein 14 Mod frac'd, and sil, fgr, 2% ca vlts Weak white fluorescence Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O,
level brown marly limestones mod. silicified lms (drilled ICPMS
material)
4PUA570 317114.5 8826154.5 LY 01-94, 0.19-0.32m Rosa vein 16 Dark gray limestone with no vlts Very few ca vlts in the sample.
450 level fine argillic fracture No fluorescence signature.
fillings.
4PUA571 317113 8826159 LY 01-94, 5.02-5.18m Rosa vein 20 Brown gray, wk-mod sil 2% styolites Traces mm ca vlts. No
450 level limestones fluorescence signatures.
4PUA572 317111 8826164 LY 01-94, 10.19-10.35m Rosa vein 24 Brown gray, wk-mod sil 2% styolites 0.5% mm calcite vlts. No Isotope sample:gray lms (drilled δ13C, δ18O,
450 level limestones fluorescence signatures. material) ICPMS, PTS
4PUA573 317110 8826168 LY 01-94, 14.84-14.98m Rosa vein 27 Sandy laminated marls Fracture orientation 20°TCA 1% calcite vlts. No fluorescence.
450 level (calc-arenites?)
4PUA574 317107.5 8826172 LY 01-94, 19.78-19.98m Rosa vein 31 Gray, fgr limestones 5% stylolites filled w/ organic matter 0.5% mm sinous calcite vlts.,
450 level with weak - mod yellow to white
fluorescence.
4PUA575 317105.5 8826178 LY 01-94, 24.98-25.16m Rosa vein 36 Gray, fgr limestones 5% stylolites filled w/ organic matter Local calcite vlts, 1-2mm wide, Isotope sample:gray lms (drilled δ13C, δ18O,
450 level no fluorescence. material) ICPMS
4PUA576 317104 8826180 LY 01-94, 28.64-28.81m Rosa vein 39 Gray, fgr limestones 5% stylolites filled w/ organic matter Zoned calcite vlts (1-40 mm Local st yellow fls spots.
450 level wide), showing pale ORF centers
(0.5cm max) with bright white fls
halos
4PUA577 317103.5 8826182 LY 01-94, 30 - 30.18m Rosa vein 41 Gray, fgr limestones 5% stylolites filled w/ organic matter Weak-mod ORF centers with
450 level very thin white Fls halos in a 1
cm wide calcite vein, mm vlts are
mostly dull.
4PUA578 317102 8826186 LY 01-94, 35.04-35.15m Rosa vein 44 Dark gray limestone with 0.5% mm calcite vlts. Mod yellowish white fls spots in ICPMS
450 level fine argillic fracture a local 0.3cm wide ca vlt. Other
fillings. veinlets are dull.
4PUA579 317100 8826191 LY 01-94, 40 -40.15m Rosa vein 49 Weak silicified, gray 3% milimetric calcite vlts and filling voids. wk-mod ORF of voids. Veinlets
450 level limestone don't fluoresce.
4PUA580 317098 8826195 LY 01-94, 44.96-45.11m Rosa vein 52 Weak silicified, gray 1% calcite veinlets. Local mm strong ORF center Other veins are dull.
450 level limestone surrounded by a weak white
fluorescent halo.
634
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA581 317097 8826198 LY 01-94, 48.20-48.30m Rosa vein 55 Weak silicified, gray Crustiform vein with several calcite Local very weak ORF centers Late veins have mod ORF (0.2mm
450 level limestone generations. surrounded by thin white fls halos wide).
w/yellow spots.
4PUA582 317096 8826200 LY 01-94, 49.98-50.16m Rosa vein 57 Brecciatted lms with Two percent calcite veinlets Mod ORF centers surrounded by ICPMS
450 level 30% calcite filling non fluorescent halos.
fractures, 40° TCA
4PUA583 317094 8826205 LY 01-94, 55.10-55.26m Rosa vein 62 Brecciated gray 0.5% mm calcite vlts. No fluorescence. Local trz mod
450 level limestone yellow white fls dots in the
matrix.
4PUA584 317092 8826210 LY 01-94, 59.98-60.17m Rosa vein 66 Weak silicified, gray Sample taken close to a mineralized interval: 1% calcite vlts showing local
450 level limestone 2.5 oz Ag, 0.2%Pb, 0.5%Zn, 2% Mn mod-strong ORF (25%), yellow
fls (20%) and non fluorescence
(55%).
4PUA585 317091 8826214 LY 01-94, 65.25-65.40m Rosa vein 70 Strong fractured gray 1% milimetric calcite veinlets. Local mod white fluorescence ICPMS
450 level limestones with trz diss changing to pale pink in color.
py
4PUA586 317089 8826218 LY 01-94, 70.09-70.28m Rosa vein 74 Strong fractured gray Crustiform and brecciated calcite vein. Crustiform bxd ca vein w/ wk- ORF is also observable in mm ca
450 level limestones mod ORF and mm yellow white vlts.
halos. Local mod bluish white fls
spots.
4PUA587 317086 8826225 LY 01-94, 75.14-75.32m Rosa vein 80 Strong fractured gray 2mm wide calcite veinlets (5%) st white fluorescence calcite veins
450 level limestones crosscut dull and wk ORF mm
veins.
4PUA588 316611 8826190 Grab Surface Rosa vein 3 Brownish gray, mgr, 1% mm white ca stgs: S66E, 90, N35E, Weak-mod yellowish white fls of Isotope sample: brownish gray δ13C, δ18O
massive limestones 72NW, 8v x m. ca + MnOx vlts: N90, S40W, vlts on surface. First generation is lms (drilled material)
5cm, 3v x m. dull.
4PUA589 316548 8826248 Grab Surface Rosa vein 47 Gray-brownish gray, mgr, sub-parallel ca+goe+MnOx vlts: N75-85E, 90, Weak-mod ORF surrounded by
mod rxl, bxd limestones 0.2-2cm wide. thin bright white halos. Local st
ORF fragments within dark gray
MnOx vein.
4PUA590 316545 8826257 Grab Surface Rosa vein 54 Brownish gray, mgr, mod 5% ca vlts: 0.3cm wide, N63E, 87NW, 5v x m. Two calcite generations: 1st: dull
sil, massive limestones S65E, 90. Sample taken close to a ca+MnOx is partially replaced by mod ORF
vein calcite. 2nd: thin mm strong ORF
ca stgs.
4PUA591 316541.5 8826266.5 Grab Surface Rosa vein 62 Mod weath, mgr, mod-st 10% disc white ca vlts+/- MnOx patches, 2- Two calcite events: 1st: dull. 2nd: Local yellow white spots in
rxl, massive limestones 30cm wide, S50-65E. It crosscuts a N80E mod-st ORF of thin ca vlts and altered surfaces.
ca+MnOx vlts within fractures of non fls ones.

4PUA592A 316539 8826274 Grab Surface Rosa vein 69 Cgr, white ca vein: S65E, It contains MnOx patches and 3% ca+MnOx+/- Mod-strong ORF. Local tiny
58NW goe vlts, 1-5cm wide bright blue dots randomly
distributed.
4PUA592B 316539 8826274 Grab Surface Rosa vein 69 MnOx+alabandite+rhod 1 x 20m ore body w/trz jarosite Mod-strong ORF of calcite vlts. PTS, XRD
+/-ca patches within a ca Local deep blue dots on altered
vein surfaces.
4PUA593 316538 8826276 Grab Surface Rosa vein 70 Brownish gray, m-cgr, 30% ca+MnOx+/-goe+/-jar vlts Two calcite generations: 1st: dull
rxl, mod sil, massive w/ wk-mod ORF centers that vary
limestones to bright white and orange. 2nd:
635

very fine st ORF

 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA594 316535 8826285 Grab Surface Rosa vein 78 Brownish gray, mgr, mod 5% white ca vlts, 0.2-1cm wide, N30E, 3v x Thick calcite vein doesn't show
rxl, wk sil, massive m. S65-80E, 90, 0.3-10cm wide fluorescence. Fine veins have
limestones mod ORF.
4PUA595 316539 8826298 Grab Surface Rosa vein 91 Brownish gray, mgr, mod 8% white ca vlts, 0.3-1cm wide: S70W, 90, 8v Two calcite events. 1st: dull. 2nd:
sil and rxl massive x m. S35-55E, 70-85SW, 7v x m, <0.5cm wk-mod ORF
limestones
4PUA596 316542.5 8826307.5 Grab Surface Rosa vein 102 Brownish gray, mgr, mod 5% ca + MnOx vlts, <7cm, S45E, 90, S85E, No vlts in the sample. No
sil and rxl massive 90, 6v x m, <2cm wide fluorescence.
limestones
4PUA597 316546 8826317 Grab Surface Rosa vein 112 Brownish gray, mgr, mod 15% ca +/-MnOx vlts: S30-60E, <5cm No fluorescence
sil and rxl massive
limestones
4PUA598 316550 8826326 Grab Surface Rosa vein 122 Mod weath, mgr, 10% ca+/-MnOx vlts: S40E, 5v x m, <2.5cm no-wk ORF
brownish gray limestones wide.

4PUA622 316360 8826264 Grab Surface Rosa vein 5 30cm wide fault vein 1%goe, trz MnOx, 5% gray lms frag Two calcite generations. 1st: dull.
w/anastomosing white ca 2nd: mod ORF replacing the first
vlts >5cm wide. event.
4PUA623 316358 8826269 Grab Surface Rosa vein 11 Mod frac'd, weath and sil 3% mm MnOx+ca vlts: N50E, 90, 12v x m. No - weak ORF in some of the Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O
brownish gray, fgr Sample taken 50cm N of ca+MnOx vein: mm calcite veins. weak silicified lms (drilled
limestones N45E, 85SE. material)
4PUA624 316356 8826273 Grab Surface Rosa vein 14 Brownish gray, fgr, mod- 2% ca vlts and stgs w/ local MnOx 0.1-3cm Crustiform calcite vein with a Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O
wk sil, massive wide: S60E, 70NE, 5v x m; N28E, 80SE, weak ORF center surrounded by weak silicified lms (drilled
limestones <0.5cm, 2v x m. mm dull halos. material)
4PUA625 316352.5 8826283 Grab Surface Rosa vein 24 Brownish gray to gray, st 5% ca±MnOx vlts, <1cm wide: N80E, 64NW, Two calcite events. 1st: dull. 2nd: Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O
frac'd limestones 4v x m. 5% white ca patches. wk-mod ORF weak silicified lms (drilled
material)
4PUA626 316349 8826292 Grab Surface Rosa vein 34 Brownish gray, fgr, mod 10% white ca stgs, 10cm long, 1cm wide, 1% Crustiform calcite vlts w/ mod-st Non-fls halos to crustiform veins
weath, massive, st frac'd MnOx in fractures. ORF centre varying into orange
limestones. and white fls
4PUA627 316345 8826301 Grab Surface Rosa vein 42 Brownish gray, f-mgr, 10% MnOx vlts forming a spiderweb texture; Local weak ORF in some of the
massive, wk weath, mod 2% ca±MnOx vlts and stgs: N60E, 60NW, calcite veins.
rxl limestones. <1cm, 5v x m.
4PUA628 316348 8826252 Grab Surface, Rosa vein 0 Crustiform ca + MnOx Goethite in fractures Non fluorescent centre crosscut Isotope sample:crustiform calcite δ13C, δ18O
4830m massive lens, 20cm wide. by yellow white fluorescent fract. ± MnOx vein (drilled material)
Last ca event shows st ORF.

4PUA629 316357 8826263 Grab Surface Rosa vein 4 St frac'd, gray-brownish 10% white ca stgs, <1cm wide, S44W, 58SE, Two calcite generations. 1st: dull. Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O
gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, wk 5v x m. Crustiform veins: MnOx + ca: S65E, 2nd: moderate - local strong weak silicified lms (drilled
sil limestone. 90, 1-10cm wide, 4v x m. ORF. material)

4PUA630 316364 8826304 Grab Surface Rosa vein 45 Brownish gray,f-mgr, 10% white ca stgs up to 2cm wide: S58W, Non fluorescen
mod weath, st frac'd, 73NW, N55E,90, 6v x m
mod-st rxl limestones.
4PUA631 316358 8826326 Grab Surface Rosa vein 67 Gray-brownish gray, mgr, 10% white ca vlts and stgs, <3cm wide: Two calcite generations. 1st: mm
rxl limestones w/lapiaz S75E,74NE, 3v x m, N25E, 8v x m ca vlts are dull. 2nd: mod- strong
texture ORF in thick veins.
636
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA652 Grab Tajo 255-240 Rosa vein Alabandite, rhodocrosite, (Rosa vein) PTS
level calcite, py, proustite

4PUA653 Grab Tajo 775, 060 Magaly Massive py, calcite, (Magaly orebody)
level orebody alabandite

Huantajalla
3PUA641-W 317777 8824949.5 Drilled Surface Marion 0 White colloform calcite This vein crosscut a N247°, 90° vein. Ninety Pale pink fls centre surrounded Isotope sample: white fluorescent δ13C, δ18O,
material vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm percent white and 10% non fls vein by w/ mod red fls vein and by an calcite vein ICPMS, Sr/Sr,
wide. outer mod yellow red halo. PIMA
3PUA641-Y 317777 8824949.5 Drilled Surface Marion 0 White colloform calcite This vein crosscut a N247°, 90° vein. Ninety- Isotope sample: yellow δ13C, δ18O,
material vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm nine yellow, 1% non fluorescent calcite fluorescence calcite vein ICPMS, Sr/Sr
wide.
3PUA642 317775 8824946.5 Grab Surface, Marion 5 Brownish gray, fgr High distribution of calcite vlts: N90°, 14v x Bright yellow white fine calcite Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
4966m limestones m, <0.3cm wide. stgs w/ local red spots crosscut a limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
1st non fls system.
3PUA643 317774 8824942 Grab Surface Marion 9.5 Brownish gray, fgr lms 1% fine calcite vlts. No fluorescence. Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
w/ FeOx+MnO stains limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
3PUA644 317773 8824937 Grab Surface Marion 14 Banded calcite vein Strike: N90°, 3.5m wide. Mod red fls spots surrounded by PIMA
bright white blue halos crosscut
bright yellow spots.
3PUA645 317772 8824929 Grab Surface Marion 17.5 Fgr, gray limestones High density of calcite vlts. Wk-mod white fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
3PUA646 317771.5 8824925 Grab Surface Marion 21 Fgr, brown limestones Three calcite gen. 1st stage: N202°. 2nd stage: Wk-mod white fluorescence ICPMS, PIMA
N45°, 90°, 0.2-2cm wide, 12v x m. 3rd stage:
N190°, 15cm wide.
3PUA647 317771 8824922 Grab Surface Marion 24.5 Brecciated and locally Strike: N170°, 15cm wide, perpendicular to Very weak white fluorescent vein
crustiform calcite vein Marion vein system. w/ st red fluorescent fractures.

3PUA648 317770.5 8824918 Grab Surface Marion 28 Fgr, brownish gray Moderate calcite distribution: N0°, 90°; N73°, No vlts found in the sample. Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
limestones 77°; 6v x m, <0.4cm wide. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
3PUA649 317770 8824915 Grab Surface Marion 32 Mod frac, fgr, marly Mod distribution of calcite vlts, <0.2cm wide. Local bright white spot in a ICPMS
limestones calcite vlt
3PUA650-W 317770 8824911 Grab Surface Marion 35 Crustiform calcite vein This N238° vein system, 0.2-2.5cm wide is Red fls centre with st yellow and Isotope sample: white fluorescent δ13C, δ18O,
crosscut by a conjugated N200°, <0.3cm wide wk-mod white halos. A late event calcite vein. 95% white, and 5% ICPMS, PIMA,
system. There are 6v x m in total. shows mod pink fls. non fls vein PTS
3PUA650-Y 317770 8824911 Surface Marion 35 Crustiform calcite vein 65% yellow, 35% no fluorescent Isotope sample: yellow δ13C, δ18O,
and trz white - light green fluorescence calcite vein ICPMS
fluorescent vein
3PUA651 317769.5 8824903.5 Grab Surface Marion 43 Crustiform and oxidized Strike: N283°, 77°; 50cm wide. Similar to the before sample. PIMA
calcite vein
3PUA652 317769.5 8824901 Grab Surface Marion 45 Brownish gray, marly Planar and very thin calcite vlts, 1mm wide, 3v No - trz red fluorescence. Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
limestones x m, N150°. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
3PUA653 317769.5 8824898 Grab Surface Marion 48 Brownish gray, marly No calcite vlts Local mod yellow fls spots in ICPMS
limestones altered surfaces.
3PUA654 317768.5 8824893 Grab Surface Marion 53 Calcite vein N80°, 85°, 1-10cm wide. It crosscuts the marly Four systems are recognized in A late bright red vlt is also PIMA
Jumasha IV sequence. this crustiform vein: white, distinguished.
637

yellow, orange red and dull.

 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA655 317768 8824888 Grab Surface Marion 58 Brownish gray, marly Local calcite stringers. No vlts found in the sample. Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
limestones limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA

Casualidad Mine
3PUA557 316667 8825526 Grab Xc 473NE, Sandra Dacite dike Mod fls of feldspars. Strong red Porphyritic, cgr, light gray, PIMA
Level 450 fls of calcite veinlets. argillized dacite in the footwall of
the Sandra vein
3PUA558 316643.5 8825516 Grab Xc 473NE, Sandra Dacite dike Strong fls of calcite veins. Mod Porphyritic, f-mgr, biotitic dacite PIMA
Level 450 red- purple fls of argz felspars. close to a garnet skarn halo

3PUA574 316423.5 8825201.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 0 Ore body close to the High density of calcite vlts close to a Fine vlts with strong red fls. PIMA
Level 450 Plomopampa footwall of the vein brecciated vein: N177°, 57°; 2m wide Crosscut mod red fls, thicker
veins with white halos.
3PUA575 316425 8825201 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 1 Plomopampa vein Proust+johans+stib? Local bright red spots within Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 450 Plomopampa calcite. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA576 316428.5 8825201.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 4 Weak frac, fgr, gray Weak presence of calcite vlts <1mm wide No fluorescence. Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 450 Plomopampa limestones limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
3PUA577 316432.5 8825198.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 9 Massive dark gray marly Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N68°, 90°, 0.2- Weak red fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 450 Plomopampa limestones 0.5cm wide, 10v x m limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
3PUA578 316436.5 8825195 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 14 Massive dark gray marly Trace amounts of very fine calcite vlts <2 mm No fluorescence Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 450 Plomopampa limestones wide. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA
3PUA579 316440 8825191.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 19 Massive dark gray Trace amounts of very fine calcite vlts < 2 mm No fluorescence. Calcite vlt assoc ICPMS
Level 450 Plomopampa limestones wide. w/ bedding shows weak
fluorescence.
3PUA580 316443.5 8825188 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 24 Massive dark gray Weak presence of calcite vlts, 1 - 5 mm wide: Mod-st red fluorescence. No vlts Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 450 Plomopampa limestones N240-245°, 80-90°; 2v x m in the slab. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
3PUA581 316447.5 8825185.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 29 Massive gray limestones Thin calcite vlts parallel to the bedding, 2v x m Weak red fluorescence (axis of ICPMS, PIMA
Level 450 Plomopampa the veins). No vlts in the slab.

3PUA582 316431.5 8825199 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 8 Massive gray limestones Discontinuos white calcite vlts: N68°, 90°, 0.2- Weak red fluorescence
Level 450 Plomopampa 0.5cm wide, 10v x m
3PUA583 316452.5 8825183 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 33.5 Massive gray marly Fault zone with calcite vlts <0.3cm wide, Weak red fluorescence and strong Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 450 Plomopampa limestones N270°, 76° yellow fls on a n uneven surface. limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS, PIMA,
XRD
3PUA584 316456.5 8825181 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 38.5 Mod fract, brownish gray Local discontinuos, calcite vlts <3mm wide Calcite vlts perpendicular to ICPMS
Level 450 Plomopampa marly limestones bedding fluoresces red bright
whereas parallel ones show weak
fluorescence.
3PUA585 316461 8825178.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 43.5 Laminated marly Mod distribution of calcite vlts parallel to the Mod - strong red fluorescence. Isotope sample: orange red δ13C, δ18O,
Level 450 Plomopampa limestones bedding: 5v x m fluorescent calcite vein. Drilled PIMA
material
3PUA586 316465 8825176 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 48.5 Mod fract, dark gray Weak dist of calcite vlts parallel to the Traces of fluorescence assoc w/ ICPMS
Level 450 Plomopampa marly limestones bedding: 5v x m and assoc w/ fault N78° fault. No vlts in the slab.
3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 53.5 Mod fract, gray No calcite vlts No vlts in the slab. Isotope sample: pulps of δ13C, δ18O,
Level 450 Plomopampa limestones limestones ± calcite veinlets ICPMS
3PUA588 316473.5 8825170.5 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 58.5 Mgr, gray limestones very weak presence of calcite vlts, 1 - 5 mm Mod red fluorescence. No vlts in ICPMS
Level 450 Plomopampa wide, 2v x m the slab.
638
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA589 316478 8825168 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 63.5 Gray limestones Weak presence of calcite vlts, 2 - 5 mm wide, Weak fluorescence. No vlts in the ICPMS, PIMA
Level 450 Plomopampa 2v x m, N80°, 90°. slab.
3PUA590 316482 8825165 Grab Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 68.5 Dark gray marly Weak presence of calcite vlts, 2 mm wide, 4v Weak fluorescence. No vlts in the ICPMS
Level 450 Plomopampa limestones x m, N80°, 90°. slab.
3PUA608 316167 8824910 Grab Surface, Plomopampa 100 Massive, fossiliferous, N245°, 82°; 4v x m. <0.5cm wide Local spots of altered calcite ICPMS
4681m gray limestones show mod yellow white
fluorescence.
3PUA609 316167 8824928 Grab Surface, Plomopampa 90 Brownish gray, fgr, wk Traces amounts of calcite vlts. Bitumen in Similar to the before sample. One ICPMS
4680m rxl limestones fractures of the vlts shows a mod-st orange
red fluorescence.
3PUA610 316150 8824940 Grab Surface, Plomopampa 64 St oxidized, mod 0.5% qtz eyes, 0.5% diss py. N220°, 75°. Two No fluorescence. PIMA
chloritized dacitic dike meters halo of calcite+MnOx vlts
3PUA611 316150 8824940 Grab Surface Plomopampa 65 Mod sil, st frac Calcite+MnOx vlts: 8v x m, 0.3cm wide, Crustiform zonation: deep red in Altered calcite shows wk yellow PIMA
limestones close to a parallel to the dike strike the middle surrounded by dull white fluorescence.
dacite dike haloes.
3PUA612 316150 8824956 Grab Surface, Plomopampa 52 Massive, rxl, gray Calcite vlts <2mm wide, N30°, 75°, 12v x m No vlts found in the sample. ICPMS
4673m limestones
3PUA613 316142 8824965 Grab Surface Plomopampa 43 Mod to st rxl, brecciated, MnOx brecciated structure assoc w/ calcite Strong red fluorescence in the PIMA
gray limestones vlts: 5v x m, <0.2 cm wide. Local formation of thick veins crosscut by a fine
calcite stwk white fluorescence system.
3PUA614 316147 8824965.5 Grab Surface, Plomopampa 45 Fgr, wk rxl, brownish No calcite vlts No vlts found in the sample. ICPMS, XRD
4670m gray bitum limestone
3PUA615 316137 8824972 Grab Surface Plomopampa 35 Breccciated MnOx + Local formation of calcite stwk. N240°, 74°; 1- Gossanous sample showing PIMA
calcite structure (vein) 1.5m wide, Trz FeOx. See picture bright red and white fluorescent
calcite spots
3PUA616 316137.5 8824980 Grab and Surface, Plomopampa 28 Brownish gray, fgr High density of calcite vlts Mod orange red fluorescence ICPMS
RC sample 4661m limestones
3PUA617 316138 8824988 Grab Surface, Plomopampa 20 Fgr, brownish gray, wk High density of discontinuos calcite vlts: Local weak red fluorescence ICPMS
4658m bitum limestones N80°E, 15v x m, 0.2-1cm wide. Local MnOx along the margins of the calcite
stains veins.
3PUA618 316125 8824990 Grab Surface Plomopampa 10 Calcite vein Mod oxidized, cgr, calcite vein, N255°, 87°; Deep red fluorescence and some PIMA
30 cm wide. MnOx+goe stains yellowish spots along fractures.
MnOx looks dull.
3PUA619 316125 8824990 Grab Surface, Plomopampa 10 Fgr, brownish gray Mod calcite vlts, 0.2-0.5 cm wide Trz yellowish white fluorescence. ICPMS, PIMA
4651m limestones
3PUA620 316118 8825003 Grab Surface, Plomopampa 0 Fgr, wk rxl, st frac, High density of calcite vlts: N180°, 55°; N60°, Mod-strong orange red ICPMS
4659m brownish gray limestone 90°; 2-3mm wide. Sample close to the fluorescence.
Plomopampa vein
3PUA621 316122 8824990 Grab Surface Plomopampa 0 Calcite vein Irregular and discontinuos, white calcite vlts: Mod-strong fluorescence PIMA
N90°, 90°; 15v x m crosscutting dull white calcite vlts
(tension gashes)
3PUA665 315878 8824842 Grab Surface Plomopampa 0 Greenish gray, mgr, chld, Mod distribution of calcite vlts: N50-55°, 90°; Strong red fluorescence One percent fine diss py especially PIMA
mod frac andesitic dike 2cm wide, 7v x m. along calcite vlts

3PUA666 315877 8824845 Grab Surface Plomopampa 5 Gray limestones Subparallel calcite+MnO+FeOx vlt system: No vlts in the sample. Altered ICPMS, XRD
N63°, 8v x m, 0.5-3cm wide. zones show weak white
fluorescence.
639
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA667 315874 8824847.5 Grab Surface Plomopampa 10 Strong fract, mgr, gray Trz calcite vlts assoc w/ MnOx coatings. Strong red fluorescence in the ICPMS
limestones stringers.
3PUA668 315872 8824851 Grab Surface Plomopampa 15 Brownish gray, mgr, Local calcite+MnO vlts: N228°, 70°, 1cm Local yellow white fluorescence ICPMS
marly limestones wide, 2v x m. in the thin vlts.
3PUA669 315863 8824863 Grab Surface Plomopampa 27 Fgr, gray marly Local calcite + MnO + FeOx vlts, N65° No vlts in the slab. ICPMS, PIMA,
limestones XRD
3PUA670 315860 8824868 Grab Surface Plomopampa 35 Brownish gray, mgr, rxl High density of mm calcite vlts: N68-75°, Mod red fluorescence system ICPMS
limestones crosscut by N40° system, 15v x m. crosscut bright white thin calcite
vlt system.
3PUA671 315858 8824875 Grab Surface Plomopampa 40 Brownish gray, mgr, rxl High density of mm calcite vlts: N68-75°, Irregular distribution of yellowish ICPMS
limestones crosscut by N40° system, 10v x m. white fluorescence in altered
surfaces.
3PUA672 315854 8824878 Grab Surface Plomopampa 45 Gray limestones High density of calcite vlts: N85-100°, Mod ORF w/ bright yellow spots ICPMS
crosscut by N40° system, 10v x m, <0.5cm appear in very thin planar vlt
wide. system and also in altered
surfaces.
3PUA673 315852 8824884 Grab Surface Plomopampa 50 Dark gray, mgr, rxl High density of discontinuos calcite vlts: N85- No vlts in the slab. ICPMS, PIMA
limestones 100°, crosscut by N40° system, 10v x m,
<0.5cm wide.
3PUA674 315847 8824873 Grab Surface Plomopampa 43 Calcite veinlet N320°, 70°; 0.3-2.5cm wide. Mod ORF changes into a bright PIMA
orange to yellow one in fract and
altered surfaces.
3PUA675 315887 8824820 Grab Surface Plomopampa 23.5 Brownish gray, fgr Calcite vlts: N60°, <0.8cm wide, 3v x m. Mod red fluorescence in very thin ICPMS, PIMA
limestones. vlt system.
3PUA676 315890 8824815 Grab Surface Plomopampa 30 Brownish gray, fgr Mod density of discontinuos calcite + MnO + Mod-st ORF in the 2nd gen. ICPMS, PIMA
limestones. goe vlts: N85-100°, crosscut by N40° system, Yellowish white fluorescence in
8v x m, <0.5cm wide. fractures.
3PUA677 315892 8824810 Grab Surface Plomopampa 35 Brownish gray, fgr Trz calcite vlts. Local red spots in a mm calcite ICPMS
limestones. stringer
3PUA678 315894 8824805 Grab Surface Plomopampa 40 Brownish gray, fgr Mod random calcite vlts distribution Mod beige to white fluorescence. ICPMS
limestones.
3PUA679 315897 8824800 Grab Surface Plomopampa 45 Brownish gray, massive, Mod density of discontinuos and planar (1st Local red spots in the altered ICPMS
mgr limestones stage) calcite vlts: N80°, 6v x m, <0.2-0.8cm calcite veinlets. Non-fls in the
wide. rest of the veins.
3PUA680 315897.5 8824795 Grab Surface Plomopampa 50 Brownish gray, massive, Weak calcite vlt distribution: 2v x m. Mod red fluorescence in thin vlts, ICPMS
mgr, mod rxl limestones cream white fluorescence in
thicker vlts.
3PUA681 315909 8824780 Grab Surface Plomopampa 67 Brownish gray, fgr Two calcite vlt system: N255°, 67° (planar); Weak yellowish white ICPMS
limestones and N265°, 85° (echelon). fluorescence.
3PUA682 315916 8824782 Grab Surface Plomopampa 70 Calcite vlts N80°, 74°, <1cm wide, 12v x m. Crustiform zonation w/ pale red PIMA
core surrounded by a white non
fls system.
3PUA683 315884 8824825 Grab Surface Plomopampa 15 Brownish gray, mod rxl, Subparallel mm MnOx vlts (N75°, 12v x m) Mod red fluorescence on the last ICPMS
mgr limestones crosscut calcite system (N35°, 1cm wide). calcite stage. The 1st gen doesn't
fluoresces.
3PUA684 315880 8824838 Grab Surface Plomopampa 2 Oxidized calcite vein N252°, 45°; 2.5m wide. Goe+MnOx stains. Mod-st red fluorescence on fresh Yellow fluorescence appears on PIMA
surfaces. altered surfaces.
640
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA685 315882 8824833 Grab Surface Plomopampa 6 Brownish gray, mgr, mod Footwall of a calcite vein crosscut by 10% Mod -red fluorescence. ICPMS
rxl limestones calcite vlts, 1cm wide with some MnOx crusts.

3PUA686 315607 8824673 Grab Surface Plomopampa 0 Brecciated and oxidized, Two vein systems: N206°, 54° and N175°, 45°, Mod-strong red fluorescence.
white calcite vein are crosscut by a late py+ga vlt system. Local yellow spots within calcite
veins in fract and altered zones.

3PUA687 315620 8824662 Grab Surface Plomopampa 7.5 Banded calcite vein Mod density of discontinuos calcite vlts: N30°, ORF crustiform vein with a PIMA
N155° and N107° systems; 10v x m; <1-3cm yellow fls halo. Bright yellow fls
wide. in fractures.
3PUA688 315615 8824666 Grab Surface Plomopampa 7 Brownish gray Weak calcite vlt distribution (1%), <1mm No fluorescence. ICPMS
limestones wide.
3PUA689 315625 8824655 Grab Surface Plomopampa 14 Brownish gray, fgr 5% calcite vlts. Local stwk system Local bright yellow - red ICPMS
limestones fluorescence in the center of
some very thin vlts.
3PUA690 315633 8824647 Grab Surface Plomopampa 28 Brownish gray, fgr Trz calcite vlts. Very weak red fluorescence in ICPMS, XRD
limestones some mm vlts.
3PUA691 315636.5 8824640 Grab Surface Plomopampa 35 Brownish gray, mgr, wk very weak calcite distribution: 2v x m, N63- No fluorescence ICPMS
rxl limestones 75°, 0.5-3cm wide.
3PUA692 315642 8824635 Grab Surface Plomopampa 42 Crustiform calcite vein It crosscut brownish gray, mgr limestones Very weak red fluorescence in PIMA
some layers. Very weak yellow
white and blue haloes.
3PUA693 315645 8824633 Grab Surface Plomopampa 45 Brownish gray, mgr Mod density calcite vlts: N50°, N325°, 6v x m, No vlts in the slab. ICPMS
limestones <2mm wide.
3PUA694 315651.5 8824628 Grab Surface Plomopampa 50 Brownish gray, mgr, mod Weak calcite vlt population: N345°, 1-2cm Local bright yellow white ICPMS
rxl limestones wide, 2v x m. Local MnOx vlts, N210°, 60°, fluorescence in the mm calcite
2mm wide. vlts.
3PUA695 315672 8824646 Grab Surface Plomopampa 61 Brownish gray, f-mgr, Weak calcite population: N270°, <1cm wide. Local yellow white spots in dull ICPMS, PIMA,
mod rxl, bituminous One percent fossils. veins and within mm veinlets. XRD
limestones
3PUA696 315602 8824685 Grab Surface Plomopampa 14 Brownish gray Mod density calcite vlts: N320°, 90°, 6v x m, White yellow fls spots are ICPMS
limestones <1cm wide. distinguished on altered surfaces.

3PUA697 315594 8824708 Grab Surface Plomopampa 25 Brownish gray, fgr, Trz calcite vlts: N63°, 90°, 0.2cm wide. Very weak yellow white ICPMS
bituminous limestones fluorescence on altered surfaces.

3PUA698 315584 8824703 Grab Surface Plomopampa 28 Brownish gray, mgr, wk High density calcite vlts: N32°, N295°, 11v x Traces of white yellow and local ICPMS, PIMA
rxl limestones m, <0.3cm wide. blue spots appear only on the
very fine calcite vlts.
4PUA649 315491 8824654 Grab Surface Plomopampa Light gray, aphanitic, wk 5% qtz eyes, 0.5% diss py, 1.5m wide. 2% alb? no fluorescence PTS
chlz and pyz dacite dike. Feldspars

4PUA650 315317 8824468 Grab Surface Plomopampa Gray, mgr, rxl limestones 15cm ca vlt riedel texture: S40W no fluorescence.
w/lapiaz texture.

4PUA651 315324 8824437 Grab Surface Plomopampa Gray limestone w/orange Sample taken 50m N of Plomopampa vein.
red spiderweb texture
641
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)

Pozo Rico
3PUA 753 313559.5 8833842.5 LY38-PR- 244.42 - Morococha 1E Mgr, brownish gray, rxl One percent stylolites, 0.5% calcite in a matrix Mod orange red fluorescence in PIMA
02-02, 244.59 and mod bxd limestones supported bx. the last calcite system.
Surface
3PUA 754 313558.5 8833845.5 LY38-PR- 247.45 - Morococha 1.5W Micritic, wk rxl, One percent white irregular calcite vlts Mod-st orange red fluorescence
02-02, 247.58 brownish gray limestones crosscut and displaced by stylolites. with very thin white haloes.
Surface
3PUA 755 313558 8833847 LY38-PR- 250.38 - Morococha 3.5 St fract, rxl, f-mgr, gray Two generations calcite vlts and stgs. Mod Mod ORF in the late calcite event
02-02, 250.54 limestones stylolite distribution (3%) (1cm wide). Local weak ORF in
Surface the 1st event.
3PUA 756 313557.5 8833849 LY38-PR- 251.67 - Morococha 4 Fgr, rxl, brownish gray Two percent irregular calcite vlts are crosscut Mod-st orange red fluorescence
02-02, 251.80 limestones and displaced by 1% stylolites and by a late in the last calcite event.
Surface 0.5cm wide calcite vlt.
3PUA 757 313557.5 8833851 LY38-PR- 253.50 - Morococha 6 Partially bxd, fgr, rxl, Two percent calcite filling voids. Calcite vlts Mod orange red fluorescence in
02-02, 253.70 brownish gray limestones are crosscut by 0.5% carbonaceous stylolites. only 3 vlts of last stage.
Surface
3PUA 758 313556.5 8833853 LY38-PR- 256.57 - Morococha 8 Mod fract, rxl, f-mgr, Two generations of calcite vlts and stgs. The Planar mm calcite vlts show Minor displacement of the 1st
02-02, 256.70 gray limestones former is crosscut and displaced by stylolites, strong white-pink fluorescence. event.
Surface whereas the latter is planar and crosscut ca and
stylolites.
3PUA 759 313556 8833855.5 LY38-PR- 259.45 - Morococha 10 Micritic, mod rxl, 3% very thin calcite stgs (0.1-0.6cm) are Two calcite gen (0-90TCA). The Local bluespots on groundmass
02-02, 259.58 brownish gray limestones crosscut by 2% carbonaceous stylolites. 2nd gen shows a st white-pink
Surface fluorescence.
3PUA 760 313556 8833857.5 LY38-PR- 262.60 - Morococha 12 Similar to the before Similar to the before sample Local weak-mod orange red
02-02, 262.75 sample fluorescence.
Surface
3PUA 761 313555 8833859.5 LY38-PR- 266.25 - Morococha 14 Similar to the before Similar to the before sample Local very weak fluorescence
02-02, 266.35 sample
Surface
3PUA 762 313554 8833864 LY38-PR- 269.09 - Morococha 18 Brecciated, brownish High density of stylolites filled w/ bitumen. Crustiform zoning: Local mod Breccia filled with calcite + PIMA
02-02, 269.18 gray limestone Apparently sulfides do not have influence in orange red fls cores with non-fls sulfides
Surface the fluorescence intensity. and strong white fls halos.
3PUA 763 313553 8833867 LY38-PR- 272.25 - Morococha 21 Gray, pyritized, fgr white calcite veinlet (2cm wide). One orange red spot is Local yellow reflection of
02-02, 272.35 limestone surrounded by a dull and bright groundmass.
Surface white haloes.
3PUA 764 313552 8833870 LY38-PR- 274.94 - Morococha 22.5 F-mgr, brownish gray, rxl One percent calcite+py vlts. Trz diss py Weak-mod orange red Local yellow spots in some
02-02, 275.09 limestones fluorescence w/ bright white apparent dull vlts.
Surface haloes.
3PUA 765 313552 8833872.5 LY38-PR- 277.91 - 278.0 Morococha 24.5 M-cgr, brownish gray Irregularly distributed swarm of calcite vlts Mod orange red fluoresc. Local Apparent no relation of PIMA
02-02, limestones (5%). The last event contains sulfides. very bright spots in the matrix. fluorescence with sulfides.
Surface
3PUA 766 313551.5 8833874 LY38-PR- 280.68 - Morococha 26 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish Two percent calcite vlts, trz diss py. Mod-st orange red fluorescence Yellow spots around black ink
02-02, 280.80 gray limestones of fresh surfaces. marks.
Surface
642
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA 767 313550.5 8833876 LY38-PR- 283.21 - Morococha 28 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish 0.5% calcite vlts are crosscut and displaced by Two calcite gen: 1st mod orange non fluorescent ca probably due
02-02, 283.37 gray limestones carbonaceous stylolites. red fluoresc. 2nd non fluorescent to weathering.
Surface ca
3PUA 768 313550 8833880 LY38-PR- 287.75 - Morococha 32 St fract, m-cgr, brown 0.5% randomly distributed calcite stringers and Weak-mod orange red
02-02, 287.87 gray carbonaceous stylolites. High amount of organic material. fluorescence surrounded by
Surface limestones bright white haloes.
3PUA 769 313549.5 8833882 LY38-PR- 289.02 - Morococha 34 F-mgr, rxl, brown gray, Trz stylolites and calcite vlts. No fluorescence PIMA
02-02, 289.15 carbonaceous limestones
Surface
3PUA 770 313548.5 8833885 LY38-PR- 292.64 - Morococha 37 F-mgr, rxl, brow gray, Two calcite vlt generations. One of them is Local weak orange red Yellow fls spots due to
02-02, 292.81 mod carbonaceous older than stylolite formation. Moderate fuorescence in the last event. contamination of the sample.
Surface limestones organic matter in fractures.
3PUA 771 313548 8833887.5 LY38-PR- 296.07 - Morococha 40 F-mgr, rxl, brownish gray One percent stylolites, 2 generations of calcite Weak pale white fluorescence in
02-02, 296.17 limestones. vlts (3%), 1% stylolites filled with organic the last event.
Surface material.
3PUA 772 313547.5 8833890.5 LY38-PR- 298.82 - Morococha 42 Similar to the before Two generations of calcite are crosscut by Three calcite gen: 1st thin non fls PIMA
02-02, 298.96 sample organic rich stylolites. vlts, 2nd shows a wide bright
Surface halo, and 3rd thick no fluorescent
system
3PUA 773 313546 8833894 LY38-PR- 302.11 - Morococha 45 Similar to the before Three generations of calcite: 1st very fine Weak orange red fluorescent vein PIMA
02-02, 302.25 sample w/py; 2nd crustiform, 0.5cm wide, trz py; 3rd (1st and 3rd event).
Surface cgr barren calcite. 2% stylolites predates the
1st calcite generation.
3PUA656 313498 8833845 Grab Surface Morococha 0 Brownish gray, micritic Local presence of calcite stringers. Wk - mod orange red This sample was taken on the ICPMS
bituminous lms fluorescence. projection of Morococha vein.
3PUA657 313499.5 8838848 Grab Surface Morococha 1 Brownish gray, micritic 0.5% white calcite stgs N40°, 55° crosscut by No vlts found in the sample. ICPMS
bituminous lms planar calcite system N43°, 75°.
3PUA658 313497 8833842 Grab Surface Morococha 4 Brownish gray, marly One percent calcite stgs and vlts, 2mm wide. randomly distributed bright white ICPMS, PIMA
limestones Trace amounts hem+goe in fract. and red fls spots and bright white
stgs.
3PUA659 313495 8833839 Grab Surface Morococha 8 Brownish gray, marly 0.5% rusty holes (goe>hem), 0.5% planar No fluorescence ICPMS
limestones calcite vlts: N53°, <2mm wide.
3PUA660 313480 8833832 Grab Surface Morococha 20 Brownish gray, marly Mod distribution of calcite vlts: N287°, 76°; Wk-mod ORF w/ white center ICPMS, PIMA
limestones 0.2-1cm wide, 6v x m. assoc with a light green fls
stringer
3PUA661 313477 8833827 Grab Surface Morococha 24.5 Brownish gray, marly Parallel calcite vlt system: N260°-275°, 85°; No vlts found in the sample. ICPMS
limestones 0.1-0.8cm wide, 8v x m.
3PUA662 313476 8833825 Grab Surface Morococha 30 Brownish micritic Mod calcite distribution: N287°, 62° and 260- White yellow spots surrounds ICPMS
limestones 275°; 0.3-0.8cm wide, 6v x m. local red fluorescent spots.
3PUA663 313475 8833818.5 Grab Surface Morococha 35 Brownish micritic Scarse presence of calcite vlts. No - very weak white ICPMS
limestones fluorescence.
3PUA664-NF 313473 8833822 Drilled Surface Morococha 27 99% non fluorescent vein N275°, 0.5-1cm wide. Isotope sample: non fluorescent δ13C, δ18O,
material with 1% yellow to ORF calcite vein. Fluorescence seems ICPMS, PIMA
spots less intense than Chacua's veins
3PUA664-OR 313473 8833822 Drilled Surface Morococha 27 Light orange red to N275°, 0.5-1cm wide. Wk-mod orange red fluorescence Isotope sample: orange red δ13C, δ18O,
material slightly yellow only in the last stage. fluorescent calcite vein. Drilled ICPMS
fluorescent calcite material
643
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA739 313590 8833724 LY38-PR- 111.35 - Selene 0 Micritic rxl limestones Micritic recrystallized limestone. Weak-mod red fluorescence
02-02, 111.46 within calcite patches.
Surface
3PUA740 313589 8833728 LY38-PR- 114.25 - Selene 0 Micritic rxl limestones Micritic recrystallized limestone. High red fluorescence within PIMA
02-02, 114.53 calcite patinas (<1mm wide)
Surface
3PUA741 313588.5 8833730 LY38-PR- 117.25 - Selene 1 Micritic rxl limestones Micritic recrystallized limestone. No fluorescence on planar mm
02-02, 117.38 calcite vlts. Weak-mod ORF on
Surface local spots.
3PUA742 313587.5 8833733.5 LY38-PR- 120.78 - Selene 4 Mgr, rxl and bxd Mgr, recrystallized limestone crosscut by 50% Strong red fluorescence of late PIMA
02-02, 120.90 limestones calcite veins. calcite vlts that crosscut
Surface calcite+py+gn vlts.
3PUA743 313587 8833735.5 LY38-PR- 123.10 - Selene 6 Mgr, rxl limestones 35% of calcite veins Dull-weak red fluorescence.
02-02, 123.20
Surface
3PUA744 313586.5 8833738 LY38-PR- 126.18 - Selene 10 F-mgr, rxl limestones 0.5% calcite vlts. Strong orange red fluorescence in
02-02, 126.28 all the vlts (70TCA)
Surface
3PUA745 313586 8833740.5 LY38-PR- 128.44 - Selene 10.5 Micritic brownish gray Strong red fluorescence haloes to
02-02, 128.55 rxl limestones sulfide patches
Surface
3PUA746 313585 8833743.5 LY38-PR- 132.29 - Selene 14 Micritic brownish gray 1% calcite vlts. No fluorescence PIMA
02-02, 132.43 rxl limestones
Surface
3PUA747 313584 8833746.5 LY38-PR- 135.35 - Selene 17 F-mgr, bxd, brownish 5% stylolites, trz calcite. No fluorescence
02-02, 135.47 gray limestones
Surface
3PUA748 313583.5 8833748.5 LY38-PR- 138.42 - Selene 18.5 F-mgr, mod rxl, brownish 0.5% calcite vlts. Weak-mod ORF in the last event
02-02, 138.57 gray limestones (45 TCA). Yellow fluorescence
Surface of matrix.
3PUA749 313582.5 8833752 LY38-PR- 141.15 - Selene 23 Fgr, rxl, gray limestones 1.5% stylolites and carbonaceous matrix. Yellow green fluorescence of non PIMA
02-02, 141.30 carbonaceous mtx.
Surface
3PUA750 313582 8833754.5 LY38-PR- 144.51 - Selene 26.5 Micritic brownish gray One percent very thin calcite vlts, 1% oolites No fluorescence
02-02, 144.59 rxl limestones (?).
Surface
3PUA751 313581.5 8833757 LY38-PR- 147.40 - Selene 27 Micritic brownish gray Two percent very thin calcite vlts crosscut by Weak orange red fluorescence on
02-02, 147.57 rxl limestones white calcite vein (1cm wide, 65°TCA). 1% the thick vein (last stage). Other
Surface stylolites filled with organic matter. vlts show some very weak yellow
fluorescent spots.
3PUA752 313581 8833759.5 LY38-PR- 150.38 - Selene 30 F-mgr, brownish gray, rxl 3% ptigmatic calcite vlts, 2% stylolites filled Local tiny red spots in the mtx.
02-02, 150.48 limestone w/ organic matter. Some yellow patches on altered
Surface surfaces
644

Other samples
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA522 315944 8823264 Grab Anilcocha Sample for Brownish gray, mod rxl, 3% white ca stgs, <2cm wide, trz goe. Main vlt Local ca vlts, no fluorescence. Isotope sample: brownish gray δ13C, δ18O,
North geochemical fgr limestones. system S80W, 3 vlts x m, <1cm wide. lms (drilled material) ICPMS, PTS
background
4PUA523 315629 8823114 Grab Anilcocha Sample for Brownish gray, mgr, mod 5% white ca vlts stgs (riedel struct).Vlts: S55- No fluorescence. Local trz mod Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O,
North west geochemical rxl and sil limestones. 72W, N90, S50E. yellow white fls dots in the mod. silicified lms (drilled ICPMS, PTS
background matrix. material)
4PUA524 315291 8822718 Grab Anilcocha Sample for Brownish gray, fgr, mod 5% white ca vlts, 20% stylolites filled w/ Three calcite events: 1st and 2nd: Isotope sample: brownish gray, δ13C, δ18O,
West geochemical rxl, wk sil limestones. MnOx and org matter Non-fls, the latter show very mod. silicified lms (drilled ICPMS, PTS,
background weak fls. 3rd: mod ORF with material) SEM
yellow white halos
4PUA521 315433 8826144 Grab Surface Cutacocha Mod chlz andesite porp 0.5m wide PTS
thrust fault dike interfingered
w/marble layers

Socorro
2PUG103 Surface 4625 Marble White marble aureole to dacite dike XRD
level
3PUA606 316132 8826098 DMC 252 - 133.35 - Intrusive Mgr, strong chloritized, Trz of py+ca vlts shows a slight bleaching halo PIMA
11-01, 134.13 porp andesites
Level 120
3PUA607 316130 8826098.5 DMC 252 - 135.65 - Intrusive Mgr, strong chloritized, One calcite vlt 0.3 wide cross cut the sample
11-01, 135.86 porp andesites
Level 120
3PUA622 315943 8826520 Grab Surface Socorro 0 Pyritized, cgr, rxl Py+calcite+FeOx+MnOx vlts, N100°, 90°, Gossanous sample with deep red PIMA
limestones 5cm wide. They form local stwk zones fluorescence on calcite with a
bright white blue halo.
3PUA623 315943 8826521 Grab Surface Socorro 1.00 Rxld, gray limestones Py+calcite vlts, N250°, 90°, 0.3-1cm wide. Perfect crustiform zonation: red ORF veins crosscut former ICPMS, PTS
Local MnOx coatings on vlts in the core with yellow and cream tectonic calcite vlts.
haloes.
3PUA624 315943 8826523 Grab Surface Socorro 2 Calcite vein N250°, 0.2-1 cm wide, 12v x m. This vein Similar to the before sample. PIMA
appears to be related to the mineralization in
Socorro
3PUA625 315943 8826523 Grab Surface Socorro 2 Rxld, gray limestones High density of calcite vlts: 18v x m Two systems: one with a mod red PIMA
fluorescence and the other with
white fluorescence.
3PUA626 315944 8826526 Grab Surface Socorro 6.00 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish Mod distribution of calcite vlts (5% vol, Pale yellow with local bright fls ICPMS
gray limestones <0.6cm wide). A N195°, 77°, 1.5cm wide dots. Local pale pink fls spots
calcite vein is also noted.
3PUA627 315949 8826530 Grab Surface Socorro 10.00 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish Weak dist of calcite vlts (<1% vol) No fluorescence. Local yellow ICPMS, PIMA
gray limestones spots appear assoc w/ altered
surfaces.
3PUA628 315945 8826537 Grab Surface Socorro 17.00 Fgr, mod rxl gray Weak dist of calcite vlts (<1% vol, N210-220°, Two systems: One non-fls and ICPMS
limestones 74°; 0.5 cm wide, 5v x m. Trz goe and bitum other with a strong red
in frac. fluorescence
3PUA629 315945 8826540 Grab Surface Socorro 20.00 Mgr, rxl, gray limestones Weak distribution of calcite vlts (1%): N30°, Conjugated systems w/mod ICPMS, PIMA
90°; 3v x m, 0.5-1cm wide. Local MnOx yellowish white fluorescence and
645

coatings. local mod red centers.

 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
3PUA630A 315946 8826544 Grab Surface Socorro 24.00 calcite vein Conjugated systems: N10°, N55°; 3-30cm Wavy laminated veins w/st red PIMA
wide, 8vxm. Some MnOx + FeOx stains. fluorescence in the core with
yellowish white halos.
3PUA630B 315946 8826544 Grab Surface Socorro 24.00 Gray limestones Mod distribution of calcite vlts (sample Pale white pink fluorescence w/ ICPMS
3PUA630A) local bright red spots. Weak
response.
3PUA631 315946 8826548 Grab Surface Socorro 28.00 Massive, mod rxl, Trace amounts of very fine calcite vlts. Pale mod red fluorescence. ICPMS
brownish gray limestones

3PUA632 315947 8826553 Grab Surface Socorro 33.00 Massive, mod rxl, Mod distribution of calcite + MnO vlts: N40°, Local spots of orange red ICPMS
brownish gray limestones 12v x m. fluorescence within a non-fls
calcite vein.
3PUA633 316147 8826500 Grab Xc s/n, Level Socorro 0.5 Mgr, rxld, gray 2% ca stgs, 1% diss py. Sample taken between Strong orange red response in all ICPMS
650, 4671m limestones 2 splits of Socorro vein. the veins, closely assoc w/
altitude sulfides.
3PUA634 316145 8826501 Grab Xc s/n, Level Socorro 1 Calcite vein crosscutting White ca: N62°, 69°, 2cm wide, 8v x m. Strong orange red fluorescence PIMA
650 a st frac gray lms Ca+py: N260°, 73°, 0.3cm wide. with mm yellowish white haloes.

3PUA635 316145 8826501 Grab Xc s/n, Level Socorro 1 Fgr, gray lms High density of ca vlts close to a pyritized Weak red fluorescent spots in Possible relation of fls with ICPMS, PIMA
650 fract: N260°, 73° some vlts. These vlts are crosscut cristalography.
by st ORF veins
3PUA636 316142 8826502 Grab Xc s/n, Level Socorro 4 Rxld, gray lms Three percent discontinuos calcite vlts. Mod-st ORF with pale white ICPMS
650 haloes.
3PUA637 316138 8826505 Grab Xc s/n, Level Socorro 8 Rxld, gray lms Five percent irregular distribution of ca vlts, < Similar to the before sample. The ICPMS
650 0.3cm wide, 10v x m. rxl portion is dull.
3PUA638 316134 8826508 Grab Xc s/n, Level Socorro 12.5 Mod silicified and rxld, Five percent irregular distribution of ca vlts. Very strong red fluorescence. ICPMS
650 micritic, gray limestones

3PUA639 316129 8826510.5 Grab Xc s/n, Level Socorro 17 Mod rxld, fgr, gray Eight percent calcite vlts and stgs, < 0.3 cm Strong red fluorescence ICPMS
650 limestones wide.
3PUA640 316124 8826514 Grab Xc s/n, Level Socorro 22.5 Fgr, gray limestones Mod-st calcite vlts and stgs distributed in 2 Strong red fluorescence ICPMS, PIMA
650 systems: N50°, 80° and 85°, 23°, <0.2cm wide.

4PUA599 316463 8826686 JV 10-96, 1.62 - 1.77 m Socorro fault Fine grain, gray Fine rho + ca + red Ag ± sl ± py vlts crosscut no fluorescence
360 level limestones, 5% ca vlts. the sequence.
4PUA600 316464.7 8826683 JV 10-96, 4.88 - 5.06m Socorro fault Fine grain, gray wk ORF, mod-st white
360 level limestones with 5% fluorescence
calcite veinlets
4PUA601 316467 8826678.5 JV 10-96, 10.03 - Socorro fault Fine grain, gray High density of ca vlts. mod-st ORF
360 level 10.15m limestones
4PUA602 316470 8826673.5 JV 10-96, 15.24 - Socorro fault Strong fracd, fgr, gray 5% calcite veinlets st ORF
360 level 15.42m marly limestones
4PUA603 316472.5 8826669 JV 10-96, 20.02 - Socorro fault Weak marly, mgr, 30% ca vlts, 10%organic matter, trz py. no-wk ORF
360 level 20.20m limestones
4PUA604 316475 8826665 JV 10-96, 25.06 - Socorro fault Weak marly, mgr, 30% ca vlts, 10%organic matter, trz py. no fluorescence
360 level 25.20m limestones
4PUA605 316477 8826661 JV 10-96, 29.94 - Socorro fault Light gray, fgr, 10% ca vlts, 20% organic matter filling fract, no fluorescence
646

360 level 30.08m limestones trz diss py.

 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA606 316479.5 8826657 JV 10-96, 34.92 - Socorro fault Light gray, fgr, 10% ca vlts, 20% organic matter filling fract, no fluorescence
360 level 35.04m limestones trz diss py.
4PUA607 316482 8826653 JV 10-96, 39.88 - Socorro fault Gray limestones w/ 0.5% Fract filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence
360 level 40.04m ca vlts.
4PUA608 316484.5 8826648 JV 10-96, 45.16 - Socorro fault Gray limestones w/ 0.5% Fract filled w/ organic matter. no fluorescence
360 level 45.29m ca vlts.
4PUA609 316487 8826644 JV 10-96, 50.15 - Socorro fault Brecciated gray 13% calcite vlts. wk ORF
360 level 50.28m limestone
4PUA610 316489.5 8826639.5 JV 10-96, 55.20 - Socorro fault Light gray, fgr, 5% calcite vlts. Sample taken close to alab, py, mod-st ORF
360 level 55.35m limestones realgar, rhodonite patch.
4PUA611 316492 8826635 JV 10-96, 60.03 - Socorro fault Light gray, fgr, no-wk ORF
360 level 60.16m limestones
4PUA612 316494.5 8826631 JV 10-96, 65.06 - Socorro fault Fossiliferous gray no fluorescence
360 level 65.19m limestones, 1% ca vlts.
4PUA613 316497 8826626 JV 10-96, 70.10 - Socorro fault Mod fossiliferous gray no fluorescence
360 level 70.22m limestones, 5% ca vlts.
4PUA614 316499.5 8826622 JV 10-96, 75.07 - Socorro fault Light gray, fgr 10% calcite veinlets. no fluorescence
360 level 75.21m limestones, moderate
fossil content
4PUA615 316501.7 8826618 JV 10-96, 80.01 - Socorro fault Light gray, fgr 10% calcite veinlets. wk ORF
360 level 80.15m limestones, moderate
fossil content
4PUA616 316504 8826614 JV 10-96, 84.91 - Socorro fault Gray limestones w/ 5% Traces fossils no fluorescence
360 level 85.09m ca vlts. Fract filled w/
organic matter.
4PUA617 316507 8826609 JV 10-96, 90.19 - Socorro fault Light gray, weak 2% mm lutaceous vlts. wk ORF
360 level 90.35m silicified limestones w/
5% calcite vlts
4PUA618 316509 8826605 JV 10-96, 94.97 - Socorro fault Light gray, weak 2% mm lutaceous vlts. wk ORF
360 level 95.11m silicified limestones w/
5% calcite vlts
4PUA619 316512 8826600 JV 10-96, 99.97 - Socorro fault Gray limestones w/ 5% Moderate fossiliferous content no fluorescence
360 level 100.10m ca vlts. Fract filled w/
organic matter.
4PUA620 316516.5 8826592 JV 10-96, 110.17 - Socorro fault Light gray, cgr Approx 5% organic material filling fractures. st white fluorescence
360 level 110.30m limestones w/ 2% ca vlts

4PUA621 316521.5 8826583 JV 10-96, 119.90 - Socorro fault Light gray, cgr Approx 5% organic material filling fractures. st ORF
360 level 120.05m limestones w/ 2% ca vlts

4PUA632 316657 8826780 DMC 252- 5.35-5.49m Socorro fault Brownish gray, mgr, rxl 2% ca vlts, 0.1-2cm wide mod-st ORF
04-02, 240 limestones
level.
4PUA633 316658.5 8826777 DMC 252- 9.80-9.96m Socorro fault St frac'd, mgr, gray 1% ca stgs filled w/ organic matter st ORF
04-02, 240 limestone
level.
647
 Appendix C1: Uchucchacua sampling location and description

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Locality Mineralized Distance Lithology Description and structures Fluorescence Aditional observations Analytical
type Structure from the examinations
associated vein (m)
4PUA634 316661.5 8826772 DMC 252- 15.65-15.80m Socorro fault Dark gray limestones w/ Fractures filled with organic and argillaceous st ORF
04-02, 240 2% diss py. matter. Sample close to an interval w/ 5.8 Ag
level. oz, 0.1% Pb, 0.08%Zn, 5.55% Mn

4PUA635 316663.5 8826768 DMC 252- 20.08-20.25m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic st ORF
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA636 316666 8826764 DMC 252- 24.85-25.03m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ moderate - strong fluorescence
04-02, 240 limestones organic matter.
level.
4PUA637 316668.5 8826759 DMC 252- 30.23-30.36m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no fluorescence
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA638 316671 8826755 DMC 252- 35.25-35.37m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no fluorescence
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA639 316673.5 8826750.5 DMC 252- 40.23-40.40m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no fluorescence
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA640 316676 8826746 DMC 252- 45.12-45.25m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no fluorescence
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA641 316678.5 8826741.5 DMC 252- 50.04-50.16m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic Brecciated limestones with diss py at 52.50m. no fluorescence
04-02, 240 limestones Fractures filled with organic matter.
level.
4PUA642 316683 8826733 DMC 252- 59.83-59.97m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no -wk white pink fluorescence
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA643 316688 8826724 DMC 252- 70.19-70.32m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no vlts
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA644 316690.5 8826719.5 DMC 252- 75.48-75.58m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic mod-st ORF w/ purple halo
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA645 316692.5 8826715.5 DMC 252- 80.25-80.37m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no-wk ORF
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA646 316697.5 8826707 DMC 252- 90-90.15m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no fluorescence
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA647 316702 8826698.5 DMC 252- 99.70-99.83m Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no fluorescence
04-02, 240 limestones matter.
level.
4PUA648 316707 8826689.5 DMC 252- 110.06- Socorro fault Dark gray, micritic w/ fine and irregular fractures filled w/ organic no fluorescence
04-02, 240 110.16m limestones matter.
level.
648
Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins from
Uchucchacua (petrography, PIMA, XRD and SEM data)

649
 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua

Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM

2PUG103 white marble Quartz, mica, calcite

3PUA500 Gray limestones calcite, minor epidote?
3PUA501 Gray limestones calcite, dolomite, biotite
3PUA502 Gray limestones calcite
3PUA503 Gray limestones calcite
3PUA504 Gray limestones no identified Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite,
ankerite, pyrite
3PUA505 Gray limestones calcite
3PUA506 Gray limestones calcite, dolomite, albite
3PUA507 Gray limestones calcite
3PUA508 Gray limestones calcite
3PUA509 Gray limestones calcite, illite
3PUA510 Gray limestones calcite
3PUA511 Crustiform, zoned, calcite veinlet fine-mgr, light brown, mod recrystallized calcite calcite, calcite±Mn,
sample taken at the east wall of the limestone, 5-10% microfossils, 1% subrnd dolomite, dolomite±Mn,
gallery lithoclasts. Light brown micritic matrix. quartz, apatite
3PUA512 Gray limestones calcite
3PUA513 Strong fractured gray limestones calcite
3PUA514 Strong fractured, pyritized gray calcite
limestones
3PUA515 Moderate fractured gray limestones calcite, minor epidote?

3PUA516 Weak bleached gray limestones calcite Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite,
ankerite, pyrite
3PUA517 Brecciated, fossiliferous gray calcite, minor epidote?
limestones
3PUA518 Silica patches (opal) surrounded by rhodocrosite, siderite? Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite,
rhodonite haloes rhodocrosite, pyrite, sphalerite,
gypsum
3PUA519 Silica patches (opal) surrounded by 20% light brown , 15% orange, fibrous, 25% rhodonite, rhodocrosite, quartz
rhodonite haloes grayish tan Mn silicates; 15% cryptocryst.
Mtx, 5% qz, 5% yellow green spec; 5%
calcite, 10% sph + py ± Ag sulfosalts
650
 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua

Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM
3PUA520 Margin of the orebody calcite Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite, pyrite

3PUA521 Gray limestones calcite

3PUA523 Brecciated gray limestones calcite
3PUA525 Mod sil and st frac gray limestones calcite

3PUA528 Mod sil grayish brown, fgr calcite Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite, pyrite
limestones
3PUA530 Strong fractured, gray limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite, pyrite

3PUA531 Mod sil, brownish gray limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite,
pyrite
3PUA532 Mod sil, brownish gray limestones calcite
w/ trz diss py.
3PUA533 Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones calcite
3PUA535 Weak sil, mod fract, grayish brown calcite
limestones
3PUA538 Calcite veinlet calcite
3PUA539 Calcite veinlet calcite
3PUA540 Rosa vein calcite, rhodocrosite, smithsonite?, Quartz, k-feldspar, kaolinite,
whiterite? calcite, rhodocrosite, pyrite
3PUA541 Calcite veinlet calcite, rhodocrosite, whiterite?
3PUA542 Calcite veinlet light brown, fine-grained, fossiliferous rhodocrosite, dolomite, calcite, calcite ± Mn, quartz,
limestone, 75% coarse grained calcite crystals, smithsonite? galena, pyrite, apatite
3% sulfides
3PUA544 Fgr, gray limestone calcite, ilite, muscovite?
3PUA546 Brown, rxl limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, calcite,
ankerite, pyrite. Missing peak 1:
19.8
3PUA548 Calcite veinlet Light brown, f-gr, fossiliferous, py-rich lms calcite, whiterite? Quartz, mica, calcite, pyrite calcite, calcite±Mn,
grade into a mgr rxl unit with trz py and fossils quartz, k-feldspar, biotite,
towards the vein. galena, pyrite
3PUA550 Grayish brown, rxl limestones Quartz, calcite, pyrite
3PUA551 Mod sil and rxl, gray, fgr calcite
limestones
651

3PUA553 Mod sil brown limestones calcite

 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua

Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM
3PUA554 St fract, gray limestones calcite, smithsonite?
3PUA555 Gray limestones calcite
3PUA556 Crustiform, white calcite vein calcite
3PUA557 Porphyritic, cgr, light gray, montmorillonite, halloysite, albite,
argillized dacite in the footwall of illite, andesine
the Sandra vein
3PUA558 Porphyritic, f-mgr, biotitic dacite calcite, quartz
close to a garnet skarn halo
3PUA559 Mod frac dark gray limestones calcite, whiterite?
3PUA560 Strongly frac, dark gray limestones calcite

3PUA561 Mod frac gray limestones Coarse grained calcarenite: 45% qz, 48% Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite,
calcite, 7% sulfides (py) pyrite
3PUA562 Mod frac, brownish gray limestones calcite, nontronite?

3PUA563 Mod frac, brownish gray limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite,
pyrite
3PUA564 Grayish brown, rxl limestones calcite
3PUA566 Strong frac, gray limestones calcite
3PUA567 Strong frac, fgr gray limestones calcite
3PUA568 Mod sil and mineralized (py+gn), Smithsonite, scheelite, anhydrite,
brecciated, dark gray limestones oligoclase, rhodocrosite

3PUA571 Strong frac, gray limestones calcite

3PUA572 Strong frac, gray limestones calcite
3PUA574 Ore body close to the footwall of calcite
the vein
3PUA575 Plomopampa vein no identified
3PUA578 Massive dark gray marly limestones calcite

3PUA581 Massive gray limestones epidote, dolomite, phlogopite?

3PUA583 Massive gray marly limestones calcite, actinolite? Quartz, calcite, ankerite
3PUA585 Laminated marly limestones calcite, dolomite, illite
3PUA589 Gray limestones calcite, ankerite
3PUA591 Gray limestones crosscut by 2 gen calcite, ankerite, rhodonite,
652

of calcite vlts cerussite

 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua

Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM
3PUA592 Ore body ankerite, rhodocrosite
3PUA593 Ore body rhodocrosite, ankerite, biotite
3PUA594A Ore body rhodocrosite, calcite, muscovite
3PUA594B Massive sulfide sample no identified
3PUA596 Strong frac, dark gray limestones calcite

3PUA599 Mod frac, gray limestones calcite

3PUA600 Mod frac, gray limestones calcite
3PUA602 Fgr, gray limestone calcite
3PUA604 Fgr, gray limestone calcite
3PUA606 Mgr, strong chloritized, porp biotite, vermiculite, phlogopite
andesites
3PUA610 St oxidized, mod chloritized dacitic halloysite, epidote, illite
dike
3PUA611 Mod sil, st frac limestones close to calcite
a dacite dike
3PUA613 Mod to st rxl, brecciated, gray calcite
limestones
3PUA614 Fgr, wk rxl, brownish gray bitum Quartz, mica, calcite
limestone
3PUA615 Breccciated MnOx + calcite calcite, ankerite
structure (vein)
3PUA618 Calcite vein calcite, anhydrite, rhodocrosite,
kaolinite
3PUA619 Fgr, brownish gray limestones calcite
3PUA621 Calcite vein calcite
3PUA622 Pyritized, cgr, rxl limestones calcite, rhodocrosite, anhydrite,
barite, goetite
3PUA624 Calcite vein calcite
3PUA625 Rxld, gray limestones calcite
3PUA627 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray calcite
limestones
3PUA629 Mgr, rxl, gray limestones calcite
3PUA630A calcite vein calcite, rhodocrosite
3PUA634 Calcite vein crosscutting a st frac calcite, rhodocrosite
653

gray lms
 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua

Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM
3PUA635 Fgr, gray lms calcite, rhodocrosite
3PUA640 Fgr, gray limestones calcite
3PUA641 White colloform calcite vein, N32°, calcite
80°, 15cm wide.
3PUA644 Banded calcite vein calcite, barite
3PUA646 Fgr, brown limestones calcite
3PUA647 Brecciated and locally crustiform
calcite vein
3PUA650 Calcite veinlet coarse-grained calcite vein. Local trz py and calcite
possible sphalerite or pyrargirite
3PUA651 Crustiform and oxidized calcite calcite, vermiculite
vein
3PUA654 Calcite vein calcite
3PUA655 Brownish gray, marly limestones calcite
3PUA658 Brownish gray, marly limestones calcite, biotite
3PUA660 Brownish gray, marly limestones calcite
3PUA664 Calcite vein calcite
3PUA665 Greenish gray, mgr, chld, mod frac Fe-chlorite, illite, halloysite
andesitic dike
3PUA666 Gray limestones Quartz, k-feldspar, kaolinite,
calcite, pyrite, sphalerite
3PUA669 Fgr, gray marly limestones no identified Quartz, k-feldspar, mica, calcite
3PUA673 Dark gray, mgr, rxl limestones calcite
3PUA674 Calcite veinlet calcite
3PUA675 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. calcite
3PUA676 Brownish gray, fgr limestones. calcite
3PUA682 Calcite vlts calcite
3PUA684 Oxidized calcite vein calcite, rhodocrosite
3PUA687 Banded calcite vein calcite
3PUA690 Brownish gray, fgr limestones Quartz, mica, calcite
3PUA692 Crustiform calcite vein calcite
3PUA695 Brownish gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, calcite Quartz, mica, calcite
bituminous limestones
3PUA698 Brownish gray, mgr, wk rxl calcite
limestones
654

3PUA699 Dark gray limestones

 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua

Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM
3PUA701 Dark gray, fgr, bituminous calcite
limestones
3PUA706 Brownish gray micritic and calcite
bituminous limestones
3PUA711 St fract, dark gray limestones calcite
3PUA715 Dark gray, mgr limestones
3PUA717 Dark gray bituminous limestones calcite
3PUA718 Dark gray, mgr limestones calcite
3PUA722 Dark gray bituminous limestones clacite
3PUA726 St fract, dark gray, bituminous calcite
limestones
3PUA731 St fract, dark gray, bituminous calcite
limestones
3PUA735 Dark gray, bituminous limestones calcite

3PUA740 Micritic rxl limestones calcite

3PUA742 Mgr, rxl and bxd limestones rhodocrosite, calcite, siderite
3PUA746 Micritic brownish gray rxl
limestones
3PUA749 Fgr, rxl, gray limestones calcite
3PUA 753 Mgr, brownish gray, rxl and mod calcite, actinolite?, epidote?
bxd limestones
3PUA 762 Brecciated, brownish gray calcite
limestone filled w/ calcite +sulfides

3PUA 765 M-cgr, brownish gray limestones calcite

3PUA 769 F-mgr, rxl, brownish gray, mod calcite
carbonaceous limestones
3PUA 772 Similar to the before sample calcite
3PUA 773 Similar to the before sample calcite
4PUA501 Crustiform calcite + MnOx vein 90% coarse-grained calcite vein with
crustiform structure, traces pyrite and possibly
sphalerite.
655
 Appendix C2: Results of analytical examination of rocks and veins of Uchucchacua

Sample N° Macroscopic description Microscopic petrography PIMA survey XRD results SEM
4PUA502 Brown gray moderately strongly fossiliferous, coarse-grained
recrystallized limestone with up to limestone crosscut by 2% calcite veins, trz
2% calcite + goethite + MnOx. sphalerite, py

4PUA508 Crustiform calcite vein coarse-grained calcite vein (80% vol), locally
replaced by FeOx especially along fractures
and stylolites, 1% MnOx
4PUA513 St. fractured and brecciated, brown Oolitic and fossiliferous limestone, partially Quartz, mica, kaolinite?, calcite, calcite, K-feldspar,
gray, mod recrystallized limestones. replaced by a marble patch siderite, pyrite quartz, biotite, galena

4PUA522 Brownish gray, moderately brownish gray, fossiliferous limestone with

recrystallized, fine grained 25% microfossils and local traces of ooids.
limestones Micritic matrix, trz pyrite
4PUA523 Brownish gray, medium grained, Brownish gray, strongly frac, oolitic and
moderately recrystallized and fossiliferous limestones crosscut by 10% fine
silicified limestones calcite vlts and stringers, trz sulfides
4PUA524 Brownish gray, medium grained, Dark brown, medium grained, fossiliferous calcite, calcite±Mg,
moderately recrystallized and limestones with a brown micritic to locally quartz
silicified limestones oolitic matrix
4PUA554 Gray-brown, mod recrystallized Fossiliferous and moderately oolitic limestone. Quartz, augite, mica, calcite,
limestones Local 0.5% qz grains. Traces opaques pyrite

4PUA567A Sphalerite + galena ± calcite ± Mn 60% coarse-grained, fibrous mineral,10%

silicate vein MnOx associated with goe-hem, local py
4PUA567B Brecciated white calcite vein with Colloform calcite vein with MnOx, FeOx and calcite
fragments of silicified limestone pyrite

4PUA572 Brownish gray, weak to moderately light brown, fine-grained, fossiliferous

silicified limestones limestone, 15% grains of calcite ± quartz, 5%
ooids, 60% micritic matrix, trz sulfides
4PUA592B MnOx+alabandite+rhodonite +/- 55% alabandite, 5% qz, 30% calcite, 3% Quartz, calcite, ankerite,
calcite sphalerite, 2% Mn silicate, 5% Mn oxides, trz rhodocrosite, alabandite, stannite
py
656
Appendix C3: Sampling transect maps

657
 316700mE

316800mE

316900mE

317000mE

317100mE

317200mE
8826300 mN

PS-11-90
R10
R3

E
Gal 754 N 8826200 mN
in
Rosa ve Xc 830
NE

Rosa v
ein
Gal 863 NE

Polvorin
Claudia
ore body
2
in
ve
sa 8826100 mN
Ro
Legend
Rock sample Sulfides Diamond drill

Limestone Fractures

Appendix C3.1: Sampling transects to the Rosa vein at the level 4450 m. (R3 and R10). Legend as in Figure 3 of chapter 4.
Modified from Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004.
658
 n
3 vei
Rosa

Transect R8

samples

Rosalia
ore body

Rosa vein

Ros
av
ein

Transect R6

Claudia vein

Legend
Rock sample Sulfides Mineralized vein

Limestone Fractures Diamond drill

Appendix C3.2: Sampling transects R6 and R8 perpendicular to the Rosa vein at the level 4360 m. Modified from the Topography and Geology
659

Maps of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004.

 Ca
ch

5
tR
ipa

sec
mp

n
Tra
aa
nti
cli
ne
Rosalia
ore body

Ros
a ve Rosario
in ore body

Ro
sar
io v
ein

Legend
Rock sample Ore body calcite veins

Limestone Fractures Diamond drill

Appendix C3.3: Sampling transect R5 perpendicular to the Rosa vein at the level 4300 m. Modified
from the Topography and Geology Maps of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004.

660
 Legend
Transect R7 Rock sample

Limestone

Sulfides

Fractures
Rosa
vein

Appendix C3.4: Sampling transect R7 perpendicular to the Rosa vein at the level 4180 m. Modified from the Topography and Geology Maps of the
Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004.
661
 Legend
Rock sample

Limestone

Ore body

Fractures

calcite veins
Rosa
vein Rosario Diamond drill

ore body

transect
R9

Rosemary
ore body

ult
fa
ison
Al

Appendix C3.5: Sampling transect R9 perpendicular to the Rosa vein at the level 4360 m. Modified from the Topography and Geology Maps of the
662

Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004.

 vein
m pa 3
m opa
Plo
P1

in
ve
2
pa
am
op
P2

om
Pl
in
P3
ve
pa
am
op
om

P4
Pl

Legend
sm Marker unit Rock sample Vein

Jm Jumasha Intermediate Ore body Faults

Appendix C3.6: Sampling transects P1, P2, P3 and P4 perpendicular to the Plomopampa vein at surface and at the level 4450 m. Modified from
663

the Topography and Geology Maps of the Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004.
 8825000 mN

Ma
rion
fau
Mar lt
ion
vein
vein
lla
taj
a ile vein 8824800 mN

in
n Yam Teres

ia ve
ua a vein
H

318000 mE
317800 mE
317600 mE

n
Yese
Legend
Js Jumasha Superior Rock sample Vein

Marker unit Ore body Faults

Jumasha Intermediate Soil Thrust fault

Appendix C3.7: Sampling transects to the Marion vein at surface. Modified from Compania de Minas Buenaventura, 2004.
664
Appendix C4: Uchucchacua geochemical database

665
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)
Marion vein - Huantajalla
3PUA641-W 317777 8824949.5 Drilled 0 White colloform calcite <0.01 0.01 <0.2 <10 0.12 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.08 1.1
material vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm wide.

3PUA641-Y 317777 8824949.5 Drilled 0 White colloform calcite <0.01 0.02 <0.2 <10 0.18 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.23 1.1
material vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm wide.

3PUA642 317775 8824946.5 Grab 5 Brownish gray, fgr <5 0.59 0.62 20 60 0.28 0.03 >25.0 0.18 7.72 1.8
limestones
3PUA643 317774 8824942 Grab 9.5 Brownish gray, fgr lms w/ <5 0.13 0.63 19 70 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.1 8.62 1.6
FeOx+MnO stains
3PUA645 317772 8824929 Grab 17.5 Fgr, gray limestones <5 0.17 0.35 6 10 0.18 0.01 >25.0 0.03 4.97 1.1
3PUA646 317771.5 8824925 Grab 21 Fgr, brown limestones <5 0.3 0.56 10 10 0.25 0.03 >25.0 0.34 8.64 1.6
3PUA648 317770.5 8824918 Grab 28 Fgr, brownish gray <5 0.06 0.47 <5.0 20 0.27 0.02 >25.0 0.17 8.21 1.6
limestones
3PUA649 317770 8824915 Grab 32 Mod frac, fgr, marly <5 0.1 0.55 21 90 0.38 0.03 >25.0 0.21 8.72 1.7
limestones
3PUA650-W 317770 8824911 Grab 35 Crustiform calcite vein 0.02 0.02 5 <10 0.18 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.18 1.1
3PUA650-Y 317770 8824911 35 Crustiform calcite vein 0.02 0.02 9 <10 0.15 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.12 1.1
3PUA652 317769.5 8824901 Grab 45 Brownish gray, marly <5 0.23 0.41 23 20 0.28 0.03 >25.0 0.2 8.97 1.9
limestones
3PUA653 317769.5 8824898 Grab 48 Brownish gray, marly <5 0.11 0.28 21 10 0.11 0.03 >25.0 0.27 5.9 1.7
limestones
3PUA655 317768 8824888 Grab 58 Brownish gray, marly <5 0.03 0.57 7 30 0.28 0.03 >25.0 0.13 10.9 1.9
limestones

Morococha vein - Pozo Rico

3PUA656 313498 8833845 Grab 0 Brownish gray, micritic <5 0.23 0.81 34 80 0.37 0.02 >25.0 0.05 16.05 1.4
bituminous lms

3PUA657 313499.5 8838848 Grab 1 Brownish gray, micritic <5 0.07 0.37 18 10 0.28 0.02 >25.0 0.1 8.82 1.5
bituminous lms

3PUA658 313497 8833842 Grab 4 Brownish gray, marly <5 0.33 0.73 19 100 0.36 0.03 >25.0 0.07 14 1.8
limestones
3PUA659 313495 8833839 Grab 8 Brownish gray, marly <5 0.3 0.39 6 20 0.28 0.02 >25.0 0.1 4.43 1.3
limestones
3PUA660 313480 8833832 Grab 20 Brownish gray, marly <5 0.81 0.31 35 20 0.18 0.02 >25.0 0.21 3.39 1.6
limestones
3PUA661 313477 8833827 Grab 24.5 Brownish gray, marly <5 0.38 0.13 15 10 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.08 2.62 1.1
limestones
3PUA662 313476 8833825 Grab 30 Brownish micritic <5 0.18 0.26 9 30 0.15 0.01 >25.0 0.28 3.08 1.4
limestones
3PUA663 313475 8833818.5 Grab 35 Brownish micritic <5 0.14 0.16 6 10 0.22 0.01 >25.0 0.08 2.77 1.3
limestones
3PUA664-NF 313473 8833822 Drilled 27 Non fluorescent calcite <0.01 0.01 6 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.22 1.1
material
666

3PUA664-OR 313473 8833822 Drilled 27 Light orange red to yellow <0.01 0.01 <0.2 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.55 1.1
material fluorescent calcite
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)

Plomopampa - Casualidad
Transect P1 - Xc 630SE, level 4450 m
3PUA575 316425 8825201 Grab 1 Plomopampa vein 49 >100.0 0.2 2750 120 0.31 0.07 14.6 8.77 2.99 0.9
3PUA576 316428.5 8825201.5 Grab 4 Weak frac, fgr, gray <5 1.73 0.8 23 30 0.25 0.02 >25.0 0.1 7.42 1.9
limestones
3PUA577 316432.5 8825198.5 Grab 9 Massive dark gray marly <5 0.27 0.35 5 10 0.09 0.01 >25.0 0.04 4.18 1.8
limestones
3PUA578 316436.5 8825195 Grab 14 Massive dark gray marly <5 0.11 0.52 5 20 0.14 0.02 >25.0 0.02 6.76 2.1
limestones
3PUA579 316440 8825191.5 Grab 19 Massive dark gray <5 0.08 1.2 <5.0 30 0.37 0.13 >25.0 0.06 10.65 2.7
limestones
3PUA580 316443.5 8825188 Grab 24 Massive dark gray <5 <0.02 1.5 8 60 0.32 0.05 >25.0 0.05 15.4 3.9
limestones
3PUA581 316447.5 8825185.5 Grab 29 Massive gray limestones <5 0.08 0.69 5 40 0.29 0.03 >25.0 0.04 8.68 1.7
3PUA583 316452.5 8825183 Grab 33.5 Massive gray marly <5 0.08 0.29 8 20 0.1 0.01 >25.0 0.02 3.94 1.7
limestones
3PUA584 316456.5 8825181 Grab 38.5 Mod fract, brownish gray <5 0.1 0.34 40 20 0.19 0.01 >25.0 0.02 4.59 1.8
marly limestones
3PUA586 316465 8825176 Grab 48.5 Mod fract, dark gray marly <5 0.07 0.8 <5.0 20 0.29 0.03 >25.0 0.06 11.75 2.8
limestones
3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 Grab 53.5 Mod fract, gray limestones <5 0.05 0.48 <5.0 20 0.13 0.02 >25.0 0.46 9.55 2.2

3PUA588 316473.5 8825170.5 Grab 58.5 Mgr, gray limestones <5 0.14 0.5 <5.0 20 0.27 0.04 >25.0 0.04 10.3 2.3
3PUA589 316478 8825168 Grab 63.5 Gray limestones <5 0.08 0.41 5 10 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.03 7.31 2.3
3PUA590 316482 8825165 Grab 68.5 Dark gray marly limestones <5 0.08 0.47 6 20 0.25 0.02 >25.0 0.03 7.95 2.3

Transect P2 - 4665 m
3PUA608 316167 8824910 Grab 100 Massive, fossiliferous, gray <5 0.66 1.13 152 180 0.2 0.03 >25.0 0.03 10.55 1.3
limestones
3PUA609 316167 8824928 Grab 90 Brownish gray, fgr, wk rxl <5 0.07 0.41 40 90 0.14 0.02 >25.0 <0.02 3.78 1
limestones
3PUA612 316150 8824956 Grab 52 Massive, rxl, gray <5 0.05 0.42 52 40 0.14 0.03 >25.0 0.09 2.96 1
limestones
3PUA614 316147 8824965.5 Grab 45 Fgr, wk rxl, brownish gray <5 0.17 0.76 30 40 0.18 0.03 >25.0 0.03 7.71 1.2
bitum limestone
3PUA616 316137.5 8824980 Grab and RC 28 Brownish gray, fgr <5 0.29 0.58 31 20 0.22 0.02 >25.0 0.04 4.96 1.4
sample limestones
3PUA617 316138 8824988 Grab 20 Fgr, brownish gray, wk <5 0.06 0.4 7 10 0.11 0.02 >25.0 0.03 5.54 1
bitum limestones
3PUA619 316125 8824990 Grab 10 Fgr, brownish gray <5 0.11 0.63 81 50 0.16 0.02 >25.0 0.03 5.11 0.9
limestones
3PUA620 316118 8825003 Grab 0 Fgr, wk rxl, st frac, <5 0.71 0.26 48 30 0.12 0.02 >25.0 0.05 4.44 0.9
brownish gray limestone
Transect P3 - 4550 m
3PUA666 315877 8824845 Grab 5 Gray limestones 28 1.93 3.04 870 220 0.48 3.43 >25.0 19.1 30.9 2.4

3PUA667 315874 8824847.5 Grab 10 Strong fract, mgr, gray <5 0.5 1.66 136 80 0.23 0.07 >25.0 0.06 19 2.6
667

limestones
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)
3PUA668 315872 8824851 Grab 15 Brownish gray, mgr, marly <5 0.32 0.57 38 30 0.21 0.05 >25.0 0.04 10 1.9
limestones
3PUA669 315863 8824863 Grab 27 Fgr, gray marly limestones <5 0.39 2.38 <5.0 130 0.73 0.1 >25.0 0.07 28.8 3.1

3PUA670 315860 8824868 Grab 35 Brownish gray, mgr, rxl <5 0.13 0.13 42 <10 0.1 0.02 >25.0 0.04 2.93 1.6
limestones

3PUA671 315858 8824875 Grab 40 Brownish gray, mgr, rxl <5 0.24 0.75 10 10 0.31 0.03 >25.0 0.09 7.62 1.9
limestones
3PUA672 315854 8824878 Grab 45 Gray limestones <5 0.43 0.54 8 20 0.21 0.04 >25.0 0.14 5.29 1.9
3PUA673 315852 8824884 Grab 50 Dark gray, mgr, rxl <5 0.11 0.13 38 <10 <0.05 0.02 >25.0 0.02 2.3 1.2
limestones

3PUA675 315887 8824820 Grab 23.5 Brownish gray, fgr <5 0.11 0.25 38 10 0.18 0.01 >25.0 0.02 2.32 1.4
limestones.

3PUA676 315890 8824815 Grab 30 Brownish gray, fgr <5 0.77 1.04 309 70 0.16 0.06 >25.0 0.05 11.6 2.2
limestones.
3PUA677 315892 8824810 Grab 35 Brownish gray, fgr <5 0.15 0.17 27 <10 0.15 0.02 >25.0 0.02 2.63 1.4
limestones.

3PUA678 315894 8824805 Grab 40 Brownish gray, fgr <5 0.2 0.86 108 40 0.28 0.04 >25.0 0.03 10.65 1.8
limestones.

3PUA679 315897 8824800 Grab 45 Brownish gray, massive, <5 0.21 0.33 31 10 0.18 0.04 >25.0 0.03 4.16 1.5
mgr limestones

3PUA680 315897.5 8824795 Grab 50 Brownish gray, massive, <5 0.19 0.38 81 20 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.05 4.34 1.3
mgr, mod rxl limestones

3PUA681 315909 8824780 Grab 67 Brownish gray, fgr <5 0.1 0.2 46 10 0.2 0.02 >25.0 0.1 2.11 1.4
limestones

3PUA683 315884 8824825 Grab 15 Brownish gray, mod rxl, <5 0.34 0.22 30 20 0.12 0.02 >25.0 0.05 2.47 1.4
mgr limestones

3PUA685 315882 8824833 Grab 6 Brownish gray, mgr, mod <5 1.44 0.37 413 40 0.08 0.08 >25.0 0.34 5.41 1.4
rxl limestones

Transect P4 - 4470 m
3PUA688 315615 8824666 Grab 7 Brownish gray limestones <5 0.16 0.33 28 10 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.03 4.46 1.6

3PUA689 315625 8824655 Grab 14 Brownish gray, fgr <5 0.14 0.49 108 10 0.08 0.03 >25.0 0.07 4.85 1.6
limestones
3PUA690 315633 8824647 Grab 28 Brownish gray, fgr <5 0.13 0.43 27 20 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.03 4.5 1.6
limestones
3PUA691 315636.5 8824640 Grab 35 Brownish gray, mgr, wk rxl <5 0.07 0.43 13 30 0.21 0.02 >25.0 0.03 4.87 1.5
limestones
3PUA693 315645 8824633 Grab 45 Brownish gray, mgr <5 0.17 0.27 20 10 0.11 0.04 >25.0 0.06 2.84 1.5
668

limestones
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)
3PUA694 315651.5 8824628 Grab 50 Brownish gray, mgr, mod <5 0.06 0.22 10 10 0.13 0.01 >25.0 0.03 2.35 1.5
rxl limestones
3PUA695 315672 8824646 Grab 61 Brownish gray, f-mgr, mod <5 0.14 0.19 50 10 0.09 0.02 >25.0 0.04 2.48 1.7
rxl, bituminous limestones
3PUA696 315602 8824685 Grab 14 Brownish gray limestones <5 0.17 0.36 <5.0 10 0.23 0.03 >25.0 0.15 4.09 1.7

3PUA697 315594 8824708 Grab 25 Brownish gray, fgr, <5 0.03 0.39 <5.0 10 0.11 0.01 >25.0 0.02 4.09 1.7
bituminous limestones
3PUA698 315584 8824703 Grab 28 Brownish gray, mgr, wk rxl 7 0.1 0.49 25 10 0.25 0.02 >25.0 0.04 5.1 2.1
limestones

Rosa vein
Transect R1 - Surface, 4940 m
2PUE253 316754 8826157 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein 8 ----- 3.04 0.14 30 11 0.5 0.27 >25.0 0.62 1.59 1.1
2PUE254 316754 8826159 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein 75 79 1.62 0.16 45 7.5 0.35 0.07 >25.0 0.24 1.34 1
2PUE255 316754 8826161 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein 88 ----- >100.0 0.3 555 8 0.5 0.09 >25.0 28.2 4.38 1.4
2PUE256 316754 8826163 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein <5 ----- 9.14 0.18 115 23 0.2 0.06 >25.0 0.72 2.25 1.3
2PUE257 316754 8826165 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein 20 17 2.26 0.21 105 14.5 0.25 0.08 >25.0 0.24 3.36 1.3
2PUE258 316754 8826167 RC 0 2m chip Rosa vein + fault 222 ----- 4.18 0.72 190 25 0.25 0.09 >25.0 0.6 8.94 1.9
2PUE259 316754 8826159 Grab 0 calcite vein <5 ----- 0.36 0.04 <5.0 4 0.4 0.03 >25.0 0.16 0.68 1.1
2PUE260 316754 8826160 Grab 1 Alabandite rich calcite vein 141 ----- >99.9 0.42 489 19.5 0.55 0.11 8.5 3.14 2.8 0.6

2PUE261 316754 8826165 Grab 6 Brecciated calcite vein 31 ----- 8.42 1.01 1080 38 0.4 1.69 >25.0 12.2 13.3 2.5
2PUE262A 316754 8826167 Grab 8 Crustiform calcite 5 ----- 0.28 0.15 35 19.5 0.1 0.03 >25.0 0.08 2.29 1.2
2PUE263 316754 8826174 Grab 15 calcite vein <5 ----- 0.16 0.24 30 17.5 0.3 0.04 >25.0 0.08 1.78 1.2
2PUE264 316754 8826172 Grab 13 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.28 1 175 24 0.3 0.05 >25.0 0.34 9.42 2.2
2PUE265 316754 8826176 Grab 17 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.16 0.25 85 14 0.05 0.08 >25.0 0.02 4.37 1.3
2PUE266 316754 8826179 Grab 20 Mn-rich brecciated calcite 283 293 21 1.53 665 97.5 0.4 0.07 19.5 1.56 13.75 2.4
vein
2PUE267 316754 8826185 Grab 26 Gray limestones 10 ----- 0.36 2.57 672 175 0.75 0.12 23 0.12 17.1 1.8
2PUE268A 316754 8826186 Grab 27 Crustiform calcite <5 ----- 0.16 0.14 50 38 0.25 0.03 >25.0 0.14 1.66 1.4
2PUE269 316754 8826189 Grab 30 Gray limestones 10 ----- 0.12 1.2 175 45.5 0.3 0.05 >25.0 0.18 10 2.1
2PUE270 316754 8826194 Grab 24 White calcite vein <5 ----- 0.12 0.08 20 3.5 0.5 0.01 >25.0 0.04 1.29 1.3
2PUE271 316754 8826169 RC 0 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.16 0.35 70 20.5 0.15 0.03 >25.0 0.22 4.85 1.5
2PUE272 316754 8826171 RC 2 Gray limestones <5 <5 0.46 0.67 150 45.5 0.25 0.02 >25.0 0.38 6.3 1.7
2PUE273 316754 8826173 RC 4 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.36 0.63 135 34.5 0.2 0.03 >25.0 0.3 6.71 1.6
2PUE274 316754 8826175 RC 6 Gray limestones 6 ----- 0.5 1.11 405 84.5 0.3 0.04 >25.0 0.2 8.03 1.4
2PUE275 316754 8826177 RC 8 Gray limestones 81 ----- 1.88 1.56 495 247.5 0.55 0.05 >25.0 0.2 13.45 2.4
2PUE276 316754 8826179 RC 10 Gray limestones 78 ----- 23 1.08 1290 142 0.3 0.05 23 1.32 9.13 1.6
2PUE277 316754 8826181 RC 12 Gray limestones 20 ----- 0.26 1.38 395 148.5 0.35 0.06 >25.0 0.14 13.95 2
2PUE278 316754 8826183 RC 14 Gray limestones 15 ----- 0.5 1.62 505 241.5 0.4 0.06 25 0.3 14.8 2
2PUE279 316754 8826185 RC 16 Gray limestones 12 ----- 1.62 1.11 450 136.5 0.35 0.06 >25.0 0.54 12.5 2.6
2PUE280 316754 8826187 RC 18 Gray limestones 16 14 0.26 0.93 235 82 0.25 0.04 >25.0 0.2 8.12 1.7
Transect R2 - Surface, 4725 m
669

2PUE282 316300 8826110 Grab 0 Brown oxidized calcite vein <5 ----- 1.34 0.09 25 10.5 0.2 0.04 >25.0 0.14 1.54 1.4
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)
2PUE283 316300 8826111 Grab 0 calcite vein 7 ----- 0.26 0.12 40 10.5 0.15 0.03 >25.0 0.08 1.78 1.4
2PUE284 316300 8826113 Grab 2 Brecciated calcite vein <5 ----- 0.22 0.5 60 34.5 0.15 0.06 >25.0 0.06 9.57 1.9
2PUE285 316300 8826115 Grab 4 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.2 0.34 20 23.5 0.2 0.05 >25.0 0.02 20.4 1.9
2PUE286 316300 8826118 Grab 7 Brown calcite vein 22 21 1.18 1.3 340 98 0.4 0.12 >25.0 0.12 22.2 3
2PUE287 316300 8826119 Grab 8 Gray limestones <5 <5 0.32 1.04 415 134 0.25 0.06 >25.0 0.02 39.7 2.5
2PUE288 316300 8826120 Grab 9 calcite vein <5 ----- 0.02 0.15 <5.0 8 0.05 0.02 >25.0 0.02 4.38 1.6
2PUE289 316300 8826129 Grab 18 Mn-rich brecciated calcite 115 113 >100.0 0.61 1880 9.5 0.4 0.1 12.5 24.5 7.04 1.3
vein
2PUE290 316300 8826108 RC 0 calcite vein 7 ----- 2.58 0.31 130 58 0.15 0.08 >25.0 0.52 6.38 1.6
2PUE291 316300 8826110 RC 0 calcite vein 7 ----- 0.66 0.39 115 51 0.25 0.23 >25.0 0.08 8.27 2
2PUE292 316300 8826112 RC 1 Gray limestones <5 ----- 28.6 0.84 260 131.5 0.25 0.12 >25.0 8.02 15.85 2.5
2PUE293 316300 8826114 RC 3 Gray limestones 14 ----- 1.26 1.08 150 52 0.35 0.09 >25.0 0.12 17.7 2.5
2PUE294 316300 8826116 RC 5 Gray limestones <5 ----- 1.02 1 240 141 0.3 0.13 >25.0 0.22 20.1 2.5
2PUE295 316300 8826118 RC 7 Gray limestones 7 ----- 0.76 0.89 195 82.5 0.3 0.07 >25.0 0.08 20.7 1.9
2PUE296 316300 8826125 RC 14 Gray limestones 16 ----- 3.58 0.41 500 28 0.15 0.04 >25.0 1.92 9.1 1.4
2PUE297 316300 8826127 RC 16 Gray limestones 20 ----- 32.6 0.37 500 29 0.1 0.05 >25.0 3.84 7.75 1.3
2PUE298 316300 8826140 Grab 30 Alabandite rich calcite vein 555 ----- >100.0 <0.01 786 3 0.15 0.3 2.4 76.7 2.49 0.3

Transect R3 - Est s/n, Gal 754W, 4450 m level

2PUE304 316774 8826187 Grab 0 Mineralized limestone 34 30 >100.0 0.92 2750 65 0.05 0.11 24 74.8 5.49 2.1
2PUE305 316774 8826189 Grab 2 Mineralized limestone 98 ----- >100.0 1.25 4640 87 0.1 0.16 22 127 6.24 3.4
2PUE306 316773 8826196 Grab 9 Calcite + sulfide vein 120 ----- 53.2 0.79 680 13 0.2 0.08 >25.0 4.96 5.23 1.7
2PUE307 316773 8826197 Grab 10 Gray limestones <5 ----- 0.74 0.15 90 21.5 0.05 <0.01 >25.0 1.96 1.49 1.1
2PUE308 316773 8826198 Grab 11 Gray limestones 8 ----- 1.08 0.21 115 28.5 0.1 <0.01 >25.0 1.52 1.74 1.2
2PUE309 316773 8826199 Grab 12 calcite vein 25 ----- 3.8 0.05 265 23.5 0.05 0.01 >25.0 1.54 4.09 1
2PUE310 316773 8826201 Grab 14 Gray limestones 13 10 0.58 0.23 175 24 0.15 0.02 >25.0 0.04 3.17 1.2
2PUE311 316773 8826201 RC 14 Gray limestones 14 ----- 0.66 0.34 140 42 0.15 0.03 >25.0 0.22 3.82 1.2
2PUE312 316773 8826199 RC 12 Gray limestones 188 ----- 7.72 0.98 360 102 0.15 0.04 >25.0 0.38 5.67 2.1
2PUE313 316773 8826197 RC 10 Gray limestones 7 ----- 4.68 0.23 230 26.5 0.1 0.03 >25.0 1.7 3 1.1
2PUE314 316773 8826196 RC 8 Gray limestones 24 ----- 8.1 0.26 280 37.5 0.1 0.05 >25.0 0.82 4.38 1.1
2PUE315 316773 8826192 RC 2 Gray limestones 273 ----- >100.0 0.45 4390 34 0.15 0.09 25 23.1 8.95 1.4
2PUE316 316774 8826188 Grab 1 Rosa vein 54 52 28.4 0.36 505 84.5 0.05 0.07 >25.0 7.44 6.89 1.3
2PUE317 316774 8826187 Grab 0 Rosa vein 49 53 >100.0 1.27 2680 162.5 0.05 0.03 22 73.2 5.02 3.1
Transect R4 - Gallery 310SE, 4360m level
2PUE320 Grab 8m north White calcite vein 96 ----- >100.0 1 3400 74.5 0.05 0.01 >25.0 20.4 12.35 2
2PUE321 Grab 7m north Crustiform calcite vein 438 ----- >100.0 0.33 >10000 13 0.05 0.05 21 57.4 9.71 1.1
2PUE322 Grab 14m north White calcite vein <5 ----- 1.62 0.16 107 149.5 <0.05 <0.01 >25.0 0.24 2.55 1.4
2PUE323 Grab 13m north Gray limestones <5 ----- 1.32 0.39 252 28 0.15 0.09 >25.0 0.14 4.59 2.6
2PUE324 Grab 1m north White calcite vein 13 ----- 27.7 0.38 348 26 0.05 <0.01 >25.0 4.56 3.27 1.3
2PUE325 Grab 0m north Gray limestones 12 ----- 5.86 0.71 518 71 0.05 <0.01 >25.0 1.26 7.26 1.8
Transect R5 - Xc 130N, 4300m level
3PUA500 317265.5 8826226 Grab 141N Gray limestones <5 0.15 0.66 143 30 0.24 0.04 >25.0 0.05 7.47 1.8
3PUA501 317258 882624 Grab 136N Gray limestones <5 0.14 0.51 136 10 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.04 4.21 1.7
670

3PUA502 317257 8826220 Grab 131N Gray limestones <5 0.08 0.51 8 30 0.2 0.03 >25.0 0.04 5.29 1.8
3PUA503 317254 8826215 Grab 126N Gray limestones <5 0.07 0.38 29 120 0.28 0.03 >25.0 0.02 5.34 1.7
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)
3PUA504 317251.5 8826211 Grab 121N Gray limestones <5 0.04 0.57 11 70 0.2 0.03 >25.0 0.07 7.15 2.6
3PUA505 317249 8826207 Grab 116N Gray limestones <5 <0.02 0.22 8 10 0.09 0.02 >25.0 0.03 3.67 1.4
3PUA506 317246 8826202.5 Grab 111N Gray limestones <5 0.31 1.08 7 20 0.26 0.05 >25.0 0.06 11.4 2.2
3PUA507 317244 8826198 Grab 106N Gray limestones <5 0.78 1.24 30 130 0.29 0.04 >25.0 0.1 13.2 3.2
3PUA508 317241.5 8826194 Grab 101N Gray limestones <5 0.65 0.52 21 20 0.11 0.03 >25.0 0.04 5.04 2.1
3PUA509 317238 8826190 Grab 96N Gray limestones <5 3.3 1.38 86 220 0.24 0.03 >25.0 0.09 8.72 2.5
3PUA510 317236 8826186 Grab 91N Gray limestones <5 59.5 0.69 235 20 0.16 0.03 >25.0 1.75 9.85 2.8
3PUA511-LG 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein 95N Calcite veinlet <0.01 0.02 8 <10 0.07 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.94 1.2
3PUA511-Y 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein 95N Calcite veinlet 0.06 0.03 6 10 0.08 <0.01 >25 0.06 1.94 1.1
3PUA513 317233 8826181.5 Grab 86N Strong fractured gray <5 14.35 0.55 188 20 0.14 0.03 >25.0 0.92 5.2 2.1
limestones
3PUA514 317230.5 8826177.5 Grab 81N Strong fractured, pyritized <5 28.1 0.16 79 10 0.16 0.01 >25.0 2.97 2.67 1.3
gray limestones
3PUA515 317228 8826173 Grab 76N Moderate fractured gray <5 68.4 0.59 125 30 0.14 0.03 >25.0 1 6.54 1.6
limestones
3PUA516 317224 8826169 Grab 70N Weak bleached gray <5 36.8 1.16 293 100 0.22 0.04 >25.0 0.47 14.05 1.9
limestones
3PUA517 317222.5 8826165 Grab 66N Brecciated, fossiliferous <5 14.5 0.4 455 40 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.9 6.84 1.8
gray limestones
3PUA518 317220 8826161 Grab 61N Ore body 5 >100.0 0.25 4740 190 1.04 0.02 9.77 34.3 11.05 0.8
3PUA519 317217 8826157 Grab 56N Ore body <5 15.15 0.13 300 20 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.96 1.98 1.3
3PUA520 317214 8826153 Grab 51N Margin of the orebody <5 5.65 0.47 44 50 0.17 0.02 >25.0 0.16 7.4 2
3PUA521 317212 8826148.5 Grab 46N Gray limestones <5 3.48 0.48 58 40 0.22 0.03 >25.0 0.18 6.7 2.1
3PUA522 317209 8826144 Grab 41N Weak to mod silicified gray <5 2.62 0.57 69 40 0.27 0.05 >25.0 0.16 11.65 1.8
to tan limestones
3PUA523 317206.5 8826140 Grab 36N Brecciated gray limestones <5 0.66 0.7 53 50 0.32 0.03 >25.0 0.05 9.92 1.9

3PUA524 317204 8826135.5 Grab 31N Mod sil and st frac gray <5 7.79 0.76 63 60 0.26 0.04 >25.0 0.79 11.4 2.2
limestones
3PUA525 317201 8826131.5 Grab 26N Mod sil and st frac gray <5 2.22 0.83 66 90 0.22 0.03 >25.0 0.33 11.65 1.9
limestones
3PUA526 317198.5 8826127.5 Grab 21N Mod sil gray to tan <5 1.7 1.2 458 100 0.26 0.07 >25.0 0.14 19.4 2.5
limestones
3PUA527 317196 8826123 Grab 16N Mod sil, light gray <5 0.82 1.32 436 70 0.25 0.17 >25.0 0.04 21.2 2.6
limestones
3PUA528 317193 8826119 Grab 11N Mod sil grayish brown, fgr <5 0.52 0.56 189 30 0.15 0.04 >25.0 0.04 7.81 1.5
limestones
3PUA529 317190 8826114.5 Grab 6N Weak sil and fossiliferous <5 2 0.68 369 50 0.16 0.03 >25.0 0.15 10.4 1.7
gray limestones

3PUA530 317187.5 8826110.5 Grab 1N Strong fractured, gray <5 1.11 0.61 260 60 0.19 0.02 >25.0 0.14 11.05 1.6
limestones
3PUA531 317184.5 8826106 Grab 1S Mod sil, brownish gray <5 2.64 1.08 263 110 0.23 0.04 >25.0 0.1 15.65 2.1
limestones
3PUA532 317182 8826102 Grab 6S Mod sil, brownish gray <5 5.37 0.91 393 80 0.15 0.04 >25.0 0.58 13.1 2
limestones w/ trz diss py.
3PUA533 317179 8826098 Grab 11S Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones <5 2.09 0.91 329 70 0.18 0.04 >25.0 0.08 14.75 2
671
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)
3PUA534 317176.5 8826094 Grab 16S Mod sil, fgr, gray limestones <5 0.73 1.08 86 90 0.17 0.05 >25.0 0.03 15.7 2.2

3PUA535 317173 8826089 Grab 21S Weak sil, mod fract, grayish <5 0.8 1.08 603 70 0.19 0.05 >25.0 0.03 15.85 2.3
brown limestones
3PUA536 317171 8826085 Grab 26S Mod sil, grayish brown <5 0.64 0.94 99 50 0.19 0.04 >25.0 0.04 16.9 2.2
limestones
3PUA537 317169 8826081 Grab 31S Mod sil, grayish brown <5 3.93 1.04 196 90 0.26 0.05 >25.0 0.23 11.95 2.4
limestones
3PUA540 317182 8826110.5 Grab 0 Rosa vein <5 3.82 0.36 538 40 0.13 0.02 >25.0 1.52 6.55 1.4
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 Grab 81N Calcite veinlet <0.01 0.01 <0.2 70 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.54 1.1
3PUA544 317227 8826165.5 Grab 70N Fgr, gray limestone 3.2 1.69 288 20 0.79 0.01 >25 1.36 23.6 1.7
Transect R6 - XC 916NE, 4360m level
3PUA545 317250.5 8826110 Grab 0 Grayish brown, rxl <5 4.21 0.47 245 110 0.2 0.02 >25.0 0.6 7.72 2.1
limestones
3PUA546 317254.5 8826113 Grab 5 Brown, rxl limestones <5 1.22 0.77 29 50 0.29 0.03 >25.0 0.18 7.51 1.7
3PUA547 317259 8826115.5 Grab 9 Weak to mod sil. brown, rxl <5 0.97 0.53 20 10 0.16 0.02 >25.0 0.08 5.76 2
limestones
3PUA548-BH 317253.5 8826112 Crushed 4 Brown hornfels 3.14 0.57 62 10 0.25 0.01 >25 0.48 12.55 3.4
material
3PUA548-LMS 317253.5 8826112 Crushed 4 Gray limestones 1.97 0.51 35 10 0.14 <0.01 >25 0.26 11.75 1.7
material
3PUA548-OR 317253.5 8826112 Drilled 4 Calcite veinlet 0.1 0.02 13 10 0.3 <0.01 >25 0.02 2.64 1.2
material
3PUA549 317262 8826118.5 Grab 13 Brecciated grayish brown <5 5.32 1.56 29 100 0.22 0.03 >25.0 0.41 21.6 1.7
limestones
3PUA550 317263.5 8826124 Grab 19 Grayish brown, rxl <5 2.37 0.49 83 20 0.1 0.02 >25.0 0.22 9.19 2.3
limestones
3PUA551 317264.5 8826129.5 Grab 24 Mod sil and rxl, gray, fgr <5 0.69 0.2 17 20 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.02 3.52 1.5
limestones
3PUA552 317265.5 8826134 Grab 29 Mod sil gray limestones <5 3.07 0.54 56 70 0.13 0.02 >25.0 0.24 7.78 1.9
3PUA553 317266.5 8826138.5 Grab 33 Mod sil brown limestones <5 2 0.6 22 30 0.18 0.02 >25.0 0.25 8.1 1.6

Transect R7 - Xc 710SE, 4180m level

3PUA559 316716 8826230 Grab 4S Mod frac dark gray <5 0.14 0.33 43 20 0.12 0.01 >25.0 0.05 3.79 1.6
limestones
3PUA559-OR 316716 8826230 Drilled 4S Discontinuous white calcite <0.01 0.01 14 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.35 1.1
material veinlets
3PUA560 316716.5 8826225 Grab 9S Strongly frac, dark gray <5 0.39 0.34 33 20 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.13 4.75 1.7
limestones
3PUA561 316717.5 8826220.5 Grab 14S Mod frac gray limestones 13 1.96 1.65 479 200 0.08 0.04 19.7 0.13 11.8 2.2
3PUA562 316718.5 8826215.5 Grab 19S Mod frac, brownish gray <5 1.28 1.38 44 120 0.23 0.04 >25.0 0.03 16.8 2.9
limestones
3PUA562-NF 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled 19S Discontinuous white calcite 0.06 0.05 10 10 0.11 <0.01 >25 <0.02 2.03 1.2
material veinlets
3PUA562-OR 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled 19S White calcite vein 0.17 0.13 <0.2 20 0.11 <0.01 >25 <0.02 5.89 1.2
material
3PUA563 316719.5 8826210.5 Grab 24S Mod frac, brownish gray <5 0.82 1.54 100 190 0.17 0.03 >25.0 0.18 14.05 2.3
limestones
672

3PUA563-OR 316719.5 8826210.5 Drilled 24S Discontinuous white calcite 0.22 0.01 6 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 0.03 3.24 1.1
material veinlets
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)
3PUA564 316721 8826205.5 Grab 29S Grayish brown, rxl 24 1.44 1.82 126 130 0.31 0.05 >25.0 0.03 21.3 4.2
limestones
3PUA565 316722 8826200.5 Grab 34S Mod frac, gray limestones <5 0.26 0.58 74 30 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.03 8.16 2.2

3PUA565-NF 316722 8826200.5 Drilled 34S Non-fluorescent calcite <0.01 0.02 <0.2 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 1.28 1.2
material
3PUA570 316723.5 8826196 Grab 39S Strong frac, rusty, dark gray 50 1.22 0.34 31 10 0.32 0.04 >25.0 0.18 8.62 1.8
limestones
3PUA571 316725 8826191 Grab 44S Strong frac, gray limestones <5 1.54 0.23 38 10 0.14 0.01 >25.0 0.57 4.07 1.8

3PUA572 316726 8826186.5 Grab 49S Strong frac, gray limestones <5 0.17 0.27 11 10 0.16 0.01 >25.0 0.03 4.39 1.8

3PUA573 316727.5 8826181.5 Grab 54S Strong frac, dark gray <5 0.28 0.35 17 10 0.24 0.02 >25.0 0.06 5.44 1.9
limestones
4PUA562 316729 8826176 Grab 60S Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, <5 0.02 0.17 <5 <10 0.08 0.01 37.3 <0.02 2.22 1
st frac'd limestones
4PUA564 316728 8826165 Grab 70S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- <5 0.45 0.15 45 10 0.13 0.01 39.5 <0.02 2.38 1
mgr, mod rxl limestones
Transect R8 - LY 34-09-02, 4360m level
3PUA715 316852.5 8826189 1.32 - 1.43 3.5 Dark gray, mgr limestones 9 0.68 0.53 305 30 0.18 0.06 35.4 0.25 6.47 3.3

3PUA717 316852.5 8826199 11.16 - 11.25 13 Dark gray bituminous NSS 0.2 0.31 89 10 0.15 0.05 36.6 0.02 3.42 2.1
limestones
3PUA719 316852.5 8826205 17.20 - 17.38 19 Dark gray bituminous <5 0.11 0.95 120 30 0.4 0.07 35.9 0.02 11.85 2.1
limestones
3PUA722 316852.5 8826213.5 26.20 - 26.28 28 Dark gray bituminous 8 0.53 0.62 45 40 0.17 0.03 36.7 <0.02 8.23 1.8
limestones
3PUA728 316852.5 8826225.5 38.39 - 38.55 40 Dark gray bituminous <5 0.04 0.77 20 30 0.19 0.03 34.2 0.02 9.14 2
limestones
3PUA732 316852.5 8826237 49.75 - 49.81 51.5 Dark gray bituminous 29 1.34 0.57 143 30 0.16 0.02 34.6 0.05 10.85 1.8
limestones
3PUA734 316852.5 8826243 56.0 - 56.25 58 Dark gray, bituminous, mgr <0.01 0.04 8 10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.31 1.2
limestones
3PUA735 316852.5 8826246 59.09 - 59.25 60.5 Dark gray, bituminous <5 0.02 0.39 10 20 0.12 0.02 36 0.02 5.77 1.5
limestones
3PUA738 316852.5 8826255.5 68.26 - 68.46 70 Dark gray, bituminous <5 0.02 0.81 9 40 0.24 0.04 34.3 <0.02 10.05 2.2
limestones
4PUA532 316852.5 8826264 75.10-75.25m 78 Fgr, brownish gray, mod sil <5 <0.01 0.58 9 20 0.14 0.02 35.1 <0.02 5.35 1.6
lms w/ local mm ca vlts.

4PUA534 316852.5 8826272 84.30-84.50m 86 Strong frac'd, gray <5 0.29 1 23 80 0.27 0.03 33.6 0.03 11.6 2.2
bituminous limestones
4PUA536 316852.5 8826284 95.45-95.60m 98 Brownish gray, mgr, mod <5 0.12 0.83 23 50 0.2 0.03 36.3 <0.02 9.46 1.8
rxl, wk sil limestones
Transect R9 - Xc 940-I-NE, 4120m level
4PUA511 317237 8826084 Grab 0 White ca + gray gouge. 10- <5 2.57 0.7 64 30 0.21 0.02 33.7 0.13 10.8 1.5
15cm wide, S76E, 75NE
4PUA513A 317236 8826074 Grab 10S St. frac'd and bxd, brown <5 0.53 0.34 17 20 0.15 0.03 35.1 0.03 4.15 2.2
gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, weak
silicified lms.
673

4PUA513B 317236 8826074 marble NSS 0.76 0.77 41 10 0.83 0.03 35.7 0.21 15.85 2
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)
4PUA514 317236 8826063.5 Grab 20S Mod frac'd, brownish gray, f <5 1.98 0.9 89 60 0.22 0.08 33.6 0.05 11.6 4.1
mgr, mod rxl lms.
4PUA515 317236 8826054 Grab 30S Mod frac'd, rxl, mgr <5 1.01 0.68 20 80 0.26 0.06 37.8 0.06 8.93 2
brownish gray, wk sil lms
4PUA516A 317236 8826044 Grab 40S Gray, mgr, rxl lms. <5 0.62 0.97 8 30 0.42 0.04 36.3 0.22 17.15 2.2
4PUA516B 317236 8826044 40S marble <5 0.15 0.82 <5 20 1.1 0.02 36.3 0.14 4.97 1
4PUA517 317236 8826034 Grab 50S St frac'd, rxl, mgr lms. <5 0.14 0.15 9 10 0.13 0.02 39 0.03 2.46 1.2
4PUA518 317236 8826024 Grab 60S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- <5 0.71 0.38 73 20 0.15 0.02 36.2 0.02 4.04 1.4
mgr, rxl lms.
4PUA519 317233 8826014.5 Grab 70S Brownish gray, fgr, mod sil <5 5 0.83 78 90 0.2 0.04 34.7 0.57 11.2 1.5
and rxl limestones
Transect R10 - Xc s/n, LY 01-94, 4450m level
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 Grab 0 Brecciated white ca vein w/ <5 3.66 0.08 37 10 0.17 <0.01 35 1.02 0.46 0.8
sil lms fragm (center of
Rosa vein)
4PUA568 317117 8826142.5 Grab 5 St frac'd, mod sil, fgr, <5 0.61 0.52 21 20 0.14 0.02 36.7 0.03 5.49 1.5
brownish gray limestones
4PUA569 317119.5 8826151 Grab 14 Mod frac'd, and sil, fgr, <5 0.02 0.53 <5 30 0.15 0.02 34.5 0.02 5.92 1.6
brown marly limestones
4PUA572 317111 8826164 10.19-10.35m 24 Brown gray, wk-mod sil <5 0.03 0.74 10 70 0.26 0.03 31.4 0.08 7.67 2.1
limestones
4PUA575 317105.5 8826178 24.98-25.16m 36 Gray, fgr limestones <5 0.08 1.22 17 190 0.2 0.05 34 7.64 6.59 3.3
4PUA578 317102 8826186 35.04-35.15m 44 Dark gray limestone with <5 0.02 0.33 10 20 0.08 0.01 26.3 0.14 2.97 1.2
fine argillic fracture fillings.

4PUA582 317096 8826200 49.98-50.16m 57 Brecciatted lms with 30% <5 0.37 0.97 37 40 0.22 0.03 33.1 0.04 8.77 1.6
calcite filling fractures
4PUA585 317091 8826214 65.25-65.40m 70 Strong fract gray lms with <5 0.06 0.38 144 10 0.16 0.01 36.1 0.03 4.37 1.1
trz diss py
Unaltered samples - Anilcocha
4PUA522 315944 8823264 Grab Brownish gray, mod rxl, fgr <5 0.07 0.34 <5 30 0.22 0.02 34.9 0.04 5.57 1.2
limestones.
4PUA523 315629 8823114 Grab Brownish gray, mgr, mod <5 <0.01 0.21 5 10 0.1 0.01 35.8 0.02 4.12 1.1
rxl and sil limestones.
4PUA524 315291 8822718 Grab Brownish gray, fgr, mod rxl, <5 0.03 0.34 9 10 0.2 0.01 37.2 0.03 3.82 1.2
wk sil limestones.

Socorro
Transect S1 - surface, 4550m
3PUA623 315943 8826521 Grab 1 Rxld, gray limestones 11 3.53 0.49 360 60 0.08 0.03 >25.0 5.82 4.9 1.1
3PUA626 315944 8826526 Grab 6 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray <5 1.28 0.36 112 30 0.19 0.02 >25.0 0.05 7.01 2.3
limestones
3PUA627 315949 8826530 Grab 10 Fgr, mod rxl, brownish gray <5 0.66 0.71 113 110 0.14 0.04 >25.0 0.03 8.94 1.2
limestones
3PUA628 315945 8826537 Grab 17 Fgr, mod rxl gray <5 0.8 0.33 56 10 0.07 0.01 >25.0 0.03 3.19 1.1
limestones
3PUA629 315945 8826540 Grab 20 Mgr, rxl, gray limestones <5 0.45 0.14 87 10 <0.05 0.01 >25.0 <0.02 3.05 0.9
3PUA630B 315946 8826544 Grab 24 Gray limestones <5 0.84 0.22 84 170 0.07 0.01 >25.0 0.04 4.37 0.9
674

3PUA631 315946 8826548 Grab 28 Massive, mod rxl, brownish <5 1.68 0.41 104 80 0.14 0.02 >25.0 0.05 4.41 1.3
gray limestones
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Au Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co
Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Type Distance Lithology ppb ppb ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
from the
vein (m)
3PUA632 315947 8826553 Grab 33 Massive, mod rxl, brownish <5 1.01 0.48 87 20 0.14 0.03 >25.0 0.04 6.07 1.4
gray limestones
Transect S2 - Xc s/n, Surface 4650 m
3PUA633 316147 8826500 Grab 0.5 Mgr, rxld, gray limestones 12 41.1 0.62 1285 10 0.1 0.03 >25.0 67.7 6.5 1.3

3PUA635 316145 8826501 Grab 1 Fgr, gray lms <5 1.1 0.42 147 30 0.06 0.02 >25.0 1.15 4.85 1
3PUA636 316142 8826502 Grab 4 Rxld, gray lms <5 0.88 0.21 194 10 0.05 0.01 >25.0 0.21 3.32 0.9
3PUA637 316138 8826505 Grab 8 Rxld, gray lms 34 1.12 0.69 422 220 0.12 0.02 >25.0 0.34 9.39 1.2
3PUA638 316134 8826508 Grab 12.5 Mod silicified and rxld, 54 5.63 1.09 2190 40 0.32 0.04 >25.0 2.01 11.6 1.8
micritic, gray limestones
3PUA639 316129 8826510.5 Grab 17 Mod rxld, fgr, gray 20 2.36 0.72 1030 30 0.3 0.03 >25.0 0.33 9.08 1.7
limestones
3PUA640 316124 8826514 Grab 22.5 Fgr, gray limestones <5 0.08 0.33 60 20 0.12 0.02 >25.0 0.04 4.5 1.3

Miscelaneous samples
2PUE326 4180m Rosa vein 181 185 12.45 0.57 695 15 0.15 <0.01 >25.0 1.28 7.34 1.7
2PUE327 4180m Calcite veins 21 ----- 2.64 0.14 192.5 42 0.05 <0.01 >25.0 0.8 2.04 1.1
2PUE281 316300 8826109 4725m 0 Brown calcite + MnOx vein 12 ----- 18.55 0.14 560 14.5 0.2 0.03 >25.0 9.12 3.98 1.4

2PUE299 316124 8826131 4670 White calcite vein <5 ----- 3.06 0.14 110 27 0.05 0.05 >25.0 0.94 9.18 1.1
3PUA556 316860 8825897.5 Xc 877SW, Calcite vein 0.02 0.01 96 <10 <0.05 <0.01 >25 0.17 0.7 1.2
Level 450
2PUE300 315997 8826301 4640 Qtz-carb-sulf-skarn 7990 ----- 28.6 5.6 >10000 126.5 2.05 0.17 7.6 4.32 169 9.1
2PUE301 315997 8826301 4640 Qtz vein 358 ----- 77.5 1.02 3700 7.5 0.4 0.42 7.9 14.75 21.5 1.4
675
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

Marion vein - Huantajalla

3PUA641-W 3 <0.05 1.8 0.01 0.07 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 <0.5 0.2 0.16 801 0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.4 30

3PUA641-Y 2 0.05 1.5 0.01 0.09 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 <0.5 0.2 0.2 909 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.2 90

3PUA642 3 5.9 3 0.25 1.46 0.19 <0.1 190 0.005 0.25 5 2.6 0.39 907 0.69 0.01 1.2 3 240

3PUA643 2 4.78 3.3 0.25 1.52 0.28 0.1 60 0.005 0.19 5.6 3.6 0.37 616 0.54 0.01 1.5 4 250

3PUA645 2 3.31 2.6 0.17 0.99 0.26 0.1 210 <0.005 0.14 3.2 1.6 0.34 355 0.73 0.01 1 3 100
3PUA646 3 6.94 3.2 0.22 1.52 0.26 0.1 90 0.006 0.23 5.8 2.2 0.32 949 0.53 0.01 1.3 2 100
3PUA648 2 7.02 3.9 0.22 1.42 0.33 <0.1 40 0.006 0.18 5.5 3 0.45 156 0.56 0.02 1 2 290

3PUA649 3 7 3.8 0.25 1.54 0.33 <0.1 30 0.006 0.19 5.6 2.8 0.28 893 0.63 0.01 1.2 3 220

3PUA650-W 1 <0.05 2.6 0.01 0.09 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.6 0.3 0.15 1225 0.24 <0.01 0.1 1 50
3PUA650-Y 2 <0.05 2.1 0.01 0.14 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.5 <0.2 0.1 2040 0.05 <0.01 0.1 2.1 30
3PUA652 2 4.7 3.7 0.23 1.29 0.34 <0.1 60 <0.005 0.15 5.7 1.8 0.35 561 1.42 0.01 1.1 3 180

3PUA653 2 0.96 4.4 0.29 0.88 0.31 <0.1 20 <0.005 0.02 3.9 1.5 0.25 223 2.44 0.01 0.9 4 150

3PUA655 2 7.01 5.3 0.25 1.68 0.31 <0.1 10 0.007 0.19 7.2 3.7 0.44 227 0.49 0.02 1.6 3 210

Morococha vein - Pozo Rico

3PUA656 4 9.71 2.9 0.22 2.13 0.34 0.2 10 0.007 0.63 10 4.4 0.33 630 0.39 0.01 2.5 1 80

3PUA657 1 7.29 2.1 0.13 1.33 0.41 0.1 <10 0.005 0.19 5.7 3.5 0.37 372 0.2 0.01 1.5 1 50

3PUA658 3 7.35 2.9 0.2 2 0.39 0.2 30 0.008 0.46 8.8 3.6 0.32 1340 0.31 0.01 2.2 1 100

3PUA659 3 2.24 3.5 0.21 0.88 <0.05 0.2 20 <0.005 0.18 2.7 3.5 0.29 305 0.21 0.01 1.6 2 40

3PUA660 2 2.67 3.1 0.15 0.73 0.07 0.1 20 <0.005 0.15 2.2 3.2 0.28 749 0.2 0.01 1 2 100

3PUA661 1 0.85 3.6 0.1 0.28 0.06 0.1 20 <0.005 0.06 1.7 1.7 0.18 447 0.17 <0.01 0.6 1 50

3PUA662 3 1.89 1.9 0.16 0.69 0.16 0.1 20 <0.005 0.12 1.9 2.3 0.26 509 0.27 0.01 1 2 60

3PUA663 1 1.04 1.7 0.11 0.47 0.18 0.1 30 <0.005 0.07 1.7 2 0.19 423 0.19 <0.01 0.6 1 30

3PUA664-NF 1 0.06 1.7 0.02 0.05 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.7 <0.2 0.16 778 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4 <10
676

3PUA664-OR 1 <0.05 1.4 0.02 0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.5 <0.2 0.21 871 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.2 <10
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

Plomopampa - Casualidad
Transect P1 - Xc 630SE, level 4450 m
3PUA575 <1 1.55 26.5 2.1 16.55 0.09 0.1 640 0.005 0.04 1.8 5 0.57 >10000 4.79 0.01 0.5 3 40
3PUA576 9 8.48 3.6 0.38 3.64 <0.05 0.2 10 0.01 0.44 4.3 19.1 5.78 786 1.34 0.04 2.1 3 110

3PUA577 5 3.32 2.7 0.21 1.76 0.07 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.16 2.6 3.9 0.5 215 0.25 0.01 0.9 2 90

3PUA578 9 5.93 2.9 0.32 1.91 0.11 0.3 <10 0.005 0.29 3.9 7.3 1.7 88 2.25 0.02 1.6 5 70

3PUA579 14 20.6 4.7 0.51 3.36 0.15 0.4 10 0.011 0.67 6 15.1 2.46 94 1.27 0.03 3.1 6 90

3PUA580 12 30.1 8 0.71 4 0.14 0.5 10 0.012 0.91 8.7 23 2.24 167 0.28 0.03 4.5 10 220

3PUA581 10 7.38 2.6 0.27 1.96 0.16 0.2 10 0.009 0.44 4.9 7.7 5.13 228 0.69 0.04 2.1 2 60
3PUA583 4 2.01 3.6 0.15 1.02 0.15 0.1 10 <0.005 0.15 2.3 2.5 1.01 212 0.88 0.01 0.9 2 50

3PUA584 4 2.92 2.4 0.14 1.18 0.16 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.17 3 4.5 0.75 884 0.19 0.01 0.9 1 50

3PUA586 10 12.15 5 0.38 2.32 0.19 0.3 20 0.007 0.43 6.7 12.6 2.09 152 0.73 0.02 2.9 5 110

3PUA587 4 9.91 3 0.23 1.56 0.19 0.2 <10 0.01 0.28 5.3 9.6 1.23 87 0.72 0.02 1.6 4 50

3PUA588 7 3.5 3.6 0.22 1.38 0.24 0.1 10 <0.005 0.25 5.5 6.4 0.78 126 1.23 0.02 1.5 4 110
3PUA589 8 3.28 3.4 0.21 1.4 0.22 0.2 10 0.006 0.22 4.1 6.2 1.16 104 0.45 0.02 1.4 3 90
3PUA590 7 3.4 3.5 0.27 1.37 0.23 0.2 10 0.006 0.25 4.4 7.8 1.42 111 1.7 0.02 1.4 3 60

Transect P2 - 4665 m
3PUA608 9 5.06 2.7 0.38 2.29 0.12 0.4 10 0.005 0.81 6.5 10.4 0.37 2270 0.81 0.02 3.4 4 100

3PUA609 4 3.84 1.8 0.21 0.85 0.12 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.2 2.5 4.3 0.4 388 0.52 0.01 1 2 80

3PUA612 4 3.49 1.8 0.22 0.91 0.13 0.2 10 <0.005 0.2 2 4.8 0.41 567 0.35 0.01 1.2 2 50

3PUA614 6 4.78 1.8 0.26 1.67 0.16 0.3 <10 0.005 0.46 4.9 6.5 0.36 654 0.49 0.01 2.3 2 70

3PUA616 5 6.39 2.5 0.27 1.59 0.11 0.3 30 <0.005 0.29 3.1 5.9 0.3 3830 0.52 <0.01 1.8 4 60

3PUA617 4 3.82 1.6 0.18 0.98 0.16 0.2 <10 <0.005 0.19 3.6 4.2 0.36 371 0.4 0.01 1.3 2 50

3PUA619 4 3.42 1.6 0.17 1.32 0.18 0.2 10 <0.005 0.41 3.1 4.9 0.32 1295 0.33 0.01 1.3 2 50

3PUA620 3 2.38 1.7 0.14 0.86 0.13 0.1 30 <0.005 0.15 3 3.5 0.16 4210 0.43 <0.01 0.7 1 60

Transect P3 - 4550 m
3PUA666 14 10.65 89.7 0.97 6.86 0.05 0.8 140 0.01 2.61 17.6 23.2 0.11 3570 0.61 0.03 8.3 9 200

3PUA667 8 1.82 4.5 0.54 3.24 <0.05 0.6 40 0.008 1.94 10.9 7.5 0.11 977 0.52 0.04 5.2 4 280
677
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

3PUA668 4 1.94 2.9 0.38 1.25 <0.05 0.2 20 0.005 0.55 5.8 4.9 0.15 979 0.85 0.01 1.8 2 150

3PUA669 11 15.85 8.8 0.5 5.28 0.07 0.8 10 0.009 1.96 16.3 24.4 0.36 492 0.53 0.04 7 5 240

3PUA670 1 1.26 2.1 0.18 0.42 0.07 <0.1 30 <0.005 0.07 2 2.2 0.17 528 0.36 <0.01 0.5 1 80

3PUA671 4 4.34 3.4 0.37 1.68 0.06 0.3 30 0.009 0.3 4.5 4.4 0.32 409 1.12 <0.01 2.1 4 100

3PUA672 2 7.84 3.8 0.31 1.21 0.07 0.2 20 0.005 0.44 3.2 17.7 0.33 655 0.43 0.01 1.5 3 100
3PUA673 <1 1.12 2.4 0.14 0.46 0.2 <0.1 10 0.007 0.04 1.6 1.3 0.17 555 0.37 <0.01 0.5 3 50

3PUA675 1 1.54 5.3 0.11 0.76 0.16 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.1 1.5 3.1 0.15 1570 0.15 <0.01 0.8 2 70

3PUA676 3 1.16 4.3 0.38 2.33 <0.05 0.4 10 0.007 1.02 6.7 10.5 0.17 3250 0.48 0.02 3.5 3 70

3PUA677 1 0.46 2.1 0.11 0.52 0.12 <0.1 10 <0.005 0.06 1.6 2.3 0.2 1870 0.18 <0.01 0.7 2 130

3PUA678 6 3.72 2.7 0.32 2.01 0.14 0.3 <10 0.009 0.48 6.3 6.3 0.26 922 0.37 0.01 2.6 2 40

3PUA679 4 1.74 2.5 0.17 0.88 0.18 0.1 20 <0.005 0.16 2.4 3 0.21 632 0.45 <0.01 1.2 2 40

3PUA680 2 2.2 1.9 0.16 0.89 0.17 0.2 30 <0.005 0.24 2.8 3.8 0.28 547 0.3 0.01 1.2 2 60

3PUA681 2 1.27 2.1 0.1 0.64 0.24 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.09 1.4 4.4 0.36 347 0.21 0.01 0.9 2 30

3PUA683 2 0.58 2.5 0.08 0.88 0.14 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.15 1.6 2 0.12 3630 0.13 <0.01 0.8 2 70

3PUA685 2 0.74 5 0.14 1.67 <0.05 0.1 10 <0.005 0.37 3.3 4.2 0.05 >10000 0.34 0.01 1 1 100

Transect P4 - 4470 m
3PUA688 1 2.26 3 0.17 0.89 0.08 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.16 2.8 2.3 0.19 972 0.4 <0.01 1.2 2 50

3PUA689 2 1.67 3.3 0.18 1.12 0.17 0.2 10 <0.005 0.26 3 6.9 0.16 991 0.24 <0.01 1.5 3 90

3PUA690 2 1.99 2.6 0.19 1 0.14 0.1 10 <0.005 0.25 2.7 2.2 0.25 468 0.24 <0.01 1.3 3 100

3PUA691 1 1.7 3.4 0.16 1.04 0.24 0.1 30 <0.005 0.25 3 3.7 0.26 246 0.26 <0.01 1.2 2 70

3PUA693 2 1.53 2.3 0.14 0.84 0.27 0.1 40 <0.005 0.14 1.7 2.4 0.24 523 0.25 <0.01 1 2 40
678
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

3PUA694 2 0.59 1.8 0.12 0.78 0.35 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.07 1.6 3 0.18 317 0.23 <0.01 0.9 1 30

3PUA695 2 1.48 2.4 0.13 0.77 0.27 0.1 10 <0.005 0.11 1.6 1.4 0.18 1110 0.43 <0.01 1 2 40

3PUA696 3 1.93 2.9 0.18 1.02 0.25 0.1 20 <0.005 0.17 2.5 2.9 0.41 157 0.4 0.01 1.2 2 40

3PUA697 2 2.53 2.4 0.19 1.02 0.29 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.16 2.5 3.5 0.3 95 0.51 <0.01 1.1 2 40

3PUA698 2 5.52 3.8 0.21 1.32 0.23 0.2 90 0.005 0.22 3.3 5.8 0.26 464 0.24 <0.01 1.6 2 80

Rosa vein
Transect R1 - Surface, 4940 m
2PUE253 3 0.45 11 0.09 0.65 0.05 <0.1 120 0.005 0.03 0.5 4.4 0.15 5590 1.25 <0.01 <0.1 27 90
2PUE254 3 0.6 5.4 0.07 0.65 0.05 <0.1 240 <0.005 0.03 0.5 6.4 0.12 6030 0.95 <0.01 0.1 25.4 100
2PUE255 9 2.15 241.5 0.47 2.15 0.05 <0.1 5030 0.005 0.04 2.5 30.6 0.14 >10000 2.25 <0.01 0.2 22.8 170
2PUE256 5 1.35 8.4 0.15 1.05 0.05 <0.1 640 <0.005 0.05 1.5 4.6 0.11 9180 1.6 <0.01 <0.1 27.2 90
2PUE257 4 2.35 6.2 0.11 1.2 0.05 <0.1 480 <0.005 0.05 2 3.8 0.11 >10000 1.05 <0.01 0.1 26.6 130
2PUE258 9 3.05 10 0.34 2.45 0.05 0.1 1060 0.005 0.15 4.5 21.8 0.09 >10000 4.1 <0.01 0.7 26 200
2PUE259 3 0.15 2.6 0.03 0.35 0.15 <0.1 10 <0.005 <0.01 0.5 1.2 0.18 3820 0.55 <0.01 0.1 28.4 70
2PUE260 32 2.55 52.5 0.23 12.75 0.05 <0.1 2460 0.01 0.05 1.5 16.6 0.05 >10000 3.05 0.01 0.3 8 1450

2PUE261 8 6.3 52.5 1.19 3.1 0.05 0.2 280 0.085 0.42 6.5 15.2 0.23 4510 3.9 0.01 1 27.6 310
2PUE262A 2 0.7 1.6 0.07 0.65 0.15 <0.1 130 <0.005 0.05 1 3.4 0.12 1270 0.9 <0.01 0.4 28.6 80
2PUE263 2 1.25 1.6 0.09 0.75 0.2 <0.1 10 <0.005 0.1 0.5 3.4 0.16 1140 0.7 <0.01 0.5 27.4 40
2PUE264 7 10 4 0.49 2.2 0.15 0.3 180 <0.005 0.42 4.5 17.6 0.31 850 2 0.01 1.2 24.2 50
2PUE265 3 3.2 1.6 0.18 0.6 0.2 <0.1 <10 0.01 0.12 2.5 5.2 0.2 640 0.65 <0.01 0.4 24 50
2PUE266 30 6.9 11.8 0.72 5.1 0.05 0.3 170 0.01 0.13 7.5 33 0.11 >10000 28.2 <0.01 1.9 22.6 300

2PUE267 10 23.1 9.4 0.78 6.35 0.15 0.6 10 0.01 1.54 8.5 37.6 0.48 1085 2.45 0.02 0.7 20.6 150
2PUE268A 2 1.7 1 0.07 0.5 0.25 <0.1 210 <0.005 0.04 0.5 1.8 0.13 2020 0.5 <0.01 0.3 27.2 60
2PUE269 4 11.85 4.8 0.56 2.35 0.2 0.3 30 0.005 0.56 5 17.6 0.41 450 1.6 0.02 0.9 25.4 90
2PUE270 2 1.8 0.8 0.05 0.5 0.25 <0.1 10 <0.005 0.01 0.5 1.6 0.15 1925 0.4 <0.01 0.2 26.4 50
2PUE271 3 2.8 2.4 0.21 0.85 0.25 <0.1 90 <0.005 0.13 2.5 4.6 0.2 955 1.1 <0.01 0.5 27.4 40
2PUE272 4 5.15 2.8 0.29 1.55 0.2 0.1 410 0.005 0.25 3.5 8.6 0.21 2140 1.35 <0.01 0.3 26.8 80
2PUE273 3 4.9 2.6 0.26 1.3 0.2 0.1 50 <0.005 0.33 3.5 8.2 0.18 1805 1.45 <0.01 1 26 60
2PUE274 8 16.6 7.4 0.42 2.75 0.2 0.3 20 <0.005 0.53 5 19.4 0.25 1770 1.95 0.01 0.9 4.2 100
2PUE275 8 7.8 5 0.56 3.95 0.1 0.3 30 0.005 0.54 7 27.4 0.22 >10000 6 <0.01 0.6 25.8 150
2PUE276 21 6.55 26 0.39 4.6 0.05 0.1 130 0.005 0.41 7 25 0.27 >10000 5.4 <0.01 0.7 20 270
2PUE277 5 13.4 6.2 0.46 3.15 0.15 0.3 30 0.005 0.64 7 18.6 0.32 1510 1.8 0.01 0.1 23.4 110
2PUE278 12 14 4.6 0.58 3.5 0.15 0.4 60 0.005 0.73 7.5 27.8 0.25 2310 2.45 0.01 0.4 22.4 110
2PUE279 4 6.65 7.4 0.5 2.5 0.15 0.2 650 0.005 0.41 6.5 12.8 0.21 2580 1.35 <0.01 0.3 28.4 170
2PUE280 4 8.9 3.6 0.38 1.95 0.2 0.2 30 0.005 0.43 4 12.6 0.3 695 1.15 0.01 0.5 24.8 80
Transect R2 - Surface, 4725 m
679

2PUE282 4 0.95 0.8 0.05 1 0.1 <0.1 30 <0.005 0.02 1 3 0.05 >10000 0.6 <0.01 0.3 26.6 70
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

2PUE283 2 0.55 1.2 0.06 0.7 0.25 <0.1 10 <0.005 0.01 1 3.6 0.07 3220 0.5 <0.01 0.4 27.8 40
2PUE284 3 3 2.2 0.24 1.3 0.2 0.1 <10 0.005 0.34 5 8 0.14 1005 1.15 <0.01 1.3 26.8 60
2PUE285 4 2.7 1.8 0.36 1 0.2 0.1 10 0.005 0.22 11 5.2 0.18 1370 2.9 <0.01 1 28.4 80
2PUE286 8 6.85 4.4 0.59 3.45 0.15 0.3 40 0.01 0.45 10.5 21.8 0.18 4170 5.1 0.01 3.3 27.4 160
2PUE287 3 5.75 2.8 0.39 2.25 0.2 0.2 <10 0.015 1.09 20.5 12.2 0.27 895 1.15 0.02 2.7 26.6 70
2PUE288 2 0.8 1 0.12 0.45 0.3 <0.1 <10 <0.005 0.1 2.5 1.8 0.14 515 0.65 <0.01 0.6 29.4 30
2PUE289 19 13.5 53.9 4.72 9.8 0.1 0.2 1490 0.01 0.26 4 20.2 0.22 >10000 3.45 <0.01 1.6 13.4 630

2PUE290 3 1.75 1.8 0.2 1.25 0.1 0.1 10 <0.005 0.2 3.5 5.2 0.11 4930 1 <0.01 1.1 26.4 40
2PUE291 5 1.65 2 0.2 1.25 0.15 0.1 40 <0.005 0.12 4.5 6.6 0.12 3280 1.25 0.01 1.2 29 50
2PUE292 7 5.8 4.4 0.54 2.5 0.15 0.2 160 0.005 0.5 8 11.6 0.13 5910 3.75 <0.01 1.4 28 130
2PUE293 9 8.85 5.6 0.51 2.8 0.15 0.3 10 0.01 0.44 10 22.2 0.17 2960 3.45 0.02 3 5.8 100
2PUE294 7 5.5 6 0.61 2.5 0.15 0.3 <10 0.015 0.88 12.5 14.4 0.22 1780 1.45 0.02 2.7 5.2 130
2PUE295 6 5 4 0.47 2.05 0.2 0.3 10 0.005 0.8 12.5 12 0.2 1305 2.7 0.01 2.4 5.2 110
2PUE296 5 3.85 5.2 0.32 1.55 0.1 0.1 10 0.005 0.29 5 8.2 0.08 >10000 2.8 <0.01 1.2 5.8 80
2PUE297 7 5.9 8 0.31 1.85 0.05 0.1 30 0.01 0.25 4.5 11.2 0.08 >10000 3.15 <0.01 1.4 6.2 120
2PUE298 69 1.9 353 1.4 17.35 0.15 <0.1 620 0.02 0.01 1.5 13.2 <0.01 >10000 2.4 <0.01 0.3 1.6 1620

Transect R3 - Est s/n, Gal 754W, 4450 m level

2PUE304 21 1.25 204.6 3.11 3.35 0.1 0.3 340 0.015 0.62 3.5 8.2 0.03 >10000 2.95 <0.01 1.1 8 300
2PUE305 28 1.55 351 5.29 4.2 0.15 0.5 540 0.015 0.56 4 10.8 0.06 >10000 6.8 <0.01 1.5 11.2 340
2PUE306 6 5 22.8 0.5 2.8 0.05 0.2 240 0.005 0.14 3 9.2 0.14 >10000 4.85 <0.01 0.3 4.8 210
2PUE307 4 0.3 2.4 0.11 0.7 0.05 <0.1 <10 <0.005 0.17 0.5 1.2 0.12 4820 0.95 <0.01 0.5 5 50
2PUE308 6 0.35 2.8 0.14 0.65 0.1 <0.1 <10 <0.005 0.24 1 1.4 0.17 2320 1.3 <0.01 0.6 7 50
2PUE309 7 0.35 4.4 0.11 1.9 0.05 <0.1 20 0.005 0.06 2.5 0.6 0.01 >10000 0.8 <0.01 0.3 6.2 130
2PUE310 5 1.05 3.4 0.18 0.75 0.1 0.1 10 <0.005 0.19 2 3.4 0.22 2730 2.1 0.01 0.9 6.4 30
2PUE311 4 0.95 4.8 0.19 1 0.1 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.34 2.5 3.8 0.2 4080 1.35 0.01 0.9 5.4 30
2PUE312 8 2.2 13.8 0.52 3.05 0.1 0.4 160 <0.005 1.07 3 4.8 0.13 >10000 7.1 0.01 1.3 8 210
2PUE313 3 0.65 6 0.18 1.05 0.05 0.1 20 <0.005 0.22 2 2.4 0.14 9830 1.15 <0.01 0.3 4.8 50
2PUE314 4 0.75 8.4 0.2 1.4 0.05 0.1 30 <0.005 0.26 2.5 2.4 0.12 >10000 2.05 <0.01 0.6 6 100
2PUE315 10 2.05 83.8 2.73 3.15 0.1 0.1 1120 0.01 0.16 6 4.8 0.25 >10000 11.6 <0.01 0.9 5.4 250
2PUE316 5 0.5 33.4 0.6 2.7 0.05 0.1 100 0.005 0.37 3.5 1.4 0.09 >10000 2.65 <0.01 0.8 6 230
2PUE317 14 0.7 1655 3.14 4.55 0.15 0.3 1020 0.025 1.46 4 2.2 0.05 >10000 3.2 <0.01 1.1 6 300
Transect R4 - Gallery 310SE, 4360m level
2PUE320 13 5.3 34.4 1.06 5.5 0.05 0.3 270 0.005 0.5 7 4 0.11 >10000 3.9 0.01 1.6 6 340
2PUE321 17 1.3 90.5 5.96 4.25 0.15 0.1 770 0.015 0.09 5.5 4.2 0.4 >10000 8.45 0.01 0.8 5.2 310
2PUE322 3 0.6 3.4 0.12 0.95 0.05 <0.1 <10 <0.005 0.14 1.5 1.6 0.17 9980 0.6 <0.01 0.5 4.4 90
2PUE323 3 1.45 4.6 0.23 1.65 0.05 0.1 10 <0.005 0.34 2.5 5.2 0.23 >10000 0.4 0.01 0.9 5.8 220
2PUE324 6 1.2 8.8 0.23 2.85 0.05 0.1 70 <0.005 0.35 2 1.8 0.03 >10000 2.45 <0.01 0.8 5.4 220
2PUE325 6 0.85 5.2 0.29 2.95 0.05 0.2 30 <0.005 0.79 4 2 0.04 >10000 4.9 0.01 1.4 6.8 250
Transect R5 - Xc 130N, 4300m level
3PUA500 6 7.32 5 0.34 1.64 0.12 0.2 10 0.013 0.51 3.8 8.3 0.3 2170 1 0.01 1.8 6 80
3PUA501 5 1.88 3.5 0.26 1.25 0.07 0.2 50 0.007 0.22 2.2 5.1 0.7 1590 1.84 0.01 1.4 5 80
680

3PUA502 5 3.19 3.4 0.25 1.34 0.07 0.2 10 <0.005 0.28 2.7 11.2 0.91 179 0.57 0.01 1.8 3 80
3PUA503 5 2.02 3 0.19 1.08 0.07 0.2 10 <0.005 0.31 2.9 8 0.41 482 2.06 0.01 1.2 4 70
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

3PUA504 7 5.55 5.6 0.35 1.42 0.08 0.2 10 0.007 0.47 3.7 10.6 0.79 149 4.41 0.01 1.9 6 90
3PUA505 4 1.98 2.9 0.14 0.52 0.07 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.14 2 28.7 0.43 120 1.88 0.01 0.7 3 50
3PUA506 9 19.2 3.8 0.42 2.78 0.12 0.3 <10 0.009 0.45 5.5 11.8 4.09 371 0.27 0.01 3.3 4 100
3PUA507 10 7.34 5.1 0.44 3.29 0.14 0.4 10 0.007 1.23 6.9 6.3 0.29 1570 0.75 0.01 3.4 7 190
3PUA508 7 2.22 3.3 0.34 1.22 0.1 0.2 <10 0.005 0.16 2.7 10.9 0.32 538 0.55 <0.01 1.7 4 120
3PUA509 8 2.78 4.7 0.58 2.29 0.09 0.4 10 0.006 1.61 4.1 8.8 0.13 5180 5.23 0.01 2.3 5 180
3PUA510 7 5.45 10.7 0.78 1.78 0.05 0.2 90 0.007 0.34 5.2 8.9 0.27 2900 5.02 0.01 1.7 7 140
3PUA511-LG 2 0.1 1.5 0.02 0.08 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 1.4 0.2 0.54 1275 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.3 20
3PUA511-Y 3 0.19 1.7 0.06 0.26 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.01 1.6 0.4 2.27 3530 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 2.9 20
3PUA513 5 5.17 8.8 0.69 1.33 <0.05 0.2 190 0.005 0.27 2.7 6.3 0.27 1965 1.06 0.01 1.5 4 160

3PUA514 12 1.02 24.7 0.99 3.12 <0.05 0.1 20 <0.005 0.09 1.4 5.8 0.18 >10000 0.68 0.01 0.7 3 110

3PUA515 5 4.54 12.4 0.52 1.83 <0.05 0.2 100 0.007 0.36 3.2 7.2 0.23 5870 0.77 0.01 1.5 3 180

3PUA516 7 2.92 4.3 0.46 3.44 0.05 0.4 20 0.008 1.04 6.8 5.7 0.27 >10000 1.08 0.02 3.9 4 240

3PUA517 6 3.51 4.7 0.79 1.94 <0.05 0.2 90 0.007 0.35 3.5 3.2 0.17 >10000 0.85 0.01 1.5 3 170

3PUA518 6 5.46 88.1 7.83 18 0.3 0.1 330 0.019 0.18 5.3 7.8 0.17 >10000 0.92 0.01 0.9 3 120
3PUA519 2 0.68 47.6 0.6 3.43 <0.05 <0.1 10 0.005 0.12 1.1 1.8 0.16 >10000 0.31 <0.01 0.5 2 60
3PUA520 4 1.16 3.9 0.26 1.73 <0.05 0.2 10 <0.005 0.45 3.7 2.4 0.16 3790 2.62 <0.01 1.7 3 100
3PUA521 5 1.87 3.7 0.28 1.44 0.05 0.2 10 0.005 0.49 3.4 3.5 0.24 1935 0.56 0.01 1.8 4 140
3PUA522 4 2.59 5 0.27 1.88 <0.05 0.2 10 0.007 0.51 5.7 3.9 0.32 3580 0.42 0.01 1.7 3 140

3PUA523 6 3.2 2.4 0.28 1.86 0.07 0.2 10 0.006 0.68 5 5.9 0.32 1310 0.49 0.01 1.9 3 120

3PUA524 5 3.93 3.9 0.32 2.14 0.05 0.3 40 0.007 0.75 5.5 4.7 0.3 3320 0.64 0.01 2.3 3 110

3PUA525 6 1.52 3.3 0.34 2.12 0.06 0.2 20 0.006 0.99 5.9 3.5 0.18 4300 0.42 0.01 2.4 3 110

3PUA526 7 1.2 3.6 0.45 2.71 0.09 0.3 50 0.012 1.52 9.4 2.9 0.25 6010 0.57 0.01 3.2 4 120

3PUA527 7 6.38 3.3 0.48 4.07 0.1 0.4 180 0.012 1.4 10.2 8.3 0.32 7020 1.12 0.01 3.6 4 250

3PUA528 3 2.62 2.5 0.23 1.5 0.09 0.2 10 0.007 0.55 4.2 3.5 0.26 2920 0.7 0.01 1.4 2 110

3PUA529 4 2.48 3.8 0.3 2.03 0.07 0.2 40 0.008 0.65 5.7 3.9 0.3 6740 0.77 0.01 1.6 3 110

3PUA530 4 1.7 6.5 0.28 1.96 0.06 0.2 30 0.009 0.65 5.8 3.4 0.24 7790 0.35 0.01 1.6 3 140

3PUA531 7 2.26 3.5 0.44 2.77 0.08 0.2 10 0.009 1.22 7.6 4.8 0.32 6000 0.5 0.02 2.8 4 160

3PUA532 5 1.3 3.6 0.5 4.86 <0.05 0.2 20 0.01 1 6.6 7.1 0.24 >10000 0.97 0.01 2.7 5 150

3PUA533 5 2.59 3 0.39 3 <0.05 0.2 10 0.01 0.9 7.4 5.1 0.31 7150 0.56 0.01 2.7 4 160
681
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

3PUA534 5 1.14 3 0.42 2.45 0.09 0.3 10 0.008 1.29 7.6 2.8 0.31 1880 0.48 0.02 3 4 140

3PUA535 6 2.12 4.1 0.44 2.95 0.09 0.3 20 0.012 1.28 7.9 3.7 0.31 4140 0.53 0.02 2.8 4 160

3PUA536 5 2.24 2.7 0.36 2.37 0.08 0.3 10 0.009 1.1 8.4 4.2 0.3 1430 0.47 0.02 2.5 4 140

3PUA537 6 0.79 4.5 0.42 2.75 0.05 0.3 10 0.008 1.3 6.5 3.7 0.22 3430 0.6 0.01 2.8 24.4 150

3PUA540 1 0.67 5.1 0.42 8.11 <0.05 0.1 240 0.006 0.34 3.9 3.7 0.29 >10000 0.45 <0.01 1 1 80
3PUA542 3 <0.05 36.6 0.12 1.38 <0.05 <0.1 0.005 <0.01 161.5 <0.2 0.04 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.6 10
3PUA544 7 10.75 12.4 1.53 5.65 0.1 0.6 0.006 0.78 38.7 4.2 0.14 >10000 1.26 <0.01 4.4 1.8 480
Transect R6 - XC 916NE, 4360m level
3PUA545 6 3.93 4.3 0.39 3.57 <0.05 0.2 80 0.007 0.2 4.8 7.3 0.91 >10000 0.75 <0.01 1.7 4 110

3PUA546 6 4.72 4.4 0.3 2.71 <0.05 0.3 10 0.005 0.61 4.2 9 0.29 1775 0.37 0.01 1.8 2 130
3PUA547 6 0.85 2.7 0.27 1.7 <0.05 0.2 10 0.007 0.06 3.4 6 0.26 1480 0.4 0.01 2.2 4 80

3PUA548-BH 5 5.57 4.6 0.11 1.5 0.05 0.2 0.008 0.27 11.9 5.1 0.24 4030 0.21 <0.01 1.4 5.9 160

3PUA548-LMS 4 4.21 7.7 0.2 1.27 0.05 0.2 0.005 0.24 19.2 4.8 0.23 2930 0.16 <0.01 1.3 4.4 170

3PUA548-OR 2 0.2 2.6 <0.01 0.74 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.01 5.2 0.2 0.05 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.1 20

3PUA549 10 6.93 4.6 0.22 3.51 0.12 0.5 30 0.012 0.91 11.8 13.2 0.23 2980 0.29 0.01 3.9 1 200

3PUA550 5 5.97 1.9 0.45 1.98 0.07 0.2 30 0.005 0.24 5.3 3.5 0.3 4480 2.13 0.01 1.5 3 110

3PUA551 5 0.49 1.9 0.13 0.77 0.1 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.2 2.1 1.4 0.21 1200 1.14 <0.01 0.7 2 50

3PUA552 4 1.65 4 0.35 1.52 0.1 0.4 10 <0.005 0.55 4.5 2.8 0.29 2070 1.1 0.01 1.2 3 100
3PUA553 4 3.45 3 0.19 1.59 0.08 0.2 20 0.005 0.52 4.6 8.4 0.35 1470 0.13 0.01 1.7 1 140

Transect R7 - Xc 710SE, 4180m level

3PUA559 4 0.93 2 0.14 0.96 0.15 0.1 40 <0.005 0.27 2.1 2.7 0.26 1465 2.3 0.01 0.8 3 50

3PUA559-OR 2 <0.05 1.7 0.01 0.16 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 1.1 <0.2 0.18 2490 0.09 <0.01 0.1 3.7 <10

3PUA560 4 0.6 2.4 0.15 1.75 0.12 0.1 50 <0.005 0.36 2.7 2.1 0.18 7610 1.74 0.01 0.9 2 40

3PUA561 14 3.22 4.3 0.8 4.51 0.08 0.5 40 0.007 1.76 5.9 7.1 0.13 >10000 1.18 0.03 4.7 6 240
3PUA562 8 4.98 5.7 0.54 3.25 0.07 0.5 20 <0.005 1.46 8.9 11.5 0.48 7910 2.4 0.02 3.2 6 240

3PUA562-NF 3 0.12 2.5 0.03 0.23 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.05 1.3 0.6 0.12 2850 0.08 <0.01 0.2 4.3 20

3PUA562-OR 4 0.92 2.6 0.04 0.98 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.12 3.9 0.9 0.1 >10000 0.21 <0.01 0.5 2.8 40

3PUA563 12 2.93 3.6 0.49 3.4 0.08 0.4 20 0.006 1.59 7.2 10.9 0.26 4030 2.28 0.03 4.6 6 230
682

3PUA563-OR 3 0.12 1.3 0.02 1.68 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.01 2.1 0.3 <0.01 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.1 20
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

3PUA564 10 3.47 8.9 0.81 4.77 0.1 0.7 50 0.01 2 12.4 11.4 0.33 >10000 3.07 0.02 4.3 9 260

3PUA565 5 4.77 3.8 0.23 1.84 0.07 0.3 60 0.005 0.42 4.4 4.3 0.32 1955 1.44 0.01 1.4 4 90

3PUA565-NF 1 0.13 1.8 <0.01 0.08 0.06 <0.1 <0.005 0.01 1.4 0.6 0.14 374 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 5.3 10

3PUA570 4 3.61 3.3 0.18 2.77 <0.05 0.2 100 <0.005 0.14 5.4 3 0.24 >10000 0.61 <0.01 0.8 4 90

3PUA571 3 4.47 2.9 0.11 1.58 <0.05 0.1 70 <0.005 0.1 2.5 1.8 0.19 5490 0.76 <0.01 0.6 6 60

3PUA572 3 1.5 2.3 0.12 0.94 0.08 0.1 10 <0.005 0.17 2.6 3.3 0.28 566 0.82 0.01 0.7 3 40

3PUA573 4 2.49 3.2 0.29 1.32 0.12 0.2 20 0.01 0.23 3.1 3 0.27 972 1.63 0.01 0.9 5 80

4PUA562 2 0.72 1.8 0.09 0.33 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.05 1.1 1.6 0.64 110 1.23 <0.01 0.4 4.2 20

4PUA564 2 0.6 1.8 0.08 0.52 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.1 1.2 1.7 0.3 4330 0.53 <0.01 0.3 6.5 30

Transect R8 - LY 34-09-02, 4360m level

3PUA715 4 0.73 11.6 0.42 1.3 <0.05 0.1 20 0.012 0.42 3.3 2.5 0.24 8760 0.88 0.04 0.9 2 200

3PUA717 5 1.03 6.4 0.35 0.89 <0.05 0.1 10 0.008 0.14 1.7 3.3 0.25 1620 0.34 0.02 0.7 4.1 180

3PUA719 25 6.58 4.4 0.42 2.23 0.05 0.3 <10 0.013 0.65 5.7 12.4 0.38 1510 0.46 0.02 2.1 0.4 180

3PUA722 12 1.17 3.2 0.26 1.2 <0.05 0.2 10 0.006 0.62 4 4.8 0.29 2830 0.99 0.01 1.4 9.3 130

3PUA728 9 5.05 3.4 0.33 1.57 <0.05 0.3 10 0.006 0.43 4.3 11.8 0.37 595 1.1 0.01 1.5 9.7 110

3PUA732 13 1.17 5.8 0.26 1.15 <0.05 0.2 20 <0.005 0.56 5.3 5.8 0.27 2380 0.78 0.01 1.4 7.9 160

3PUA734 3 0.42 6.4 0.04 0.31 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.02 <0.5 0.5 0.2 4150 0.11 <0.01 0.2 16.4 10

3PUA735 8 2.08 2.9 0.26 0.8 <0.05 0.2 <10 <0.005 0.23 2.8 5.7 0.49 168 0.97 0.01 1.3 8.7 140

3PUA738 10 8.35 4 0.34 1.88 <0.05 0.3 <10 0.007 0.49 4.8 12.6 0.47 246 0.34 0.02 2.2 7 170

4PUA532 8 8.33 4.4 0.25 1.11 <0.05 0.2 <10 0.007 0.33 2.6 10.4 0.48 80 0.59 0.02 1.1 7.3 160

4PUA534 14 7.77 3.9 0.38 2.03 <0.05 0.4 10 0.007 0.8 5.4 12.6 0.3 857 0.5 0.01 2.4 7.9 140

4PUA536 8 7.2 4 0.31 1.58 <0.05 0.3 <10 0.007 0.57 4.6 10.2 0.42 442 0.61 0.02 1.6 5.9 120

Transect R9 - Xc 940-I-NE, 4120m level

4PUA511 2 3.31 3.1 0.21 1.79 <0.05 0.3 90 0.006 0.4 5.2 13.2 0.2 9710 0.31 <0.01 1.6 6.6 140

4PUA513A 3 0.84 3.2 0.15 0.81 <0.05 0.1 10 <0.005 0.29 2.1 2.1 0.16 961 0.17 0.01 0.7 5.2 140
683

4PUA513B 5 7.66 4.9 0.14 2.1 <0.05 0.2 60 0.006 0.27 9 6.9 0.12 7460 0.15 <0.01 1.1 7.1 1580
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

4PUA514 9 1.08 5.9 0.53 1.85 <0.05 0.3 10 0.006 0.81 5.6 7.1 0.21 1340 0.47 0.01 2.3 9.6 240

4PUA515 6 1.78 5.1 0.27 1.52 <0.05 0.2 10 0.006 0.66 4.3 5.4 0.26 1040 0.08 0.01 1.6 7.3 180

4PUA516A 8 8.65 5.5 0.49 2.21 0.05 0.3 20 0.011 0.54 8.7 8.4 0.42 1120 0.41 0.01 2.1 7.3 150
4PUA516B 5 5.53 4 0.04 1.16 <0.05 0.2 <10 <0.005 0.11 3.7 15.2 0.17 3850 0.07 0.01 0.9 4.9 90
4PUA517 3 0.62 1.6 0.14 0.38 <0.05 0.1 10 <0.005 0.09 1.3 1.4 0.2 1385 <0.05 0.01 0.5 6.4 110
4PUA518 4 1.32 2 0.19 0.92 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.32 2 3.2 0.28 1685 0.22 0.01 0.8 5.1 160

4PUA519 8 1.13 4.5 0.24 1.68 <0.05 0.3 20 0.009 0.96 5.5 3.4 0.26 5810 0.35 0.01 1.9 6 190

Transect R10 - Xc s/n, LY 01-94, 4450m level

4PUA567B <1 0.65 2.3 0.1 0.8 <0.05 <0.1 80 <0.005 0.02 <0.5 1.5 0.3 14500 0.15 <0.01 0.1 3.7 40

4PUA568 3 2.96 2.5 0.25 1.1 <0.05 0.2 <10 0.005 0.21 2.7 4.3 0.46 949 0.7 0.01 1.3 6.6 70

4PUA569 5 4.54 2.7 0.26 1.11 <0.05 0.3 <10 0.006 0.27 2.8 3.4 0.87 88 0.77 0.01 1.4 6.2 50

4PUA572 8 10.5 4.8 0.37 1.32 <0.05 0.3 10 0.008 0.43 3.7 5.2 1.6 94 3.42 0.01 1.9 8.5 90

4PUA575 9 10.05 6.4 0.68 2.41 <0.05 0.5 20 0.032 0.75 3.3 6.6 1.34 247 5.02 0.01 1.8 16.1 120
4PUA578 46 3.9 2.6 0.22 0.63 <0.05 0.2 <10 <0.005 0.12 1.5 10.4 1.07 106 1.36 0.01 0.9 6.6 40

4PUA582 12 1.7 2.6 0.31 1.98 <0.05 0.4 20 0.009 0.5 4.3 9.7 0.48 815 0.24 0.01 2.7 6.4 110

4PUA585 5 1.78 1.7 0.14 0.72 <0.05 0.2 <10 0.006 0.09 2.2 8.1 0.39 651 0.05 0.01 1 5.4 50

Unaltered samples - Anilcocha

4PUA522 3 2.67 1.9 0.16 0.74 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.15 2.9 4.2 0.43 236 0.17 0.01 0.8 6.2 50

4PUA523 4 1.31 1.8 0.13 0.45 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.09 1.9 1.6 0.26 77 0.7 0.01 0.6 5.8 30

4PUA524 5 1.77 2.2 0.17 0.75 <0.05 0.1 <10 <0.005 0.14 1.9 3.4 0.49 90 0.32 0.02 0.8 7.1 70

Socorro
Transect S1 - surface, 4550m
3PUA623 3 1.74 2.5 0.23 1.48 0.11 0.2 190 <0.005 0.22 3.4 7.2 0.12 5270 0.52 <0.01 1.3 3 50
3PUA626 3 1.65 4 0.22 1.48 0.32 0.1 40 <0.005 0.34 4.9 3.3 0.18 3440 0.52 0.01 1.5 3 40

3PUA627 4 2.2 2.5 0.25 1.56 0.17 0.3 10 0.009 0.71 5.6 5.4 0.25 2800 0.36 0.02 2.1 2 60

3PUA628 3 2.19 1.9 0.18 0.96 0.14 0.1 30 <0.005 0.24 2.1 5.6 0.19 3040 0.76 0.01 1 2 30

3PUA629 3 0.46 1.6 0.13 0.61 0.13 0.1 10 <0.005 0.13 2.1 1.8 0.14 4990 0.36 <0.01 0.5 1 20
3PUA630B 3 0.83 2 0.15 0.79 0.12 0.1 10 <0.005 0.21 2.9 3.5 0.16 4210 0.19 <0.01 0.7 4 30
684

3PUA631 2 2.08 2.7 0.23 1.18 0.1 0.2 100 <0.005 0.33 2.9 5 0.25 5100 1.68 0.01 1.1 3 50
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm

3PUA632 2 1.84 2.3 0.25 1.31 0.15 0.2 20 <0.005 0.4 3.7 5.9 0.26 2310 1.2 0.01 1.4 3 60

Transect S2 - Xc s/n, Surface 4650 m

3PUA633 6 4.11 104.5 2.18 2.59 0.1 0.2 210 0.01 0.09 4.1 8.8 0.15 >10000 2.28 <0.01 1.6 4 70

3PUA635 1 1.51 3 0.21 1.38 0.07 0.2 50 <0.005 0.34 3.1 4.7 0.12 >10000 0.6 0.01 1.2 2 40
3PUA636 2 0.93 2.2 0.15 1.56 0.06 0.1 100 <0.005 0.06 2.1 4.2 0.08 >10000 0.36 <0.01 0.8 1 50
3PUA637 5 3.68 2.6 0.23 1.76 0.1 0.3 10 <0.005 0.77 5.9 12.6 0.2 7250 0.47 0.01 2 3 50
3PUA638 26 13.6 31.1 0.48 3.31 0.09 0.3 20 0.006 0.54 7.5 24.8 0.13 >10000 2.52 0.01 2.7 5 210

3PUA639 4 26.6 4.3 0.35 2.02 0.11 0.2 20 0.008 0.34 5.8 25.6 0.43 4620 0.74 0.01 1.7 3 170

3PUA640 3 4.16 3.5 0.27 0.88 0.16 0.2 10 <0.005 0.16 3 4.9 0.31 345 0.89 0.01 1.1 2 60

Miscelaneous samples
2PUE326 9 3.5 6.6 0.29 4.35 0.05 0.3 220 <0.005 0.21 4 8.4 0.29 >10000 3.15 <0.01 1.2 12 230
2PUE327 4 1.35 2 0.13 1.45 0.05 <0.1 60 <0.005 0.07 1.5 1.6 0.16 >10000 1.5 <0.01 0.4 7.4 80
2PUE281 7 3.3 4.8 0.48 2.75 0.05 <0.1 680 <0.005 0.05 2 2 0.1 >10000 2.85 <0.01 0.4 25.4 160

2PUE299 4 0.7 3.8 0.12 0.65 0.15 <0.1 10 0.005 <0.01 5 2.6 0.12 2120 0.4 0.01 0.5 5.2 40
3PUA556 1 0.06 1.7 0.07 1.26 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.7 0.2 0.34 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.6 30

2PUE300 43 14.45 170.6 5.53 18.4 0.35 3.7 <10 0.065 2.16 84.5 25.6 0.13 >10000 58.04 0.03 16.7 7.4 2140
2PUE301 75 4.4 899 1.3 3.45 0.05 0.6 30 0.03 0.18 11.5 129 0.09 >10000 15.55 <0.01 1 3.2 330
685
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

Marion vein - Huantajalla

3PUA641-W 0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.05 <1 <0.2 290 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.02 0.2 7 0.1 0.1 <2 0.7

3PUA641-Y 0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.12 <1 <0.2 157.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 4 0.1 0.2 <2 0.6

3PUA642 5.2 14.6 0.004 <0.50 1.21 1 <0.2 337 <0.05 <0.05 0.8 0.03 1.2 0.9 14 0.4 2.1 10 1.4

3PUA643 1.5 10.9 0.003 <0.50 1.28 1 0.2 370 <0.05 <0.05 0.9 0.03 0.4 0.8 15 0.5 2.3 <2 3.2

3PUA645 0.8 7.6 0.006 <0.50 0.92 1 <0.2 361 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.02 0.34 0.9 9 0.4 1.5 <2 1.9
3PUA646 2.5 13.6 0.002 <0.50 1.48 1 0.2 281 <0.05 0.06 0.8 0.03 0.52 0.8 13 0.7 2.1 10 4.1
3PUA648 2.2 11.6 0.005 <0.50 0.52 2 0.2 370 <0.05 0.07 0.4 0.02 0.14 0.9 15 0.1 2.4 <2 0.7

3PUA649 2.3 13.5 0.002 <0.50 1.16 2 0.2 287 <0.05 0.14 0.7 0.03 0.59 0.8 10 0.2 2.5 5 1.6

3PUA650-W 0.8 0.1 <0.002 0.01 0.11 <1 <0.2 190.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 0.2 8 0.1 0.1 2 1.1
3PUA650-Y 0.5 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.15 <1 <0.2 141.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.12 0.1 5 0.1 0.1 2 <0.5
3PUA652 4.1 10.4 0.004 <0.50 2.8 2 <0.2 284 <0.05 0.16 0.5 0.02 0.94 0.8 12 0.3 2.1 8 1.4

3PUA653 2.7 1.6 0.008 <0.50 0.74 2 <0.2 341 <0.05 0.14 0.4 0.01 0.33 1.2 15 0.1 1.6 8 1.4

3PUA655 1.3 12.3 0.004 <0.50 0.47 2 0.2 485 <0.05 0.09 0.7 0.03 0.26 0.8 13 0.1 2.5 <2 1.4

Morococha vein - Pozo Rico

3PUA656 2.4 31 0.003 <0.50 3.14 1 0.3 312 <0.05 0.1 1.4 0.04 0.97 0.7 11 0.6 3.5 3 6.4

3PUA657 0.5 12.5 0.004 <0.50 1.81 2 0.2 314 <0.05 0.14 0.6 0.02 0.25 0.5 7 0.3 1.8 <2 3.7

3PUA658 2.5 23.4 <0.002 <0.50 2.72 2 0.2 330 <0.05 0.16 1.2 0.04 0.64 0.5 9 0.6 3.1 2 5.4

3PUA659 1.3 9.9 0.003 <0.50 1.16 2 <0.2 354 <0.05 0.15 0.7 0.03 0.3 0.9 10 0.3 1.6 24 5.7

3PUA660 8 8.2 0.002 <0.50 2.29 1 <0.2 484 <0.05 0.06 0.5 0.02 0.38 0.9 7 0.3 1.2 31 2.8

3PUA661 1.6 2.9 0.007 <0.50 2.12 1 <0.2 310 <0.05 0.12 0.2 0.01 0.3 0.7 6 0.2 1 150 1.9

3PUA662 1.2 6.7 0.002 <0.50 1.45 <1 <0.2 429 <0.05 0.11 0.4 0.02 0.22 0.6 4 0.3 1.1 17 3.7

3PUA663 0.8 3.6 0.003 <0.50 1.1 1 <0.2 276 <0.05 0.16 0.3 0.01 0.2 0.7 3 0.1 1 5 1.9

3PUA664-NF <0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.14 <1 <0.2 220 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.05 <0.1 4 <0.1 0.5 <2 <0.5
686

3PUA664-OR <0.5 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.08 <1 <0.2 278 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 <0.1 3 <0.1 0.3 <2 <0.5
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

Plomopampa - Casualidad
Transect P1 - Xc 630SE, level 4450 m
3PUA575 2540 3.5 0.009 5.22 958 1 60.2 218 <0.05 0.41 0.2 0.01 16.35 1.7 <1 3.3 1 3230 4
3PUA576 15.8 18.4 0.007 <0.50 6.18 1 0.6 306 <0.05 0.06 0.9 0.05 0.57 0.5 11 0.2 2.4 21 9.1

3PUA577 4 6.6 0.003 <0.50 1.27 1 0.2 505 <0.05 0.1 0.5 0.02 0.35 0.7 6 0.1 1.1 <2 4.9

3PUA578 1.9 11.2 0.012 <0.50 0.62 <1 0.3 496 <0.05 0.17 0.8 0.04 0.38 2.3 12 0.2 1.7 <2 8.5

3PUA579 3.8 26.7 0.008 0.57 0.59 1 0.4 444 0.08 0.1 1.5 0.08 0.32 1.3 21 0.3 2.7 2 15.7

3PUA580 3.2 37.1 0.002 0.75 0.59 2 0.5 384 0.09 0.25 2 0.1 0.77 1.1 25 0.3 4.1 5 20.9

3PUA581 2.7 17.2 0.003 <0.50 0.57 1 0.3 302 <0.05 0.09 1.3 0.04 0.44 0.8 11 0.5 2.1 <2 8.4
3PUA583 1.7 6 0.003 <0.50 0.76 2 0.3 696 <0.05 0.17 0.4 0.02 0.3 0.6 6 0.3 1 <2 3.6

3PUA584 1.3 8.6 0.005 <0.50 4.6 1 0.2 466 <0.05 0.13 0.5 0.02 0.63 0.4 4 0.3 1 <2 3.8

3PUA586 3.4 20.8 0.004 <0.50 1.48 1 0.4 476 0.05 0.1 1.2 0.06 0.74 1.3 17 0.6 2.4 4 12.6

3PUA587 2.2 12.4 0.004 <0.50 0.29 2 0.3 505 <0.05 0.16 1 0.03 0.32 1.1 13 0.1 1.9 113 6.8

3PUA588 1.8 9.9 0.008 <0.50 1.25 1 0.2 398 <0.05 0.18 0.9 0.03 0.43 1.6 10 0.6 2 <2 5.8
3PUA589 2.3 9.6 0.005 <0.50 1.04 2 0.2 524 <0.05 0.19 0.7 0.03 0.38 1.5 11 0.4 1.4 <2 6.1
3PUA590 2.2 11.4 0.005 <0.50 1.46 2 0.2 463 <0.05 0.21 0.7 0.03 0.7 1.3 11 0.4 1.6 <2 6.5

Transect P2 - 4665 m
3PUA608 7.3 33.7 0.006 <0.50 5.58 <1 0.4 261 0.06 <0.05 2.3 0.06 2.95 1.1 14 1.5 4.2 18 14.8

3PUA609 1.9 11.5 0.004 <0.50 3.21 <1 <0.2 410 <0.05 <0.05 0.6 0.02 1.28 0.9 6 0.3 1.6 <2 4

3PUA612 1.5 10.3 0.002 <0.50 0.99 <1 <0.2 371 0.05 <0.05 0.6 0.02 1.81 0.8 7 0.2 1.1 3 4.8

3PUA614 3.5 23.5 0.002 <0.50 2.5 1 0.2 375 <0.05 <0.05 1.5 0.04 2.1 0.8 8 0.4 2.9 <2 8.6

3PUA616 3.3 18 0.003 <0.50 9.8 <1 0.4 277 <0.05 0.08 0.9 0.04 5.26 1 12 0.9 1.7 3 7.4

3PUA617 1.8 9.5 0.004 <0.50 1.51 <1 <0.2 307 <0.05 <0.05 0.8 0.02 0.41 0.7 7 0.1 1.8 <2 4.7

3PUA619 1.9 18.6 0.004 <0.50 20.2 1 0.2 278 <0.05 0.1 0.9 0.03 1.81 0.7 7 0.7 1.8 <2 5.8

3PUA620 5.5 8.3 0.005 <0.50 24.2 <1 0.2 255 <0.05 0.17 0.4 0.01 4.2 0.4 5 0.2 1.4 11 2.5

Transect P3 - 4550 m
3PUA666 8.4 119.5 0.002 0.8 24.6 3 10.3 161 0.58 0.25 6 0.16 5.54 0.9 31 13.4 7.7 3170 20.3

3PUA667 9.3 77.4 <0.002 0.6 8.2 1 0.6 259 0.31 0.07 4.2 0.1 2.21 1 20 1.7 6.3 9 18.6
687
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

3PUA668 5.7 26 0.002 <0.50 6.36 1 0.2 216 0.07 0.08 1.7 0.03 0.94 0.8 11 0.5 3.4 <2 6.5

3PUA669 4.9 135 0.003 <0.50 3.46 2 0.7 289 0.21 0.11 5.3 0.14 3.61 1.1 24 0.7 9.2 12 23.4

3PUA670 6.6 5.7 0.002 <0.50 1.74 2 <0.2 233 <0.05 0.19 0.4 0.01 0.61 0.8 3 0.1 1.2 <2 1.6

3PUA671 8 22.9 0.004 <0.50 4.25 2 0.3 253 0.13 0.12 1.4 0.04 1 1.3 10 0.5 2.5 <2 9.5

3PUA672 4.9 30.1 0.003 <0.50 3.26 1 0.2 378 0.08 0.06 0.9 0.03 1.47 1.3 9 0.3 1.9 15 7.2
3PUA673 2 4 0.005 <0.50 1.08 1 <0.2 244 <0.05 0.18 0.3 0.01 0.49 3 9 0.1 0.8 <2 1.6

3PUA675 1.4 6.9 0.004 <0.50 1.26 1 0.2 197 <0.05 0.24 0.4 0.01 0.58 1 5 0.4 0.8 <2 3.3

3PUA676 5.2 35 0.004 <0.50 7 <1 0.6 171.5 0.2 0.12 3.1 0.06 1.73 1.4 12 1.3 3.4 <2 13.7

3PUA677 2.1 3.2 0.009 <0.50 1.46 1 <0.2 214 <0.05 0.17 0.5 0.01 0.49 2.7 6 0.2 0.8 <2 1.9

3PUA678 6 29.4 0.003 <0.50 4.57 1 0.3 273 0.06 0.11 2.3 0.05 1.63 1.1 9 0.6 3 <2 9.8

3PUA679 5.6 11 0.004 <0.50 4.35 1 <0.2 248 0.05 0.19 0.9 0.02 0.77 1.3 7 0.3 1.4 <2 5.2

3PUA680 5 12.8 0.004 <0.50 4.51 2 <0.2 252 0.05 0.08 1 0.02 1.01 1.6 5 0.3 1.6 <2 6

3PUA681 4 5.4 0.003 <0.50 2.43 1 <0.2 317 <0.05 0.06 0.5 0.01 0.33 1.3 5 0.1 0.8 4 3.2

3PUA683 3.5 6.7 0.006 <0.50 14.2 1 0.3 159 <0.05 0.31 0.5 0.01 0.46 1.5 7 0.4 0.8 3 2.9

3PUA685 15.2 14 0.004 <0.50 16.2 1 1.2 79.7 0.05 0.63 0.9 0.02 1.94 1.5 7 0.6 1.9 50 4.5

Transect P4 - 4470 m
3PUA688 3.1 9.8 0.005 <0.50 5.05 1 0.2 224 <0.05 0.13 0.9 0.02 1.97 1.5 6 0.3 1.6 2 4.7

3PUA689 3.5 13.8 0.006 <0.50 4.49 2 0.2 246 0.05 0.09 1.2 0.02 1.4 1.9 7 0.6 1.7 20 7.5

3PUA690 5.6 12.6 0.005 <0.50 2.18 1 <0.2 277 <0.05 0.16 1.1 0.02 1.16 1.8 8 0.3 1.6 2 4

3PUA691 2.8 11.8 0.005 <0.50 1.58 2 <0.2 286 <0.05 0.07 1.1 0.02 0.42 1.5 5 0.2 1.7 <2 5.1

3PUA693 5 9.4 0.003 <0.50 13.6 1 0.2 305 <0.05 0.14 0.6 0.01 0.77 0.9 5 0.3 0.9 13 3.6
688
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

3PUA694 1.2 2.9 0.004 <0.50 1.32 1 <0.2 325 <0.05 0.13 0.5 0.01 0.28 0.9 4 0.1 0.8 <2 3.3

3PUA695 2.9 8 0.005 <0.50 2.67 1 <0.2 271 <0.05 0.07 0.5 0.01 0.76 2.1 11 0.2 0.8 <2 3.5

3PUA696 4.4 8.6 0.004 <0.50 0.8 2 0.2 381 <0.05 0.13 0.9 0.02 0.3 1.6 9 0.2 1.4 10 4.2

3PUA697 1.3 8.6 0.004 <0.50 <0.05 3 <0.2 470 <0.05 0.13 0.6 0.02 0.2 1 6 0.1 1.4 <2 4.1

3PUA698 4.5 16.8 0.003 <0.50 1.56 2 0.2 460 <0.05 0.12 0.8 0.03 1.06 1 10 0.2 2 3 6

Rosa vein
Transect R1 - Surface, 4940 m
2PUE253 42 1.6 0.002 0.09 32.2 <1 <0.2 194.5 <0.05 0.05 <0.2 <0.01 6.68 0.5 7 0.1 0.6 90 1
2PUE254 10 1.4 0.002 0.09 28.5 <1 <0.2 184 <0.05 0.05 <0.2 <0.01 4.78 0.5 12 0.3 0.6 66 0.5
2PUE255 3210 3 0.002 0.78 523.7 3 0.6 243 <0.05 0.15 0.2 0.01 26.3 0.7 14 0.8 1.4 8410 1.5
2PUE256 98.6 3.8 0.004 0.09 49.3 <1 <0.2 238 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 16.9 1.7 12 0.1 0.8 150 1.5
2PUE257 19.5 4.3 0.002 0.08 67.75 <1 0.2 208 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 45.1 1.4 15 0.4 1.3 80 1.5
2PUE258 78 13.7 0.006 0.29 100.8 <1 0.2 162.5 <0.05 0.15 0.8 0.03 19.65 1.5 24 2.4 3.2 180 4.5
2PUE259 7.5 0.1 0.002 0.08 7.25 <1 <0.2 242 <0.05 0.05 <0.2 <0.01 0.74 0.1 6 <0.1 0.3 24 0.5
2PUE260 216 3 0.002 4.18 944 3 1.6 127.5 <0.05 0.05 0.2 0.01 102 1.5 <1 4.2 1.1 1220 4.5

2PUE261 1250 33.5 0.01 1.39 59.35 2 31.2 270 <0.05 0.1 1.8 0.05 6.08 2 31 0.9 4.1 1875 6.5
2PUE262A 3.5 3.4 0.002 0.1 18.85 <1 <0.2 319 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 1.88 1.7 10 0.1 0.6 32 1.5
2PUE263 1.5 7.3 0.002 0.09 14.5 <1 <0.2 243 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 0.74 0.7 10 0.1 0.7 14 2
2PUE264 4 34.6 0.006 0.31 19 <1 0.2 292 <0.05 <0.05 1.6 0.04 2.84 1.5 11 0.4 3.6 52 8
2PUE265 1.5 9.3 0.002 0.21 12.4 <1 <0.2 295 <0.05 0.05 0.4 0.01 0.6 0.5 3 0.1 2 6 1.5
2PUE266 113.5 13.7 0.012 0.38 292.4 <1 1 158 <0.05 0.15 2.2 0.06 28.1 2.5 33 1.7 4.3 196 8.5

2PUE267 8 122.5 0.004 0.13 19.75 <1 0.6 256 <0.05 0.05 4 0.11 2.92 1.9 27 <0.1 7 36 19
2PUE268A 5 4 0.002 0.07 15.2 <1 <0.2 234 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 4.32 0.3 4 0.1 0.7 22 1.5
2PUE269 2.5 49.1 0.006 0.44 16.85 <1 0.2 416 <0.05 0.05 1.4 0.04 1.5 2.2 17 <0.1 3.9 24 9
2PUE270 <0.5 1.6 0.002 0.08 9.55 <1 <0.2 224 <0.05 0.15 <0.2 <0.01 0.42 0.3 5 0.1 0.5 8 1
2PUE271 2 11.1 0.006 0.19 18.95 <1 <0.2 329 <0.05 0.05 0.6 0.01 1.98 1.1 6 2.8 2 30 3
2PUE272 3 22.1 0.002 0.1 11.6 <1 <0.2 284 <0.05 0.05 1 0.02 2.38 1.3 10 <0.1 2.5 44 5
2PUE273 6.5 28.1 0.002 0.18 20.6 <1 0.2 246 <0.05 0.15 0.8 0.02 1.72 1 8 0.4 2.5 54 4.5
2PUE274 5.5 46.7 0.004 0.17 20 <1 0.2 276 <0.05 0.1 1.6 0.04 2.32 1.5 14 0.3 3.8 28 9
2PUE275 13.5 45.6 0.006 0.27 53.65 <1 0.4 248 <0.05 0.1 2 0.05 6.8 1.6 17 0.5 5 48 7
2PUE276 175.5 39 0.002 1.09 >1000.0 7 1 203 <0.05 0.05 1.2 0.03 57.3 1.2 11 0.3 3.2 564 5
2PUE277 4.5 62.2 0.002 0.11 20.9 <1 0.2 281 <0.05 0.05 2 0.05 2.7 1.1 11 <0.1 5.3 36 7.5
2PUE278 6.5 64.5 0.002 0.09 17.6 <1 0.2 227 <0.05 0.05 2.8 0.06 2.56 1.5 16 <0.1 5.4 48 11
2PUE279 30 40.7 0.004 0.26 20.3 <1 0.4 307 <0.05 0.1 1.6 0.04 6.22 1.1 19 <0.1 4.1 86 7
2PUE280 3.5 38.2 0.002 0.16 14.8 <1 0.2 362 <0.05 0.1 1.4 0.03 1.12 1.3 11 <0.1 3.1 30 7.5
Transect R2 - Surface, 4725 m
689

2PUE282 9.5 2.1 0.002 0.06 7.25 <1 <0.2 105.5 <0.05 0.1 <0.2 <0.01 0.38 0.2 3 0.2 0.5 32 0.5
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

2PUE283 22 1.5 0.002 0.06 13.15 <1 <0.2 103 <0.05 0.15 <0.2 <0.01 0.26 0.3 3 0.1 0.6 26 0.5
2PUE284 6 24.5 0.006 0.07 6.15 <1 <0.2 150.5 <0.05 0.15 1 0.03 0.62 1.6 11 0.4 2.3 8 5.5
2PUE285 6 16.4 0.014 0.09 5.55 <1 <0.2 181.5 <0.05 0.1 0.8 0.01 0.42 2.2 13 0.5 3.7 4 3.5
2PUE286 11.5 50.9 0.008 0.07 15.7 <1 0.4 159 <0.05 0.1 3 0.07 1.28 2 25 1.9 5 46 8
2PUE287 4 72.6 0.006 0.42 4.25 <1 0.2 283 0.05 0.1 2.2 0.05 1.02 2.4 15 0.6 7.8 6 8
2PUE288 1.5 6.7 0.008 0.1 1.95 <1 <0.2 199 <0.05 0.15 0.2 <0.01 0.2 1.4 4 <0.1 1 2 2
2PUE289 874 42.8 0.022 6.36 361.3 4 16 85.1 0.05 0.1 1.2 0.03 7.04 2.5 16 5.6 1.6 4090 10

2PUE290 12.5 12.8 0.004 0.08 12.75 <1 0.2 163.5 <0.05 0.1 0.6 0.01 0.82 1.1 6 0.7 1.6 204 3.5
2PUE291 18.5 9.4 0.006 0.07 8.7 <1 0.2 152.5 0.05 0.1 0.8 0.02 0.72 1.1 9 0.6 2 16 3.5
2PUE292 104.5 35.8 0.008 0.08 33.3 <1 2.2 160 <0.05 0.05 1.8 0.05 1.94 2 17 0.7 3.5 1100 8
2PUE293 16 35.8 0.01 0.18 10.35 1 0.4 158 0.1 0.05 2.6 0.06 1.2 2.1 21 1 5.7 46 8.5
2PUE294 25 60.2 0.006 0.16 8.4 1 0.4 195.5 0.05 0.05 2.4 0.05 1.44 1.5 17 1.2 5.9 40 11
2PUE295 9.5 54.4 0.012 0.12 5.8 1 0.2 222 0.05 0.05 2.2 0.05 1.24 2.3 17 1 5.2 10 10.5
2PUE296 38 21.9 0.018 0.2 17.55 1 0.2 115 <0.05 0.1 1 0.02 0.58 2 11 0.9 2.4 312 6
2PUE297 302 19.8 0.012 0.12 44.9 <1 0.6 148 0.05 0.1 0.8 0.03 0.94 2.3 9 1.7 2.4 866 7
2PUE298 2830 2.2 0.002 >10.00 506.1 14 3.4 7.4 <0.05 0.2 <0.2 <0.01 2.86 0.7 <1 1.2 0.9 4100 6.5

Transect R3 - Est s/n, Gal 754W, 4450 m level

2PUE304 >10000 29.1 0.016 5.14 >1000.0 9 10.2 58.2 <0.05 0.25 1.8 0.05 34.5 2.8 32 7 2.4 >10000 12.5
2PUE305 >10000 31.4 0.028 8.63 >1000.0 13 19.2 105 <0.05 0.35 2.2 0.06 56.7 2.9 40 8.3 2.6 >10000 18
2PUE306 960 9.6 0.012 0.76 653.9 <1 1.6 330 <0.05 0.3 1.2 0.03 20.1 1.3 19 1.3 1.8 1380 7.5
2PUE307 15 7.6 0.002 0.18 14.3 <1 <0.2 150 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 <0.01 0.82 0.9 5 0.4 0.6 276 2.5
2PUE308 12 10.6 0.002 0.22 11.25 <1 <0.2 175.5 <0.05 0.05 0.2 0.01 1 0.8 4 0.7 0.7 234 3
2PUE309 268 3.5 <0.002 0.19 263.9 <1 0.6 52.4 <0.05 0.05 <0.2 <0.01 4.36 0.4 3 0.4 1.2 398 2
2PUE310 5 10.5 0.002 0.25 12.3 <1 0.2 184.5 <0.05 0.05 0.4 0.01 2.36 1.2 5 0.8 1.3 12 5
2PUE311 14.5 16.1 0.002 0.25 17.7 <1 0.2 174.5 <0.05 0.05 0.6 0.01 1.74 1 7 0.8 1.3 40 5
2PUE312 78 65.8 0.016 0.68 96.95 <1 1.4 131 <0.05 0.2 1.4 0.04 17.95 2.1 20 2.3 2.6 58 14.5
2PUE313 166 10.8 0.002 0.28 58.95 <1 0.2 137 <0.05 <0.05 0.4 0.01 2.46 0.9 6 0.1 1.1 354 4.5
2PUE314 112 13.6 0.004 0.31 124.9 <1 0.4 131.5 <0.05 <0.05 0.4 0.01 2.52 1.1 7 0.8 1.3 238 5
2PUE315 2930 9.3 0.026 3.86 >1000.0 4 3.4 107 <0.05 0.5 0.6 0.01 28.8 1.9 17 2.6 3.2 5910 7.5
2PUE316 1035 21.2 0.008 0.96 1012 <1 1.6 119 <0.05 0.25 0.6 0.01 11.1 1.4 15 1.1 2.7 1970 6
2PUE317 9550 73 0.006 6.04 >1000.0 12 25.6 63.7 0.05 0.2 1.4 0.03 54.9 1.3 29 3.3 2.2 >10000 10.5
Transect R4 - Gallery 310SE, 4360m level
2PUE320 3530 28 0.014 1.57 >1000.0 3 28.8 86.5 0.15 0.1 1.8 0.04 28.3 2.1 28 4.3 4 3560 10.5
2PUE321 9050 6.2 0.012 7.52 >1000.0 6 60.8 88.9 0.05 0.35 0.8 0.01 27.1 1.7 17 2.8 3.6 >10000 6
2PUE322 30.5 7.2 <0.002 0.17 18.65 <1 0.2 248 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 0.52 0.2 4 <0.1 1.1 64 2
2PUE323 22 19.6 <0.002 0.28 17.75 <1 0.4 188.5 0.05 0.1 0.8 0.01 1.28 0.3 8 0.4 1.6 32 4.5
2PUE324 622 19.6 0.008 0.39 575.2 <1 1.6 46 0.05 0.05 0.8 0.01 8.9 1.8 15 1.1 1.6 1115 6
2PUE325 104 36.3 0.008 0.37 81.35 <1 0.8 56.9 0.05 0.05 1.2 0.03 3.02 3.6 22 2.9 2.7 338 9.5
Transect R5 - Xc 130N, 4300m level
3PUA500 3.5 41.4 0.002 <0.50 5.7 1 0.2 247 0.05 0.06 1.1 0.04 2.29 0.9 10 0.4 2.4 3 8.8
3PUA501 3 17 0.007 <0.50 6.07 2 0.2 355 <0.05 0.07 1 0.03 2.26 2 11 0.4 1.7 2 8.3
690

3PUA502 5.6 10.9 0.005 <0.50 1.64 1 0.2 405 <0.05 0.05 1.1 0.03 0.36 1 11 0.2 1.8 <2 8.1
3PUA503 2 12.3 0.008 <0.50 2.3 2 <0.2 336 <0.05 0.05 0.9 0.02 0.59 1.8 12 0.2 1.7 <2 5.7
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

3PUA504 4 18.2 0.015 <0.50 1.27 1 0.2 386 <0.05 <0.05 1 0.04 0.61 2.6 18 0.3 2.2 8 9.6
3PUA505 2 9.7 0.006 <0.50 0.46 1 <0.2 333 <0.05 0.07 0.4 0.01 0.24 0.9 7 0.2 1.2 <2 3.1
3PUA506 6.7 34.3 <0.002 <0.50 0.78 1 0.3 326 0.12 0.07 2.5 0.07 0.43 0.7 15 0.7 3.3 11 13
3PUA507 14.8 58.1 0.002 0.6 3.11 1 0.3 241 0.13 0.05 1.9 0.09 1.52 1.7 22 0.6 4 23 18
3PUA508 5.8 9.1 0.002 <0.50 1.44 1 0.2 363 <0.05 <0.05 0.7 0.04 0.44 0.8 11 0.5 1.9 9 7.5
3PUA509 22.8 60.6 0.025 0.8 7.6 2 0.3 127 0.06 0.1 1.4 0.08 2.33 3.4 40 0.7 3.2 11 16
3PUA510 217 21.8 0.007 1.1 22.5 1 1.9 262 0.06 0.09 1.1 0.04 19.95 2.2 32 1.7 2 440 9.2
3PUA511-LG <0.5 0.2 <0.002 <0.01 0.06 <1 <0.2 190 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 21 <0.1 0.8 <2 2.3
3PUA511-Y 1.6 0.6 <0.002 <0.01 0.2 <1 <0.2 118.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.04 0.1 23 <0.1 0.8 7 4.2
3PUA513 220 15.6 0.006 0.9 20.8 1 0.6 244 <0.05 0.11 1 0.03 9.62 2.8 25 1.1 2.1 250 7.5

3PUA514 382 5.2 0.008 0.8 8.11 <1 1.1 195.5 <0.05 0.06 0.4 0.01 0.59 1.8 9 1.8 0.9 1005 3.7

3PUA515 303 20.4 0.004 0.7 19.15 <1 0.4 245 0.05 0.12 1.1 0.03 3.33 3.8 25 1.7 2.3 245 8.7

3PUA516 100.5 45.9 0.009 0.5 11.2 <1 0.4 197.5 0.12 0.06 3.1 0.08 1.9 2.2 19 4.5 4.5 122 15.1

3PUA517 161.5 16.8 0.005 1 11.7 <1 0.3 177.5 0.08 0.09 1.1 0.03 7.3 2 17 1.8 1.9 365 7.7

3PUA518 2830 10.2 <0.002 6.75 134 14 2.4 91.7 <0.05 0.9 0.5 0.01 26.8 1.1 9 34 2.3 10000 8.7
3PUA519 133 5.3 0.003 0.5 4.95 <1 0.4 178.5 <0.05 0.05 0.2 0.01 0.81 0.6 4 2.2 0.7 324 2.2
3PUA520 41.1 20.3 0.009 <0.50 5.04 <1 0.2 274 0.05 0.1 0.9 0.03 0.89 2.4 18 1.1 2.4 41 7.4
3PUA521 34.5 22.3 0.005 <0.50 4.01 <1 0.3 252 <0.05 <0.05 1.2 0.03 1.38 1 8 0.5 1.9 63 7.2
3PUA522 29.5 24.4 0.005 <0.50 5.28 <1 0.4 250 0.08 <0.05 1.7 0.03 1.1 2.3 16 0.7 3.1 36 7.9

3PUA523 7.7 33.3 0.006 <0.50 1.98 1 0.3 233 0.1 0.07 1.9 0.04 0.74 1.6 10 0.4 2.6 8 8.2

3PUA524 86 33.3 0.003 <0.50 13.95 <1 0.6 257 0.07 0.1 1.8 0.04 3.04 1.8 22 0.8 3.2 140 10.1

3PUA525 74.3 37 0.003 <0.50 8.05 <1 0.5 349 0.08 0.08 2.1 0.05 1.56 0.9 12 1 3.6 81 10.2

3PUA526 21.9 61.1 0.003 0.5 12 <1 0.7 365 0.14 0.05 3.4 0.06 5.54 1.2 13 1.2 4.7 40 12.7

3PUA527 10.7 75.4 0.003 0.5 16.15 <1 0.6 211 0.17 0.1 3.4 0.07 11.1 1.2 18 0.8 5.4 6 15.4

3PUA528 5.5 24.8 0.005 <0.50 6.14 <1 0.2 252 0.05 0.08 1.3 0.03 1.98 1.1 8 0.4 2.1 8 7.3

3PUA529 23.3 30.6 0.004 <0.50 16.3 <1 0.4 270 0.07 0.06 1.4 0.03 3.22 1.2 10 0.7 2.7 35 8.3

3PUA530 14.6 27.2 0.004 <0.50 10.55 <1 0.3 257 0.06 0.07 1.4 0.03 1.98 1.3 8 0.5 2.5 31 6.9

3PUA531 20.6 53.7 0.004 0.5 27.1 <1 0.4 390 0.1 0.08 2.3 0.06 2.41 0.7 13 2.5 4.2 17 9.6

3PUA532 73.5 39 0.003 0.6 80.6 <1 1.2 217 0.11 0.09 2.1 0.05 2.68 1 12 3.1 2.9 182 9.5

3PUA533 18.4 37.5 0.003 <0.50 17 <1 0.5 402 0.08 0.1 2.2 0.05 2.35 1 11 1.6 3.2 21 9.3
691
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

3PUA534 11 49.2 0.002 0.5 10.2 1 0.4 478 0.08 0.1 2.6 0.06 2.13 1.1 13 0.7 3.4 2 10.9

3PUA535 9.5 57.5 0.004 0.5 17.15 <1 0.4 437 0.1 0.07 2.6 0.06 2.43 1 13 0.6 3.5 <2 12.2

3PUA536 10.8 51.6 0.002 <0.50 9.49 1 0.4 435 0.06 0.1 2.3 0.05 1.88 1 11 0.5 3.3 3 10.4

3PUA537 41.9 48.8 0.004 0.5 7.78 <1 0.8 350 0.1 0.08 2.3 0.05 1.04 1.1 12 1.3 3.4 55 11.1

3PUA540 158.5 16.2 0.003 0.5 151.5 <1 1.1 135 0.06 <0.05 0.8 0.02 3.22 0.6 3 1.5 2.1 528 6
3PUA542 0.8 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.09 <1 <0.2 183 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 7 0.1 0.5 <2 <0.5
3PUA544 134 60.7 <0.002 2.06 30.5 <1 2.4 147 0.23 <0.05 3.9 0.088 10.35 1.8 66 2.5 7.2 353 17.3
Transect R6 - XC 916NE, 4360m level
3PUA545 78.4 18.6 0.005 <0.50 11.35 <1 0.7 190 0.09 0.25 0.8 0.04 1.64 2.2 23 1 2.9 77 8.5

3PUA546 27.9 31 <0.002 <0.50 3.8 <1 0.4 255 0.05 0.07 1.7 0.04 0.94 1.4 16 0.4 2.3 33 11.7
3PUA547 9.7 3.8 <0.002 <0.50 2.47 <1 0.3 352 <0.05 0.1 0.8 0.05 0.46 0.7 13 0.5 1.8 23 7.5

3PUA548-BH 49.1 24.6 <0.002 0.15 9.39 <1 0.6 278 <0.05 0.06 0.8 0.035 3.38 1.5 22 0.4 3.4 128 4.6

3PUA548-LMS 27 22.1 <0.002 0.27 7.35 <1 0.3 293 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.032 1.4 1.3 16 0.3 2.9 32 5.4

3PUA548-OR 4 0.5 <0.002 <0.01 0.49 <1 <0.2 96.7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.05 0.2 9 <0.1 0.9 5 1.6

3PUA549 111.5 39.5 0.003 <0.50 7.06 <1 0.8 222 0.08 0.18 2.3 0.09 1.64 2.7 47 2.2 6.8 67 18

3PUA550 83.4 19.6 0.007 0.6 4.5 1 0.2 281 0.08 0.14 0.9 0.03 1.64 1.8 16 0.8 2.9 21 8

3PUA551 6.6 8.4 0.005 <0.50 1.96 <1 <0.2 236 <0.05 <0.05 0.3 0.01 0.38 1 7 0.3 0.9 <2 3.4

3PUA552 38.7 22.1 0.006 0.5 4.25 <1 0.3 291 0.06 0.12 1.5 0.03 0.91 1.8 14 0.5 2.2 38 14.4
3PUA553 31.9 21.5 0.003 <0.50 3.95 1 0.3 451 <0.05 0.13 1.1 0.03 0.66 0.7 13 0.5 2.4 27 7.1

Transect R7 - Xc 710SE, 4180m level

3PUA559 2.3 8 0.003 <0.50 2.06 <1 0.2 240 <0.05 0.09 0.4 0.02 0.34 0.8 4 0.5 1.2 9 3.8

3PUA559-OR <0.5 0.2 <0.002 <0.01 0.08 <1 <0.2 314 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 0.1 4 <0.1 0.1 <2 <0.5

3PUA560 5.3 12.8 0.005 <0.50 4.22 <1 0.3 151 <0.05 0.06 0.5 0.02 0.47 1 5 0.7 1.4 29 4.4

3PUA561 23.2 63.9 0.003 1.03 35.1 <1 1.3 73.7 0.18 0.06 2.1 0.12 1.4 0.9 13 1.8 3.6 29 15.2
3PUA562 12.2 58.7 0.007 0.7 11.6 <1 0.5 235 0.1 0.16 1.9 0.08 1.39 1.4 16 1.4 4.2 2 15.6

3PUA562-NF 7 1.5 <0.002 0.01 7.02 <1 <0.2 206 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 0.1 3 0.1 0.6 <2 0.8

3PUA562-OR 1.8 4.8 <0.002 0.04 2.5 <1 0.2 196 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 0.009 0.14 0.6 6 0.2 2.1 2 3.3

3PUA563 9.8 59.1 0.009 0.61 9.43 1 0.6 142.5 0.1 0.2 2.1 0.12 1.12 1.5 14 2.1 3.9 47 15.7
692

3PUA563-OR 38 0.4 <0.002 <0.01 39.5 <1 0.2 69.1 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.06 <0.1 2 0.1 0.7 7 0.5
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

3PUA564 10.1 74.8 0.009 1.1 12.55 <1 0.6 149 0.21 0.16 2.7 0.11 1.84 2.4 27 2.7 5.4 4 25.5

3PUA565 5.3 15.8 0.01 <0.50 5.85 <1 0.3 241 <0.05 0.08 0.8 0.04 0.97 1.4 9 0.6 2.2 <2 8.1

3PUA565-NF 1.5 0.4 <0.002 <0.01 2.24 <1 <0.2 273 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 0.3 3 <0.1 0.7 <2 0.5

3PUA570 12.8 8.3 0.01 <0.50 10.5 <1 0.8 229 0.05 0.2 0.5 0.02 2.04 2.3 45 0.9 2.2 39 5.7

3PUA571 19.6 6.4 0.024 <0.50 12.25 1 1.2 202 <0.05 0.21 0.4 0.01 0.44 1.6 59 0.5 1.3 36 4.2

3PUA572 4.4 5.8 0.007 <0.50 4.38 2 0.2 255 <0.05 0.18 0.3 0.02 0.38 0.8 4 0.3 1.2 <2 3.6

3PUA573 5.7 7.8 0.011 0.5 6.73 1 0.3 244 <0.05 0.12 0.5 0.02 0.93 2.3 9 0.3 1.3 13 5.3

4PUA562 1.1 3 0.004 0.14 0.53 2 <0.2 293 <0.05 <0.05 0.3 0.01 0.13 0.9 4 0.1 1 2 2.8

4PUA564 16.7 4.8 0.002 0.12 19.35 2 <0.2 252 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 0.008 0.26 0.6 7 0.2 1.1 <2 1.8

Transect R8 - LY 34-09-02, 4360m level

3PUA715 25.4 15.4 0.003 0.39 22 2 0.4 210 0.06 0.07 0.8 0.025 1.94 1.3 11 0.9 3 93 4.8

3PUA717 4 7 <0.002 0.19 5.01 2 0.3 201 <0.05 0.05 0.6 0.02 0.52 0.3 10 0.2 1.2 6 4.2

3PUA719 3.4 31.3 <0.002 0.37 4.91 2 0.4 281 0.15 0.09 2.2 0.044 0.69 1 11 0.4 3.9 3 9.9

3PUA722 3.7 29.5 0.009 0.3 5.05 3 0.3 270 0.1 <0.05 1 0.031 0.63 0.9 9 0.6 3.2 2 7.1

3PUA728 2.4 26.5 0.003 0.42 3.76 3 0.2 334 0.11 <0.05 1.2 0.035 1.09 0.9 9 0.3 3.1 3 8.2

3PUA732 8.1 29.7 0.002 0.33 11.8 2 0.5 379 0.09 <0.05 0.8 0.029 1.72 0.7 8 1.7 4.2 28 6.2

3PUA734 0.8 0.9 <0.002 0.01 0.78 <1 <0.2 325 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.09 0.1 4 <0.1 0.1 5 0.5

3PUA735 1.6 12.3 0.002 0.29 0.66 3 <0.2 350 0.08 <0.05 0.7 0.027 0.28 0.7 11 0.2 2.7 2 6.4

3PUA738 2.5 28.6 <0.002 0.38 1.38 2 0.3 381 0.14 <0.05 1.3 0.045 0.4 0.6 10 0.2 3.8 3 10.2

4PUA532 1.7 18.2 0.002 0.26 0.08 2 0.2 354 0.08 <0.05 0.7 0.029 0.35 0.7 7 0.1 2.2 3 5.7

4PUA534 5.5 46.5 0.002 0.49 4.47 2 0.3 270 0.17 <0.05 1.4 0.057 0.94 0.9 14 0.5 4.4 3 12.2

4PUA536 2.9 32.1 0.003 0.4 2.19 2 0.2 428 0.11 <0.05 1.1 0.034 0.53 0.9 9 0.4 3.3 3 8.4

Transect R9 - Xc 940-I-NE, 4120m level

4PUA511 16.1 22 0.002 0.22 2.31 3 0.4 439 0.12 <0.05 1.3 0.032 1.4 0.9 19 0.7 6 20 9.2

4PUA513A 6.2 15.3 <0.002 0.17 1.02 2 0.2 181.5 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.014 0.38 0.2 6 0.2 1.8 10 4.1
693

4PUA513B 48.8 19.4 <0.002 0.18 8.21 3 0.9 197 0.09 <0.05 1 0.025 3.08 0.8 63 2.5 9.5 245 7.6
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

4PUA514 17.5 38.5 0.002 0.7 2.35 3 0.3 213 0.16 <0.05 1.9 0.046 0.8 1.2 23 0.6 4.5 8 9.6

4PUA515 14 36 <0.002 0.32 1.76 2 2 237 0.11 <0.05 1.4 0.032 0.54 0.6 15 0.4 3.2 15 7.2

4PUA516A 30.1 34.5 0.002 0.6 1.82 3 1.6 353 0.15 <0.05 1.7 0.045 0.4 1.4 17 0.7 6.3 20 11
4PUA516B 7 9.7 <0.002 0.02 0.36 2 0.3 233 0.07 <0.05 0.3 0.021 0.21 0.2 34 2.7 3.9 28 8.3
4PUA517 3.3 5.3 <0.002 0.15 1.28 2 <0.2 285 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 0.011 0.18 0.4 7 0.1 1.2 3 2.1
4PUA518 8.3 17.2 0.002 0.22 2.73 2 0.2 344 0.06 <0.05 0.6 0.018 0.4 0.7 7 0.4 1.5 8 4

4PUA519 101.5 47.9 <0.002 0.3 10.35 2 0.5 549 0.14 <0.05 1.7 0.04 1.11 1 15 1.2 4.1 172 7.9

Transect R10 - Xc s/n, LY 01-94, 4450m level

4PUA567B 113.5 1.9 <0.002 0.01 36.1 1 0.2 495 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 1.5 0.1 2 0.2 0.3 175 1.4

4PUA568 6.2 10.7 0.002 0.29 2.18 2 <0.2 341 0.08 <0.05 0.6 0.03 0.49 1.3 12 0.3 2.2 7 7.3

4PUA569 2.1 12.9 0.006 0.31 0.12 2 <0.2 361 0.09 <0.05 0.8 0.032 0.29 1.6 11 0.1 2.3 5 9.5

4PUA572 3.1 17.5 0.009 0.46 0.2 2 0.2 555 0.13 <0.05 0.9 0.047 0.52 2 18 0.1 2.9 17 10

4PUA575 6.7 29.6 0.024 1.07 0.69 3 0.3 517 0.12 <0.05 1.1 0.056 1.09 2.5 30 0.2 2.8 1780 13
4PUA578 1.4 7.4 0.002 0.18 0.58 2 <0.2 351 0.06 <0.05 0.5 0.024 0.22 0.7 9 0.2 1.3 27 5.4

4PUA582 4.3 22.1 <0.002 0.39 3.84 2 0.3 243 0.19 <0.05 1.5 0.059 1.11 0.7 14 0.5 3.4 7 13.9

4PUA585 1.7 6.3 <0.002 0.16 1.51 2 <0.2 305 0.06 <0.05 0.4 0.023 0.16 0.3 5 0.1 1.7 3 4.9

Unaltered samples - Anilcocha

4PUA522 2.5 9.3 <0.002 0.04 0.36 3 <0.2 476 0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.017 0.19 0.9 7 0.1 2.3 5 4.2

4PUA523 1 4.8 <0.002 0.02 0.61 2 <0.2 244 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.012 0.1 2.1 7 0.2 1.5 <2 3.5

4PUA524 1.9 7.7 0.002 0.05 0.07 2 <0.2 417 0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.017 0.04 0.9 7 0.1 1.4 3 4.5

Socorro
Transect S1 - surface, 4550m
3PUA623 42.2 11.7 0.004 <0.50 44.7 1 2.3 121 0.05 <0.05 0.8 0.03 1.08 0.7 8 1.5 1.5 1125 5
3PUA626 21.2 16.8 <0.002 <0.50 21.2 3 0.4 189.5 0.06 0.21 0.6 0.02 0.97 1 8 0.8 1.5 5 5

3PUA627 4.4 27.8 0.004 <0.50 8.31 <1 0.2 261 0.08 <0.05 1.3 0.04 1.44 0.7 7 0.9 2.8 <2 7.1

3PUA628 4.2 12 0.002 <0.50 6.85 <1 0.2 203 0.05 0.06 0.5 0.02 0.72 0.8 6 0.6 1 <2 3.8

3PUA629 2 5.6 0.002 <0.50 3.59 <1 0.2 170.5 <0.05 0.07 0.2 0.01 0.48 0.4 3 0.6 0.8 <2 1.6
3PUA630B 10.8 8.6 0.003 <0.50 6.51 <1 0.5 213 <0.05 0.1 0.3 0.01 0.85 0.5 3 1.1 1 5 2.3
694

3PUA631 8.7 14.8 0.008 <0.50 10.95 <1 0.7 214 0.06 <0.05 0.5 0.02 0.96 1.7 15 1.3 1.4 3 5
 Appendix C4: Geochemical Data Uchucchacua
Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

3PUA632 5.9 17.2 0.006 <0.50 6.24 1 0.4 219 0.07 <0.05 0.8 0.02 1.15 1.5 12 1.3 1.7 <2 5.2

Transect S2 - Xc s/n, Surface 4650 m

3PUA633 294 6.8 0.011 3.3 96 4 23.2 111.5 0.1 0.66 1 0.03 1.21 1.4 14 4.6 2 >10000 6.3

3PUA635 11.3 14.2 0.007 <0.50 12.6 <1 3.2 105.5 0.07 0.08 0.6 0.02 1.91 0.7 7 1.7 1.3 412 4.6
3PUA636 8.7 3.4 0.006 <0.50 19.85 <1 0.2 110.5 <0.05 <0.05 0.3 0.01 0.83 1.4 13 1.7 0.9 114 2.9
3PUA637 17.4 33.5 0.004 <0.50 30 1 0.5 143 0.13 0.08 1.1 0.04 3.11 0.7 9 2.3 2.6 140 5.9
3PUA638 176.5 32.4 0.009 0.34 69 2 1 143.5 0.15 0.37 1.9 0.05 3.36 1.5 19 3 3.2 320 6.4

3PUA639 13.8 35.5 0.008 <0.50 54.5 1 0.3 226 0.07 0.16 1.2 0.04 1.67 1.2 11 0.8 2.5 52 5.8

3PUA640 2.4 11.7 0.004 <0.50 5.1 2 0.2 478 <0.05 <0.05 0.5 0.02 1.49 0.5 9 0.2 1.2 <2 4.3

Miscelaneous samples
2PUE326 74.5 14.8 0.03 0.41 85.2 <1 1.6 229 0.05 0.15 1 0.03 4.06 3.4 28 2.1 2.6 260 10
2PUE327 83 4.4 0.012 0.1 119.55 <1 0.2 284 <0.05 0.1 0.2 <0.01 1.5 2.1 12 0.3 1 140 3.5
2PUE281 267 5.1 0.006 0.11 60.05 <1 1.4 205 <0.05 0.05 0.2 <0.01 2.18 0.6 9 0.8 2.2 2680 2

2PUE299 14.5 0.9 <0.002 0.1 11.45 <1 0.2 237 <0.05 0.15 0.2 <0.01 0.4 0.5 10 0.5 3 122 2.5
3PUA556 4.2 0.1 <0.002 0.01 0.89 <1 <0.2 75.7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.02 0.1 5 <0.1 0.2 53 0.6

2PUE300 1590 227 0.068 4.15 272.1 5 11.4 32 1.65 2 32.4 0.81 2.72 6.7 79 15.9 28 586 105
2PUE301 >10000 19.2 0.014 1.4 331.3 4 3.2 55.4 <0.05 0.6 6.8 0.08 0.92 1.2 15 1.7 4 1980 16.5
695
Appendix C5: Lithium borate and 4 acid digestion data for Al, La, Y and
Zr of sample rocks from Antamina

696
Appendix C5: Lithium borate and 4 acid digestion data for Al, La, Y and Zr of host rocks from Antamina

Sample N°
ME-XRF06 ME-MS 81 ME-MS 81 ME-MS 81 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Al2O3 Zr La Y Al AL2O3 Zr La Y
% ppm ppm ppm % wt % ppm ppm ppm
3PAA177 8.30 71.00 29.20 11.60 4.96 9.37 38.20 30.10 16.90
3PAA288 7.31 75.20 23.50 17.20 4.34 8.20 30.50 22.60 15.90
3PAA290 8.23 117.50 30.50 22.80 4.92 9.30 30.10 28.10 21.10
4PAA228 9.42 116.00 34.50 22.70 5.35 10.11 36.60 31.10 21.80
3PAA210 11.65 135.00 46.60 30.70 6.78 12.81 40.90 41.00 27.10
3PAA211 9.53 89.50 35.10 24.50 5.60 10.58 33.30 30.90 21.70
3PAA212 11.94 140.00 49.00 32.10 6.80 12.85 33.70 42.70 28.10
3PAA219 13.24 262.00 45.30 34.30 7.54 14.25 26.90 53.80 30.60
4PAA106 5.21 42.00 11.80 10.00 3.10 5.86 29.50 13.10 8.90
2PAG59 14.43 171.00 44.00 32.40 7.67 14.50 21.60 42.90 25.40
3PAA112 15.29 128.00 63.40 33.30 8.31 15.71 15.00 54.70 27.70
3PAA115A 14.02 147.00 49.00 27.40 7.62 14.40 45.20 45.10 24.10
3PAA115B 14.75 168.00 51.50 28.70 7.90 14.93 21.40 47.60 24.80
3PAA121 13.74 108.00 50.50 25.70 7.93 14.99 30.80 45.50 23.50
3PAA122 13.82 95.80 47.90 25.90 7.85 14.84 31.20 45.80 24.20
3PAA123 13.70 108.00 49.30 26.60 7.63 14.42 26.40 43.90 23.20
3PAA124 13.20 102.00 45.20 14.80 8.16 15.42 18.90 48.80 23.20
3PAA156 3.02 25.60 13.60 5.40 1.94 3.67 12.60 14.50 8.70
4PAA195 11.20 102.50 41.10 24.30 6.11 11.55 38.70 36.40 21.40
4PAA196 12.10 176.50 51.00 30.10 7.23 13.66 24.10 47.40 27.80
4PAA201 10.24 94.50 40.60 22.70 6.03 11.40 27.30 36.00 20.80
4PAA202 9.08 91.90 26.30 18.60 5.37 10.15 38.20 25.60 18.00
4PAA203 9.77 82.80 31.90 21.40 5.65 10.68 35.30 29.70 19.80
4PAA208 13.53 262.00 13.20 33.40 7.68 14.52 29.60 13.40 32.80
4PAA209 13.12 132.00 39.20 33.10 7.53 14.23 28.30 37.00 32.90
4PAA211 11.87 201.00 48.20 27.40 6.46 12.21 19.80 42.50 26.10
4PAA212 11.72 111.50 46.00 24.80 6.59 12.46 39.40 39.50 23.00
3PAA179 2.36 21.40 8.40 5.00 1.52 2.87 16.20 8.60 6.00
3PAA181 5.64 52.90 16.40 10.80 3.66 6.92 33.10 18.00 12.70
3PAA183 1.50 9.00 6.30 4.40 0.91 1.72 10.90 6.60 4.70
3PAA185 3.72 32.10 10.20 8.20 2.34 4.42 25.10 12.50 8.90
3PAA188 2.00 13.90 6.00 6.20 1.28 2.42 12.90 6.40 5.00
3PAA190 4.49 42.00 19.20 19.40 2.75 5.20 27.10 20.70 14.30
4PAA164 1.99 16.40 9.80 8.70 1.26 2.38 13.60 9.70 7.70
4PAA165 3.47 27.40 9.50 9.20 2.06 3.89 23.40 10.30 9.30
4PAA166 1.71 16.80 5.80 5.80 1.06 2.00 11.00 6.30 5.70
3PAA214 6.84 75.70 23.20 22.80 4.05 7.65 39.30 24.10 15.90
3PAA215 7.27 105.00 27.00 18.60 4.32 8.16 32.70 27.70 17.20
3PAA216 7.20 43.90 22.70 18.20 4.54 8.58 34.90 25.60 15.00
3PAA217 6.11 37.20 15.30 14.20 3.56 6.73 31.70 16.90 10.30
3PAA221 9.26 113.50 32.20 23.20 5.77 10.91 40.30 36.50 20.10
3PAA223 6.42 72.50 22.00 18.80 3.94 7.45 25.30 25.10 16.40
3PAA250 4.53 36.50 15.90 14.00 2.85 5.39 24.50 18.60 12.20
3PAA253 5.89 75.80 20.00 19.20 3.76 7.11 28.30 22.30 15.20
3PAA255 10.79 132.00 52.50 31.10 6.63 12.53 44.90 55.90 26.10
3PAA257 8.36 135.00 28.70 25.10 4.95 9.36 39.50 31.60 20.50
3PAA260 4.55 27.70 11.20 9.90 2.78 5.25 24.30 12.10 8.80
4PAA107 5.25 37.70 13.80 11.30 3.27 6.18 33.20 16.40 11.10
4PAA112 6.63 55.60 22.80 18.00 4.10 7.75 37.10 24.10 15.90
4PAA114 5.52 43.90 13.40 14.00 3.40 6.43 32.90 14.20 10.20
4PAA115 2.00 12.10 6.70 7.30 1.24 2.34 11.20 7.00 6.00
4PAA117 2.64 18.30 8.90 8.70 1.58 2.99 16.00 10.00 8.40
4PAA118 5.17 38.70 12.60 10.60 3.16 5.97 36.00 12.20 11.20
4PAA119 4.93 32.90 17.20 13.20 2.97 5.61 32.00 16.60 13.40
4PAA121 4.67 46.40 16.40 11.80 2.86 5.41 29.90 15.40 12.70
4PAA123 7.48 57.00 22.20 17.20 4.53 8.56 49.30 20.70 17.80
4PAA124 4.60 35.60 15.40 10.80 2.80 5.29 29.00 15.00 12.40
4PAA223 5.09 36.70 16.00 13.00 3.11 5.88 29.20 17.00 11.50
4PAA224 5.47 51.10 12.30 11.90 3.26 6.16 33.20 13.70 10.40

697
Appendix C5: Lithium borate and 4 acid digestion data for Al, La, Y and Zr of host rocks from Antamina

Sample N°
ME-XRF06 ME-MS 81 ME-MS 81 ME-MS 81 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
Al2O3 Zr La Y Al AL2O3 Zr La Y
% ppm ppm ppm % wt % ppm ppm ppm
3PAA116 8.76 113.00 32.50 20.80 5.17 9.77 32.90 37.60 22.60
3PAA117 4.87 48.10 16.20 7.80 2.78 5.25 23.00 17.20 12.00
4PAA233 5.36 52.50 16.60 11.20 3.15 5.95 33.20 15.20 11.10
4PAA235 1.16 31.90 5.20 4.40 0.69 1.30 11.00 4.60 3.50
4PAA236 0.65 10.40 2.30 2.20 0.40 0.76 5.00 2.80 2.00
4PAA238 4.83 39.80 13.00 10.80 3.03 5.73 40.00 14.80 10.70
3PAA332 1.95 23.00 4.60 3.80 0.98 1.85 3.10 5.40 3.20
4PAA108 8.14 77.90 30.00 21.40 5.14 9.71 48.30 34.00 17.70
4PAA110 5.51 62.30 20.20 16.20 3.52 6.65 8.80 22.80 14.50
4PAA134 1.56 34.10 4.10 3.40 1.01 1.91 10.10 3.90 3.70
4PAA135 0.83 10.80 4.00 3.10 0.53 1.00 3.80 3.70 2.60
4PAA136 0.95 12.90 3.90 2.50 0.58 1.10 3.20 3.30 2.40
4PAA137 1.29 9.10 3.50 2.60 0.78 1.47 4.70 3.20 2.80
4PAA138 3.55 118.50 12.20 10.20 2.21 4.18 17.00 11.80 9.20
4PAA139 0.63 14.60 4.10 2.90 0.40 0.76 3.00 4.40 2.40
4PAA148 3.47 26.60 11.10 7.80 2.15 4.06 9.30 11.00 7.70
4PAA149 1.76 24.50 4.80 5.30 1.12 2.12 5.10 4.90 5.50
4PAA150 1.49 43.50 8.90 6.40 0.94 1.78 4.60 7.00 5.50
4PAA181 1.40 57.50 3.90 5.30 0.85 1.61 6.00 4.50 3.90
4PAA182 1.07 32.40 4.80 3.50 0.65 1.23 4.60 5.30 3.60
4PAA183 1.76 39.10 5.10 5.20 1.10 2.08 6.40 5.70 5.40
4PAA186 1.36 29.00 3.50 2.70 0.72 1.36 4.90 3.50 2.10
4PAA187 1.47 85.40 4.00 4.90 0.91 1.72 4.60 5.20 4.40
4PAA188 1.39 39.70 5.30 4.60 0.85 1.61 1.60 5.70 4.40
4PAA190 0.79 8.50 2.50 2.00 0.51 0.96 3.70 3.00 2.00
4PAA191 1.30 10.50 3.90 3.90 0.80 1.51 4.50 4.40 3.40
4PAA194 1.20 47.60 6.60 7.50 0.76 1.44 1.40 7.90 7.10
4PAA226 0.35 31.40 1.70 2.00 0.24 0.45 1.60 2.30 1.80
4PAA105 5.81 43.50 14.00 12.40 3.59 6.79 40.00 16.20 10.90
2PAG60 9.73 121.00 36.30 22.70 5.47 10.34 37.30 40.00 19.70
3PAA105 10.64 138.00 70.00 35.50 6.31 11.93 27.80 40.50 24.10
3PAA114 14.59 198.00 57.20 33.20 8.09 15.29 20.80 56.30 28.90
3PAA120 4.87 41.40 24.20 9.70 3.07 5.80 20.20 15.30 10.60
3PAA127 6.33 69.50 25.20 12.40 3.90 7.37 24.50 22.90 14.70
3PAA127B 6.47 70.60 23.20 12.20 4.15 7.84 22.40 22.80 14.00
3PAA134 2.52 38.50 8.20 5.70 1.60 3.02 15.30 8.20 6.10
3PAA154 4.22 42.40 12.10 7.20 2.72 5.14 17.60 12.80 8.70
3PAA154B 4.46 34.50 14.60 10.20 2.65 5.01 19.20 13.30 8.70
4PAA163 0.15 8.00 76.60 35.30 0.10 0.19 1.60 74.20 28.50

698
Appendix C6.1: Trace element correlation in limestone adjacent to the
Rosa vein (surface samples)

699
 Appendix C6.1: Trace Element correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein (surface samples)

Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K
Au 1.000
Ag 0.300 1.000
Al 0.276 -0.197 1.000
As 0.710 0.444 0.439 1.000
Ba 0.508 0.014 0.754 0.530 1.000
Be 0.332 -0.229 0.955 0.373 0.723 1.000
Bi -0.141 0.168 0.397 0.053 0.354 0.376 1.000
Ca -0.396 -0.176 -0.608 -0.748 -0.492 -0.547 -0.230 1.000
Cd -0.005 0.834 -0.199 0.127 0.007 -0.215 0.304 0.053 1.000
Ce -0.113 -0.120 0.281 0.033 0.371 0.266 0.411 -0.019 -0.064 1.000
Co 0.024 -0.120 0.380 -0.091 0.477 0.416 0.475 0.137 0.066 0.619 1.000
Cr 0.649 0.425 0.426 0.818 0.471 0.392 0.201 -0.791 0.122 -0.029 -0.011 1.000
Cs 0.040 -0.181 0.857 0.317 0.456 0.754 0.248 -0.518 -0.180 0.030 0.043 0.329 1.000
Cu 0.662 0.488 0.289 0.900 0.298 0.245 0.075 -0.689 0.111 -0.105 -0.111 0.868 0.213 1.000
Fe 0.141 -0.064 0.860 0.269 0.671 0.852 0.639 -0.414 0.026 0.393 0.613 0.372 0.685 0.193 1.000
Ga 0.511 0.115 0.913 0.716 0.741 0.886 0.413 -0.768 -0.020 0.210 0.253 0.700 0.755 0.610 0.782 1.000
Ge -0.665 -0.649 -0.175 -0.732 -0.330 -0.175 -0.152 0.379 -0.381 0.071 -0.015 -0.649 -0.069 -0.661 -0.235 -0.472 1.000
Hf 0.016 -0.273 0.913 0.180 0.599 0.869 0.513 -0.423 -0.193 0.330 0.400 0.282 0.856 0.063 0.909 0.761 -0.057 1.000
Hg -0.044 0.040 -0.031 0.053 0.036 0.025 -0.180 0.057 0.096 -0.203 0.266 -0.072 -0.139 0.089 -0.026 -0.049 -0.017 -0.173 1.000
In -0.117 0.064 0.118 0.064 0.161 0.057 0.601 -0.052 -0.037 0.604 0.296 -0.012 -0.028 -0.003 0.215 0.139 -0.150 0.164 -0.262 1.000
K -0.030 -0.183 0.813 0.303 0.603 0.746 0.572 -0.468 -0.149 0.642 0.385 0.219 0.652 0.129 0.769 0.717 -0.025 0.826 -0.231 0.476 1.000
La -0.058 -0.077 0.241 0.091 0.358 0.233 0.432 -0.048 -0.075 0.983 0.587 0.062 -0.020 -0.003 0.375 0.215 0.018 0.294 -0.221 0.628 0.620
Li 0.487 -0.016 0.924 0.595 0.716 0.885 0.342 -0.707 -0.144 0.150 0.254 0.676 0.816 0.486 0.790 0.949 -0.413 0.829 -0.135 0.090 0.659
Mg 0.038 -0.402 0.740 0.187 0.318 0.646 0.153 -0.464 -0.448 0.121 0.146 0.160 0.738 0.178 0.548 0.588 0.215 0.666 -0.076 0.026 0.620
Mn 0.731 0.633 -0.106 0.618 0.172 -0.042 -0.137 -0.180 0.415 -0.187 -0.192 0.469 -0.214 0.519 -0.086 0.212 -0.850 -0.258 -0.055 -0.030 -0.229
Mo 0.810 0.501 0.231 0.563 0.423 0.347 0.102 -0.344 0.334 0.047 0.149 0.678 0.019 0.544 0.293 0.498 -0.705 0.108 -0.141 -0.121 0.012
Na -0.232 -0.330 0.532 -0.044 0.187 0.436 0.502 -0.137 -0.315 0.562 0.445 0.034 0.489 -0.034 0.602 0.382 0.162 0.654 -0.344 0.601 0.719
Nb -0.214 0.061 -0.085 -0.159 -0.100 -0.070 0.444 0.228 0.070 0.644 0.417 0.001 -0.207 -0.088 0.189 -0.065 -0.023 0.123 -0.347 0.598 0.311
Ni 0.020 -0.137 0.054 -0.131 0.123 0.063 -0.220 -0.048 -0.012 -0.027 0.200 -0.237 -0.090 -0.187 -0.101 -0.065 0.319 -0.164 0.375 -0.274 -0.120
P 0.705 0.481 0.437 0.842 0.582 0.446 0.280 -0.620 0.208 0.067 0.195 0.792 0.211 0.874 0.437 0.703 -0.685 0.216 0.232 0.076 0.263
Pb 0.344 0.927 -0.219 0.498 -0.052 -0.253 0.038 -0.190 0.610 -0.160 -0.246 0.425 -0.171 0.538 -0.130 0.100 -0.734 -0.290 0.016 0.149 -0.199
Rb 0.047 -0.199 0.906 0.378 0.663 0.825 0.510 -0.547 -0.187 0.524 0.353 0.287 0.773 0.206 0.808 0.806 -0.070 0.880 -0.167 0.358 0.975
Re -0.110 0.200 -0.373 -0.160 -0.351 -0.249 0.055 0.308 0.277 0.223 -0.017 -0.151 -0.356 -0.172 -0.057 -0.272 -0.217 -0.166 -0.257 0.085 -0.140
S 0.613 0.259 0.070 0.681 0.106 0.013 -0.157 -0.451 -0.082 0.001 -0.011 0.613 -0.071 0.788 -0.044 0.307 -0.384 -0.178 0.065 -0.003 -0.020
Sb 0.718 0.581 0.142 0.448 0.321 0.191 -0.063 0.001 0.468 -0.342 -0.032 0.289 0.106 0.376 0.114 0.280 -0.645 0.027 0.038 -0.218 -0.148
Se 0.633 0.407 0.028 0.754 0.136 0.006 -0.037 -0.585 0.048 -0.084 -0.146 0.798 -0.101 0.907 -0.050 0.356 -0.505 -0.192 0.023 -0.038 -0.060
Sn 0.194 0.766 0.121 0.334 0.276 0.113 0.523 -0.228 0.878 0.071 0.279 0.397 0.008 0.367 0.302 0.323 -0.407 0.046 0.113 0.037 0.104
Sr -0.137 -0.491 0.174 -0.237 -0.044 0.087 -0.315 0.112 -0.468 -0.186 0.010 -0.349 0.238 -0.204 -0.031 -0.071 0.578 0.100 0.202 -0.223 0.037
Ta -0.092 0.049 -0.035 -0.143 -0.107 -0.016 0.336 0.178 -0.052 0.418 0.338 0.068 -0.106 -0.032 0.122 -0.008 -0.104 0.120 -0.233 0.551 0.136
Te 0.064 -0.007 -0.236 -0.012 -0.074 -0.188 -0.405 0.278 -0.030 0.025 -0.178 -0.313 -0.213 -0.151 -0.327 -0.238 -0.012 -0.324 -0.026 -0.087 -0.175
Th 0.043 -0.185 0.881 0.266 0.683 0.849 0.628 -0.476 -0.113 0.539 0.520 0.347 0.709 0.125 0.886 0.782 -0.122 0.926 -0.143 0.367 0.893
Ti 0.078 -0.050 0.908 0.327 0.648 0.864 0.637 -0.500 -0.002 0.446 0.452 0.358 0.775 0.189 0.891 0.838 -0.204 0.930 -0.124 0.341 0.888
Tl 0.706 0.406 0.112 0.797 0.233 0.093 -0.090 -0.617 0.044 -0.127 -0.109 0.804 -0.033 0.921 -0.015 0.423 -0.514 -0.161 0.132 -0.118 -0.058
U -0.088 0.231 0.104 -0.005 -0.002 0.138 0.201 0.063 0.259 0.596 0.276 0.015 0.065 -0.075 0.357 0.127 -0.161 0.268 -0.314 0.291 0.363
V 0.066 -0.092 0.770 0.218 0.554 0.811 0.586 -0.341 0.007 0.514 0.622 0.275 0.576 0.148 0.904 0.705 -0.143 0.810 0.051 0.272 0.747
W -0.120 0.237 -0.449 -0.159 -0.285 -0.340 0.077 0.198 0.184 -0.004 -0.154 -0.099 -0.441 -0.088 -0.254 -0.304 0.016 -0.293 -0.238 0.143 -0.165
Y 0.025 -0.275 0.717 0.184 0.632 0.676 0.535 -0.269 -0.255 0.834 0.642 0.174 0.487 0.034 0.727 0.596 -0.016 0.748 -0.209 0.558 0.876
Zn 0.193 0.965 -0.209 0.355 0.003 -0.236 0.218 -0.103 0.942 -0.121 -0.065 0.327 -0.189 0.368 -0.036 0.068 -0.587 -0.260 0.068 0.004 -0.186
Zr -0.066 -0.087 0.836 0.264 0.520 0.785 0.573 -0.468 -0.033 0.374 0.311 0.291 0.783 0.141 0.874 0.747 -0.135 0.927 -0.158 0.296 0.889
700
 Appendix C6.1: Trace Element correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein (surface samples)

La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
Hg
In
K
La 1.000
Li 0.145 1.000
Mg 0.073 0.607 1.000
Mn -0.133 0.144 -0.452 1.000
Mo 0.101 0.470 -0.182 0.758 1.000
Na 0.554 0.442 0.574 -0.416 -0.211 1.000
Nb 0.706 -0.055 -0.240 -0.042 0.073 0.566 1.000
Ni -0.139 -0.104 0.303 -0.272 -0.146 -0.253 -0.554 1.000
P 0.155 0.557 0.128 0.521 0.654 -0.034 -0.065 -0.111 1.000
Pb -0.100 -0.003 -0.396 0.691 0.444 -0.291 0.069 -0.280 0.481 1.000
Rb 0.494 0.762 0.708 -0.218 0.036 0.677 0.144 -0.065 0.333 -0.205 1.000
Re 0.246 -0.293 -0.532 0.373 0.274 -0.051 0.475 -0.470 -0.140 0.237 -0.249 1.000
S 0.075 0.233 0.229 0.372 0.374 0.018 -0.020 0.105 0.586 0.291 0.009 -0.215 1.000
Sb -0.374 0.275 -0.189 0.730 0.652 -0.401 -0.318 0.061 0.419 0.562 -0.081 0.004 -0.050 1.000
Se 0.037 0.242 0.038 0.469 0.510 -0.131 -0.008 -0.100 0.729 0.424 -0.027 -0.127 0.872 -0.341 1.000
Sn 0.082 0.170 -0.165 0.341 0.489 -0.121 0.107 0.068 0.505 0.500 0.087 0.048 0.155 0.418 0.290 1.000
Sr -0.253 -0.006 0.651 -0.565 -0.532 0.186 -0.425 0.521 -0.266 -0.477 0.109 -0.615 0.110 -0.155 -0.213 -0.395 1.000
Ta 0.471 0.064 -0.252 -0.014 0.109 0.510 0.816 -0.557 -0.015 0.132 0.048 0.337 -0.079 -0.212 -0.010 -0.011 -0.382 1.000
Te 0.000 -0.273 -0.346 0.231 -0.007 -0.288 -0.044 0.020 -0.093 0.085 -0.186 0.141 -0.106 0.217 -0.176 -0.171 -0.106 -0.109 1.000
Th 0.518 0.796 0.520 -0.188 0.171 0.685 0.307 -0.190 0.313 -0.223 0.907 -0.112 -0.130 -0.061 -0.085 0.163 -0.092 0.303 -0.308 1.000
Ti 0.415 0.832 0.559 -0.114 0.208 0.648 0.235 -0.168 0.362 -0.091 0.916 -0.132 -0.095 0.091 -0.079 0.263 -0.063 0.247 -0.293 0.968 1.000
Tl -0.027 0.310 0.113 0.472 0.535 -0.198 -0.158 0.049 0.776 0.414 0.002 -0.253 0.891 0.539 0.975 0.309 -0.109 -0.135 -0.145 -0.080 -0.054
U 0.587 0.117 -0.070 0.169 0.298 0.416 0.615 -0.340 0.017 0.227 0.262 0.703 -0.100 -0.014 -0.133 0.183 -0.366 0.443 0.041 0.331 0.336
V 0.500 0.682 0.407 -0.090 0.285 0.615 0.336 -0.165 0.418 -0.146 0.756 0.110 -0.080 -0.004 -0.076 0.273 -0.120 0.314 -0.150 0.865 0.860
W 0.032 -0.328 -0.479 0.179 0.040 -0.031 0.353 -0.316 -0.181 0.294 -0.314 0.453 -0.149 0.131 -0.060 0.055 -0.287 0.330 -0.064 -0.164 -0.180
Y 0.814 0.596 0.465 -0.246 0.088 0.757 0.478 -0.112 0.222 -0.275 0.842 -0.055 -0.024 -0.212 -0.093 0.005 -0.035 0.399 -0.158 0.872 0.805
Zn -0.099 -0.069 -0.448 0.597 0.458 -0.350 0.055 -0.101 0.391 0.826 -0.208 0.262 0.143 0.542 0.294 0.842 -0.525 -0.010 -0.009 -0.169 -0.040
Zr 0.357 0.741 0.566 -0.164 0.073 0.670 0.245 -0.296 0.278 -0.088 0.903 -0.039 -0.169 -0.005 -0.133 0.160 -0.032 0.168 -0.254 0.913 0.935
701
 Appendix C6.1: Trace Element correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein (surface samples)

Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
Hg
In
K
La
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Nb
Ni
P
Pb
Rb
Re
S
Sb
Se
Sn
Sr
Ta
Te
Th
Ti
Tl 1.000
U -0.215 1.000
V -0.065 0.513 1.000
W -0.132 0.228 -0.159 1.000
Y -0.097 0.426 0.755 -0.142 1.000
Zn 0.287 0.243 -0.061 0.218 -0.297 1.000
Zr -0.137 0.407 0.830 -0.114 0.715 -0.072 1.000
702
Appendix C6.2: Trace element correlation in limestone adjacent to the
Rosa vein (underground levels)

703
 Appendix C6.2: Trace Element Correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein - Underground levels

Au Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf Hg In K
Au 1.000
Ag 0.680 1.000
Al -0.006 -0.041 1.000
As 0.813 0.824 0.022 1.000
Ba 0.036 -0.043 0.767 0.045 1.000
Be -0.059 -0.079 0.301 -0.076 0.049 1.000
Bi 0.246 0.210 0.455 0.372 0.278 0.150 1.000
Ca -0.267 -0.267 -0.186 -0.310 -0.295 0.239 -0.078 1.000
Cd 0.756 0.824 -0.051 0.898 0.042 -0.067 0.239 -0.218 1.000
Ce -0.021 0.016 0.830 0.099 0.492 0.318 0.505 -0.157 -0.041 1.000
Co -0.056 -0.062 0.602 -0.045 0.455 0.127 0.451 -0.111 -0.046 0.557 1.000
Cr 0.044 0.044 0.265 0.047 0.179 0.027 0.083 -0.131 0.067 0.142 0.082 1.000
Cs -0.079 -0.024 0.391 -0.102 0.102 0.347 0.149 0.032 0.006 0.317 0.286 0.228 1.000
Cu 0.826 0.879 -0.037 0.916 -0.015 -0.039 0.273 -0.239 0.921 0.007 -0.019 0.086 -0.032 1.000
Fe 0.695 0.809 0.287 0.842 0.274 -0.057 0.416 -0.342 0.823 0.250 0.251 0.198 0.101 0.874 1.000
Ga 0.222 0.194 0.780 0.265 0.633 0.175 0.485 -0.429 0.158 0.743 0.496 0.161 0.250 0.212 0.495 1.000
Ge 0.206 0.037 0.224 0.160 0.224 -0.101 0.100 -0.530 0.072 0.197 0.117 -0.103 0.025 0.085 0.120 0.215 1.000
Hf -0.007 -0.091 0.893 -0.078 0.702 0.211 0.320 -0.146 -0.079 0.693 0.573 0.308 0.418 -0.082 0.234 0.673 0.160 1.000
Hg 0.881 0.820 -0.060 0.959 -0.028 -0.055 0.269 -0.230 0.926 -0.009 -0.098 0.060 -0.059 0.944 0.807 0.147 0.151 -0.105 1.000
In -0.006 0.082 0.571 0.157 0.431 0.137 0.439 0.006 0.266 0.509 0.492 0.138 0.417 0.114 0.337 0.456 0.023 0.517 0.071 1.000
K -0.002 -0.087 0.893 0.035 0.817 0.096 0.458 -0.277 -0.104 0.769 0.556 0.169 0.072 -0.070 0.248 0.742 0.308 0.759 -0.084 0.419 1.000
La 0.043 0.038 0.643 0.105 0.331 0.282 0.316 -0.191 0.003 0.862 0.480 0.065 0.280 0.063 0.194 0.593 0.176 0.547 0.050 0.388 0.562
Li -0.072 -0.019 0.367 -0.088 0.154 0.295 0.107 -0.007 -0.058 0.225 0.160 0.351 0.450 -0.020 0.075 0.192 -0.007 0.374 -0.048 0.135 0.137
Mg -0.081 -0.084 0.116 -0.087 0.001 0.011 0.043 0.005 0.009 0.008 0.084 0.196 0.676 -0.058 0.017 0.037 0.056 0.155 -0.044 0.231 -0.079
Mn 0.413 0.344 0.138 0.397 0.242 -0.006 0.265 -0.384 0.265 0.170 0.087 -0.059 -0.205 0.366 0.413 0.575 0.011 0.076 0.279 -0.007 0.242
Mo 0.767 0.625 0.098 0.655 0.281 -0.130 0.176 -0.297 0.709 -0.058 0.132 0.098 0.035 0.692 0.692 0.181 0.282 0.126 0.714 0.163 0.096
Na -0.122 -0.096 0.491 -0.030 0.385 0.005 0.242 -0.007 -0.148 0.332 0.374 0.198 0.058 -0.056 0.150 0.327 0.015 0.375 -0.126 0.294 0.501
Nb -0.100 -0.038 0.921 0.009 0.700 0.141 0.423 -0.320 -0.112 0.818 0.545 0.245 0.322 -0.089 0.263 0.791 0.260 0.805 -0.104 0.473 0.851
Ni 0.052 -0.044 0.126 -0.027 0.191 0.000 0.040 0.168 0.089 -0.030 0.201 0.098 0.059 0.022 0.049 -0.018 -0.200 0.174 0.018 0.180 0.128
P 0.260 0.084 0.277 0.089 0.098 0.503 0.213 0.095 0.055 0.383 0.231 0.029 0.197 0.107 0.123 0.265 -0.097 0.184 0.072 0.128 0.175
Pb 0.801 0.899 -0.072 0.951 -0.045 -0.057 0.248 -0.252 0.942 0.003 -0.102 0.057 -0.050 0.968 0.849 0.175 0.095 -0.124 0.971 0.083 -0.104
Rb 0.048 -0.076 0.893 0.034 0.740 0.149 0.527 -0.222 -0.116 0.807 0.566 0.184 0.205 -0.059 0.239 0.744 0.293 0.763 -0.071 0.438 0.955
Re 0.489 0.396 0.112 0.400 0.358 -0.076 0.058 -0.266 0.522 -0.047 0.180 -0.001 0.076 0.451 0.493 0.213 0.151 0.179 0.448 0.234 0.121
S 0.730 0.825 0.250 0.858 0.269 -0.072 0.367 -0.327 0.860 0.199 0.228 0.151 0.064 0.873 0.969 0.418 0.147 0.221 0.840 0.301 0.216
Sb 0.842 0.831 -0.053 0.970 -0.020 -0.060 0.280 -0.244 0.932 0.010 -0.098 0.052 -0.070 0.943 0.810 0.168 0.136 -0.115 0.993 0.086 -0.071
Se 0.172 0.164 -0.043 0.211 -0.092 0.215 0.077 0.593 0.326 -0.112 0.004 0.240 0.169 0.268 0.210 -0.278 -0.397 -0.010 0.314 0.157 -0.213
Sn 0.652 0.670 0.222 0.669 0.162 0.111 0.345 -0.226 0.626 0.297 0.153 0.083 0.048 0.705 0.713 0.475 0.031 0.109 0.654 0.173 0.176
Sr -0.297 -0.235 0.058 -0.240 -0.039 -0.007 -0.067 0.255 -0.149 0.127 0.023 0.065 0.240 -0.245 -0.197 -0.193 -0.186 0.092 -0.213 0.302 0.000
Ta -0.162 -0.117 0.745 -0.044 0.492 0.279 0.461 0.103 -0.107 0.668 0.475 0.367 0.385 -0.115 0.189 0.565 -0.100 0.713 -0.132 0.482 0.633
Te 0.684 0.601 0.151 0.667 0.174 -0.063 0.225 -0.443 0.600 0.198 0.122 -0.013 -0.008 0.639 0.635 0.460 0.294 0.117 0.672 0.081 0.141
Th -0.065 -0.024 0.838 0.049 0.581 0.181 0.595 -0.231 -0.112 0.864 0.511 0.170 0.244 -0.078 0.237 0.748 0.225 0.696 -0.089 0.504 0.846
Ti -0.090 -0.080 0.941 -0.042 0.770 0.136 0.325 -0.284 -0.123 0.749 0.581 0.282 0.353 -0.106 0.248 0.760 0.262 0.863 -0.127 0.473 0.849
Tl 0.778 0.758 0.098 0.749 0.046 -0.045 0.394 -0.299 0.664 0.149 0.104 0.019 0.013 0.727 0.729 0.281 0.173 0.036 0.722 0.129 0.086
U 0.179 0.351 0.269 0.111 0.367 -0.014 0.061 -0.331 0.189 0.211 0.305 -0.015 0.206 0.217 0.363 0.359 0.135 0.371 0.105 0.275 0.212
V 0.106 0.137 0.352 0.007 0.233 0.504 0.115 -0.054 0.082 0.357 0.315 0.012 0.373 0.074 0.130 0.359 -0.086 0.342 0.022 0.208 0.155
W 0.329 0.427 0.467 0.336 0.348 0.320 0.188 -0.254 0.233 0.456 0.150 0.080 -0.001 0.321 0.438 0.643 0.077 0.318 0.249 0.133 0.420
Y 0.020 0.013 0.747 0.071 0.402 0.580 0.428 0.092 -0.006 0.850 0.468 0.199 0.416 0.041 0.201 0.581 0.010 0.631 0.024 0.437 0.570
Zn 0.757 0.835 -0.052 0.905 0.030 -0.047 0.246 -0.212 0.997 -0.032 -0.047 0.074 0.004 0.936 0.840 0.169 0.060 -0.083 0.930 0.254 -0.106
Zr 0.074 0.025 0.923 0.044 0.721 0.244 0.412 -0.250 -0.017 0.746 0.582 0.252 0.393 0.016 0.337 0.771 0.291 0.935 -0.012 0.481 0.814
704
 Appendix C6.2: Trace Element Correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein - Underground levels

La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn Sr Ta Te Th Ti
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
Hg
In
K
La 1.000
Li 0.167 1.000
Mg -0.036 0.237 1.000
Mn 0.169 -0.174 -0.237 1.000
Mo -0.054 0.047 0.036 0.256 1.000
Na 0.173 0.182 -0.024 0.072 -0.055 1.000
Nb 0.624 0.322 0.157 0.135 -0.028 0.487 1.000
Ni -0.040 -0.042 0.062 -0.076 0.150 -0.091 0.032 1.000
P 0.350 0.090 -0.109 0.208 0.002 0.077 0.171 0.060 1.000
Pb 0.043 -0.045 -0.062 0.318 0.661 -0.130 -0.090 -0.030 0.084 1.000
Rb 0.620 0.193 -0.025 0.225 0.080 0.432 0.832 0.123 0.217 -0.103 1.000
Re -0.058 -0.015 0.040 0.225 0.753 -0.078 -0.007 0.120 -0.034 0.425 0.062 1.000
S 0.171 0.048 -0.042 0.381 0.755 0.086 0.193 0.103 0.119 0.868 0.195 0.552 1.000
Sb 0.048 -0.054 -0.054 0.307 0.686 -0.110 -0.084 0.000 0.074 0.979 -0.072 0.428 0.843 1.000
Se -0.164 0.159 0.133 -0.340 0.215 0.019 -0.206 0.284 0.220 0.274 -0.178 0.149 0.258 0.298 1.000
Sn 0.271 0.008 -0.127 0.439 0.515 -0.008 0.168 0.080 0.249 0.678 0.214 0.372 0.711 0.657 0.136 1.000
Sr 0.066 0.118 0.337 -0.536 -0.201 0.037 0.071 0.165 -0.138 -0.223 0.016 -0.139 -0.224 -0.224 0.223 -0.279 1.000
Ta 0.446 0.299 0.180 0.071 -0.118 0.376 0.704 0.239 0.227 -0.128 0.665 -0.129 0.160 -0.114 0.208 0.127 0.144 1.000
Te 0.196 0.012 -0.067 0.451 0.560 0.026 0.149 -0.172 0.046 0.668 0.127 0.539 0.651 0.663 -0.086 0.599 -0.320 -0.100 1.000
Th 0.621 0.184 0.119 0.150 -0.082 0.412 0.880 -0.027 0.199 -0.078 0.864 -0.047 0.149 -0.072 -0.217 0.187 0.146 0.679 0.116 1.000
Ti 0.587 0.336 0.155 0.124 0.050 0.516 0.959 0.065 0.179 -0.127 0.821 0.086 0.198 -0.116 -0.142 0.136 0.015 0.683 0.150 0.779 1.000
Tl 0.147 -0.041 -0.120 0.378 0.720 -0.095 0.035 -0.006 0.151 0.720 0.165 0.398 0.752 0.706 0.059 0.706 -0.268 -0.066 0.598 0.114 0.010
U 0.202 0.047 0.016 0.237 0.439 -0.037 0.227 -0.093 0.025 0.186 0.196 0.597 0.373 0.102 -0.160 0.220 -0.139 0.018 0.390 0.191 0.280
V 0.358 0.175 -0.010 0.205 0.140 -0.113 0.216 0.040 0.530 0.064 0.187 0.401 0.161 0.020 0.077 0.355 -0.134 0.169 0.310 0.172 0.270
W 0.369 0.113 -0.167 0.633 0.245 0.224 0.456 -0.027 0.388 0.302 0.407 0.179 0.411 0.266 -0.168 0.479 -0.317 0.262 0.387 0.420 0.415
Y 0.718 0.312 0.015 0.114 -0.053 0.254 0.645 0.074 0.674 0.028 0.640 -0.059 0.172 0.028 0.212 0.304 0.076 0.686 0.090 0.656 0.618
Zn 0.009 -0.052 0.001 0.285 0.700 -0.138 -0.110 0.079 0.090 0.952 -0.117 0.509 0.869 0.937 0.333 0.638 -0.154 -0.103 0.595 -0.107 -0.124
Zr 0.566 0.352 0.151 0.167 0.195 0.369 0.869 0.078 0.207 -0.020 0.819 0.203 0.300 -0.014 -0.107 0.206 -0.010 0.683 0.233 0.787 0.896
705
 Appendix C6.2: Trace Element Correlation in limestones adjacent to the Rosa vein - Underground levels

Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
Au
Ag
Al
As
Ba
Be
Bi
Ca
Cd
Ce
Co
Cr
Cs
Cu
Fe
Ga
Ge
Hf
Hg
In
K
La
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Nb
Ni
P
Pb
Rb
Re
S
Sb
Se
Sn
Sr
Ta
Te
Th
Ti
Tl 1.000
U 0.310 1.000
V 0.199 0.494 1.000
W 0.395 0.283 0.382 1.000
Y 0.107 0.146 0.533 0.491 1.000
Zn 0.671 0.186 0.085 0.256 0.012 1.000
Zr 0.158 0.422 0.372 0.445 0.657 -0.019 1.000
706
Appendix C7: Samples used to calculate the geochemical background for
the host rocks at Uchucchacua

707
 Appendix C7: Samples used to calculate geochemical background for Jumasha limestone at Uchucchacua

Au Ag As Bi Cd Cu Hg Mn Mo Pb Sb Tl Zn
Sample N° Easting Northing Locality Mineralized Distance ppb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppb ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
Structure from the
associated vein (m)
3PUA586 316465 8825176 Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 48.5 2.5 0.07 2.5 0.03 0.06 5 0.02 152 0.73 3.4 1.48 0.74 4
Level 450 Plomopampa
3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 53.5 2.5 0.05 2.5 0.02 0.46 3 0.005 87 0.72 2.2 0.29 0.32 113
Level 450 Plomopampa
3PUA588 316473.5 8825170.5 Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 58.5 2.5 0.14 2.5 0.04 0.04 3.6 0.01 126 1.23 1.8 1.25 0.43 1
Level 450 Plomopampa
3PUA589 316478 8825168 Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 63.5 2.5 0.08 5 0.02 0.03 3.4 0.01 104 0.45 2.3 1.04 0.38 1
Level 450 Plomopampa
3PUA590 316482 8825165 Xc 630SE, Jackeline - 68.5 2.5 0.08 6 0.02 0.03 3.5 0.01 111 1.7 2.2 1.46 0.7 1
Level 450 Plomopampa
4PUA522 315944 8823264 Anilcocha Sample for 0.0025 0.07 2.5 0.02 0.04 1.9 0.005 236 0.17 2.5 0.36 0.19 5
North geochemical
background
4PUA523 315629 8823114 Anilcocha Sample for 0.0025 0.005 5 0.01 0.02 1.8 0.005 77 0.7 1 0.61 0.1 1
North west geochemical
background
4PUA524 315291 8822718 Anilcocha Sample for 0.0025 0.03 9 0.01 0.03 2.2 0.005 90 0.32 1.9 0.07 0.04 3
West geochemical
background

Values in red are half the lower detection limit

708
Appendix C8: Geochemical background calculation for metal/Al ratios in
limestone from Uchucchacua

709
 Appendix C8: Geochemical background calculation for metal/Al ratios in limestone - Uchucchacua

ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS

Al ABS Ag Ag-median Ag/Al Ag/Al -median As As-median As/Al As/Al - median Bi Bi-median Bi/Al
Sample N° Easting Northing Distance % Al - median ppm ppm ppm
from the vein
(m)
3PUA586 316465 8825176 48.5 0.8 0.36 0.07 0 0.0875 0.0497 2.5 1.25 3.1250 6.6490 0.03 0.01 0.0375

3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 53.5 0.48 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.1041667 0.0330 2.5 1.25 5.2083 4.5657 0.02 0 0.0417

3PUA588 316473.5 8825170.5 58.5 0.5 0.06 0.14 0.07 0.28 0.1428 2.5 1.25 5.0000 4.7740 0.04 0.02 0.0800

3PUA589 316478 8825168 63.5 0.41 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.195122 0.0579 5 1.25 12.1951 2.4211 0.02 0 0.0488

3PUA590 316482 8825165 68.5 0.47 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.1702128 0.0330 6 2.25 12.7660 2.9919 0.02 0 0.0426

4PUA522 315944 8823264 0.34 0.1 0.07 0 0.2058824 0.0687 2.5 1.25 7.3529 2.4211 0.02 0 0.0588

4PUA523 315629 8823114 0.21 0.23 0.005 0.065 0.0238095 0.1134 5 1.25 23.8095 14.0355 0.01 0.01 0.0476

4PUA524 315291 8822718 0.34 0.1 0.03 0.04 0.0882353 0.0490 9 5.25 26.4706 16.6966 0.01 0.01 0.0294

median 0.44 0.08 0.07 0.015 0.1371897 0.0538 3.75 1.25 9.7740 4.6699 0.02 0.005 0.0451

highest limit of background or higher threshold 0.2448 19.1138

lowest limit of background or lower threshold 0.0296 0.4343

Values in red are half the value of lower limit of detection

710
 ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
Bi/Al - median Cd Cd-median Cd/Al Cd/Al - median Cu Cu-median Cu/Al Cu/Al - median Hg Hg-median Hg/Al Hg/Al - median Mn Mn-median Mn/Al
Sample N° ppm ppm ppb ppm

3PUA586 0.0076 0.06 0.025 0.0750 0.0091 5 1.8 6.2500 0.5853 20 12.5 25.0000 4.3617 152 44.5 190.0000

3PUA587 0.0034 0.46 0.425 0.9583 0.8742 3 0.2 6.2500 0.5853 5 2.5 10.4167 10.2216 87 20.5 181.2500

3PUA588 0.0349 0.04 0.005 0.0800 0.0041 3.6 0.4 7.2000 0.3647 10 2.5 20.0000 0.6383 126 18.5 252.0000

3PUA589 0.0037 0.03 0.005 0.0732 0.0109 3.4 0.2 8.2927 1.4574 10 2.5 24.3902 3.7519 104 3.5 253.6585

3PUA590 0.0025 0.03 0.005 0.0638 0.0203 3.5 0.3 7.4468 0.6115 10 2.5 21.2766 0.6383 111 3.5 236.1702

4PUA522 0.0137 0.04 0.005 0.1176 0.0335 1.9 1.3 5.5882 1.2471 5 2.5 14.7059 5.9324 236 128.5 694.1176

4PUA523 0.0025 0.02 0.015 0.0952 0.0111 1.8 1.4 8.5714 1.7361 5 2.5 23.8095 3.1712 77 30.5 366.6667

4PUA524 0.0157 0.03 0.005 0.0882 0.0041 2.2 1 6.4706 0.3647 5 2.5 14.7059 5.9324 90 17.5 264.7059

0.0056 0.035 0.005 0.0841 0.0110 3.2 0.7 6.8353 0.5984 7.5 2.5 20.6383 4.0568 107.5 19.5 252.8293

0.0564 0.1062 8.0321 28.7519

0.0338 0.0621 5.6385 12.5246
711
 ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
Mn/Al - median Mo Mo-median Mo/Al Mo/Al - median Pb Pb-median Pb/Al Pb/Al - median Sb Sb-median Sb/Al Sb/Al - median Tl Tl-median Tl/Al
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm ppm

3PUA586 62.8293 0.73 0.02 0.9125 0.3863 3.4 1.2 4.2500 0.4714 1.48 0.655 1.8500 0.3250 0.74 0.39 0.9250

3PUA587 71.5793 0.72 0.01 1.5000 0.2012 2.2 0 4.5833 0.1380 0.29 0.535 0.6042 1.5708 0.32 0.03 0.6667

3PUA588 0.8293 1.23 0.52 2.4600 1.1612 1.8 0.4 3.6000 1.1214 1.25 0.425 2.5000 0.3250 0.43 0.08 0.8600

3PUA589 0.8293 0.45 0.26 1.0976 0.2012 2.3 0.1 5.6098 0.8884 1.04 0.215 2.5366 0.3616 0.38 0.03 0.9268

3PUA590 16.6591 1.7 0.99 3.6170 2.3182 2.2 0 4.6809 0.0405 1.46 0.635 3.1064 0.9314 0.7 0.35 1.4894

4PUA522 441.2884 0.17 0.54 0.5000 0.7988 2.5 0.3 7.3529 2.6316 0.36 0.465 1.0588 1.1162 0.19 0.16 0.5588

4PUA523 113.8374 0.7 0.01 3.3333 2.0346 1 1.2 4.7619 0.0405 0.61 0.215 2.9048 0.7298 0.1 0.25 0.4762

4PUA524 11.8766 0.32 0.39 0.9412 0.3576 1.9 0.3 5.5882 0.8669 0.07 0.755 0.2059 1.9691 0.04 0.31 0.1176

39.7442 0.71 0.325 1.2988 0.5925 2.2 0.3 4.7214 0.6691 0.825 0.5 2.1750 0.8306 0.35 0.205 0.7633

332.3176 2.4838 6.0596 3.8361

173.3409 0.1137 3.3831 0.5139
712
 ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS
Tl/Al - median Zn Zn-median Zn/Al Zn/Al - median W W-median W/Al W/Al - median Ba Ba-median Ba/Al Ba/Al - median In In-median In/Al In/Al - median
Sample N° ppm ppm ppm ppm

3PUA586 0.1617 4 2 5.0000 0.1190 0.6 0.1 0.7500 0.3378 20 0 25.0000 17.1099 0.007 0.0005 0.0088 0.0089

3PUA587 0.0967 113 111 235.4167 230.5357 0.1 0.4 0.2083 0.8795 20 0 41.6667 0.4433 0.01 0.0035 0.0208 0.0032

3PUA588 0.0967 1 1 2.0000 2.8810 0.6 0.1 1.2000 0.1122 20 0 40.0000 2.1099 0.0025 0.004 0.0050 0.0126

3PUA589 0.1635 1 1 2.4390 2.4419 0.4 0.1 0.9756 0.1122 10 10 24.3902 17.7197 0.006 0.0005 0.0146 0.0030

3PUA590 0.7260 1 1 2.1277 2.7533 0.4 0.1 0.8511 0.2367 20 0 42.5532 0.4433 0.006 0.0005 0.0128 0.0048

4PUA522 0.2045 5 3 14.7059 9.8249 0.7 0.2 2.0588 0.9710 40 20 117.6471 75.5371 0.007 0.0005 0.0206 0.0030

4PUA523 0.2871 1 1 4.7619 0.1190 0.4 0.1 1.9048 0.8170 50 30 238.0952 195.9853 0.006 0.0005 0.0286 0.0110

4PUA524 0.6457 3 1 8.8235 3.9426 0.8 0.3 2.3529 1.2651 60 40 176.4706 134.3607 0.007 0.0005 0.0206 0.0030

0.1840 2 1 4.8810 2.8171 0.5 0.1 1.0878 0.5774 20 5 42.1099 17.4148 0.0065 0.0005 0.0176 0.0040

1.1313 10.5152 2.2426 76.9395 0.0257

0.3953 -0.7533 -0.0670 7.2803 0.0095
713
Appendix C9: Trace element threshold for the host rocks at Uchucchacua
– calculation worksheet

714
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9327 MAD Threshold Ag9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba9304 MAD Threshold Bi
Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al
Sample N° Altitude Locality Distance Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* % ppm MAD(As/Al)* ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* ppm MAD(Bi/Al)*
(m) from the Al Al Al Al
vein (m)
2PUE271 4940 4940m 0 Gray limestones 0.16 0.2448 0.0857 0.35 70 19.1138 6.6898 20.5 76.9395 26.9288 0.03 0.0564 0.0197

2PUE272 4940 4940m 2 Gray limestones 0.46 0.2448 0.1640 0.67 150 19.1138 12.8062 45.5 76.9395 51.5495 0.02 0.0564 0.0378

2PUE273 4940 4940m 4 Gray limestones 0.36 0.2448 0.1542 0.63 135 19.1138 12.0417 34.5 76.9395 48.4719 0.03 0.0564 0.0355

2PUE274 4940 4940m 6 Gray limestones 0.5 0.2448 0.2717 1.11 405 19.1138 21.2163 84.5 76.9395 85.4029 0.04 0.0564 0.0626

2PUE275 4940 4940m 8 Gray limestones 1.88 0.2448 0.3819 1.56 495 19.1138 29.8175 247.5 76.9395 120.0257 0.05 0.0564 0.0879

2PUE276 4940 4940m 10 Gray limestones 23 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 1290 19.1138 20.6429 142 76.9395 83.0947 0.05 0.0564 0.0609

2PUE277 4940 4940m 12 Gray limestones 0.26 0.2448 0.3378 1.38 395 19.1138 26.3770 148.5 76.9395 106.1766 0.06 0.0564 0.0778

2PUE278 4940 4940m 14 Gray limestones 0.5 0.2448 0.3966 1.62 505 19.1138 30.9643 241.5 76.9395 124.6421 0.06 0.0564 0.0913

2PUE279 4940 4940m 16 Gray limestones 1.62 0.2448 0.2717 1.11 450 19.1138 21.2163 136.5 76.9395 85.4029 0.06 0.0564 0.0626

2PUE280 4940 4940m 18 Gray limestones 0.26 0.2448 0.2277 0.93 235 19.1138 17.7758 82 76.9395 71.5538 0.04 0.0564 0.0524

2PUE292 4725 4725m 1 Gray limestones 28.6 0.2448 0.2914 0.84 260 19.1138 16.0556 131.5 76.9395 64.6292 0.12 0.0564 0.0473
2PUE293 4725 4725m 3 Gray limestones 1.26 0.2448 0.2267 1.08 150 19.1138 20.6429 52 76.9395 83.0947 0.09 0.0564 0.0609
2PUE294 4725 4725m 5 Gray limestones 1.02 0.2448 0.2448 1 240 19.1138 19.1138 141 76.9395 76.9395 0.13 0.0564 0.0564
2PUE295 4725 4725m 7 Gray limestones 0.76 0.2448 0.2751 0.89 195 19.1138 17.0112 82.5 76.9395 68.4762 0.07 0.0564 0.0502
2PUE296 4725 4725m 14 Gray limestones 3.58 0.2448 0.5971 0.41 500 19.1138 7.8366 28 76.9395 31.5452 0.04 0.0564 0.0231
2PUE297 4725 4725m 16 Gray limestones 32.6 0.2448 0.6617 0.37 500 19.1138 7.0721 29 76.9395 28.4676 0.05 0.0564 0.0209
2PUE315 4450 Est s/n, gal 2 Gray limestones 150 0.2448 0.5440 0.45 4390 19.1138 8.6012 34 76.9395 34.6228 0.09 0.0564 0.0254
754W, 4450 m
level
2PUE314 4450 Est s/n, gal 8 Gray limestones 8.1 0.2448 0.9416 0.26 280 19.1138 4.9696 37.5 76.9395 20.0043 0.05 0.0564 0.0147
754W, 4450 m
level

2PUE307 4450 Est s/n, gal 10 Gray limestones 0.74 0.2448 1.6321 0.15 90 19.1138 2.8671 21.5 76.9395 11.5409 0.005 0.0564 0.0085
754W, 4450 m
level

2PUE313 4450 Est s/n, gal 10 Gray limestones 4.68 0.2448 1.0644 0.23 230 19.1138 4.3962 26.5 76.9395 17.6961 0.03 0.0564 0.0130
754W, 4450 m
level
2PUE308 4450 Est s/n, gal 11 Gray limestones 1.08 0.2448 1.1658 0.21 115 19.1138 4.0139 28.5 76.9395 16.1573 0.005 0.0564 0.0118
754W, 4450 m
level
2PUE312 4450 Est s/n, gal 12 Gray limestones 7.72 0.2448 0.2498 0.98 360 19.1138 18.7315 102 76.9395 75.4008 0.04 0.0564 0.0552
754W, 4450 m
715

level
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9327 MAD Threshold Ag9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba9304 MAD Threshold Bi
Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al
Sample N° Altitude Locality Distance Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* % ppm MAD(As/Al)* ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* ppm MAD(Bi/Al)*
(m) from the Al Al Al Al
vein (m)
2PUE310 4450 Est s/n, gal 14 Gray limestones 0.58 0.2448 1.0644 0.23 175 19.1138 4.3962 24 76.9395 17.6961 0.02 0.0564 0.0130
754W, 4450 m
level
2PUE311 4450 Est s/n, gal 14 Gray limestones 0.66 0.2448 0.7200 0.34 140 19.1138 6.4987 42 76.9395 26.1594 0.03 0.0564 0.0192
754W, 4450 m
level
3PUA500 4300 Xc 130N, Level 141 Gray limestones 0.15 0.2448 0.1616 0.66 143 19.1138 12.6151 30 76.9395 50.7801 0.04 0.0564 0.0372
300

3PUA501 4300 Xc 130N, Level 136 Gray limestones 0.14 0.2448 0.1249 0.51 136 19.1138 9.7480 10 76.9395 39.2392 0.03 0.0564 0.0287
300

3PUA502 4300 Xc 130N, Level 131 Gray limestones 0.08 0.2448 0.1249 0.51 8 19.1138 9.7480 30 76.9395 39.2392 0.03 0.0564 0.0287
300

3PUA503 4300 Xc 130N, Level 126 Gray limestones 0.07 0.2448 0.0930 0.38 29 19.1138 7.2632 120 76.9395 29.2370 0.03 0.0564 0.0214
300

3PUA504 4300 Xc 130N, Level 121 Gray limestones 0.04 0.2448 0.1395 0.57 11 19.1138 10.8948 70 76.9395 43.8555 0.03 0.0564 0.0321
300

3PUA505 4300 Xc 130N, Level 116 Gray limestones 0.01 0.2448 0.0539 0.22 8 19.1138 4.2050 10 76.9395 16.9267 0.02 0.0564 0.0124
300

3PUA506 4300 Xc 130N, Level 111 Gray limestones 0.31 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 7 19.1138 20.6429 20 76.9395 83.0947 0.05 0.0564 0.0609
300
3PUA507 4300 Xc 130N, Level 106 Gray limestones 0.78 0.2448 0.3036 1.24 30 19.1138 23.7011 130 76.9395 95.4050 0.04 0.0564 0.0699
300
3PUA508 4300 Xc 130N, Level 101 Gray limestones 0.65 0.2448 0.1273 0.52 21 19.1138 9.9392 20 76.9395 40.0086 0.03 0.0564 0.0293
300

3PUA509 4300 Xc 130N, Level 96 Gray limestones 3.3 0.2448 0.3378 1.38 86 19.1138 26.3770 220 76.9395 106.1766 0.03 0.0564 0.0778
300

3PUA510 4300 Xc 130N, Level 91 Gray limestones 59.5 0.2448 0.1689 0.69 235 19.1138 13.1885 20 76.9395 53.0883 0.03 0.0564 0.0389
300
3PUA513 4300 Xc 130N, Level 86 Strong fractured gray 14.35 0.2448 0.1346 0.55 188 19.1138 10.5126 20 76.9395 42.3167 0.03 0.0564 0.0310
300 limestones

3PUA514 4300 Xc 130N, Level 81 Strong fractured, 28.1 0.2448 0.0392 0.16 79 19.1138 3.0582 10 76.9395 12.3103 0.01 0.0564 0.0090
300 pyritized gray limestones
716
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9327 MAD Threshold Ag9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba9304 MAD Threshold Bi
Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al
Sample N° Altitude Locality Distance Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* % ppm MAD(As/Al)* ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* ppm MAD(Bi/Al)*
(m) from the Al Al Al Al
vein (m)
3PUA515 4300 Xc 130N, Level 76 Moderate fractured gray 68.4 0.2448 0.1444 0.59 125 19.1138 11.2771 30 76.9395 45.3943 0.03 0.0564 0.0333
300 limestones

3PUA516 4300 Xc 130N, Level 70 Weak bleached gray 36.8 0.2448 0.2840 1.16 293 19.1138 22.1720 100 76.9395 89.2499 0.04 0.0564 0.0654
300 limestones

3PUA517 4300 Xc 130N, Level 66 Brecciated, fossiliferous 14.5 0.2448 0.0979 0.4 455 19.1138 7.6455 40 76.9395 30.7758 0.03 0.0564 0.0225
300 gray limestones

3PUA518 4300 Xc 130N, Level 61 Ore body 150 0.2448 0.0612 0.25 4740 19.1138 4.7784 190 76.9395 19.2349 0.02 0.0564 0.0141
300

3PUA519 4300 Xc 130N, Level 56 Ore body 15.15 0.2448 0.0318 0.13 300 19.1138 2.4848 20 76.9395 10.0021 0.02 0.0564 0.0073
300

3PUA520 4300 Xc 130N, Level 51 Margin of the orebody 5.65 0.2448 0.1151 0.47 44 19.1138 8.9835 50 76.9395 36.1616 0.02 0.0564 0.0265
300

3PUA521 4300 Xc 130N, Level 46 Gray limestones 3.48 0.2448 0.1175 0.48 58 19.1138 9.1746 40 76.9395 36.9310 0.03 0.0564 0.0271
300

3PUA522 4300 Xc 130N, Level 41 Weak to moderately 2.62 0.2448 0.1395 0.57 69 19.1138 10.8948 40 76.9395 43.8555 0.05 0.0564 0.0321
300 silicified gray to tan
limestones
3PUA523 4300 Xc 130N, Level 36 Brecciated gray 0.66 0.2448 0.1714 0.7 53 19.1138 13.3796 50 76.9395 53.8577 0.03 0.0564 0.0395
300 limestones

3PUA524 4300 Xc 130N, Level 31 Mod sil and st frac gray 7.79 0.2448 0.1861 0.76 63 19.1138 14.5265 60 76.9395 58.4741 0.04 0.0564 0.0428
300 limestones

3PUA525 4300 Xc 130N, Level 26 Mod sil and st frac gray 2.22 0.2448 0.2032 0.83 66 19.1138 15.8644 90 76.9395 63.8598 0.03 0.0564 0.0468
300 limestones

3PUA526 4300 Xc 130N, Level 21 Mod sil gray to tan 1.7 0.2448 0.2938 1.2 458 19.1138 22.9365 100 76.9395 92.3275 0.07 0.0564 0.0676
300 limestones

3PUA527 4300 Xc 130N, Level 16 Mod sil, light gray 0.82 0.2448 0.3232 1.32 436 19.1138 25.2302 70 76.9395 101.5602 0.17 0.0564 0.0744
300 limestones
717
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9327 MAD Threshold Ag9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba9304 MAD Threshold Bi
Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al
Sample N° Altitude Locality Distance Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* % ppm MAD(As/Al)* ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* ppm MAD(Bi/Al)*
(m) from the Al Al Al Al
vein (m)
3PUA528 4300 Xc 130N, Level 11 Mod sil grayish brown, 0.52 0.2448 0.1371 0.56 189 19.1138 10.7037 30 76.9395 43.0861 0.04 0.0564 0.0316
300 fgr limestones

3PUA529 4300 Xc 130N, Level 6 Weak sil and 2 0.2448 0.1665 0.68 369 19.1138 12.9974 50 76.9395 52.3189 0.03 0.0564 0.0383
300 fossiliferous gray
limestones
3PUA530 4300 Xc 130N, Level 1 Strong fractured, gray 1.11 0.2448 0.1493 0.61 260 19.1138 11.6594 60 76.9395 46.9331 0.02 0.0564 0.0344
300 limestones

3PUA531 4300 Xc 130N, Level -1 Mod sil, brownish gray 2.64 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 263 19.1138 20.6429 110 76.9395 83.0947 0.04 0.0564 0.0609
300 limestones

3PUA532 4300 Xc 130N, Level -6 Mod sil, brownish gray 5.37 0.2448 0.2228 0.91 393 19.1138 17.3935 80 76.9395 70.0150 0.04 0.0564 0.0513
300 limestones w/ trz diss py.

3PUA533 4300 Xc 130N, Level -11 Mod sil, fgr, gray 2.09 0.2448 0.2228 0.91 329 19.1138 17.3935 70 76.9395 70.0150 0.04 0.0564 0.0513
300 limestones

3PUA534 4300 Xc 130N, Level -16 Mod sil, fgr, gray 0.73 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 86 19.1138 20.6429 90 76.9395 83.0947 0.05 0.0564 0.0609
300 limestones

3PUA535 4300 Xc 130N, Level -21 Weak sil, mod fract, 0.8 0.2448 0.2644 1.08 603 19.1138 20.6429 70 76.9395 83.0947 0.05 0.0564 0.0609
300 grayish brown limestones

3PUA536 4300 Xc 130N, Level -26 Mod sil, grayish brown 0.64 0.2448 0.2301 0.94 99 19.1138 17.9669 50 76.9395 72.3232 0.04 0.0564 0.0530
300 limestones

3PUA537 4300 Xc 130N, Level -31 Mod sil, grayish brown 3.93 0.2448 0.2546 1.04 196 19.1138 19.8783 90 76.9395 80.0171 0.05 0.0564 0.0586
300 limestones

3PUA545 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 0 Grayish brown, rxl 4.21 0.2448 0.1151 0.47 245 19.1138 8.9835 110 76.9395 36.1616 0.02 0.0564 0.0265
360 limestones

3PUA548- 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 4 Gray limestones 1.97 0.2448 0.1249 0.51 35 19.1138 9.7480 10 76.9395 39.2392 0.005 0.0564 0.0287
LMS 360
718
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9327 MAD Threshold Ag9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba9304 MAD Threshold Bi
Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al
Sample N° Altitude Locality Distance Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* % ppm MAD(As/Al)* ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* ppm MAD(Bi/Al)*
(m) from the Al Al Al Al
vein (m)
3PUA546 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 5 Brown, rxl limestones 1.22 0.2448 0.1885 0.77 29 19.1138 14.7176 50 76.9395 59.2434 0.03 0.0564 0.0434
360

3PUA547 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 9 Weak to mod sil. brown, 0.97 0.2448 0.1298 0.53 20 19.1138 10.1303 10 76.9395 40.7780 0.02 0.0564 0.0299
360 rxl limestones

3PUA549 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 13 Brecciated grayish 5.32 0.2448 0.3819 1.56 29 19.1138 29.8175 100 76.9395 120.0257 0.03 0.0564 0.0879
360 brown limestones

3PUA550 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 19 Grayish brown, rxl 2.37 0.2448 0.1200 0.49 83 19.1138 9.3657 20 76.9395 37.7004 0.02 0.0564 0.0276
360 limestones
3PUA551 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 24 Mod sil and rxl, gray, fgr 0.69 0.2448 0.0490 0.2 17 19.1138 3.8228 20 76.9395 15.3879 0.01 0.0564 0.0113
360 limestones

3PUA552 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 29 Mod sil gray limestones 3.07 0.2448 0.1322 0.54 56 19.1138 10.3214 70 76.9395 41.5474 0.02 0.0564 0.0304
360

3PUA553 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 33 Mod sil brown 2 0.2448 0.1469 0.6 22 19.1138 11.4683 30 76.9395 46.1637 0.02 0.0564 0.0338
360 limestones

3PUA548- 4360 Xc 916NE, Level 4 Brown hornfels 3.14 0.2448 0.1395 0.57 62 19.1138 10.8948 10 76.9395 43.8555 0.01 0.0564 0.0321
BH 360

3PUA559 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 4 Mod frac dark gray 0.14 0.2448 0.0808 0.33 43 19.1138 6.3075 20 76.9395 25.3900 0.01 0.0564 0.0186
180 limestones

3PUA560 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 9 Strongly frac, dark gray 0.39 0.2448 0.0832 0.34 33 19.1138 6.4987 20 76.9395 26.1594 0.01 0.0564 0.0192
180 limestones
3PUA561 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 14 Mod frac gray limestones 1.96 0.2448 0.4039 1.65 479 19.1138 31.5377 200 76.9395 126.9502 0.04 0.0564 0.0930
180

3PUA562 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 19 Mod frac, brownish gray 1.28 0.2448 0.3378 1.38 44 19.1138 26.3770 120 76.9395 106.1766 0.04 0.0564 0.0778
180 limestones

3PUA563 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 24 Mod frac, brownish gray 0.82 0.2448 0.3770 1.54 100 19.1138 29.4352 190 76.9395 118.4869 0.03 0.0564 0.0868
180 limestones

3PUA564 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 29 Grayish brown, rxl 1.44 0.2448 0.4456 1.82 126 19.1138 34.7870 130 76.9395 140.0300 0.05 0.0564 0.1026
180 limestones
719

3PUA565 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 34 Mod frac, gray 0.26 0.2448 0.1420 0.58 74 19.1138 11.0860 30 76.9395 44.6249 0.01 0.0564 0.0327
180 limestones
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9327 MAD Threshold Ag9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba9304 MAD Threshold Bi
Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al
Sample N° Altitude Locality Distance Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* % ppm MAD(As/Al)* ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* ppm MAD(Bi/Al)*
(m) from the Al Al Al Al
vein (m)
3PUA570 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 39 Strong frac, rusty, dark 1.22 0.2448 0.0832 0.34 31 19.1138 6.4987 10 76.9395 26.1594 0.04 0.0564 0.0192
180 gray limestones

3PUA571 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 44 Strong frac, gray 1.54 0.2448 0.0563 0.23 38 19.1138 4.3962 10 76.9395 17.6961 0.01 0.0564 0.0130
180 limestones

3PUA572 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 49 Strong frac, gray 0.17 0.2448 0.0661 0.27 11 19.1138 5.1607 10 76.9395 20.7737 0.01 0.0564 0.0152
180 limestones

3PUA573 4180 Xc 710SE, Level 54 Strong frac, dark gray 0.28 0.2448 0.0857 0.35 17 19.1138 6.6898 10 76.9395 26.9288 0.02 0.0564 0.0197
180 limestones
4PUA562 4180 Xc 710NW - 180 60 Brownish gray, fgr, mod 0.02 0.2448 0.0416 0.17 2.5 19.1138 3.2493 5 76.9395 13.0797 0.01 0.0564 0.0096
level rxl, st frac'd limestones

4PUA564 4180 Xc 710NW - 180 70 St frac'd, brownish gray, 0.45 0.2448 0.0367 0.15 45 19.1138 2.8671 10 76.9395 11.5409 0.01 0.0564 0.0085
level f-mgr, mod rxl
limestones

3PUA715 4360 1.32 - 1.43 3.5 Dark gray, mgr 0.68 0.2448 0.1298 0.53 305 19.1138 10.1303 30 76.9395 40.7780 0.06 0.0564 0.0299
limestones

3PUA717 4360 11.16 - 11.25 13 Dark gray bituminous 0.2 0.2448 0.0759 0.31 89 19.1138 5.9253 10 76.9395 23.8513 0.05 0.0564 0.0175
limestones

3PUA719 4360 17.20 - 17.38 19 Dark gray bituminous 0.11 0.2448 0.2326 0.95 120 19.1138 18.1581 30 76.9395 73.0926 0.07 0.0564 0.0535
limestones

3PUA722 4360 26.20 - 26.28 28 Dark gray bituminous 0.53 0.2448 0.1518 0.62 45 19.1138 11.8505 40 76.9395 47.7025 0.03 0.0564 0.0349
limestones

3PUA728 4360 38.39 - 38.55 40 Dark gray bituminous 0.04 0.2448 0.1885 0.77 20 19.1138 14.7176 30 76.9395 59.2434 0.03 0.0564 0.0434
limestones
720
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9327 MAD Threshold Ag9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba9304 MAD Threshold Bi
Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al
Sample N° Altitude Locality Distance Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* % ppm MAD(As/Al)* ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* ppm MAD(Bi/Al)*
(m) from the Al Al Al Al
vein (m)
3PUA732 4360 49.75 - 49.81 51.5 Dark gray bituminous 1.34 0.2448 0.1395 0.57 143 19.1138 10.8948 30 76.9395 43.8555 0.02 0.0564 0.0321
limestones

3PUA734 4360 56.0 - 56.25 58 Dark gray, bituminous, 0.005 0.2448 0.0098 0.04 8 19.1138 0.7646 10 76.9395 3.0776 0.005 0.0564 0.0023
mgr limestones

3PUA735 4360 59.09 - 59.25 60.5 Dark gray, bituminous 0.02 0.2448 0.0955 0.39 10 19.1138 7.4544 20 76.9395 30.0064 0.02 0.0564 0.0220
limestones

3PUA738 4360 68.26 - 68.46 70 Dark gray, bituminous 0.02 0.2448 0.1983 0.81 9 19.1138 15.4821 40 76.9395 62.3210 0.04 0.0564 0.0457
limestones

4PUA532 4360 75.10-75.25m 78 Fgr, brownish gray, mod 0.005 0.2448 0.1420 0.58 9 19.1138 11.0860 20 76.9395 44.6249 0.02 0.0564 0.0327
sil lms w/ local mm ca
vlts.
4PUA534 4360 84.30-84.50m 86 Strong frac'd, gray 0.29 0.2448 0.2448 1 23 19.1138 19.1138 80 76.9395 76.9395 0.03 0.0564 0.0564
bituminous limestones

4PUA536 4360 95.45-95.60m 98 Brownish gray, mgr, 0.12 0.2448 0.2032 0.83 23 19.1138 15.8644 50 76.9395 63.8598 0.03 0.0564 0.0468
mod rxl, wk sil
limestones

4PUA517 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 50 St frac'd, rxl, mgr lms. 0.14 0.2448 0.0367 0.15 9 19.1138 2.8671 10 76.9395 11.5409 0.02 0.0564 0.0085
120 level

4PUA513A 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 10 St. frac'd and bxd, brown 0.53 0.2448 0.0832 0.34 17 19.1138 6.4987 20 76.9395 26.1594 0.03 0.0564 0.0192
120 level gray, f-mgr, mod rxl,
weak silicified lms.

4PUA516A 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 40 Gray, mgr, rxl lms. 0.62 0.2448 0.2375 0.97 8 19.1138 18.5403 30 76.9395 74.6314 0.04 0.0564 0.0547
120 level

4PUA518 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 60 St frac'd, brownish gray, 0.71 0.2448 0.0930 0.38 73 19.1138 7.2632 20 76.9395 29.2370 0.02 0.0564 0.0214
120 level f-mgr, rxl lms.

4PUA515 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 30 Mod frac'd, rxl, mgr 1.01 0.2448 0.1665 0.68 20 19.1138 12.9974 80 76.9395 52.3189 0.06 0.0564 0.0383
120 level brownish gray, wk sil lms
721
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9327 MAD Threshold Ag9301 9346 MAD Threshold As 9302 MAD Threshold Ba9304 MAD Threshold Bi
Ag Ag/Al Al As As/Al Ba Ba/Al Bi Bi/Al
Sample N° Altitude Locality Distance Lithology ppm MAD(Ag/Al)* % ppm MAD(As/Al)* ppm MAD(Ba/Al)* ppm MAD(Bi/Al)*
(m) from the Al Al Al Al
vein (m)
4PUA514 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 20 Mod frac'd, brownish 1.98 0.2448 0.2203 0.9 89 19.1138 17.2024 60 76.9395 69.2456 0.08 0.0564 0.0507
120 level gray, f-mgr, mod rxl lms.

4PUA519 4120 Xc 940-I-NE, 70 Brownish gray, fgr, mod 5 0.2448 0.2032 0.83 78 19.1138 15.8644 90 76.9395 63.8598 0.04 0.0564 0.0468
120 level sil and rxl limestones

4PUA513B 4120 10 marble 0.76 0.2448 0.1885 0.77 41 19.1138 14.7176 10 76.9395 59.2434 0.03 0.0564 0.0434
4PUA516B 4120 40 marble 0.15 0.2448 0.2007 0.82 2.5 19.1138 15.6733 20 76.9395 63.0904 0.02 0.0564 0.0462

4PUA568 4450 Xc s/n - 450 level 5 St frac'd, mod sil, fgr, 0.61 0.2448 0.1273 0.52 21 19.1138 9.9392 20 76.9395 40.0086 0.02 0.0564 0.0293
brownish gray limestones

4PUA569 4450 Xc s/n - 450 level 14 Mod frac'd, and sil, fgr, 0.02 0.2448 0.1298 0.53 2.5 19.1138 10.1303 30 76.9395 40.7780 0.02 0.0564 0.0299
brown marly limestones

4PUA572 4450 10.19-10.35m 24 Brown gray, wk-mod sil 0.03 0.2448 0.1812 0.74 10 19.1138 14.1442 70 76.9395 56.9353 0.03 0.0564 0.0417
limestones

4PUA575 4450 24.98-25.16m 36 Gray, fgr limestones 0.08 0.2448 0.2987 1.22 17 19.1138 23.3188 190 76.9395 93.8662 0.05 0.0564 0.0688

4PUA578 4450 35.04-35.15m 44 Dark gray limestone with 0.02 0.2448 0.0808 0.33 10 19.1138 6.3075 20 76.9395 25.3900 0.01 0.0564 0.0186
fine argillic fracture
fillings.

4PUA582 4450 49.98-50.16m 57 Brecciatted lms with 0.37 0.2448 0.2375 0.97 37 19.1138 18.5403 40 76.9395 74.6314 0.03 0.0564 0.0547
30% calcite filling
fractures, 40° TCA
4PUA585 4450 65.25-65.40m 70 Strong fractured gray 0.06 0.2448 0.0930 0.38 144 19.1138 7.2632 10 76.9395 29.2370 0.01 0.0564 0.0214
limestones with trz diss
py
722
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9305 MAD Threshold Cd9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg9348 MAD Threshold In9320 MAD Threshold Mn9321 MAD Threshold Mo
Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* ppm MAD(In/Al)* ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* ppm MAD(Mo/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

2PUE271 0.22 0.1062 0.0372 2.4 8.0321 2.8112 90 28.7519 10.0632 0.0025 0.0257 0.0090 955 332.3176 116.3112 1.1 2.4838 0.8693

2PUE272 0.38 0.1062 0.0711 2.8 8.0321 5.3815 410 28.7519 19.2638 0.005 0.0257 0.0172 2140 332.3176 222.6528 1.35 2.4838 1.6642

2PUE273 0.3 0.1062 0.0669 2.6 8.0321 5.0602 50 28.7519 18.1137 0.0025 0.0257 0.0162 1805 332.3176 209.3601 1.45 2.4838 1.5648

2PUE274 0.2 0.1062 0.1179 7.4 8.0321 8.9156 20 28.7519 31.9147 0.0025 0.0257 0.0285 1770 332.3176 368.8725 1.95 2.4838 2.7571

2PUE275 0.2 0.1062 0.1656 5 8.0321 12.5301 30 28.7519 44.8530 0.005 0.0257 0.0401 15000 332.3176 518.4154 6 2.4838 3.8748

2PUE276 1.32 0.1062 0.1147 26 8.0321 8.6747 130 28.7519 31.0521 0.005 0.0257 0.0277 15000 332.3176 358.9030 5.4 2.4838 2.6825

2PUE277 0.14 0.1062 0.1465 6.2 8.0321 11.0843 30 28.7519 39.6777 0.005 0.0257 0.0354 1510 332.3176 458.5983 1.8 2.4838 3.4277

2PUE278 0.3 0.1062 0.1720 4.6 8.0321 13.0120 60 28.7519 46.5782 0.005 0.0257 0.0416 2310 332.3176 538.3545 2.45 2.4838 4.0238

2PUE279 0.54 0.1062 0.1179 7.4 8.0321 8.9156 650 28.7519 31.9147 0.005 0.0257 0.0285 2580 332.3176 368.8725 1.35 2.4838 2.7571

2PUE280 0.2 0.1062 0.0988 3.6 8.0321 7.4699 30 28.7519 26.7393 0.005 0.0257 0.0239 695 332.3176 309.0554 1.15 2.4838 2.3100

2PUE292 8.02 0.1062 0.0892 4.4 8.0321 6.7470 160 28.7519 24.1516 0.005 0.0257 0.0216 5910 332.3176 279.1468 3.75 2.4838 2.0864
2PUE293 0.12 0.1062 0.1147 5.6 8.0321 8.6747 10 28.7519 31.0521 0.01 0.0257 0.0277 2960 332.3176 358.9030 3.45 2.4838 2.6825
2PUE294 0.22 0.1062 0.1062 6 8.0321 8.0321 5 28.7519 28.7519 0.015 0.0257 0.0257 1780 332.3176 332.3176 1.45 2.4838 2.4838
2PUE295 0.08 0.1062 0.0945 4 8.0321 7.1486 10 28.7519 25.5892 0.005 0.0257 0.0229 1305 332.3176 295.7627 2.7 2.4838 2.2106
2PUE296 1.92 0.1062 0.0435 5.2 8.0321 3.2932 10 28.7519 11.7883 0.005 0.0257 0.0105 15000 332.3176 136.2502 2.8 2.4838 1.0184
2PUE297 3.84 0.1062 0.0393 8 8.0321 2.9719 30 28.7519 10.6382 0.01 0.0257 0.0095 15000 332.3176 122.9575 3.15 2.4838 0.9190
2PUE315 23.1 0.1062 0.0478 83.8 8.0321 3.6144 1120 28.7519 12.9384 0.01 0.0257 0.0116 15000 332.3176 149.5429 11.6 2.4838 1.1177

2PUE314 0.82 0.1062 0.0276 8.4 8.0321 2.0883 30 28.7519 7.4755 0.0025 0.0257 0.0067 15000 332.3176 86.4026 2.05 2.4838 0.6458

2PUE307 1.96 0.1062 0.0159 2.4 8.0321 1.2048 5 28.7519 4.3128 0.0025 0.0257 0.0039 4820 332.3176 49.8476 0.95 2.4838 0.3726

2PUE313 1.7 0.1062 0.0244 6 8.0321 1.8474 20 28.7519 6.6129 0.0025 0.0257 0.0059 9830 332.3176 76.4330 1.15 2.4838 0.5713

2PUE308 1.52 0.1062 0.0223 2.8 8.0321 1.6867 5 28.7519 6.0379 0.0025 0.0257 0.0054 2320 332.3176 69.7867 1.3 2.4838 0.5216

2PUE312 0.38 0.1062 0.1041 13.8 8.0321 7.8715 160 28.7519 28.1769 0.0025 0.0257 0.0252 15000 332.3176 325.6712 7.1 2.4838 2.4342
723
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9305 MAD Threshold Cd9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg9348 MAD Threshold In9320 MAD Threshold Mn9321 MAD Threshold Mo
Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* ppm MAD(In/Al)* ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* ppm MAD(Mo/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

2PUE310 0.04 0.1062 0.0244 3.4 8.0321 1.8474 10 28.7519 6.6129 0.0025 0.0257 0.0059 2730 332.3176 76.4330 2.1 2.4838 0.5713

2PUE311 0.22 0.1062 0.0361 4.8 8.0321 2.7309 5 28.7519 9.7757 0.0025 0.0257 0.0087 4080 332.3176 112.9880 1.35 2.4838 0.8445

3PUA500 0.05 0.1062 0.0701 5 8.0321 5.3012 10 28.7519 18.9763 0.013 0.0257 0.0169 2170 332.3176 219.3296 1 2.4838 1.6393

3PUA501 0.04 0.1062 0.0542 3.5 8.0321 4.0964 50 28.7519 14.6635 0.007 0.0257 0.0131 1590 332.3176 169.4820 1.84 2.4838 1.2668

3PUA502 0.04 0.1062 0.0542 3.4 8.0321 4.0964 10 28.7519 14.6635 0.0025 0.0257 0.0131 179 332.3176 169.4820 0.57 2.4838 1.2668

3PUA503 0.02 0.1062 0.0404 3 8.0321 3.0522 10 28.7519 10.9257 0.0025 0.0257 0.0098 482 332.3176 126.2807 2.06 2.4838 0.9439

3PUA504 0.07 0.1062 0.0605 5.6 8.0321 4.5783 10 28.7519 16.3886 0.007 0.0257 0.0146 149 332.3176 189.4210 4.41 2.4838 1.4158

3PUA505 0.03 0.1062 0.0234 2.9 8.0321 1.7671 5 28.7519 6.3254 0.0025 0.0257 0.0056 120 332.3176 73.1099 1.88 2.4838 0.5464

3PUA506 0.06 0.1062 0.1147 3.8 8.0321 8.6747 5 28.7519 31.0521 0.009 0.0257 0.0277 371 332.3176 358.9030 0.27 2.4838 2.6825

3PUA507 0.1 0.1062 0.1317 5.1 8.0321 9.9598 10 28.7519 35.6524 0.007 0.0257 0.0318 1570 332.3176 412.0738 0.75 2.4838 3.0800

3PUA508 0.04 0.1062 0.0552 3.3 8.0321 4.1767 5 28.7519 14.9510 0.005 0.0257 0.0134 538 332.3176 172.8051 0.55 2.4838 1.2916

3PUA509 0.09 0.1062 0.1465 4.7 8.0321 11.0843 10 28.7519 39.6777 0.006 0.0257 0.0354 5180 332.3176 458.5983 5.23 2.4838 3.4277

3PUA510 1.75 0.1062 0.0733 10.7 8.0321 5.5422 90 28.7519 19.8388 0.007 0.0257 0.0177 2900 332.3176 229.2991 5.02 2.4838 1.7139

3PUA513 0.92 0.1062 0.0584 8.8 8.0321 4.4177 190 28.7519 15.8136 0.005 0.0257 0.0141 1965 332.3176 182.7747 1.06 2.4838 1.3661

3PUA514 2.97 0.1062 0.0170 24.7 8.0321 1.2851 20 28.7519 4.6003 0.0025 0.0257 0.0041 15000 332.3176 53.1708 0.68 2.4838 0.3974
724
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9305 MAD Threshold Cd9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg9348 MAD Threshold In9320 MAD Threshold Mn9321 MAD Threshold Mo
Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* ppm MAD(In/Al)* ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* ppm MAD(Mo/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA515 1 0.1062 0.0626 12.4 8.0321 4.7389 100 28.7519 16.9636 0.007 0.0257 0.0152 5870 332.3176 196.0674 0.77 2.4838 1.4655

3PUA516 0.47 0.1062 0.1232 4.3 8.0321 9.3172 20 28.7519 33.3523 0.008 0.0257 0.0298 15000 332.3176 385.4884 1.08 2.4838 2.8813

3PUA517 0.9 0.1062 0.0425 4.7 8.0321 3.2128 90 28.7519 11.5008 0.007 0.0257 0.0103 15000 332.3176 132.9270 0.85 2.4838 0.9935

3PUA518 34.3 0.1062 0.0265 88.1 8.0321 2.0080 330 28.7519 7.1880 0.019 0.0257 0.0064 15000 332.3176 83.0794 0.92 2.4838 0.6210

3PUA519 0.96 0.1062 0.0138 47.6 8.0321 1.0442 10 28.7519 3.7378 0.005 0.0257 0.0033 15000 332.3176 43.2013 0.31 2.4838 0.3229

3PUA520 0.16 0.1062 0.0499 3.9 8.0321 3.7751 10 28.7519 13.5134 0.0025 0.0257 0.0121 3790 332.3176 156.1893 2.62 2.4838 1.1674

3PUA521 0.18 0.1062 0.0510 3.7 8.0321 3.8554 10 28.7519 13.8009 0.005 0.0257 0.0123 1935 332.3176 159.5124 0.56 2.4838 1.1922

3PUA522 0.16 0.1062 0.0605 5 8.0321 4.5783 10 28.7519 16.3886 0.007 0.0257 0.0146 3580 332.3176 189.4210 0.42 2.4838 1.4158

3PUA523 0.05 0.1062 0.0743 2.4 8.0321 5.6225 10 28.7519 20.1264 0.006 0.0257 0.0180 1310 332.3176 232.6223 0.49 2.4838 1.7387

3PUA524 0.79 0.1062 0.0807 3.9 8.0321 6.1044 40 28.7519 21.8515 0.007 0.0257 0.0195 3320 332.3176 252.5614 0.64 2.4838 1.8877

3PUA525 0.33 0.1062 0.0881 3.3 8.0321 6.6666 20 28.7519 23.8641 0.006 0.0257 0.0213 4300 332.3176 275.8236 0.42 2.4838 2.0616

3PUA526 0.14 0.1062 0.1274 3.6 8.0321 9.6385 50 28.7519 34.5023 0.012 0.0257 0.0308 6010 332.3176 398.7811 0.57 2.4838 2.9806

3PUA527 0.04 0.1062 0.1402 3.3 8.0321 10.6024 180 28.7519 37.9526 0.012 0.0257 0.0339 7020 332.3176 438.6592 1.12 2.4838 3.2787
725
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9305 MAD Threshold Cd9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg9348 MAD Threshold In9320 MAD Threshold Mn9321 MAD Threshold Mo
Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* ppm MAD(In/Al)* ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* ppm MAD(Mo/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA528 0.04 0.1062 0.0595 2.5 8.0321 4.4980 10 28.7519 16.1011 0.007 0.0257 0.0144 2920 332.3176 186.0979 0.7 2.4838 1.3910

3PUA529 0.15 0.1062 0.0722 3.8 8.0321 5.4618 40 28.7519 19.5513 0.008 0.0257 0.0175 6740 332.3176 225.9760 0.77 2.4838 1.6890

3PUA530 0.14 0.1062 0.0648 6.5 8.0321 4.8996 30 28.7519 17.5387 0.009 0.0257 0.0157 7790 332.3176 202.7137 0.35 2.4838 1.5151

3PUA531 0.1 0.1062 0.1147 3.5 8.0321 8.6747 10 28.7519 31.0521 0.009 0.0257 0.0277 6000 332.3176 358.9030 0.5 2.4838 2.6825

3PUA532 0.58 0.1062 0.0966 3.6 8.0321 7.3092 20 28.7519 26.1643 0.01 0.0257 0.0234 15000 332.3176 302.4090 0.97 2.4838 2.2603

3PUA533 0.08 0.1062 0.0966 3 8.0321 7.3092 10 28.7519 26.1643 0.01 0.0257 0.0234 7150 332.3176 302.4090 0.56 2.4838 2.2603

3PUA534 0.03 0.1062 0.1147 3 8.0321 8.6747 10 28.7519 31.0521 0.008 0.0257 0.0277 1880 332.3176 358.9030 0.48 2.4838 2.6825

3PUA535 0.03 0.1062 0.1147 4.1 8.0321 8.6747 20 28.7519 31.0521 0.012 0.0257 0.0277 4140 332.3176 358.9030 0.53 2.4838 2.6825

3PUA536 0.04 0.1062 0.0998 2.7 8.0321 7.5502 10 28.7519 27.0268 0.009 0.0257 0.0241 1430 332.3176 312.3785 0.47 2.4838 2.3348

3PUA537 0.23 0.1062 0.1104 4.5 8.0321 8.3534 10 28.7519 29.9020 0.008 0.0257 0.0267 3430 332.3176 345.6103 0.6 2.4838 2.5832

3PUA545 0.6 0.1062 0.0499 4.3 8.0321 3.7751 80 28.7519 13.5134 0.007 0.0257 0.0121 15000 332.3176 156.1893 0.75 2.4838 1.1674

3PUA548- 0.26 0.1062 0.0542 7.7 8.0321 4.0964 28.7519 14.6635 0.005 0.0257 0.0131 2930 332.3176 169.4820 0.16 2.4838 1.2668
LMS
726
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9305 MAD Threshold Cd9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg9348 MAD Threshold In9320 MAD Threshold Mn9321 MAD Threshold Mo
Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* ppm MAD(In/Al)* ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* ppm MAD(Mo/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA546 0.18 0.1062 0.0818 4.4 8.0321 6.1847 10 28.7519 22.1390 0.005 0.0257 0.0198 1775 332.3176 255.8845 0.37 2.4838 1.9126

3PUA547 0.08 0.1062 0.0563 2.7 8.0321 4.2570 10 28.7519 15.2385 0.007 0.0257 0.0136 1480 332.3176 176.1283 0.4 2.4838 1.3164

3PUA549 0.41 0.1062 0.1656 4.6 8.0321 12.5301 30 28.7519 44.8530 0.012 0.0257 0.0401 2980 332.3176 518.4154 0.29 2.4838 3.8748

3PUA550 0.22 0.1062 0.0520 1.9 8.0321 3.9357 30 28.7519 14.0885 0.005 0.0257 0.0126 4480 332.3176 162.8356 2.13 2.4838 1.2171

3PUA551 0.02 0.1062 0.0212 1.9 8.0321 1.6064 5 28.7519 5.7504 0.0025 0.0257 0.0051 1200 332.3176 66.4635 1.14 2.4838 0.4968

3PUA552 0.24 0.1062 0.0573 4 8.0321 4.3373 10 28.7519 15.5261 0.0025 0.0257 0.0139 2070 332.3176 179.4515 1.1 2.4838 1.3413

3PUA553 0.25 0.1062 0.0637 3 8.0321 4.8193 20 28.7519 17.2512 0.005 0.0257 0.0154 1470 332.3176 199.3906 0.13 2.4838 1.4903

3PUA548- 0.48 0.1062 0.0605 4.6 8.0321 4.5783 0.0288 0.0164 0.008 0.0257 0.0146 4030 332.3176 189.4210 0.21 2.4838 1.4158
BH

3PUA559 0.05 0.1062 0.0350 2 8.0321 2.6506 40 28.7519 9.4881 0.0025 0.0257 0.0085 1465 332.3176 109.6648 2.3 2.4838 0.8197

3PUA560 0.13 0.1062 0.0361 2.4 8.0321 2.7309 50 28.7519 9.7757 0.0025 0.0257 0.0087 7610 332.3176 112.9880 1.74 2.4838 0.8445

3PUA561 0.13 0.1062 0.1752 4.3 8.0321 13.2530 40 28.7519 47.4407 0.007 0.0257 0.0424 >10000 332.3176 548.3240 1.18 2.4838 4.0983

3PUA562 0.03 0.1062 0.1465 5.7 8.0321 11.0843 20 28.7519 39.6777 0.0025 0.0257 0.0354 7910 332.3176 458.5983 2.4 2.4838 3.4277

3PUA563 0.18 0.1062 0.1635 3.6 8.0321 12.3694 20 28.7519 44.2780 0.006 0.0257 0.0395 4030 332.3176 511.7691 2.28 2.4838 3.8251

3PUA564 0.03 0.1062 0.1933 8.9 8.0321 14.6184 50 28.7519 52.3285 0.01 0.0257 0.0467 >10000 332.3176 604.8180 3.07 2.4838 4.5206
727

3PUA565 0.03 0.1062 0.0616 3.8 8.0321 4.6586 60 28.7519 16.6761 0.005 0.0257 0.0149 1955 332.3176 192.7442 1.44 2.4838 1.4406
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9305 MAD Threshold Cd9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg9348 MAD Threshold In9320 MAD Threshold Mn9321 MAD Threshold Mo
Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* ppm MAD(In/Al)* ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* ppm MAD(Mo/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA570 0.18 0.1062 0.0361 3.3 8.0321 2.7309 100 28.7519 9.7757 0.0025 0.0257 0.0087 >10000 332.3176 112.9880 0.61 2.4838 0.8445

3PUA571 0.57 0.1062 0.0244 2.9 8.0321 1.8474 70 28.7519 6.6129 0.0025 0.0257 0.0059 5490 332.3176 76.4330 0.76 2.4838 0.5713

3PUA572 0.03 0.1062 0.0287 2.3 8.0321 2.1687 10 28.7519 7.7630 0.0025 0.0257 0.0069 566 332.3176 89.7257 0.82 2.4838 0.6706

3PUA573 0.06 0.1062 0.0372 3.2 8.0321 2.8112 20 28.7519 10.0632 0.01 0.0257 0.0090 972 332.3176 116.3112 1.63 2.4838 0.8693

4PUA562 0.01 0.1062 0.0181 1.8 8.0321 1.3655 5 28.7519 4.8878 0.0025 0.0257 0.0044 110 332.3176 56.4940 1.23 2.4838 0.4223

4PUA564 0.01 0.1062 0.0159 1.8 8.0321 1.2048 5 28.7519 4.3128 0.0025 0.0257 0.0039 4330 332.3176 49.8476 0.53 2.4838 0.3726

3PUA715 0.25 0.1062 0.0563 11.6 8.0321 4.2570 20 28.7519 15.2385 0.012 0.0257 0.0136 8760 332.3176 176.1283 0.88 2.4838 1.3164

3PUA717 0.02 0.1062 0.0329 6.4 8.0321 2.4900 10 28.7519 8.9131 0.008 0.0257 0.0080 1620 332.3176 103.0185 0.34 2.4838 0.7700

3PUA719 0.02 0.1062 0.1009 4.4 8.0321 7.6305 5 28.7519 27.3143 0.013 0.0257 0.0244 1510 332.3176 315.7017 0.46 2.4838 2.3596

3PUA722 0.01 0.1062 0.0658 3.2 8.0321 4.9799 10 28.7519 17.8262 0.006 0.0257 0.0159 2830 332.3176 206.0369 0.99 2.4838 1.5400

3PUA728 0.02 0.1062 0.0818 3.4 8.0321 6.1847 10 28.7519 22.1390 0.006 0.0257 0.0198 595 332.3176 255.8845 1.1 2.4838 1.9126
728
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9305 MAD Threshold Cd9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg9348 MAD Threshold In9320 MAD Threshold Mn9321 MAD Threshold Mo
Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* ppm MAD(In/Al)* ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* ppm MAD(Mo/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA732 0.05 0.1062 0.0605 5.8 8.0321 4.5783 20 28.7519 16.3886 0.0025 0.0257 0.0146 2380 332.3176 189.4210 0.78 2.4838 1.4158

3PUA734 0.01 0.1062 0.0042 6.4 8.0321 0.3213 28.7519 1.1501 0.0025 0.0257 0.0010 4150 332.3176 13.2927 0.11 2.4838 0.0994

3PUA735 0.02 0.1062 0.0414 2.9 8.0321 3.1325 5 28.7519 11.2133 0.0025 0.0257 0.0100 168 332.3176 129.6039 0.97 2.4838 0.9687

3PUA738 0.01 0.1062 0.0860 4 8.0321 6.5060 5 28.7519 23.2891 0.007 0.0257 0.0208 246 332.3176 269.1772 0.34 2.4838 2.0119

4PUA532 0.01 0.1062 0.0616 4.4 8.0321 4.6586 5 28.7519 16.6761 0.007 0.0257 0.0149 80 332.3176 192.7442 0.59 2.4838 1.4406

4PUA534 0.03 0.1062 0.1062 3.9 8.0321 8.0321 10 28.7519 28.7519 0.007 0.0257 0.0257 857 332.3176 332.3176 0.5 2.4838 2.4838

4PUA536 0.01 0.1062 0.0881 4 8.0321 6.6666 5 28.7519 23.8641 0.007 0.0257 0.0213 442 332.3176 275.8236 0.61 2.4838 2.0616

4PUA517 0.03 0.1062 0.0159 1.6 8.0321 1.2048 10 28.7519 4.3128 0.0025 0.0257 0.0039 1385 332.3176 49.8476 <0.05 2.4838 0.3726

4PUA513A 0.03 0.1062 0.0361 3.2 8.0321 2.7309 10 28.7519 9.7757 0.0025 0.0257 0.0087 961 332.3176 112.9880 0.17 2.4838 0.8445

4PUA516A 0.22 0.1062 0.1030 5.5 8.0321 7.7911 20 28.7519 27.8894 0.011 0.0257 0.0249 1120 332.3176 322.3481 0.41 2.4838 2.4093

4PUA518 0.02 0.1062 0.0404 2 8.0321 3.0522 5 28.7519 10.9257 0.0025 0.0257 0.0098 1685 332.3176 126.2807 0.22 2.4838 0.9439

4PUA515 0.06 0.1062 0.0722 5.1 8.0321 5.4618 10 28.7519 19.5513 0.006 0.0257 0.0175 1040 332.3176 225.9760 0.08 2.4838 1.6890
729
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9305 MAD Threshold Cd9311 MAD Threshold Cu 20 MAD Threshold Hg9348 MAD Threshold In9320 MAD Threshold Mn9321 MAD Threshold Mo
Cd Cd/Al Cu Cu/Al Hg Hg/Al In In/Al Mn Mn/Al Mo Mo/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Cd/Al)* ppm MAD(Cu/Al)* Appb MAD(Hg/Al)* ppm MAD(In/Al)* ppm MAD(Mn/Al)* ppm MAD(Mo/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

4PUA514 0.05 0.1062 0.0956 5.9 8.0321 7.2289 10 28.7519 25.8768 0.006 0.0257 0.0231 1340 332.3176 299.0858 0.47 2.4838 2.2355

4PUA519 0.57 0.1062 0.0881 4.5 8.0321 6.6666 20 28.7519 23.8641 0.009 0.0257 0.0213 5810 332.3176 275.8236 0.35 2.4838 2.0616

4PUA513B 0.21 0.1062 0.0818 4.9 8.0321 6.1847 60 28.7519 22.1390 0.006 0.0257 0.0198 7460 332.3176 255.8845 0.15 2.4838 1.9126
4PUA516B 0.14 0.1062 0.0871 4 8.0321 6.5863 5 28.7519 23.5766 0.0025 0.0257 0.0211 3850 332.3176 272.5004 0.07 2.4838 2.0368

4PUA568 0.03 0.1062 0.0552 2.5 8.0321 4.1767 5 28.7519 14.9510 0.005 0.0257 0.0134 949 332.3176 172.8051 0.7 2.4838 1.2916

4PUA569 0.02 0.1062 0.0563 2.7 8.0321 4.2570 5 28.7519 15.2385 0.006 0.0257 0.0136 88 332.3176 176.1283 0.77 2.4838 1.3164

4PUA572 0.08 0.1062 0.0786 4.8 8.0321 5.9438 10 28.7519 21.2764 0.008 0.0257 0.0190 94 332.3176 245.9150 3.42 2.4838 1.8380

4PUA575 7.64 0.1062 0.1295 6.4 8.0321 9.7992 20 28.7519 35.0774 0.032 0.0257 0.0313 247 332.3176 405.4275 5.02 2.4838 3.0303

4PUA578 0.14 0.1062 0.0350 2.6 8.0321 2.6506 5 28.7519 9.4881 0.0025 0.0257 0.0085 106 332.3176 109.6648 1.36 2.4838 0.8197

4PUA582 0.04 0.1062 0.1030 2.6 8.0321 7.7911 20 28.7519 27.8894 0.009 0.0257 0.0249 815 332.3176 322.3481 0.24 2.4838 2.4093

4PUA585 0.03 0.1062 0.0404 1.7 8.0321 3.0522 5 28.7519 10.9257 0.006 0.0257 0.0098 651 332.3176 126.2807 0.05 2.4838 0.9439
730
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9317 MAD Threshold Pb9341 MAD Threshold Sb9332 MAD Threshold Tl9335 MAD Threshold Tl
9339 MAD Threshold Zn
Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* ppm MAD(W/Al)* ppm MAD(Zn/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

2PUE271 2 6.0596 2.1209 18.95 3.8361 1.3427 1.98 1.1313 0.3960 2.8 2.2426 0.7849 30 10.5152 3.6803

2PUE272 3 6.0596 4.0599 11.6 3.8361 2.5702 2.38 1.1313 0.7580 0.05 2.2426 1.5025 44 10.5152 7.0452

2PUE273 6.5 6.0596 3.8176 20.6 3.8361 2.4168 1.72 1.1313 0.7127 0.4 2.2426 1.4128 54 10.5152 6.6246

2PUE274 5.5 6.0596 6.7262 20 3.8361 4.2581 2.32 1.1313 1.2558 0.3 2.2426 2.4892 28 10.5152 11.6719

2PUE275 13.5 6.0596 9.4530 53.65 3.8361 5.9844 6.8 1.1313 1.7649 0.5 2.2426 3.4984 48 10.5152 16.4037

2PUE276 175.5 6.0596 6.5444 1500 3.8361 4.1430 57.3 1.1313 1.2218 0.3 2.2426 2.4220 564 10.5152 11.3564

2PUE277 4.5 6.0596 8.3623 20.9 3.8361 5.2939 2.7 1.1313 1.5612 0.05 2.2426 3.0947 36 10.5152 14.5110

2PUE278 6.5 6.0596 9.8166 17.6 3.8361 6.2146 2.56 1.1313 1.8328 0.05 2.2426 3.6330 48 10.5152 17.0346

2PUE279 30 6.0596 6.7262 20.3 3.8361 4.2581 6.22 1.1313 1.2558 0.05 2.2426 2.4892 86 10.5152 11.6719

2PUE280 3.5 6.0596 5.6354 14.8 3.8361 3.5676 1.12 1.1313 1.0521 0.05 2.2426 2.0856 30 10.5152 9.7791

2PUE292 104.5 6.0596 5.0901 33.3 3.8361 3.2224 1.94 1.1313 0.9503 0.7 2.2426 1.8838 1100 10.5152 8.8328
2PUE293 16 6.0596 6.5444 10.35 3.8361 4.1430 1.2 1.1313 1.2218 1 2.2426 2.4220 46 10.5152 11.3564
2PUE294 25 6.0596 6.0596 8.4 3.8361 3.8361 1.44 1.1313 1.1313 1.2 2.2426 2.2426 40 10.5152 10.5152
2PUE295 9.5 6.0596 5.3931 5.8 3.8361 3.4142 1.24 1.1313 1.0069 1 2.2426 1.9959 10 10.5152 9.3585
2PUE296 38 6.0596 2.4844 17.55 3.8361 1.5728 0.58 1.1313 0.4638 0.9 2.2426 0.9195 312 10.5152 4.3112
2PUE297 302 6.0596 2.2421 44.9 3.8361 1.4194 0.94 1.1313 0.4186 1.7 2.2426 0.8297 866 10.5152 3.8906
2PUE315 2930 6.0596 2.7268 1500 3.8361 1.7263 28.8 1.1313 0.5091 2.6 2.2426 1.0092 5910 10.5152 4.7318

2PUE314 112 6.0596 1.5755 124.9 3.8361 0.9974 2.52 1.1313 0.2941 0.8 2.2426 0.5831 238 10.5152 2.7340

2PUE307 15 6.0596 0.9089 14.3 3.8361 0.5754 0.82 1.1313 0.1697 0.4 2.2426 0.3364 276 10.5152 1.5773

2PUE313 166 6.0596 1.3937 58.95 3.8361 0.8823 2.46 1.1313 0.2602 0.1 2.2426 0.5158 354 10.5152 2.4185

2PUE308 12 6.0596 1.2725 11.25 3.8361 0.8056 1 1.1313 0.2376 0.7 2.2426 0.4709 234 10.5152 2.2082

2PUE312 78 6.0596 5.9384 96.95 3.8361 3.7594 17.95 1.1313 1.1087 2.3 2.2426 2.1977 58 10.5152 10.3049
731
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9317 MAD Threshold Pb9341 MAD Threshold Sb9332 MAD Threshold Tl9335 MAD Threshold Tl
9339 MAD Threshold Zn
Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* ppm MAD(W/Al)* ppm MAD(Zn/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

2PUE310 5 6.0596 1.3937 12.3 3.8361 0.8823 2.36 1.1313 0.2602 0.8 2.2426 0.5158 12 10.5152 2.4185

2PUE311 14.5 6.0596 2.0603 17.7 3.8361 1.3043 1.74 1.1313 0.3847 0.8 2.2426 0.7625 40 10.5152 3.5752

3PUA500 3.5 6.0596 3.9993 5.7 3.8361 2.5319 2.29 1.1313 0.7467 0.4 2.2426 1.4801 3 10.5152 6.9400

3PUA501 3 6.0596 3.0904 6.07 3.8361 1.9564 2.26 1.1313 0.5770 0.4 2.2426 1.1437 2 10.5152 5.3628

3PUA502 5.6 6.0596 3.0904 1.64 3.8361 1.9564 0.36 1.1313 0.5770 0.2 2.2426 1.1437 <2 10.5152 5.3628

3PUA503 2 6.0596 2.3027 2.3 3.8361 1.4577 0.59 1.1313 0.4299 0.2 2.2426 0.8522 <2 10.5152 3.9958

3PUA504 4 6.0596 3.4540 1.27 3.8361 2.1866 0.61 1.1313 0.6449 0.3 2.2426 1.2783 8 10.5152 5.9937

3PUA505 2 6.0596 1.3331 0.46 3.8361 0.8440 0.24 1.1313 0.2489 0.2 2.2426 0.4934 <2 10.5152 2.3133

3PUA506 6.7 6.0596 6.5444 0.78 3.8361 4.1430 0.43 1.1313 1.2218 0.7 2.2426 2.4220 11 10.5152 11.3564

3PUA507 14.8 6.0596 7.5139 3.11 3.8361 4.7568 1.52 1.1313 1.4029 0.6 2.2426 2.7808 23 10.5152 13.0388

3PUA508 5.8 6.0596 3.1510 1.44 3.8361 1.9948 0.44 1.1313 0.5883 0.5 2.2426 1.1661 9 10.5152 5.4679

3PUA509 22.8 6.0596 8.3623 7.6 3.8361 5.2939 2.33 1.1313 1.5612 0.7 2.2426 3.0947 11 10.5152 14.5110

3PUA510 217 6.0596 4.1811 22.5 3.8361 2.6469 19.95 1.1313 0.7806 1.7 2.2426 1.5474 440 10.5152 7.2555

3PUA513 220 6.0596 3.3328 20.8 3.8361 2.1099 9.62 1.1313 0.6222 1.1 2.2426 1.2334 250 10.5152 5.7834

3PUA514 382 6.0596 0.9695 8.11 3.8361 0.6138 0.59 1.1313 0.1810 1.8 2.2426 0.3588 1005 10.5152 1.6824
732
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9317 MAD Threshold Pb9341 MAD Threshold Sb9332 MAD Threshold Tl9335 MAD Threshold Tl
9339 MAD Threshold Zn
Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* ppm MAD(W/Al)* ppm MAD(Zn/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA515 303 6.0596 3.5752 19.15 3.8361 2.2633 3.33 1.1313 0.6675 1.7 2.2426 1.3231 245 10.5152 6.2040

3PUA516 100.5 6.0596 7.0292 11.2 3.8361 4.4499 1.9 1.1313 1.3124 4.5 2.2426 2.6014 122 10.5152 12.1976

3PUA517 161.5 6.0596 2.4238 11.7 3.8361 1.5345 7.3 1.1313 0.4525 1.8 2.2426 0.8970 365 10.5152 4.2061

3PUA518 2830 6.0596 1.5149 134 3.8361 0.9590 26.8 1.1313 0.2828 34 2.2426 0.5606 10000 10.5152 2.6288

3PUA519 133 6.0596 0.7877 4.95 3.8361 0.4987 0.81 1.1313 0.1471 2.2 2.2426 0.2915 324 10.5152 1.3670

3PUA520 41.1 6.0596 2.8480 5.04 3.8361 1.8030 0.89 1.1313 0.5317 1.1 2.2426 1.0540 41 10.5152 4.9421

3PUA521 34.5 6.0596 2.9086 4.01 3.8361 1.8413 1.38 1.1313 0.5430 0.5 2.2426 1.0764 63 10.5152 5.0473

3PUA522 29.5 6.0596 3.4540 5.28 3.8361 2.1866 1.1 1.1313 0.6449 0.7 2.2426 1.2783 36 10.5152 5.9937

3PUA523 7.7 6.0596 4.2417 1.98 3.8361 2.6853 0.74 1.1313 0.7919 0.4 2.2426 1.5698 8 10.5152 7.3606

3PUA524 86 6.0596 4.6053 13.95 3.8361 2.9155 3.04 1.1313 0.8598 0.8 2.2426 1.7044 140 10.5152 7.9916

3PUA525 74.3 6.0596 5.0295 8.05 3.8361 3.1840 1.56 1.1313 0.9390 1 2.2426 1.8613 81 10.5152 8.7276

3PUA526 21.9 6.0596 7.2715 12 3.8361 4.6034 5.54 1.1313 1.3576 1.2 2.2426 2.6911 40 10.5152 12.6182

3PUA527 10.7 6.0596 7.9987 16.15 3.8361 5.0637 11.1 1.1313 1.4934 0.8 2.2426 2.9602 6 10.5152 13.8801
733
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9317 MAD Threshold Pb9341 MAD Threshold Sb9332 MAD Threshold Tl9335 MAD Threshold Tl
9339 MAD Threshold Zn
Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* ppm MAD(W/Al)* ppm MAD(Zn/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA528 5.5 6.0596 3.3934 6.14 3.8361 2.1482 1.98 1.1313 0.6335 0.4 2.2426 1.2558 8 10.5152 5.8885

3PUA529 23.3 6.0596 4.1205 16.3 3.8361 2.6086 3.22 1.1313 0.7693 0.7 2.2426 1.5249 35 10.5152 7.1503

3PUA530 14.6 6.0596 3.6964 10.55 3.8361 2.3400 1.98 1.1313 0.6901 0.5 2.2426 1.3680 31 10.5152 6.4143

3PUA531 20.6 6.0596 6.5444 27.1 3.8361 4.1430 2.41 1.1313 1.2218 2.5 2.2426 2.4220 17 10.5152 11.3564

3PUA532 73.5 6.0596 5.5142 80.6 3.8361 3.4909 2.68 1.1313 1.0295 3.1 2.2426 2.0407 182 10.5152 9.5688

3PUA533 18.4 6.0596 5.5142 17 3.8361 3.4909 2.35 1.1313 1.0295 1.6 2.2426 2.0407 21 10.5152 9.5688

3PUA534 11 6.0596 6.5444 10.2 3.8361 4.1430 2.13 1.1313 1.2218 0.7 2.2426 2.4220 2 10.5152 11.3564

3PUA535 9.5 6.0596 6.5444 17.15 3.8361 4.1430 2.43 1.1313 1.2218 0.6 2.2426 2.4220 <2 10.5152 11.3564

3PUA536 10.8 6.0596 5.6960 9.49 3.8361 3.6060 1.88 1.1313 1.0635 0.5 2.2426 2.1080 3 10.5152 9.8843

3PUA537 41.9 6.0596 6.3020 7.78 3.8361 3.9896 1.04 1.1313 1.1766 1.3 2.2426 2.3323 55 10.5152 10.9358

3PUA545 78.4 6.0596 2.8480 11.35 3.8361 1.8030 1.64 1.1313 0.5317 1 2.2426 1.0540 77 10.5152 4.9421

3PUA548- 27 6.0596 3.0904 7.35 3.8361 1.9564 1.4 1.1313 0.5770 0.3 2.2426 1.1437 32 10.5152 5.3628
LMS
734
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9317 MAD Threshold Pb9341 MAD Threshold Sb9332 MAD Threshold Tl9335 MAD Threshold Tl
9339 MAD Threshold Zn
Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* ppm MAD(W/Al)* ppm MAD(Zn/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA546 27.9 6.0596 4.6659 3.8 3.8361 2.9538 0.94 1.1313 0.8711 0.4 2.2426 1.7268 33 10.5152 8.0967

3PUA547 9.7 6.0596 3.2116 2.47 3.8361 2.0332 0.46 1.1313 0.5996 0.5 2.2426 1.1886 23 10.5152 5.5731

3PUA549 111.5 6.0596 9.4530 7.06 3.8361 5.9844 1.64 1.1313 1.7649 2.2 2.2426 3.4984 67 10.5152 16.4037

3PUA550 83.4 6.0596 2.9692 4.5 3.8361 1.8797 1.64 1.1313 0.5544 0.8 2.2426 1.0989 21 10.5152 5.1524

3PUA551 6.6 6.0596 1.2119 1.96 3.8361 0.7672 0.38 1.1313 0.2263 0.3 2.2426 0.4485 <2 10.5152 2.1030

3PUA552 38.7 6.0596 3.2722 4.25 3.8361 2.0715 0.91 1.1313 0.6109 0.5 2.2426 1.2110 38 10.5152 5.6782

3PUA553 31.9 6.0596 3.6358 3.95 3.8361 2.3017 0.66 1.1313 0.6788 0.5 2.2426 1.3455 27 10.5152 6.3091

3PUA548- 49.1 6.0596 3.4540 9.39 3.8361 2.1866 3.38 1.1313 0.6449 0.4 2.2426 1.2783 128 10.5152 5.9937
BH

3PUA559 2.3 6.0596 1.9997 2.06 3.8361 1.2659 0.34 1.1313 0.3733 0.5 2.2426 0.7400 9 10.5152 3.4700

3PUA560 5.3 6.0596 2.0603 4.22 3.8361 1.3043 0.47 1.1313 0.3847 0.7 2.2426 0.7625 29 10.5152 3.5752

3PUA561 23.2 6.0596 9.9984 35.1 3.8361 6.3296 1.4 1.1313 1.8667 1.8 2.2426 3.7002 29 10.5152 17.3501

3PUA562 12.2 6.0596 8.3623 11.6 3.8361 5.2939 1.39 1.1313 1.5612 1.4 2.2426 3.0947 2 10.5152 14.5110

3PUA563 9.8 6.0596 9.3318 9.43 3.8361 5.9077 1.12 1.1313 1.7423 2.1 2.2426 3.4536 47 10.5152 16.1934

3PUA564 10.1 6.0596 11.0285 12.55 3.8361 6.9818 1.84 1.1313 2.0590 2.7 2.2426 4.0815 4 10.5152 19.1377
735

3PUA565 5.3 6.0596 3.5146 5.85 3.8361 2.2250 0.97 1.1313 0.6562 0.6 2.2426 1.3007 1 10.5152 6.0988
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9317 MAD Threshold Pb9341 MAD Threshold Sb9332 MAD Threshold Tl9335 MAD Threshold Tl
9339 MAD Threshold Zn
Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* ppm MAD(W/Al)* ppm MAD(Zn/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA570 12.8 6.0596 2.0603 10.5 3.8361 1.3043 2.04 1.1313 0.3847 0.9 2.2426 0.7625 39 10.5152 3.5752

3PUA571 19.6 6.0596 1.3937 12.25 3.8361 0.8823 0.44 1.1313 0.2602 0.5 2.2426 0.5158 36 10.5152 2.4185

3PUA572 4.4 6.0596 1.6361 4.38 3.8361 1.0358 0.38 1.1313 0.3055 0.3 2.2426 0.6055 1 10.5152 2.8391

3PUA573 5.7 6.0596 2.1209 6.73 3.8361 1.3427 0.93 1.1313 0.3960 0.3 2.2426 0.7849 13 10.5152 3.6803

4PUA562 1.1 6.0596 1.0301 0.53 3.8361 0.6521 0.13 1.1313 0.1923 0.1 2.2426 0.3812 2 10.5152 1.7876

4PUA564 16.7 6.0596 0.9089 19.35 3.8361 0.5754 0.26 1.1313 0.1697 0.2 2.2426 0.3364 1 10.5152 1.5773

3PUA715 25.4 6.0596 3.2116 22 3.8361 2.0332 1.94 1.1313 0.5996 0.9 2.2426 1.1886 93 10.5152 5.5731

3PUA717 4 6.0596 1.8785 5.01 3.8361 1.1892 0.52 1.1313 0.3507 0.2 2.2426 0.6952 6 10.5152 3.2597

3PUA719 3.4 6.0596 5.7566 4.91 3.8361 3.6443 0.69 1.1313 1.0748 0.4 2.2426 2.1304 3 10.5152 9.9894

3PUA722 3.7 6.0596 3.7570 5.05 3.8361 2.3784 0.63 1.1313 0.7014 0.6 2.2426 1.3904 2 10.5152 6.5194

3PUA728 2.4 6.0596 4.6659 3.76 3.8361 2.9538 1.09 1.1313 0.8711 0.3 2.2426 1.7268 3 10.5152 8.0967
736
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9317 MAD Threshold Pb9341 MAD Threshold Sb9332 MAD Threshold Tl9335 MAD Threshold Tl
9339 MAD Threshold Zn
Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* ppm MAD(W/Al)* ppm MAD(Zn/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

3PUA732 8.1 6.0596 3.4540 11.8 3.8361 2.1866 1.72 1.1313 0.6449 1.7 2.2426 1.2783 28 10.5152 5.9937

3PUA734 0.8 6.0596 0.2424 0.78 3.8361 0.1534 0.09 1.1313 0.0453 0.05 2.2426 0.0897 5 10.5152 0.4206

3PUA735 1.6 6.0596 2.3632 0.66 3.8361 1.4961 0.28 1.1313 0.4412 0.2 2.2426 0.8746 2 10.5152 4.1009

3PUA738 2.5 6.0596 4.9083 1.38 3.8361 3.1073 0.4 1.1313 0.9164 0.2 2.2426 1.8165 3 10.5152 8.5173

4PUA532 1.7 6.0596 3.5146 0.08 3.8361 2.2250 0.35 1.1313 0.6562 0.1 2.2426 1.3007 3 10.5152 6.0988

4PUA534 5.5 6.0596 6.0596 4.47 3.8361 3.8361 0.94 1.1313 1.1313 0.5 2.2426 2.2426 3 10.5152 10.5152

4PUA536 2.9 6.0596 5.0295 2.19 3.8361 3.1840 0.53 1.1313 0.9390 0.4 2.2426 1.8613 3 10.5152 8.7276

4PUA517 3.3 6.0596 0.9089 1.28 3.8361 0.5754 0.18 1.1313 0.1697 0.1 2.2426 0.3364 3 10.5152 1.5773

4PUA513A 6.2 6.0596 2.0603 1.02 3.8361 1.3043 0.38 1.1313 0.3847 0.2 2.2426 0.7625 10 10.5152 3.5752

4PUA516A 30.1 6.0596 5.8778 1.82 3.8361 3.7211 0.4 1.1313 1.0974 0.7 2.2426 2.1753 20 10.5152 10.1997

4PUA518 8.3 6.0596 2.3027 2.73 3.8361 1.4577 0.4 1.1313 0.4299 0.4 2.2426 0.8522 8 10.5152 3.9958

4PUA515 14 6.0596 4.1205 1.76 3.8361 2.6086 0.54 1.1313 0.7693 0.4 2.2426 1.5249 15 10.5152 7.1503
737
 Appendix C9: Threshold calculation worksheet for the host rocks adjacent to the Rosa vein

9317 MAD Threshold Pb9341 MAD Threshold Sb9332 MAD Threshold Tl9335 MAD Threshold Tl
9339 MAD Threshold Zn
Pb Pb/Al Sb Sb/Al Tl Tl/Al W W/Al Zn Zn/Al
Sample N° ppm MAD(Pb/Al)* ppm MAD(Sb/Al)* ppm MAD(Tl/Al)* ppm MAD(W/Al)* ppm MAD(Zn/Al)*
Al Al Al Al Al

4PUA514 17.5 6.0596 5.4537 2.35 3.8361 3.4525 0.8 1.1313 1.0182 0.6 2.2426 2.0183 8 10.5152 9.4637

4PUA519 101.5 6.0596 5.0295 10.35 3.8361 3.1840 1.11 1.1313 0.9390 1.2 2.2426 1.8613 172 10.5152 8.7276

4PUA513B 48.8 6.0596 4.6659 8.21 3.8361 2.9538 3.08 1.1313 0.8711 2.5 2.2426 1.7268 245 10.5152 8.0967
4PUA516B 7 6.0596 4.9689 0.36 3.8361 3.1456 0.21 1.1313 0.9277 2.7 2.2426 1.8389 28 10.5152 8.6225

4PUA568 6.2 6.0596 3.1510 2.18 3.8361 1.9948 0.49 1.1313 0.5883 0.3 2.2426 1.1661 7 10.5152 5.4679

4PUA569 2.1 6.0596 3.2116 0.12 3.8361 2.0332 0.29 1.1313 0.5996 0.1 2.2426 1.1886 5 10.5152 5.5731

4PUA572 3.1 6.0596 4.4841 0.2 3.8361 2.8387 0.52 1.1313 0.8372 0.1 2.2426 1.6595 17 10.5152 7.7812

4PUA575 6.7 6.0596 7.3927 0.69 3.8361 4.6801 1.09 1.1313 1.3802 0.2 2.2426 2.7359 1780 10.5152 12.8285

4PUA578 1.4 6.0596 1.9997 0.58 3.8361 1.2659 0.22 1.1313 0.3733 0.2 2.2426 0.7400 27 10.5152 3.4700

4PUA582 4.3 6.0596 5.8778 3.84 3.8361 3.7211 1.11 1.1313 1.0974 0.5 2.2426 2.1753 7 10.5152 10.1997

4PUA585 1.7 6.0596 2.3027 1.51 3.8361 1.4577 0.16 1.1313 0.4299 0.1 2.2426 0.8522 3 10.5152 3.9958
738
Appendix C10: Graphs of metal content versus distance to the Rosa vein
showing the lateral and vertical distribution of Ag, As, Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu,
Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn in the host rocks

739
 Proximal to Ore bodies
100
Ag 10
Surface 4940m open

Ag ppm
1

0.1
marginal to Ore bodies
0.01
100 0 5 10 15 20
Surface 4725m open
10
Ag ppm

1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0 5 10 15 20

10 1000
LY 01-94, 4450 m level Xc 754W, 4450 m level
100

Ag ppm
Ag ppm

1 10
1
0.1
0.1
0.01 0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

10 10
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level, open
1
Ag ppm

Ag ppm 1
0.1
0.1
0.01

0.001 0.01
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

1000
4300 m level
100
Ag ppm

10
1
0.1
0.01
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141
10
4180 m level open
Ag ppm

0.1

0.01 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 4120 m level open
Ag ppm

1
Distance from the vein (m)
0.1

0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (0.1 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.1. Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Ag/Al.

740
 Proximal to Ore bodies

As
10000
Surface 4940m open

As ppm
1000

100

10
marginal to Ore bodies
1
1000 0 5 10 15 20
Surface 4725m open
As ppm

100

10

0.1
0 5 10 15 20

1000 10000
LY 01-94, 4450 m level Xc 754W, 4450 m level

As ppm
1000
As ppm

100
100
10
10
1 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1000 1000
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level As ppm Xc 916, 4360 m level open
As ppm

100
100
10
10
1

0.1 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

10000
4300 m level open
As ppm

1000

100

10

1
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

1000
4180 m level
As ppm

100

10

1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
1000
Distance from the vein (m) 4120 m level
As ppm

100

10

1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (20 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.2: Lateral and vertical distribution of As adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of As/Al.

741
 Proximal to Ore bodies
300
Surface 4940m, no halo
Ba

Ba ppm
200

100

0
marginal to Ore bodies 0 5 10 15 20
160
Surface 4725m
Ba ppm

120

80

40

0
0 5 10 15 20

200 120
LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Xc 754W, 4450 m level, no halo
160
Ba ppm

Ba ppm
120 80
80
40
40
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

120
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo 150
Xc 916, 4360 m level
Ba ppm

80
Ba ppm 100

40 50

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

250
4300 m level
Ba ppm

200
150
100
50
0
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141
1000
4180 m level no halo
100
Ba ppm

10

0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
120
4120 m level no halo
Distance from the vein (m)
Ba ppm

80

40

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (100 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.3: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ba adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Ba/Al.

742
 Proximal to Ore bodies

Bi
0.2
Surface 4940m
0.15

Bi ppm
0.1

0.05

0
marginal to Ore bodies 0 5 10 15 20

0.2
Surface 4725m
Bi ppm

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 5 10 15 20

0.2 0.2
LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Xc 754W, 4450 m level
0.15
Bi ppm

0.15

Bi ppm
0.1 0.1
0.05
0.05
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0.2 0.2
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level, no halo
0.15 Bi ppm 0.15
Bi ppm

0.1 0.1
0.05 0.05
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0.2
4300 m level no halos
0.15
Bi ppm

0.1
0.05

0
- 21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141
0.2
4180 m level no halo
Bi ppm

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) 0.2

4120 m level
Bi ppm

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (0.1 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.4: Lateral and vertical distribution of Bi adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Bi/Al.

743
 Proximal to Ore bodies
10

Cd Surface 4940m

Cd ppm
1

0.1

0.01
marginal to Ore bodies 0 5 10 15 20

10
Surface 4725m
Cd ppm

0.1

0.01
0 5 10 15 20

10 100
Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open
LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo 10
Cd ppm

Cd ppm
1
1
0.1 0.1

0.01 0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

10 10
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level
1 Cd ppm 1
Cd ppm

0.1
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.001
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

100
4300 m level
Cd ppm

10

0.1

0.01
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

10
4180 m level
Cd ppm

0.1

0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) 10

4120 m level no halo
Cd ppm

0.1

0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (5 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.5: Lateral and vertical distribution of Cd adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Cd/Al.

744
 Proximal to Ore bodies
30

Cu
Surface 4940m no halo

Cu ppm
20

10

0
marginal to Ore bodies 0 5 10 15 20
20
Surface 4725m no halo
Cu ppm

15

10

0
0 5 10 15 20

20 100
LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Xc 754W, 4450 m level
Cu ppm

80

Cu ppm
15
60
10
40
5 20
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

20 30
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level
15 Xc 916, 4360 m level

Cu ppm
Cu ppm

20
10
10
5

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

1000
4300 m level
Cu ppm

100

10

1
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

20
4180 m level no halo
15
Cu ppm

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

20
4120 m level
Cu ppm

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (10 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.6: Lateral and vertical distribution of Cu adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Cu/Al.

745
 Proximal to Ore bodies
1000

Hg Surface 4940m

Hg ppb
100

10

marginal to Ore bodies 1

0 5 10 15 20
1000
Surface 4725m
Hg ppb

100

10

1
0 5 10 15 20

1000 10000
LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Xc 754W, 4450 m level
Hg ppb

1000
100

Hg ppb
100
10
10

1 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1000 1000
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level
Hg ppb

100 Hg ppb 100

10 10

1 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

1000
4300 m level
Hg ppb

100

10

1
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

1000
4180 m level
Hg ppb

100

10

1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) 1000

4120 m level, no halo
Hg ppb

100

10

1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (20 ppb) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.7: Lateral and vertical distribution of Hg adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Hg/Al.

746
 Proximal to Ore bodies

In 0.05
0.04
Surface 4940m no halo

In ppm
0.03
0.02
0.01
marginal to Ore bodies 0
0.04 0 5 10 15 20
Surface 4725m no halo
0.03
In ppm

0.02

0.01

0
0 5 10 15 20

0.04 0.03
LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Xc 754W, 4450 m level, no halo
0.03

In ppm
In ppm

0.02 0.02

0.01
0.01
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

0.04 0.05
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo Xc 916, 4360 m level, no halo
0.03 0.04
In ppm

In ppm

0.02 0.03

0.01 0.02

0 0.01
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

0.04
4300 m level no halos
0.03
In ppm

0.02

0.01
0
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

0.05
4180 m level no halo
In ppm

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Distance from the vein (m) 0.04
4120 m level no halo
In ppm

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (0.02 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.8: Lateral and vertical distribution of In adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of In/Al.

747
 Proximal to Ore bodies

Mn
100000
Surface 4940m open
10000

1000

100
marginal to Ore bodies 10
0 5 10 15 20
100000
Surface 4725m open
Mn ppm

10000

1000

100
0 5 10 15 20

100000
1000 Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open
LY 01-94, 4450 m level
10000

Mn ppm
Mn ppm

750

500 1000

100
250

0 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

10000 100000
Xc 916, 4360 m level, open

Mn ppm
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level 10000
Mn ppm

1000
1000
100 100

10 10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

100000
4300 m level open
Mn ppm

10000

1000

100

10
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

100000
4180 m level
Mn ppm

10000

1000

100

10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) 100000

4120 m level open
Mn ppm

10000

1000

100

10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (800 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.9: Lateral and vertical distribution of Mn adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Mn/Al.

748
 Proximal to Ore bodies
6

Mo Surface 4940m

Mo ppm
4

marginal to Ore bodies 0

0 5 10 15 20
6
Surface 4725m
Mo ppm

0
0 5 10 15 20

6 12
LY 01-94, 4450 m level no halo Xc 754W, 4450 m level
Mo ppm

Mo ppm
4 8

2 4

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

6 8
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo Xc 916, 4360 m level, no halo
Mo ppm

Mo ppm
6
4
4
2
2
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

6
4300 m level no halo
Mo ppm

0
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

6
4180 m level
Mo ppm

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

6
4120 m level no halo
Mo ppm

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (1 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.10: Lateral and vertical distribution of Mo adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Mo/Al.

749
 Proximal to Ore bodies
1000
Pb Surface 4940m no halo

Pb ppm
100

10

marginal to Ore bodies 1

0 5 10 15 20
1000
Surface 4725m open
Pb ppm

100

10

1
0 5 10 15 20

100 10000
Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open
LY 01-94, 4450 m level 1000

Pb ppm
Pb ppm

10 100
10
1
1

0.1 0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

100 120
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level

Pb ppm
Pb ppm

10 80

1 40

0.1 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

10000
4300 m level open
Pb ppm

1000
100
10
1
0.1
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

100
4180 m level
Pb ppm

10

0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

1000
Distance from the vein (m) 4120 m level open
Pb ppm

100

10

0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (25 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.11: Lateral and vertical distribution of Pb adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Pb/Al.

750
 Proximal to Ore bodies
10000

Sb
Surface 4940m open
1000

Sb ppm
100
10
1
0.1
marginal to Ore bodies 0 5 10 15 20
100
Surface 4725m open
Sb ppm

10

0.1
0 5 10 15 20

6 10000
LY 01-94, 4450 m level Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open

Sb ppm
1000
Sb ppm

4
100

2 10
1
0 0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

100 15
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Sb ppm Xc 916, 4360 m level, open
10
Sb ppm

10
1
5
0.1

0.01 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

1000
4300 m level
Sb ppm

100

10

0.1
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141
100
4180 m level open
Sb ppm

10

0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
100
4120 m level no halo
Distance from the vein (m)
Sb ppm

10

0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (1 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.12: Lateral and vertical distribution of Sb adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Sb/Al.

751
 Proximal to Ore bodies

Tl
100
Surface 4940m

Tl ppm
10

marginal to Ore bodies 0.1

3 0 5 10 15 20
Surface 4725m
Tl ppm

0
0 5 10 15 20

2 30
LY 01-94, 4450 m level Xc 754W, 4450 m level

Tl ppm
1.5
Tl ppm

20
1
10
0.5

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

2 4
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level Xc 916, 4360 m level
1.5 3

Tl ppm
Tl ppm

1 2

0.5 1

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

100
4300 m level
Tl ppm

10

0.1
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

3
4180 m level no halo
Tl ppm

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
4
Distance from the vein (m) 4120 m level no halo
Tl ppm

3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (1 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.13: Lateral and vertical distribution of Tl adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Tl/Al.

752
 Proximal to Ore bodies
4

W
Surface 4940m
3

W ppm
2

marginal to Ore bodies 0

0 5 10 15 20
4
Surface 4725m no halo
3
W ppm

1
0
0 5 10 15 20

4 4
LY 01-94, 4450 m level, no halo Xc 754W, 4450 m level
3 3

W ppm
W ppm

2 2
1 1
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

4 4
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo Xc 916, 4360 m level, no halo
W ppm

W ppm
3 3
2 2
1
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

100
4300 m level
W ppm

10

0.1
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141
5
4180 m level no halo
4
W ppm

3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) 4

4120 m level no halo
3
W ppm

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (1 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.14: Lateral and vertical distribution of W adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of W/Al.

753
 Proximal to Ore bodies
1000

Zn
Surface 4940m open

Zn ppm
100

10

marginal to Ore bodies 1

0 5 10 15 20
10000
Surface 4725m open
Zn ppm

1000

100

10

1
0 5 10 15 20

10000 10000
LY 01-94, 4450 m level, no halo Xc 754W, 4450 m level, open

Zn ppm
1000 1000
Zn ppm

100 100

10 10

1 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1000 160
Ly 34-09-02, 4360 m level, no halo Xc 916, 4360 m level, open

Zn ppm
100 120
Zn ppm

10 80
1 40
0.1 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

10000
4300 m level
1000
Zn ppm

100
10
1
0.1
-21 -6 6 21 36 51 66 81 96 111 126 141

1000
4180 m level
100
Zn ppm

10

0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) 1000

4120 m level open
Zn ppm

100

10

1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo Rosa vein threshold marble
threshold values Visual threshold (100 ppm) marble hornfels

Appendix C10.15: Lateral and vertical distribution of Zn adjacent to the Rosa vein. Geochemical
halos determined by the use of Median + Median absolute deviation of Zn/Al.

754
Appendix C11: Graphs of metal content versus distance to the
Plomopampa vein showing the lateral and vertical distribution of Ag, As,
Ba, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, In, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sb, Tl, W and Zn in the host rocks

755
 Ag As
open halo
100 10000
P2 Surface, 4665m P2 Surface, 4665m
10 1000
Ag ppm

As ppm
1 100

0.1 10

0.01 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

open halos to both sides of the vein open halo

100 10000
P3 Surface, 4550m 1000
P3 Surface, 4550m
10
Ag ppm

As ppm
1 100

0.1 10

0.01 1
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

no halo open halo

10 1000
P4 Surface, 4470m P4 Surface, 4470m
Ag ppm

As ppm
1 100

0.1 10

0.01 1
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

1000 10000
P1, Xc 630, 4450m level
100 1000
P1, Xc 630, 4450m level
Ag ppm

As ppm

10
100
1
0.1 10

0.01 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo
threshold values Visual threshold
Plomopampa vein

Appendix C11.1: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ag and Pb anomalous halos to the Plomopampa
vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and
theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the
normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface.

756
 Ba Bi
1000 1
P2 Surface, 4665m P2 Surface, 4665m
0.1
Ba ppm

100

Bi ppm
10 0.01

1 0.001
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

no halo
1000 10
P3 Surface, 4550m P3 Surface, 4550m
1
100
Ba ppm

Bi ppm
0.1
10
0.01

1 0.001
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

no halo no halo
1000 1
P4 Surface, 4470m P4 Surface, 4470m
Ba ppm

Bi ppm
100 0.1

10 0.01

1 0.001
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

1000 1
P1, Xc 630, 4450m level P1, Xc 630, 4450m level
Ba ppm

Bi ppm

100 0.1

10 0.01

1 0.001
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo
threshold values Visual threshold
Plomopampa vein

Appendix C11.2: Lateral and vertical distribution of Ba and Bi anomalous halos to the Plomopampa
vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and
theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the
normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface.

757
 Cd Cu
no halo
10 100
P2 Surface, 4665m
P2 Surface, 4665m
Cd ppm

Cu ppm
1 10

0.1 1

0.01 0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

100 1000
P3 Surface, 4550m P3 Surface, 4550m
10 100
Cd ppm

Cu ppm
1 10

0.1 1

0.01 0.1
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

no halo
10 100
P4 Surface, 4470m
P4 Surface, 4470m
Cd ppm

Cu ppm
1 10

0.1 1

0.01 0.1
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

100 100
P1, Xc 630, 4450m level P1, Xc 630, 4450m level
Cd ppm

Cu ppm

10
10
1
1
0.1

0.01 0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo
threshold values Visual threshold
Plomopampa vein

Appendix C11.3: Lateral and vertical distribution of Cd and Cu anomalous halos to the Plomopampa
vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and
theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the
normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface.

758
 Hg In
no halo
1 1
P2 Surface, 4665m P2 Surface, 4665m
Hg ppm

0.1 0.1

In ppm
0.01 0.01

0.001 0.001
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

no halo no halos to both sides of the vein

1 1
P3 Surface, 4550m P3 Surface, 4550m
0.1 0.1
Hg ppm

In ppm
0.01 0.01

0.001 0.001
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

no halo no halos to both sides of the vein

1 1
P4 Surface, 4470m P4 Surface, 4470m
Hg ppm

0.1 In ppm 0.1

0.01 0.01

0.001 0.001
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

no halo
10 1
P1, Xc 630, 4450m level P1, Xc 630, 4450m level
1
Hg ppm

0.1
In ppm

0.1
0.01
0.01

0.001 0.001
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo
threshold values Visual threshold
Plomopampa vein

Appendix C11.4: Lateral and vertical distribution of Hg and In anomalous halos to the Plomopampa
vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and
theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the
normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface.

759
 Mn Mo
open halo no halo
100000 100
P2 Surface, 4665m P2 Surface, 4665m
10000
Mn ppm

Mo ppm
10
1000
1
100

10 0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

open halo to both sides of vein no halos to both sides of vein

100000 100
P3 Surface, 4550m P3 Surface, 4550m
10000
Mn ppm

Mo ppm
10
1000
1
100

10 0.1
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

open halo to both sides of vein no halos to both sides of vein

100000 100
P4 Surface, 4470m P4 Surface, 4470m
Mn ppm

Mo ppm
10000
10
1000
1
100

10 0.1
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

100000 100
P1, Xc 630, 4450m level P1, Xc 630, 4450m level
10000
Mn ppm

Mo ppm

10
1000
1
100

10 0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo
threshold values Visual threshold
Plomopampa vein

Appendix C11.5: Lateral and vertical distribution of Mn and Mo anomalous halos to the Plomopampa
vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and
theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the
normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface.

760
 Pb Sb
100 100
P2 Surface, 4665m
Pb ppm

Sb ppm
10 10

1 1

0.1 0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

no halo open halos to both sides of vein

100 100
P3 Surface, 4550m
Pb ppm

Sb ppm
10 10

1 1

0.1 0.1
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

open halo no halo

100 100
P4 Surface, 4470m
Pb ppm

Sb ppm
10
10
1
1
0.1

0.1 0.01
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

10000 10000
P1, Xc 630, 4450m level
1000 1000
Pb ppm

Sb ppm

100 100
10 10
1 1
0.1 0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo
threshold values Visual threshold
Plomopampa vein

Appendix C11.6: Lateral and vertical distribution of Pb and Sb anomalous halos to the Plomopampa
vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and
theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the
normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface.

761
 Tl W
open halo no halo
100 10
P2 Surface, 4665m P2 Surface, 4665m

W ppm
Tl ppm
10 1

1 0.1

0.1 0.01
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

open halos to both sides of vein no halo

100 100
P3 Surface, 4550m P3 Surface, 4550m
10

W ppm
Tl ppm

10
1
1
0.1

0.1 0.01
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

no halo open halo

100 100
P4 Surface, 4470m P4 Surface, 4470m
10

W ppm
10
Tl ppm

1
1
0.1

0.1 0.01
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

100 10
P1, Xc 630, 4450m level P1, Xc 630, 4450m level
Tl ppm

W ppm

10 1

1 0.1

0.1 0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m) Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo
threshold values Visual threshold
Plomopampa vein

Appendix C11.7: Lateral and vertical distribution of Tl and W anomalous halos to the Plomopampa
vein.These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and
theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the
normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface.

762
 Zn
100
P2 Surface, 4665m

Zn ppm
10

0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

10000
P3 Surface, 4550m
1000
Zn ppm

100
10

1
0.1
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

10000
P4 Surface, 4470m
1000
Zn ppm

100
10

1
0.1
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

10000
1000
P1, Xc 630, 4450m level
Zn ppm

100
10

1
0.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Distance from the vein (m)

Legend
measured values Limit of geochemical halo
threshold values Visual threshold
Plomopampa vein

Appendix C11.8: Lateral and vertical distribution of Zn anomalous halos to the Plomopampa vein.
These halos were determined based on the comparison between measured metal values and
theshold values determined for each sample. Threshold values were estimated using Al as the
normalizing factor. Observe the variable and wider size of halos in surface.

763
Appendix C12: Oxygen and carbon isotope data Uchucchacua

764
Appendix C12: Carbon and Oxygen isotope data Uchucchacua

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Distance Lithology Material analyzed δ13C δ18O
Type from the VPDB VSMOW
vein (m)
Marion vein - Huantajalla
3PUA641-W 317777 8824949.5 Drilled 0 White colloform calcite Isotope sample: white fluorescent -2.4 17.4
material vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm calcite vein
wide.
3PUA641-Y 317777 8824949.5 Drilled 0 White colloform calcite Isotope sample: yellow fluorescence -2.1 17.5
material vein, N32°, 80°, 15cm calcite vein
wide.
3PUA650-W 317770 8824911 Grab 35 Crustiform calcite vein Isotope sample: white fluorescent -2.7 18.9
calcite vein. Ninety-five percent
white, and 5% non fls vein
3PUA650-Y 317770 8824911 35 Crustiform calcite vein Isotope sample: yellow fluorescence -2.3 18.5
calcite vein
3PUA642 317775 8824946.5 Grab 5 Brownish gray, fgr Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 0.9 20.9
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA643 317774 8824942 Grab 9.5 Brownish gray, fgr lms w/ Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 0.2 19.5
FeOx+MnO stains ± calcite veinlets
3PUA645 317772 8824929 Grab 17.5 Fgr, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 0.4 21.7
± calcite veinlets
3PUA648 317770.5 8824918 Grab 28 Fgr, brownish gray Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 1.6 23.5
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA652 317769.5 8824901 Grab 45 Brownish gray, marly Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 0.8 21.7
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA655 317768 8824888 Grab 58 Brownish gray, marly Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 1.3 22.7
limestones ± calcite veinlets

Morococha vein - Pozo Rico

3PUA664-NF 313473 8833822 Drilled 27 Non fluorescent calcite Isotope sample: non fluorescent 1.4 13.7
material calcite vein.
3PUA664-OR 313473 8833822 Drilled 27 Light orange red to yellow Isotope sample: orange red 0.9 11.2
material fluorescent calcite fluorescent calcite vein. Drilled
material
Plomopampa - Casualidad
Transect P1 - Xc 630SE, level 4450 m
3PUA575 316425 8825201 Grab 1 Plomopampa vein Isotope sample: pulps of limestones -4.1 12.8
± calcite veinlets
3PUA585 316461 8825178.5 Drilled 43.5 ORF calcite vein Isotope sample: orange red -1.9 4.6
material crosscutting marly lms fluorescent calcite vein. Drilled
material
3PUA576 316428.5 8825201.5 Grab 4 Weak frac, fgr, gray Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 2.0 27.2
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA577 316432.5 8825198.5 Grab 9 Massive dark gray marly Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 1.3 23.9
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA578 316436.5 8825195 Grab 14 Massive dark gray marly Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 1.6 25.8
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA580 316443.5 8825188 Grab 24 Massive dark gray Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 1.4 26.2
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA583 316452.5 8825183 Grab 33.5 Massive gray marly Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 2.3 24.9
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA587 316469.5 8825173.5 Grab 53.5 Mod fract, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 0.5 25.3
± calcite veinlets
Rosa vein
Transect R1 - Surface, 4940 m
2PUE259 316754 8826159 Grab 0 calcite vein -5.6 16.2
2PUE260 316754 8826160 Grab 1 Alabandite rich calcite vein -7.2 20.6

2PUE262A 316754 8826167 Grab 8 Crustiform calcite -2.0 15.9

2PUE262B 316754 8826167 Grab 8 Gray calcite vein -1.9 15.8
2PUE263 316754 8826174 Grab 15 calcite vein -2.0 17.7
2PUE266 316754 8826179 Grab 20 Mn-rich brecciated calcite -3.6 18.5
vein
2PUE268A 316754 8826186 Grab 27 Crustiform calcite -1.8 18.7
2PUE268B 316754 8826186 Grab 27 Gray calcite vein -2.0 18.5
2PUE264 316754 8826172 Grab 13 Gray limestones 2.9 21.2
2PUE265 316754 8826176 Grab 17 Gray limestones 1.8 20.0
2PUE267 316754 8826185 Grab 26 Gray limestones 3.2 21.8
Transect R11 - Surface 4920 m

765
Appendix C12: Carbon and Oxygen isotope data Uchucchacua

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Distance Lithology Material analyzed δ13C δ18O
Type from the VPDB VSMOW
vein (m)
4PUA504 316563 8826230 Grab 35 Mn, Fe oxidized calcite vein Isotope sample: calcite + MnOx + -0.3 12.2
goe vein (drilled material)
4PUA508 316569 8826247 Grab 53 Mn, Fe oxidized calcite vein Isotope sample: bluish fluorescent -1.9 19.2
calcite vein (drilled material)

4PUA508 316569 8826247 Grab 53 Mn, Fe oxidized calcite vein Isotope sample: orange red -3.4 18.2
fluorescent calcite vein (drilled
material)
4PUA500 316555 8826212 Grab 15 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.5 22.4
4PUA502 316559 8826221 Grab 25 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.8 19.1
4PUA505 316564 8826231 Grab 37 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 0.3 20.5
4PUA588 316611 8826190 Grab 3 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.9 23.2
Transect R12 - Surface, 4830 m
4PUA628 316348 8826252 Grab 0 Crustiform calcite + MnOx Isotope sample: Drilled material -2.9 13.8
vein
4PUA623 316358 8826269 Grab 11 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.9 20.0
4PUA624 316356 8826273 Grab 14 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 3.4 21.7
4PUA625 316352.5 8826283 Grab 24 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.4 17.2
4PUA629 316357 8826263 Grab 4 Brown gray limestone Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.9 18.2
Transect R2 - Surface, 4725 m
2PUE282 316300 8826110 Grab 0 Brown oxidized calcite vein -1.7 17.7

2PUE283 316300 8826111 Grab 0 calcite vein -1.6 18.0

2PUE298 316300 8826140 Grab 30 Alabandite rich calcite vein -8.6 16.1

2PUE284 316300 8826113 Grab 2 Brecciated calcite -1.1 18.5

2PUE285 316300 8826115 Grab 4 Gray limestones 2.4 16.4
Transect R3 - Est s/n, Gal 754W, 4450 m level
2PUE304A 316774 8826187 Grab 0 Mineralized limestone -5.9 16.8
2PUE304C 316774 8826187 Grab 0 limestone fracgment 1% disseminated pyrite -6.2 15.9
2PUE306 316773 8826196 Grab 9 Calcite + sulfide vein -6.9 15.6
2PUE309 316773 8826199 Grab 12 calcite vein -5.7 16.4
2PUE305 316774 8826189 Grab 2 Mineralized limestone -7.0 16.0
2PUE307A 316773 8826197 Grab 10 White calcite vein -1.3 17.7
2PUE307B 316773 8826197 Grab 10 Gray limestones 1.2 17.2
2PUE310 316773 8826201 Grab 14 Gray limestones 2.4 17.1
Transect R4 - Gallery 310SE, 4360m level
2PUE320A Grab 8m north White calcite vein -7.2 15.9
2PUE320B Grab 8m north late calcite +/- sulfides 2.5 7.4
2PUE321 Grab 7m north Crustiform calcite vein 2.2 7.6
2PUE322 Grab 14m north White calcite vein 0.3 17.6
2PUE324 Grab 1m north White calcite vein -4.3 14.5
2PUE323 Grab 13m north Gray limestones 1.0 18.4
2PUE325 Grab 0m north White calcite vein -5.0 16.6
Transect R5 - Xc 130N, 4300m level
3PUA511-LG 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein 95N Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: light green -1.9 19.5
fluorescence
3PUA511-Y 317241 8826187.5 chips of vein 95N Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: yellow fluorescence -2.6 17.9

3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 Grab 81N Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: vein -1.1 11.3
3PUA544 317227 8826165.5 Grab 70N Fgr, gray limestone Sample taken close to a deep ORF -2.2 15.0
calcite vein.
3PUA519 317217 8826157 Grab 56N Ore body 0.2 17.5
3PUA501 317258 882624 Grab 136N Gray limestones 1.9 20.2
3PUA502 317257 8826220 Grab 131N Gray limestones 2.1 23.1
3PUA503 317254 8826215 Grab 126N Gray limestones 1.6 23.2
3PUA505 317249 8826207 Grab 116N Gray limestones 1.6 22.2
3PUA507 317244 8826198 Grab 106N Gray limestones 0.1 18.4
3PUA509 317238 8826190 Grab 96N Gray limestones -0.9 16.4
3PUA513 317233 8826181.5 Grab 86N Strong fractured gray 1.8 19.2
limestones
3PUA515 317228 8826173 Grab 76N Moderate fractured gray 1.3 16.5
limestones
3PUA517 317222.5 8826165 Grab 66N Brecciated, fossiliferous 0.3 16.4
gray limestones
3PUA521 317212 8826148.5 Grab 46N Gray limestones 1.9 17.4

766
Appendix C12: Carbon and Oxygen isotope data Uchucchacua

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Distance Lithology Material analyzed δ13C δ18O
Type from the VPDB VSMOW
vein (m)
3PUA523 317206.5 8826140 Grab 36N Brecciated gray limestones 1.6 17.1

3PUA525 317201 8826131.5 Grab 26N Mod sil and st frac gray 0.6 17.2
limestones
3PUA527 317196 8826123 Grab 16N Mod sil, light gray 0.7 17.6
limestones
3PUA529 317190 8826114.5 Grab 6N Weak sil and fossiliferous 0.9 16.7
gray limestones
3PUA531 317184.5 8826106 Grab 1S Mod sil, brownish gray 0.9 16.7
limestones
3PUA533 317179 8826098 Grab 11S Mod sil, fgr, gray 1.2 16.8
limestones
3PUA535 317173 8826089 Grab 21S Weak sil, mod fract, grayish 1.7 17.9
brown limestones
3PUA537 317169 8826081 Grab 31S Mod sil, grayish brown 0.8 17.6
limestones
Transect R6 - XC 916NE, 4360m level
3PUA548-BH 317253.5 8826112 Crushed 4 Brown hornfels Isotope sample: brown hornfels 0.0 15.8
material (crushed material)
3PUA548- 317253.5 8826112 Crushed 4 Gray limestones Isotope sample: limestone (crushed 0.0 16.1
LMS material material)
3PUA548-OR 317253.5 8826112 Drilled 4 Calcite veinlet Isotope sample: orange red -1.5 13.6
material fluorescent calcite (vein)
Transect R7 - Xc 710SE, 4180m level
3PUA559-OR 316716 8826230 Drilled 4S Discontinuous white calcite Isotope sample: orange red -0.3 7.2
material veinlets fluorescent calcite (vein)
3PUA562-NF 316718.5 8826215.5 Drilled 19S Discontinuous white calcite Isotope sample: non fluorescent -1.8 17.4
material veinlets calcite vein
3PUA563-OR 316719.5 8826210.5 Drilled 24S Discontinuous white calcite Isotope sample: orange red -3.3 16.9
material veinlets fluorescent calcite (vein)
3PUA565-NF 316722 8826200.5 Drilled 34S Non-fluorescent calcite Isotope sample: non fluorescent -1.1 17.4
material calcite vein
3PUA560 316716.5 8826225 Grab 9S Strongly frac, dark gray Isotope sample: pulps of limestones -0.8 17.0
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA562 316718.5 8826215.5 Grab 19S Mod frac, brownish gray Isotope sample: pulps of limestones -2.0 16.2
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA564 316721 8826205.5 Grab 29S Grayish brown, rxl Isotope sample: pulps of limestones -1.5 16.2
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA566 316717 8826231.5 Grab 3S Strong frac, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones -0.5 17.2
± calcite veinlets
3PUA570 316723.5 8826196 Grab 39S Strong frac, rusty, dark gray Isotope sample: pulps of limestones -1.0 16.1
limestones ± calcite veinlets
3PUA571 316725 8826191 Grab 44S Strong frac, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones -0.6 15.6
± calcite veinlets
3PUA572 316726 8826186.5 Grab 49S Strong frac, gray limestones Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 1.0 18.4
± calcite veinlets
3PUA573 316727.5 8826181.5 Grab 54S Strong frac, dark gray Isotope sample: pulps of limestones 0.5 19.7
limestones ± calcite veinlets
4PUA562 316729 8826176 Grab 60S Brownish gray, fgr, mod Isotope sample: brownish gray lms 1.5 21.1
rxl, st frac'd limestones (drilled material)
4PUA564 316728 8826165 Grab 70S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- Isotope sample: brownish gray lms 0.6 18.4
mgr, mod rxl limestones (drilled material)
Transect R8 - LY 34-09-02, 4360m level
3PUA715 316852.5 8826189 1.32 - 1.43 3.5 Dark gray, mgr limestones Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.2 18.8
from rock-matrix
3PUA717 316852.5 8826199 11.16 - 11.25 13 Dark gray bituminous Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.0 18.0
limestones from rock-matrix
3PUA719 316852.5 8826205 17.20 - 17.38 19 Dark gray bituminous Isotope sample: Drilled material -0.2 18.9
limestones from rock-matrix
3PUA722 316852.5 8826213.5 26.20 - 26.28 28 Dark gray bituminous Isotope sample: Drilled material -1.1 16.9
limestones from rock-matrix
3PUA725 316852.5 8826220 32.35 - 32.45 34 Dark gray bituminous Isotope sample: Drilled material 0.7 17.7
limestones from rock-matrix
3PUA728 316852.5 8826225.5 38.39 - 38.55 40 Dark gray bituminous Isotope sample: Drilled material -0.4 20.5
limestones from rock-matrix
3PUA732 316852.5 8826237 49.75 - 49.81 51.5 Dark gray bituminous Isotope sample: Drilled material -0.1 17.2
limestones

767
Appendix C12: Carbon and Oxygen isotope data Uchucchacua

Sample N° Easting Northing Sample Distance Lithology Material analyzed δ13C δ18O
Type from the VPDB VSMOW
vein (m)
3PUA733 316852.5 8826240.5 53.00 - 53.17 55 Mixed sample: white calcite 1.0 17.8
vein and dark gray bitum
lms
3PUA734 316852.5 8826243 56.0 - 56.25 58 Dark gray, bituminous, mgr Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.1 19.7
limestones from rock-matrix
3PUA735 316852.5 8826246 59.09 - 59.25 60.5 Dark gray, bituminous Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.1 22.2
limestones from rock-matrix
3PUA736 316852.5 8826249 62.30 - 62.39 63.5 Brownish to dark gray Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.1 22.6
limestones from rock-matrix
3PUA737 316852.5 8826252 65.30 - 65.46 67 Brownish to dark gray Isotope sample: Drilled material 0.6 22.4
limestones from rock-matrix
3PUA738 316852.5 8826255.5 68.26 - 68.46 70 Dark gray, bituminous Isotope sample: Drilled material 0.2 19.8
limestones from rock-matrix
4PUA532 316852.5 8826264 75.10- 78 Fgr, brownish gray, mod sil Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.8 21.4
75.25m lms w/ local mm ca vlts.

4PUA534 316852.5 8826272 84.30- 86 Strong frac'd, gray Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.0 19.0
84.50m bituminous limestones
4PUA536 316852.5 8826284 95.45- 98 Brownish gray, mgr, mod Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.4 21.7
95.60m rxl, wk sil limestones
Transect R9 - Xc 940-I-NE, 4120m level
4PUA511 317237 8826084 Grab 0 White ca + gray gouge. 10- Isotope sample: white calcite vein -1.0 8.9
15cm wide, S76E, 75NE (drilled material)

4PUA513A 317236 8826074 Grab 10S brown gray, f-mgr, mod rxl, Isotope sample: brownish gray, mod. 2.0 19.2
weak silicified lms. silicified lms (drilled material)

4PUA514 317236 8826063.5 Grab 20S Mod frac'd, brownish gray, f Isotope sample: brownish gray lms 2.0 17.7
mgr, mod rxl lms. (drilled material)
4PUA515 317236 8826054 Grab 30S Mod frac'd, rxl, mgr Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.8 16.3
brownish gray, wk sil lms
4PUA516A 317236 8826044 Grab 40S Gray, mgr, rxl lms. Isotope sample: gray lms (drilled 2.2 23.3
material)
4PUA516B 317236 8826044 40S marble Isotope sample: Drilled material -0.5 11.0
4PUA517 317236 8826034 Grab 50S St frac'd, rxl, mgr lms. Isotope sample: gray lms (drilled 2.1 22.3
material)
4PUA518 317236 8826024 Grab 60S St frac'd, brownish gray, f- Isotope sample: brownish gray lms 2.4 17.4
mgr, rxl lms. (drilled material)
4PUA519 317233 8826014.5 Grab 70S Brownish gray, fgr, mod sil Isotope sample: Drilled material 0.6 17.0
and rxl limestones
Transect R10 - Xc s/n, LY 01-94, 4450m level
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 Grab 0 Brecciated white ca vein w/ Isotope sample: brecciated white -1.9 7.6
sil lms fragm (Rosa vein) calcite vein (drilled material)

4PUA568 317117 8826142.5 Grab 5 St frac'd, mod sil, fgr, Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.0 19.2
brownish gray limestones
4PUA569 317119.5 8826151 Grab 14 Mod frac'd, and sil, fgr, Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.2 25.0
brown marly limestones
4PUA572 317111 8826164 10.19- 24 Brown gray, wk-mod sil Isotope sample:gray lms (drilled 1.5 24.2
10.35m limestones material)
4PUA575 317105.5 8826178 24.98- 36 Gray, fgr limestones Isotope sample:gray lms (drilled 1.8 23.8
25.16m material)
Unaltered samples - Anilcocha
4PUA522 315944 8823264 Grab Brownish gray, mod rxl, fgr Isotope sample: brownish gray lms 2.9 25.9
limestones. (drilled material)
4PUA523 315629 8823114 Grab Brownish gray, mgr, mod Isotope sample: Drilled material 2.6 25.1
rxl and sil limestones.
4PUA524 315291 8822718 Grab Brownish gray, fgr, mod Isotope sample: Drilled material 1.4 23.8
rxl, wk sil limestones.
Miscelaneous samples
2PUE328 4180m Late calcite ± sulfide veins Isotope sample: orange red 0.8 6.2
fluorescent calcite (vein)
3PUA556 316860 8825897.5 Xc 877SW, Calcite vein Isotope sample: orange red -4.1 17.7
Level 450 fluorescent calcite (vein)
Notes:
Yellow shadow fields correspond to calcite vein samples
Numbers in bold are 1.5 times the upper limit of detection

768
Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein –
all transects

769
Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein
Transect at 4940m
Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm
Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations
0-2 0.1 6 0 0
2-4 0.2 3 7 1
4-6 0.2 3 15 2
6-8 1 6 10 1
8 - 10 2 4 0 0
10 - 12 2 4 10 2
12 - 14 3 5 0 0
14 - 16 1 4 0 0
16 - 18 0.5 3 25 1
18 - 20 0.7 3 0 0
20 - 22 0.1 1 25 1
22 - 24 2 3 0 0
24 - 26 0.5 6 40 2
26 - 28 0.6 7 5 1
28 - 30 1 5 6 1

Transect at 4920 m
Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm
Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations
0 - 21 2 2 0 0 Rosa vein approx. 20m wide
21 - 32 1 12 7 3
32 - 42 2.5 16 0 0
42 - 47 2 8 15 1
47 - 52 4 4 20 2 thick veins at 48 m
52 - 57 0.25 7 14 1
57 - 66 5 10 7 1
66 - 72 5 30 100 1 thick vein at 70 m
72 - 76 3 20 7 10
76 - 85 0.5 5 6 2
85 - 97 0.3 7 100 1 thick vein at 89 m
0.8 8
97 - 108 1.5 6 5 5
108 - 117 0.5 30 10 1
3 15
117 - 126 1 30 0 0
126 - 134 1 5 0 0 thrust fault at 134 m
0.8 6

770
Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein
Transect at 4830 metres above sea level
Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm
Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations
0-7 5 10 20 20
7 - 12 1 7 8 2
12 - 18 0.5 12 30 1
18 -22 0.5 2 30 1
22 - 32 1 4 0 0
32 - 41 1 8 0 0
41 - 50 0.8 5 0 0
50 - 54 2 6 0 0
54 - 75 2 3 0 0
0.5 8 0 0

Transect at 4450 m
Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm
Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations
0-5 0.5 10 0 0
5 - 11 0.5 2 0 0
11 - 21 0 0 0 0
21 - 28 0.5 1 0 0
28 - 41 1 3 0 0
41 - 48 5 1 0 0
48 - 54 2 3 0 0
54 - 62 2 5 0 0 Sulfide vein at 61 m.
62 - 66 1 1 0 0
66 - 74 5 1 0 0
74 - 81 0.1 5 0 0

771
Appendix C13: Density of veins in limestone adjacent to the Rosa vein
Transect at 4360 m
Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm
Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations
0 - 11 0.5 2 0 0 Rosa vein approx.
11 - 17 0.5 3 0 0
17 - 23 1 5 0 0
23 - 27 0.5 15 0 0
27 - 30 0.5 3 0 0
30 - 37 0.2 20 0 0
37 - 39 0.5 5 0 0
39 - 41 0.5 2 0 0
41 - 45 0.2 10 0 0
45 - 49 0.3 15 0 0
49 - 56 0.3 3 0 0
56 - 62 0.2 3 0 0
62 - 70 0.3 1 0 0
70 - 77 0.3 5 0 0
77 - 81 0 0 0 0
81 - 85 5 1 0 0
85 - 90 0.5 3 0 0
90 -100 0.5 5 0 0
100 - 107 1 5 0 0
107 - 120 1 4 0 0

Transect at 4180 m
Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm
Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations
0 - 10 1 15 0 0
10 - 22 0.8 5 0 0
22 - 35 0.5 2 0 0
35 - 40 0.8 8 0 0
40 - 47 0.7 15 0 0
47 - 52 0.4 15 0 0
52 - 60 0.7 5 0 0
60 - 65 0.7 12 0 0
65 - 70.5 0.7 8 0 0
70.5 - 81 0.8 10 0 0

Transect at 4120 m
Calcite vein <5 cm Calcite vein >5 cm
Interval (m) Width (cm) N veins/m Width (cm) N veins/m Observations
0-4 0.5 10 0 0
4 - 10 <1 30 0 0
10 - 20 <1 5 0 0
20 - 39 <1 3 0 0
39 - 48 <1 11 0 0
48 - 58 <5 8 0 0
58 - 69 <2 5 0 0
69 - 75 <2 8 0 0

772
Appendices – Chapter 5

773
Appendix D1: Trace element content in selected fluorescent and non-
fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua

774
 Appendix D1: ICPMS results of selected fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
SAMPLE Easting Northing Vein Location Level Fluorescence Sample characteristics ORF Ag Al As Ba Be
DESCRIPTION ppm % ppm ppm ppm
3PUA650-W 317770 8824911 Marion Surface 4958 white 95% white and 5% non fluorescent 1 0.02 0.02 5 <10 0.18
calcite
3PUA650-Y 317770 8824911 Marion Surface 4958 yellow 65% yellow, 35% no fluorescent and 1 0.02 0.02 9 <10 0.15
trz white-light green fluorescence

3PUA641-W 317777 8824949.5 Marion Surface 4945 white 90% white and 10% non fluorescent 1 <0.01 0.01 <0.2 <10 0.12
calcite.
3PUA641-Y 317777 8824949.5 Marion Surface 4945 yellow 99% yellow, 1% non fluorescent 1 <0.01 0.02 <0.2 <10 0.18
calcite
3PUA664-NF 313473 8833822 Morococha Surface 4655 none 99% non fluorescent vein, 1% yellow 1 <0.01 0.01 6 <10 <0.05
to orange fluorescent spots.

3PUA664-OR 313473 8833822 Morococha Surface 4655 weak ORF light orange red to slightly yellow 1 <0.01 0.01 <0.2 <10 <0.05
fluorescent calcite.
3PUA559-R 316716 8826230 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 moderate ORF 98% mod orange red to purple 10 <0.01 0.01 14 <10 <0.05
fluorescent calcite, 2% lms.
3PUA565-NF 316722 8826200.5 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 none 99.5% non fluorescent calcite, 0.5% 1 <0.01 0.02 <0.2 <10 <0.05
lms impurities.
3PUA562-OR 316718.5 8826215.5 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 weak ORF 90% light orange red calcite, 10% 5 0.17 0.13 <0.2 20 0.11
limestone.
3PUA562-NF 316718.5 8826215.5 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 none 99% non fluorescent vein with 1% 5 0.06 0.05 10 10 0.11
orange red fluorescent stains.
3PUA563-OR 316719.5 8826210.5 Rosa Xc 710SE 4180 strong ORF 95% strong orange red with 5% 15 0.22 0.01 6 <10 <0.05
yellow stains along fractures.
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 strong ORF 99.9% strong orange red fluorescent 15 <0.01 0.01 <0.2 70 <0.05
calcite.
3PUA511-Y 317241 8826187.5 Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 yellow 90% yellow, 10% light green and trz 1 0.06 0.03 6 10 0.08
blue fluorescent calcite.
3PUA511-LG 317241 8826187.5 Rosa Xc 130NE 4300 light green 90% light green, 10% yellow and trz 1 <0.01 0.02 8 <10 0.07
blue fluorescent calcite.
3PUA734 316852.5 8826243 Rosa LY 34-09-02 4360 moderate ORF Moderate orange red fluorescent 10 <0.01 0.04 8 10 <0.05
calcite.
3PUA548-R 317253.5 8826112 Rosa Xc 916NE 4360 moderate ORF 98% orange red fluorescent calcite, 10 0.1 0.02 13 10 0.3
2% lms.
3PUA556-OR 316860 8825897.5 Silvana Xc 877SW 4450 strong ORF 99% orange red and 1% yellow 15 0.02 0.01 96 <10 <0.05
fluorescent calcite.
4PUA511 317237 8826084 Rosa Xc 940-I-NE 4120 moderate ORF 98% orange red fluorescent calcite, 10 2.57 0.7 64 30 0.21
2% white fls spots.
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 Rosa Xc s/n 4450 strong ORF 99.9% strong orange red fluorescent 15 3.66 0.08 37 10 0.17
calcite.
775
 Appendix D1: ICPMS results of selected fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
SAMPLE Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Ge Hf In K La
DESCRIPTION ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm
3PUA650-W <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.18 1.1 1 <0.05 2.6 0.01 0.09 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.6

3PUA650-Y <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.12 1.1 2 <0.05 2.1 0.01 0.14 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.5

3PUA641-W <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.08 1.1 3 <0.05 1.8 0.01 0.07 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 <0.5

3PUA641-Y <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.23 1.1 2 0.05 1.5 0.01 0.09 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 <0.5

3PUA664-NF <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.22 1.1 1 0.06 1.7 0.02 0.05 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.7

3PUA664-OR <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.55 1.1 1 <0.05 1.4 0.02 0.05 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.5

3PUA559-R <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.35 1.1 2 <0.05 1.7 0.01 0.16 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 1.1

3PUA565-NF <0.01 >25 <0.02 1.28 1.2 1 0.13 1.8 <0.01 0.08 0.06 <0.1 <0.005 0.01 1.4

3PUA562-OR <0.01 >25 <0.02 5.89 1.2 4 0.92 2.6 0.04 0.98 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.12 3.9

3PUA562-NF <0.01 >25 <0.02 2.03 1.2 3 0.12 2.5 0.03 0.23 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.05 1.3

3PUA563-OR <0.01 >25 0.03 3.24 1.1 3 0.12 1.3 0.02 1.68 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.01 2.1

3PUA542 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.54 1.1 3 <0.05 36.6 0.12 1.38 <0.05 <0.1 0.005 <0.01 161.5

3PUA511-Y <0.01 >25 0.06 1.94 1.1 3 0.19 1.7 0.06 0.26 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.01 1.6

3PUA511-LG <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.94 1.2 2 0.1 1.5 0.02 0.08 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 1.4

3PUA734 <0.01 >25 <0.02 0.31 1.2 3 0.42 6.4 0.04 0.31 0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.02 <0.5

3PUA548-R <0.01 >25 0.02 2.64 1.2 2 0.2 2.6 <0.01 0.74 <0.05 0.1 <0.005 0.01 5.2

3PUA556-OR <0.01 >25 0.17 0.7 1.2 1 0.06 1.7 0.07 1.26 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 <0.01 0.7

4PUA511 0.02 33.7 0.13 10.8 1.5 2 3.31 3.1 0.21 1.79 <0.05 0.3 0.006 0.4 5.2

4PUA567B <0.01 35 1.02 0.46 0.8 <1 0.65 2.3 0.1 0.8 <0.05 <0.1 <0.005 0.02 <0.5
776
 Appendix D1: ICPMS results of selected fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
SAMPLE Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Ni P Pb Rb Re S Sb Se Sn
DESCRIPTION ppm % ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm
3PUA650-W 0.3 0.15 1225 0.24 <0.01 0.1 1 50 0.8 0.1 <0.002 0.01 0.11 <1 <0.2

3PUA650-Y <0.2 0.1 2040 0.05 <0.01 0.1 2.1 30 0.5 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.15 <1 <0.2

3PUA641-W 0.2 0.16 801 0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.4 30 0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.05 <1 <0.2

3PUA641-Y 0.2 0.2 909 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.2 90 0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.12 <1 <0.2

3PUA664-NF <0.2 0.16 778 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4 <10 <0.5 0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.14 <1 <0.2

3PUA664-OR <0.2 0.21 871 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.2 <10 <0.5 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.08 <1 <0.2

3PUA559-R <0.2 0.18 2490 0.09 <0.01 0.1 3.7 <10 <0.5 0.2 <0.002 <0.01 0.08 <1 <0.2

3PUA565-NF 0.6 0.14 374 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 5.3 10 1.5 0.4 <0.002 <0.01 2.24 <1 <0.2

3PUA562-OR 0.9 0.1 >10000 0.21 <0.01 0.5 2.8 40 1.8 4.8 <0.002 0.04 2.5 <1 0.2

3PUA562-NF 0.6 0.12 2850 0.08 <0.01 0.2 4.3 20 7 1.5 <0.002 0.01 7.02 <1 <0.2

3PUA563-OR 0.3 <0.01 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.1 20 38 0.4 <0.002 <0.01 39.5 <1 0.2

3PUA542 <0.2 0.04 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 3.6 10 0.8 <0.1 <0.002 <0.01 0.09 <1 <0.2

3PUA511-Y 0.4 2.27 3530 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 2.9 20 1.6 0.6 <0.002 <0.01 0.2 <1 <0.2

3PUA511-LG 0.2 0.54 1275 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.3 20 <0.5 0.2 <0.002 <0.01 0.06 <1 <0.2

3PUA734 0.5 0.2 4150 0.11 <0.01 0.2 16.4 10 0.8 0.9 <0.002 0.01 0.78 <1 <0.2

3PUA548-R 0.2 0.05 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.1 20 4 0.5 <0.002 <0.01 0.49 <1 <0.2

3PUA556-OR 0.2 0.34 >10000 <0.05 <0.01 0.1 4.6 30 4.2 0.1 <0.002 0.01 0.89 <1 <0.2

4PUA511 13.2 0.2 9710 0.31 <0.01 1.6 6.6 140 16.1 22 0.002 0.22 2.31 3 0.4

4PUA567B 1.5 0.3 14500 0.15 <0.01 0.1 3.7 40 113.5 1.9 <0.002 0.01 36.1 1 0.2
777
 Appendix D1: ICPMS results of selected fluorescent veins from Uchucchacua
ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61 ME-MS61
SAMPLE Sr Ta Te Th Ti Tl U V W Y Zn Zr
DESCRIPTION ppm ppm ppm ppm % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
3PUA650-W 190.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 0.2 8 0.1 0.1 2 1.1

3PUA650-Y 141.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.12 0.1 5 0.1 0.1 2 <0.5

3PUA641-W 290 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.02 0.2 7 0.1 0.1 <2 0.7

3PUA641-Y 157.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 4 0.1 0.2 <2 0.6

3PUA664-NF 220 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.05 <0.1 4 <0.1 0.5 <2 <0.5

3PUA664-OR 278 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 <0.1 3 <0.1 0.3 <2 <0.5

3PUA559-R 314 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 0.1 4 <0.1 0.1 <2 <0.5

3PUA565-NF 273 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 0.3 3 <0.1 0.7 <2 0.5

3PUA562-OR 196 <0.05 <0.05 0.2 0.009 0.14 0.6 6 0.2 2.1 2 3.3

3PUA562-NF 206 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.03 0.1 3 0.1 0.6 <2 0.8

3PUA563-OR 69.1 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.06 <0.1 2 0.1 0.7 7 0.5

3PUA542 183 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 7 0.1 0.5 <2 <0.5

3PUA511-Y 118.5 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.04 0.1 23 <0.1 0.8 7 4.2

3PUA511-LG 190 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 <0.02 <0.1 21 <0.1 0.8 <2 2.3

3PUA734 325 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.09 0.1 4 <0.1 0.1 5 0.5

3PUA548-R 96.7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.05 0.2 9 <0.1 0.9 5 1.6

3PUA556-OR 75.7 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 0.02 0.1 5 <0.1 0.2 53 0.6

4PUA511 439 0.12 <0.05 1.3 0.032 1.4 0.9 19 0.7 6 20 9.2

4PUA567B 495 <0.05 <0.05 <0.2 <0.005 1.5 0.1 2 0.2 0.3 175 1.4
778
Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina calcite veins

779
 Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina
CO2 MgO CaO MnO FeO ZnO SrO BaO PbO mol % mol % mol %
Sample Label No Spot Specimen Fluorescence Host rock Ox%(C ) Ox%(O ) Ox%(Mg) Ox%(Ca) Ox%(Mn) Ox%(Fe) Ox%(Zn) Ox%(Sr) Ox%(Ba) Ox%(Pb) Mg Ca Mn
4PAA219 219-5 212 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 44.480 0 0.162 54.506 0.765 0.0011 0 0.0294 0 0.0556 0.0041 0.984 0.0109
4PAA219 219-7 214 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 46.734 0 0.142 51.821 1.065 0.182 0 0 0 0.0557 0.0037 0.977 0.0159
4PAA219 219-8 215 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 44.644 0 0.408 53.730 0.978 0.209 0 0.0298 0 0.0025 0.0103 0.972 0.0140
4PAA219 219-4 211 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 44.553 0 0.185 54.421 0.779 0.011 0 0.0445 0.0065 0 0.0047 0.984 0.0111
4PAA219 219-6 213 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 44.738 0 0.263 53.898 0.789 0.247 0.0225 0.0249 0.0177 0 0.0066 0.978 0.0113
4PAA219 219-9 216 a calcite mod orange red tan endoskarn 84.684 0 12.748 1.229 0.043 1.184 0.0536 0 0.0598 0 0.888 0.061 0.0017
4PAA163 163-4 106 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.962 0 0.361 52.087 3.245 0.211 0.0616 0.0179 0 0.0555 0.0091 0.940 0.0463
4PAA163 163-6 108 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 44.346 0 0.621 47.921 6.961 0.117 0 0 0.0192 0.0152 0.0159 0.881 0.101
4PAA163 163-1 103 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 45.120 0 0.528 47.267 6.858 0.0916 0 0.0598 0.0652 0.0101 0.0137 0.883 0.101
4PAA163 163-2 104 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.762 0 0.380 48.779 6.856 0.0947 0.129 0 0 0 0.0096 0.889 0.0987
4PAA163 163-3 105 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.308 0 0.877 48.199 7.347 0.144 0.0448 0.0806 0 0 0.0220 0.870 0.105
4PAA163 163-5 107 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.921 0 0.445 49.001 6.434 0.0904 0 0 0.1091 0 0.0113 0.894 0.0928
4PAA163 163-7 109 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 44.193 0 0.529 48.365 6.644 0.0883 0.0897 0.0917 0 0 0.0135 0.887 0.0963
4PAA163 163-8 110 c calcite clast mod orange red Limestone 43.914 0 0.408 48.153 7.422 0.0054 0 0.0175 0.0796 0 0.0104 0.881 0.1074
2PAG107 107-6 53 a calcite none Limestone 45.179 0 3.375 49.928 0.0448 1.320 0 0.1077 0 0.0459 0.0842 0.895 0.0006
2PAG107 107-8 55 a calcite none Limestone 52.336 0 3.326 42.438 0.0692 1.821 0 0.0019 0 0.0077 0.0953 0.874 0.0011
2PAG179 179-12 82 b calcite vein none Gray marble 42.984 0 0.0912 56.609 0.0241 0.000 0 0.2204 0 0.0707 0.0022 0.995 0.0003
2PAG179 179-16 86 b calcite vein none Gray marble 43.588 0 0.0009 56.134 0.0413 0.0746 0 0.095 0 0.0656 0.0000 0.997 0.0006
2PAG179 179-4 74 a calcite vein none Gray marble 43.197 0 0.114 56.351 0.0688 0.000 0 0.1535 0.0473 0.0681 0.0028 0.994 0.0010
2PAG179 179-14 84 b calcite vein none Gray marble 43.771 0 0.144 55.389 0.492 0.0417 0.0225 0.0082 0.048 0.0833 0.0036 0.988 0.0069
2PAG179 179-17 87 b calcite vein none Gray marble 44.071 0 0.116 55.169 0.544 0.000 0 0.0436 0.016 0.0404 0.0029 0.989 0.0077
2PAG179 179-1 71 a calcite vein none Gray marble 43.313 0 0.165 56.204 0.000 0.0154 0.0169 0.2865 0 0 0.0040 0.993 0.0000
2PAG179 179-2 72 a calcite vein none Gray marble 42.875 0 0.134 56.706 0.0275 0.0132 0.0618 0.1826 0 0 0.0033 0.994 0.0004
2PAG179 179-3 73 a calcite vein none Gray marble 42.748 0 0.163 56.750 0.000 0.0450 0.107 0.1873 0 0 0.0040 0.992 0.0000
2PAG179 179-5 75 a calcite vein none Gray marble 43.525 0 0.143 56.082 0.0310 0.000 0.0394 0.146 0.0333 0 0.0035 0.994 0.0004
2PAG179 179-11 81 b calcite vein none Gray marble 44.309 0 0.123 55.235 0.272 0.000 0 0.0169 0.0448 0 0.0031 0.993 0.0039
2PAG179 179-13 83 b calcite vein none Gray marble 43.417 0 0.0979 56.135 0.0172 0.0373 0.045 0.2024 0.0478 0 0.0024 0.994 0.0002
2PAG179 179-15 85 b calcite vein none Gray marble 44.062 0 0.0838 55.545 0.148 0.0209 0 0.1143 0.0263 0 0.0021 0.994 0.0021
3PAA278 278-21 169 d calcite vein none Limestone 44.299 0 0.274 54.456 0.396 0.421 0 0.089 0 0.0657 0.0069 0.980 0.0056
3PAA278 278-23 171 d calcite vein none Limestone 43.982 0 0.440 54.995 0.0965 0.420 0 0.0673 0 0 0.0109 0.981 0.0014
3PAA278 278-26 174 d calcite vein none Limestone 43.789 0 0.303 52.378 3.320 0.0918 0.0337 0.023 0.0613 0 0.0076 0.943 0.0472
4PAA134 134-10 97 b calcite vein none White marble 43.134 0 0.0348 56.754 0.0034 0.0066 0 0.0247 0 0.0429 0.0009 0.999 0.0000
4PAA134 134-9 96 b calcite vein none White marble 43.459 0 0.247 56.195 0.0207 0.0044 0 0.0112 0 0.0631 0.0061 0.993 0.0003
4PAA134 134-7 94 b calcite vein none White marble 43.159 0 0.0480 56.684 0.0103 0.000 0 0.0894 0.0015 0.0076 0.0012 0.998 0.0001
4PAA134 134-8 95 b calcite vein none White marble 42.925 0 0.0462 56.870 0.0448 0.0494 0 0 0.0646 0 0.0011 0.997 0.0006
2PAG107 107-10 57 a dolomite none Limestone 46.755 0 17.237 32.421 0.0103 3.473 0 0.0822 0 0.021 0.405 0.548 0.0001
3PAA278 278-10 158 b dolomite none Limestone 46.438 0 17.832 30.386 1.281 3.895 0 0.1232 0.0191 0.0263 0.418 0.512 0.0171
3PAA278 278-13 161 b dolomite none Limestone 46.370 0 18.421 30.263 0.662 4.262 0 0.0217 0 0 0.429 0.506 0.0088
3PAA278 278-25 173 d dolomite none Limestone 46.607 0 16.280 30.275 5.094 1.693 0 0.0518 0 0 0.389 0.519 0.0691
2PAG107 107-7 54 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 50.557 0 7.363 38.681 0.0483 3.239 0.0057 0.0526 0 0.0543 0.199 0.751 0.0007
2PAG107 107-9 56 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.903 0 15.886 32.197 0.127 5.673 0.148 0.0413 0 0.0262 0.375 0.546 0.0017
2PAG107 107-1 48 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.203 0 14.849 33.358 0.0788 5.382 0.0511 0.071 0 0.0079 0.354 0.572 0.0011
2PAG107 107-11 58 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.622 0 15.816 33.198 0.0891 5.190 0.0284 0.0571 0 0 0.371 0.559 0.0012
2PAG107 107-2 49 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.635 0 15.976 33.437 0.0617 4.726 0 0.1327 0.0319 0 0.374 0.562 0.0008
2PAG107 107-3 50 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.167 0 15.345 33.738 0.0515 4.602 0 0.0965 0 0 0.363 0.574 0.0007
2PAG107 107-4 51 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.956 0 15.756 33.165 0.0583 4.862 0.0739 0.1118 0.0167 0 0.371 0.562 0.0008
2PAG107 107-5 52 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.263 0 14.738 33.965 0.0343 4.880 0 0.1198 0 0 0.351 0.582 0.0005
3PAA278 278-15 163 a Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.266 0 18.801 30.480 0.100 4.198 0.0398 0.0593 0 0.0554 0.435 0.507 0.0013
3PAA278 278-1 149 c Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.664 0 18.228 30.411 0.407 4.839 0.176 0.0408 0.0821 0.153 0.422 0.506 0.0054
780

3PAA278 278-4 152 c Fe-dolomite none Limestone 45.542 0 18.559 30.465 0.257 5.101 0 0 0.0736 0.0026 0.427 0.504 0.0034
3PAA278 278-7 155 b Fe-dolomite none Limestone 46.048 0 18.638 30.698 0.439 4.064 0.0681 0.033 0.0122 0 0.431 0.510 0.0058
 Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina
CO2 MgO CaO MnO FeO ZnO SrO BaO PbO mol % mol % mol %
Sample Label No Spot Specimen Fluorescence Host rock Ox%(C ) Ox%(O ) Ox%(Mg) Ox%(Ca) Ox%(Mn) Ox%(Fe) Ox%(Zn) Ox%(Sr) Ox%(Ba) Ox%(Pb) Mg Ca Mn
3PAA278 278-19 167 a Kutnahorite? none Limestone 44.416 0 6.536 47.084 0.646 1.123 0.0338 0.0236 0.0161 0.123 0.158 0.817 0.0089
3PAA278 278-24 172 d Kutnahorite? none Limestone 45.851 0 15.278 29.605 8.005 1.167 0.0791 0 0 0.0157 0.365 0.509 0.109
2PAG179 179-9 79 c marble mtx none Gray marble 44.196 0 2.173 53.382 0.000 0.0450 0.0395 0.1601 0 0.0051 0.0535 0.944 0.0000
2PAG179 179-6 76 c marble mtx none Gray marble 43.650 0 0.117 56.030 0.0344 0.0011 0 0.1324 0.02 0.0151 0.0029 0.995 0.0005
2PAG179 179-7 77 c marble mtx none Gray marble 43.598 0 1.183 54.962 0.0172 0.0845 0 0.1397 0.0153 0 0.0290 0.968 0.0002
2PAG179 179-8 78 c marble mtx none Gray marble 43.213 0 0.105 56.377 0.0275 0.0450 0 0.2231 0.009 0 0.0026 0.994 0.0004
2PAG179 179-10 80 c marble mtx none Gray marble 43.412 0 0.184 56.086 0.0654 0.0077 0.0169 0.1781 0.0506 0 0.0045 0.992 0.0009
3PAA278 278-22 170 d Mn-calcite none Limestone 44.529 0 3.192 47.921 3.869 0.411 0 0.0353 0.0435 0 0.0796 0.859 0.0548
3PAA278 278-11 159 b Mn-dolomite none Limestone 45.702 0 13.983 29.314 9.644 1.254 0.0226 0.0126 0.0227 0.0445 0.339 0.511 0.133
3PAA278 278-14 162 b Mn-dolomite none Limestone 44.435 0 11.208 33.048 6.453 4.730 0.0788 0 0 0.0469 0.271 0.575 0.0887
4PAA219 219-11 218 c calcite strong ORF tan endoskarn 44.167 0 0.165 54.464 0.997 0.008 0.0787 0.0566 0 0.0631 0.0041 0.980 0.0142
4PAA219 219-10 217 c calcite strong ORF tan endoskarn 44.386 0 0.133 54.774 0.638 0.019 0 0.0508 0 0 0.0033 0.987 0.0091
4PAA219 219-12 219 c calcite strong ORF tan endoskarn 44.035 0 0.127 55.085 0.662 0.070 0 0 0.0215 0 0.0032 0.986 0.0094
4PAA219 219-13 220 c calcite strong ORF tan endoskarn 44.044 0 0.134 55.022 0.748 0.018 0 0.0347 0 0 0.0033 0.985 0.0106
4PAA163 163-15 117 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.141 0 0.605 48.038 7.123 0.020 0.0729 0 0 0 0.0154 0.880 0.103
4PAA163 163-16 118 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.461 0 0.496 48.218 6.656 0.053 0 0.068 0.0473 0 0.0127 0.889 0.0970
4PAA163 163-17 119 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.047 0 0.448 48.445 6.936 0.011 0 0.057 0.0556 0 0.0114 0.887 0.100
4PAA163 163-18 120 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.379 0 0.586 48.137 6.772 0.040 0.0056 0.0223 0.0581 0 0.0150 0.885 0.0985
4PAA163 163-19 121 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.513 0 0.423 48.589 6.407 0.000 0.028 0.0402 0 0 0.0109 0.895 0.0933
4PAA163 163-9 111 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 45.334 0 0.611 47.060 6.867 0.037 0 0.0761 0.0148 0 0.0159 0.881 0.102
4PAA163 163-10 112 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 43.951 0 0.613 47.437 7.844 0.041 0.0784 0 0 0.0355 0.0156 0.869 0.114
4PAA163 163-11 113 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.028 0 0.770 46.893 8.031 0.033 0.185 0.0605 0 0 0.0197 0.860 0.116
4PAA163 163-12 114 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 45.269 0 0.578 47.315 6.838 0.000 0 0.0001 0 0 0.0150 0.884 0.101
4PAA163 163-13 115 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.585 0 0.685 45.099 9.449 0.007 0.134 0 0.041 0 0.0178 0.841 0.139
4PAA163 163-14 116 b calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 43.434 0 0.454 46.669 9.288 0.075 0.0056 0.0521 0.0218 0 0.0115 0.853 0.134
3PAA278 278-20 168 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.107 0 0.378 51.502 3.845 0.098 0 0.0142 0 0.0556 0.0095 0.934 0.0551
3PAA278 278-16 164 a Mn-calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.606 0 0.387 51.930 2.921 0.079 0 0.0011 0 0.0758 0.0098 0.947 0.0421
3PAA278 278-17 165 a Mn-calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.175 0 0.352 52.470 2.717 0.129 0.0168 0 0.0827 0.0581 0.0089 0.949 0.0389
3PAA278 278-18 166 a Mn-calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.144 0 0.401 49.989 5.001 0.465 0 0 0 0 0.0102 0.911 0.0721
3PAA278 278-8 156 b Mn-calcite traces ORF Limestone 44.804 0 0.414 50.680 3.987 0.021 0 0.0343 0 0.0606 0.0106 0.931 0.0579
3PAA278 278-3 151 c Mn-calcite traces ORF Limestone 43.831 0 0.422 49.888 5.746 0.051 0 0 0.0069 0.0557 0.0106 0.906 0.0825
3PAA278 278-12 160 b calcite vein traces ORF Limestone 44.485 0 0.567 51.758 2.892 0.253 0 0 0.032 0.0126 0.0143 0.940 0.0415
3PAA278 278-6 154 b Mn-calcite traces ORF Limestone 44.292 0 0.375 51.479 3.686 0.107 0 0 0.0515 0.0101 0.0095 0.936 0.0530
3PAA278 278-9 157 b calcite vein traces ORF Limestone 44.863 0 1.242 50.334 3.306 0.248 0 0.007 0 0 0.0315 0.917 0.0476
3PAA278 278-2 150 c calcite vein traces ORF Limestone 44.479 0 0.296 50.371 4.602 0.132 0.112 0.0076 0 0 0.0075 0.922 0.0666
3PAA278 278-5 153 c Mn-calcite traces ORF Limestone 45.004 0 0.376 50.166 4.337 0.107 0 0.0086 0.002 0 0.0097 0.925 0.0633
4PAA134 134-13 100 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.148 0 0.0019 56.574 0.000 0.020 0.113 0.0696 0.0421 0.0328 0.0000 0.997 0.0000
4PAA134 134-1 88 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.765 0 0.0292 56.018 0.000 0.006 0 0.0788 0.0225 0.0808 0.0007 0.998 0.0000
4PAA134 134-5 92 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.325 0 0.000 56.509 0.000 0.000 0.0394 0.0222 0.0741 0.0303 0.0000 0.999 0.0000
4PAA134 134-3 90 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.130 0 0.0047 56.706 0.038 0.000 0 0 0.0035 0.119 0.0001 0.999 0.0005
4PAA134 134-6 93 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.457 0 0.0085 56.421 0.021 0.002 0 0.0054 0.0428 0.0429 0.0002 0.999 0.0003
4PAA134 134-4 91 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.814 0 0.000 55.971 0.038 0.000 0.0506 0.0472 0.026 0.053 0.0000 0.998 0.0005
4PAA134 134-14 101 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.058 0 0.0377 56.716 0.024 0.070 0 0.0738 0 0.0202 0.0009 0.997 0.0003
4PAA134 134-2 89 c marble mtx weak orange red White marble 44.070 0 0.0151 55.701 0.083 0.069 0 0.0569 0 0.005 0.0004 0.997 0.0012
4PAA134 134-11 98 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.358 0 0.000 56.489 0.038 0.010 0 0.0663 0.0393 0 0.0000 0.998 0.0005
4PAA134 134-12 99 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 42.940 0 0.0254 56.855 0.000 0.008 0 0.1029 0.0686 0 0.0006 0.998 0.0000
4PAA134 134-15 102 a marble mtx weak orange red White marble 43.421 0 0.000 56.469 0.028 0.010 0.0281 0.0438 0 0 0.0000 0.999 0.0004
4PAA219 219-1 208 b calcite white tan endoskarn 99.852 0 0.0211 0.0401 0.014 0.000 0 0 0.0137 0.0589 0.292 0.399 0.112
4PAA219 219-2 209 b calcite white tan endoskarn 44.786 0 0.242 53.720 1.195 0.054 0 0.0006 0 0.0025 0.0061 0.976 0.0172
781

4PAA219 219-3 210 b calcite white tan endoskarn 43.442 0 0.0321 56.394 0.103 0.029 0 0 0 0 0.0008 0.997 0.0014
 Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina
mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % wt% CO2 by
Sample Label No Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum mol CO2 g CO2 stoichiometry Ox tot COMMENTS
4PAA219 219-5 212 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.452 98.972
4PAA219 219-7 214 0.0027 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 41.607 94.873 total too low
4PAA219 219-8 215 0.0029 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.360 98.716
4PAA219 219-4 211 0.0002 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.423 98.870
4PAA219 219-6 213 0.0035 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.255 98.517
4PAA219 219-9 216 0.0462 0.0018 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 15.681 30.997 not a carbonate
4PAA163 163-4 106 0.0030 0.0008 0.0002 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.466 99.504
4PAA163 163-6 108 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 42.685 98.339
4PAA163 163-1 103 0.0013 0.0000 0.0006 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.029 96.908 total too low
4PAA163 163-2 104 0.0013 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.078 99.316
4PAA163 163-3 105 0.0020 0.0006 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.489 100.181
4PAA163 163-5 107 0.0013 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.020 99.099
4PAA163 163-7 109 0.0013 0.0011 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.798 98.605
4PAA163 163-8 110 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0005 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.874 98.960
2PAG107 107-6 53 0.0185 0.0000 0.0010 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 43.760 98.581
2PAG107 107-8 55 0.0293 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 38.098 85.762 Probably bad analysis
2PAG179 179-12 82 0.0000 0.0000 0.0021 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 44.649 101.665
2PAG179 179-16 86 0.0010 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 44.180 100.592
2PAG179 179-4 74 0.0000 0.0000 0.0015 0.0003 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 44.483 101.286
2PAG179 179-14 84 0.0006 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0004 1.0000 1 44.010 44.004 100.233
2PAG179 179-17 87 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 43.792 99.721
2PAG179 179-1 71 0.0002 0.0002 0.0027 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.429 101.116
2PAG179 179-2 72 0.0002 0.0007 0.0017 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.785 101.910
2PAG179 179-3 73 0.0006 0.0013 0.0018 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.880 102.132 total too high
2PAG179 179-5 75 0.0000 0.0005 0.0014 0.0002 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.282 100.757
2PAG179 179-11 81 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.671 99.363
2PAG179 179-13 83 0.0005 0.0005 0.0019 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.319 100.902
2PAG179 179-15 85 0.0003 0.0000 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.844 99.782
3PAA278 278-21 169 0.0059 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.590 99.291
3PAA278 278-23 171 0.0058 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.985 100.003
3PAA278 278-26 174 0.0013 0.0004 0.0002 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.599 99.811
4PAA134 134-10 97 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 44.604 101.470
4PAA134 134-9 96 0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 44.404 100.945
4PAA134 134-7 94 0.0000 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.584 101.425
4PAA134 134-8 95 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.759 101.834
2PAG107 107-10 57 0.0458 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 46.438 99.683 dolomite
3PAA278 278-10 158 0.0512 0.0000 0.0011 0.0001 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 46.562 100.124 dolomite
3PAA278 278-13 161 0.0557 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.895 100.525 dolomite
3PAA278 278-25 173 0.0227 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 45.755 99.149 dolomite
2PAG107 107-7 54 0.0491 0.0001 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 40.446 89.890 Probably bad analysis
2PAG107 107-9 56 0.0751 0.0017 0.0004 0.0000 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 46.270 100.367 Fe-dolomite
2PAG107 107-1 48 0.0720 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 45.797 99.594 Fe-dolomite
2PAG107 107-11 58 0.0682 0.0003 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.597 100.975 Fe-dolomite
2PAG107 107-2 49 0.0620 0.0000 0.0012 0.0002 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.685 101.050 Fe-dolomite
2PAG107 107-3 50 0.0611 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.126 99.959 Fe-dolomite
2PAG107 107-4 51 0.0643 0.0009 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 46.339 100.383 Fe-dolomite
2PAG107 107-5 52 0.0652 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 45.810 99.546 Fe-dolomite
3PAA278 278-15 163 0.0546 0.0005 0.0005 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 47.141 100.875 Fe-dolomite
3PAA278 278-1 149 0.0629 0.0020 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 1.0000 1 44.010 47.153 101.488 Fe-dolomite
0.0658 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 47.480 101.938 Fe-dolomite
782

3PAA278 278-4 152

3PAA278 278-7 155 0.0527 0.0008 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 47.259 101.210 Fe-dolomite
 Appendix D2: Microprobe results from Antamina
mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % wt% CO2 by
Sample Label No Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum mol CO2 g CO2 stoichiometry Ox tot COMMENTS
3PAA278 278-19 167 0.0152 0.0004 0.0002 0.0001 0.0005 1.0000 1 44.010 45.233 100.818 Kutnahorite?
3PAA278 278-24 172 0.0157 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 45.643 99.793 Kutnahorite?
2PAG179 179-9 79 0.0006 0.0005 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.384 100.189
2PAG179 179-6 76 0.0000 0.0000 0.0013 0.0001 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 44.187 100.536
2PAG179 179-7 77 0.0012 0.0000 0.0013 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.552 100.953
2PAG179 179-8 78 0.0006 0.0000 0.0021 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.502 101.289
2PAG179 179-10 80 0.0001 0.0002 0.0017 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.362 100.950
3PAA278 278-22 170 0.0057 0.0000 0.0003 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.773 99.244 Mn-calcite
3PAA278 278-11 159 0.0171 0.0003 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 45.059 99.357 Mn-dolomite
3PAA278 278-14 162 0.0642 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 45.127 100.692 Mn-dolomite
4PAA219 219-11 218 0.0001 0.0010 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.626 99.459
4PAA219 219-10 217 0.0003 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.561 99.175
4PAA219 219-12 219 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.828 99.793
4PAA219 219-13 220 0.0002 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.817 99.772
4PAA163 163-15 117 0.0003 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.832 98.691
4PAA163 163-16 118 0.0008 0.0000 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.587 98.126
4PAA163 163-17 119 0.0002 0.0000 0.0006 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.859 98.811
4PAA163 163-18 120 0.0006 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.673 98.294
4PAA163 163-19 121 0.0000 0.0004 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.602 98.089
4PAA163 163-9 111 0.0005 0.0000 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 41.920 96.586 total too low
4PAA163 163-10 112 0.0006 0.0010 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 42.839 98.888
4PAA163 163-11 113 0.0005 0.0023 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.770 98.742
4PAA163 163-12 114 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.006 96.737 total too low
4PAA163 163-13 115 0.0001 0.0017 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.092 97.508 total too low
4PAA163 163-14 116 0.0011 0.0001 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.962 99.528
3PAA278 278-20 168 0.0014 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.294 99.187
3PAA278 278-16 164 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.053 98.447 Mn-calcite
3PAA278 278-17 165 0.0018 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.372 99.197 Mn-calcite
3PAA278 278-18 166 0.0066 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.057 98.912 Mn-calcite
3PAA278 278-8 156 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 42.738 97.934 total too low
3PAA278 278-3 151 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1.0000 1 44.010 43.222 99.391 Mn-calcite
3PAA278 278-12 160 0.0036 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 43.200 98.714
3PAA278 278-6 154 0.0015 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.178 98.886 Mn-calcite
3PAA278 278-9 157 0.0035 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.064 98.201
3PAA278 278-2 150 0.0019 0.0014 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.854 98.375
3PAA278 278-5 153 0.0015 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 42.541 97.538 total too low
4PAA134 134-13 100 0.0003 0.0014 0.0007 0.0003 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 44.522 101.375
4PAA134 134-1 88 0.0001 0.0000 0.0008 0.0001 0.0004 1.0000 1 44.010 44.054 100.289
4PAA134 134-5 92 0.0000 0.0005 0.0002 0.0005 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 44.406 101.081
4PAA134 134-3 90 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1.0000 1 44.010 44.556 101.426
4PAA134 134-6 93 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 44.326 100.869
4PAA134 134-4 91 0.0000 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 1.0000 1 44.010 44.015 100.201
4PAA134 134-14 101 0.0010 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 1.0000 1 44.010 44.645 101.587
4PAA134 134-2 89 0.0010 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.849 99.779
4PAA134 134-11 98 0.0001 0.0000 0.0006 0.0003 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.402 101.044
4PAA134 134-12 99 0.0001 0.0000 0.0010 0.0004 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.716 101.776
4PAA134 134-15 102 0.0001 0.0003 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.374 100.953
4PAA219 219-1 208 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0498 0.1471 1.0000 1 44.010 0.079 0.227 not a carbonate
4PAA219 219-2 209 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 43.199 98.413
783

4PAA219 219-3 210 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 1 44.010 44.375 100.933
Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins

784
 Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins
CO2 MgO CaO MnO FeO ZnO SrO BaO PbO
Sample Easting Northing Elevation Label No Spot Specimen Fluorescence Host rock Ox%(C ) Ox%(O ) Ox%(Mg) Ox%(Ca) Ox%(Mn) Ox%(Fe) Ox%(Zn) Ox%(Sr) Ox%(Ba) Ox%(Pb)
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-26 44 LG calcite light green Limestone 43.540 0 0.252 56.185 0 0 0.0225 0 0 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-27 45 LG calcite light green Limestone 43.248 0 0.215 56.349 0.0723 0.0527 0.0169 0.0473 0 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-29 47 LG calcite light green Limestone 43.489 0 0.104 56.307 0.0138 0 0.0394 0 0 0.0479
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-25 43 LG calcite light green Limestone 43.547 0 0.105 56.197 0.0379 0 0 0.0247 0 0.0883
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-28 46 LG calcite light green Limestone 48.126 0 0.293 48.486 2.673 0.105 0.152 0.0313 0 0.134
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-1 175 a blocky calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.235 0 0.632 52.274 2.595 0.0635 0.191 0.0105 0 0
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-2 176 a blocky calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.102 0 0.614 53.239 1.928 0 0 0.116 0 0
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-3 177 a blocky calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.220 0 0.720 52.803 2.060 0.0777 0 0.12 0 0
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-4 178 a blocky calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.343 0 0.718 53.031 1.764 0 0 0.143 0 0
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-10 184 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.164 0 0.603 53.358 1.678 0.148 0 0.0492 0 0
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-7 181 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.357 0 0.560 53.316 1.539 0.102 0.107 0 0.0135 0.0051
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-9 183 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 43.815 0 0.532 53.878 1.432 0.110 0.0674 0.0368 0.1166 0.0126
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-5 179 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.287 0 0.837 53.263 1.283 0.216 0.0113 0.0677 0.0165 0.0177
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-8 182 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 43.968 0 0.502 54.438 0.819 0.124 0.0507 0.0731 0 0.0253
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-6 180 b crustiform calcite mod ORF Limestone 44.159 0 0.668 49.656 5.245 0.0316 0.0617 0 0 0.177
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-22 206 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 44.304 0 0.269 55.203 0.0621 0.0429 0.0564 0.0629 0 0
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-18 202 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 43.390 0 0.354 56.115 0.0517 0.044 0 0.0147 0 0.0303
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-20 204 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 44.528 0 0.390 54.185 0.836 0 0 0.0179 0 0.043
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-23 207 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 43.451 0 0.195 56.193 0 0.0154 0 0.0071 0.085 0.053
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-19 203 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 43.494 0 0.296 55.553 0.403 0.0911 0.0901 0 0 0.0733
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-21 205 d margin marble mod ORF lms/marble 44.0357 0 0.345 54.657 0.534 0.136 0.0394 0.0518 0.0783 0.124
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-1 19 NF calcite none Limestone 43.170 0 0.196 56.403 0 0 0.152 0.08 0 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-2 20 NF calcite none Limestone 43.266 0 0.236 56.302 0.0069 0.0187 0.045 0.0357 0.0894 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-3 21 NF calcite none Limestone 43.440 0 0.123 56.288 0 0 0.118 0.0169 0.015 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-5 23 NF calcite none Limestone 43.372 0 0.233 56.231 0.0344 0 0.129 0 0 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-4 22 NF calcite none Limestone 43.406 0 0.281 56.106 0.0482 0 0 0 0.0143 0.144
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-1 59 b calcite none Limestone 43.245 0 0.595 55.966 0.0138 0.0583 0.0508 0.0719 0 0
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-2 60 b calcite none Limestone 43.215 0 0.644 56.073 0.0242 0.0385 0 0 0.0065 0
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-3 61 b calcite none Limestone 43.626 0 0.746 55.491 0.069 0.0066 0 0.023 0.0381 0
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-5 63 b calcite none Limestone 43.431 0 0.680 55.662 0.0035 0.0814 0.0395 0.0571 0.0466 0
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-7 65 a calcite none Limestone 44.730 0 0.803 54.263 0.0518 0.0617 0 0.0905 0 0
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-9 67 a calcite none Limestone 43.397 0 0.678 55.849 0.0138 0.0253 0 0.0358 0 0
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-10 68 a calcite none Limestone 43.162 0 0.582 55.843 0.0828 0.0231 0.181 0.0421 0.0852 0
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-11 69 a calcite none Limestone 43.195 0 0.721 55.838 0.0414 0.146 0.0226 0.0216 0.0138 0
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-4 62 b calcite none Limestone 43.247 0 0.765 55.715 0.0828 0.11 0.0226 0.0301 0.0068 0.0202
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-6 64 a calcite none Limestone 43.609 0 0.556 55.589 0.0483 0.127 0 0.0337 0 0.0379
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-12 70 a calcite none Limestone 43.042 0 0.646 56.041 0 0.109 0 0.0176 0.0962 0.048
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-8 66 a calcite none Limestone 43.596 0 0.624 55.456 0.0517 0.0979 0 0.038 0.0153 0.121
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-17 138 d calcite vein none Limestone 44.688 0 0.352 53.826 1.0633 0 0 0.0709 0 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-18 139 d calcite vein none Limestone 44.0113 0 0.205 54.453 1.224 0.0274 0 0.0639 0.0152 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-19 140 e calcite vein none brown hornfels 44.287 0 0.137 53.661 1.812 0 0.0844 0.0195 0 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-20 141 e calcite vein none brown hornfels 44.913 0 0.100 53.168 1.805 0.0142 0 0 0 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-21 142 e calcite vein none brown hornfels 44.542 0 0.103 53.713 1.536 0.0044 0.09 0.0115 0 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-23 144 e hornfels none brown hornfels 44.147 0 0.212 54.878 0.485 0.0373 0.0281 0.0958 0.0735 0.0429
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-25 146 e hornfels none brown hornfels 44.0847 0 0.226 54.483 1.131 0.0099 0 0 0 0.0656
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-6 24 NF Mn oxide none Limestone 43.957 0 0.302 53.699 1.836 0.0164 0.0112 0.0222 0.0635 0.0934
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-7 25 NF Mn oxide none Limestone 43.898 0 0.090 55.315 0.482 0.0307 0.0675 0.0693 0.0478 0
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-17 17 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 44.389 0 0.247 51.918 3.405 0 0 0.041 0 0
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-14 14 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 44.536 0 0.226 51.190 3.925 0.0786 0.0224 0 0 0.0227
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-16 16 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 43.757 0 0.257 52.362 3.522 0.0164 0 0 0 0.0858
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-18 18 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 43.954 0 0.140 53.251 2.441 0.0634 0.118 0.0084 0.0171 0.0076
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-15 15 ORF calcite ORF ± yellow Limestone 43.964 0 0.323 52.469 2.980 0 0.0953 0.0351 0.0531 0.0808
785

3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-12 133 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.184 0 0.0464 53.924 1.8 0.0175 0.0281 0 0 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-15 136 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.228 0 0.493 54.392 0.847 0 0 0.0172 0.0225 0
 Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins
CO2 MgO CaO MnO FeO ZnO SrO BaO PbO
Sample Easting Northing Elevation Label No Spot Specimen Fluorescence Host rock Ox%(C ) Ox%(O ) Ox%(Mg) Ox%(Ca) Ox%(Mn) Ox%(Fe) Ox%(Zn) Ox%(Sr) Ox%(Ba) Ox%(Pb)
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-13 134 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.358 0 0.0152 53.176 2.350 0 0 0 0.0937 0.0076
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-11 132 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.443 0 0.0634 53.505 1.724 0.012 0.0899 0 0.1128 0.0505
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-14 135 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.846 0 0.0701 52.583 2.358 0.023 0.0393 0.0055 0 0.0757
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-10 131 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.350 0 0.0965 53.717 1.738 0 0 0 0 0.0984
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-16 137 d blocky calcite strong ORF Limestone 44.531 0 0.0579 52.169 3.108 0.0186 0 0 0 0.116
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-3 124 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.668 0 0.1004 53.397 1.666 0.0121 0.0731 0 0.0832 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-4 125 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 43.762 0 0.184 53.760 2.131 0 0.118 0.0131 0.0331 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-8 129 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.533 0 0.0918 53.461 1.831 0 0 0.0833 0 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-9 130 d calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.462 0 0.416 54.073 0.905 0 0.135 0 0.0102 0
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-27 148 calcite vein strong ORF calcite 44.534 0 0.176 53.228 2.013 0 0.0393 0.0073 0 0.0025
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-5 126 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.529 0 0.0888 54.342 0.902 0.0219 0.0113 0.0345 0.0435 0.0278
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-1 122 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.229 0 0.447 48.148 6.976 0.0218 0.0784 0.0619 0 0.038
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-2 123 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.653 0 0.086 53.768 1.368 0 0 0.0457 0.0309 0.048
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-7 128 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 44.827 0 0.120 53.420 1.513 0.0471 0 0.0201 0 0.053
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-6 127 a calcite vein strong ORF Limestone 43.801 0 0.129 54.128 1.809 0.0471 0 0.0078 0 0.0782
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-9 27 ORF calcite weak ORF Limestone 43.457 0 0.153 56.235 0.0965 0.0549 0 0 0.004 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-10 28 ORF calcite weak ORF Limestone 43.544 0 0.0499 56.338 0.0655 0.0022 0 0 0 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-12 30 ORF calcite weak ORF Limestone 43.816 0 0.0745 55.531 0.468 0.0143 0 0.0525 0.0408 0.0025
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-8 26 ORF calcite weak ORF Limestone 43.265 0 0.0772 56.459 0.117 0 0 0 0.003 0.0782
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-3 3 w calcite white Limestone 43.998 0 0.140 51.332 4.234 0.125 0.123 0.014 0.0334 0
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-6 6 w calcite white Limestone 44.475 0 0.184 51.146 4.088 0 0.0897 0 0.0173 0
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-7 7 w calcite white Limestone 44.335 0 0.176 50.704 4.564 0.116 0.0786 0.0264 0 0
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-5 5 w calcite white Limestone 44.292 0 0.226 51.240 4.117 0 0.0672 0 0.0401 0.0177
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-2 2 w calcite white Limestone 44.288 0 0.251 51.520 3.860 0 0 0.0113 0.0453 0.0252
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-1 1 w calcite white Limestone 43.681 0 0.244 50.170 5.666 0.132 0.0392 0.0405 0 0.0278
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-4 4 w calcite white Limestone 44.152 0 0.151 51.384 4.109 0 0.084 0 0.0067 0.114
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-13 31 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 43.962 0 0.0641 55.811 0.107 0.056 0 0 0 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-19 37 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.354 0 0.0632 56.305 0.141 0.0461 0 0.0004 0.0894 0
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-23 41 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 44.237 0 0.0801 55.335 0.310 0 0 0 0.0333 0.005
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-24 42 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.102 0 0.188 56.574 0.028 0.0538 0 0.0474 0 0.0076
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-14 32 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 44.070 0 0.0726 55.582 0.221 0 0.0225 0 0.0228 0.0101
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-21 39 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.833 0 0.0801 55.621 0.334 0.0461 0 0.0269 0.0363 0.0227
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-20 38 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.582 0 0.0857 55.954 0.244 0 0 0.0469 0.0623 0.0252
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-22 40 Y1 calcite yellow Limestone 43.776 0 0.0575 55.758 0.234 0.0801 0.0056 0 0.0613 0.0278
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-15 33 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 43.707 0 0.0462 55.992 0.200 0 0 0 0.022 0.0328
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-17 35 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 43.691 0 0.0584 55.927 0.162 0.0209 0.0281 0.013 0.0463 0.053
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-16 34 Y2 calcite yellow Limestone 44.004 0 0.0311 55.670 0.155 0.0593 0.0113 0.011 0 0.058
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-9 9 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.452 0 0.182 50.794 4.423 0 0.056 0.081 0.0121 0
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-10 10 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.287 0 0.239 50.528 4.586 0.199 0 0.101 0.0604 0
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-13 13 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.391 0 0.0578 53.182 2.258 0 0.0674 0.0329 0 0.0101
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-12 12 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.415 0 0.257 51.122 3.998 0.0403 0.0504 0.0466 0.0368 0.0353
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-11 11 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.338 0 0.155 51.319 3.741 0.296 0 0.113 0.0007 0.0378
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-8 8 y calcite yellow Limestone 44.070 0 0.180 51.086 4.462 0.111 0.0056 0.0448 0 0.0404
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-13 197 c calcite yellow lms/marble 44.598 0 0.179 53.975 1.102 0.132 0 0 0 0.0152
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-14 198 c calcite yellow lms/marble 43.839 0 0.454 54.306 1.280 0.0022 0.0394 0.0496 0.011 0.0202
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-4 188 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.461 0 0.0483 54.018 1.394 0 0 0 0.0789 0
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-7 191 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.521 0 0.241 54.248 0.823 0.0274 0.1069 0.0333 0 0
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-8 192 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.493 0 0.194 54.495 0.813 0.0055 0 0 0 0
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-9 193 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.632 0 0.194 54.369 0.631 0.0187 0.0676 0.0886 0 0
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-2 186 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.676 0 0.406 52.974 1.847 0 0 0.0333 0.0503 0.0126
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-3 187 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.622 0 0.203 53.954 1.130 0.0209 0 0.0237 0.0142 0.0329
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-1 185 a calcite halo yellow Limestone 44.071 0 0.0967 53.402 2.311 0 0 0.0425 0.0353 0.0404
786
 Appendix Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins
mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % wt% CO2 by
Sample Easting Northing Elevation Label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum mol CO2 g CO2 by stoichiometry Ox tot
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-26 0.0062 0.994 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.382 100.842
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-27 0.0053 0.992 0.0010 0.0007 0.0002 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.563 101.315
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-29 0.0026 0.997 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 1 1 44.010 44.342 100.853
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-25 0.0026 0.996 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0004 1 1 44.010 44.269 100.722
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-28 0.0079 0.946 0.0412 0.0016 0.0020 0.0003 0.0000 0.0007 1 1 44.010 40.216 92.090
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-1 0.0159 0.944 0.0370 0.0009 0.0024 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.470 99.235
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-2 0.0153 0.956 0.0274 0.0000 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.698 99.596
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-3 0.0180 0.950 0.0293 0.0011 0.0000 0.0012 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.602 99.382
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-4 0.0180 0.955 0.0251 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.558 99.215
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-10 0.0151 0.959 0.0238 0.0021 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.686 99.522
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-7 0.0140 0.961 0.0219 0.0014 0.0013 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.534 99.177
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-9 0.0132 0.963 0.0202 0.0015 0.0008 0.0004 0.0008 0.0001 1 1 44.010 43.908 100.093
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-5 0.0209 0.957 0.0182 0.0030 0.0001 0.0007 0.0001 0.0001 1 1 44.010 43.686 99.399
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-8 0.0125 0.973 0.0116 0.0017 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 1 1 44.010 43.918 99.950
4PUA567B 317106.5 8826141.5 4450 567-6 0.0170 0.905 0.0756 0.0004 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 1 1 44.010 43.042 98.882
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-22 0.0067 0.990 0.0009 0.0006 0.0007 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.739 99.435
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-18 0.0087 0.990 0.0007 0.0006 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0001 1 1 44.010 44.497 101.107
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-20 0.0098 0.978 0.0119 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1 1 44.010 43.485 98.956
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-23 0.0048 0.994 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0001 0.0005 0.0002 1 1 44.010 44.361 100.910
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-19 0.0073 0.984 0.0056 0.0013 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1 1 44.010 44.290 100.796
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-21 0.0086 0.980 0.0076 0.0019 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 1 1 44.010 43.775 99.740
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-1 0.0048 0.993 0.0000 0.0000 0.0018 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.595 101.425
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-2 0.0058 0.992 0.0001 0.0003 0.0005 0.0003 0.0006 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.525 101.259
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-3 0.0030 0.995 0.0000 0.0000 0.0014 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.384 100.944
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-5 0.0057 0.992 0.0005 0.0000 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.476 101.103
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-4 0.0069 0.992 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0006 1 1 44.010 44.402 100.996
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-1 0.0145 0.983 0.0002 0.0008 0.0006 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.674 101.429
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-2 0.0157 0.983 0.0003 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.749 101.534
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-3 0.0183 0.980 0.0010 0.0001 0.0000 0.0002 0.0002 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.432 100.805
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-5 0.0167 0.981 0.0000 0.0011 0.0005 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.536 101.106
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-7 0.0201 0.977 0.0007 0.0009 0.0000 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.570 98.840
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-9 0.0166 0.983 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.610 101.213
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-10 0.0142 0.981 0.0012 0.0003 0.0022 0.0004 0.0005 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.666 101.504
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-11 0.0176 0.979 0.0006 0.0020 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 1 44.010 44.750 101.555
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-4 0.0187 0.978 0.0011 0.0015 0.0003 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 1 1 44.010 44.710 101.463
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-6 0.0137 0.983 0.0007 0.0017 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 1 1 44.010 44.362 100.754
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-12 0.0157 0.982 0.0000 0.0015 0.0000 0.0002 0.0006 0.0002 1 1 44.010 44.797 101.755
4PUA524 315291 8822718 4340 524-8 0.0154 0.982 0.0007 0.0014 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 0.0005 1 1 44.010 44.339 100.743
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-17 0.0089 0.975 0.0152 0.0000 0.0000 0.0007 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.317 98.629
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-18 0.0051 0.976 0.0173 0.0004 0.0000 0.0006 0.0001 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.766 99.755
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-19 0.0034 0.969 0.0259 0.0000 0.0011 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.440 99.154
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-20 0.0025 0.971 0.0261 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 42.964 98.050
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-21 0.0026 0.974 0.0220 0.0001 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 1 44.010 43.276 98.734
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-23 0.0053 0.985 0.0069 0.0005 0.0003 0.0009 0.0005 0.0002 1 4 44.010 43.709 99.562
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-25 0.0056 0.978 0.0161 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1 5 44.010 43.725 99.641
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-6 0.0075 0.965 0.0261 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004 1 9 44.010 43.673 99.717
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-7 0.0022 0.989 0.0068 0.0004 0.0008 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 1 10 44.010 43.907 100.008
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-17 0.0062 0.944 0.0490 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0000 0.0000 1 11 44.010 43.144 98.755
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-14 0.0057 0.936 0.0567 0.0011 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1 12 44.010 42.920 98.383
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-16 0.0064 0.943 0.0501 0.0002 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 1 13 44.010 43.586 99.829
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-18 0.0035 0.959 0.0348 0.0009 0.0015 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 1 14 44.010 43.570 99.616
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-15 0.0081 0.947 0.0425 0.0000 0.0012 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 1 15 44.010 43.476 99.512
787

3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-12 0.0012 0.973 0.0257 0.0002 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 16 44.010 43.513 99.329
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-15 0.0123 0.975 0.0120 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 1 17 44.010 43.765 99.537
 Appendix Appendix D3: Microprobe results from Uchucchacua carbonate veins
mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % mol % wt% CO2 by
Sample Easting Northing Elevation Label Mg Ca Mn Fe Zn Sr Ba Pb sum mol CO2 g CO2 by stoichiometry Ox tot
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-13 0.0004 0.965 0.0337 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1 23 44.010 43.235 98.878
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-11 0.0016 0.971 0.0247 0.0002 0.0011 0.0000 0.0007 0.0002 1 27 44.010 43.228 98.785
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-14 0.0018 0.963 0.0341 0.0003 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1 29 44.010 42.859 98.013
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-10 0.0024 0.972 0.0249 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 1 31 44.010 43.360 99.010
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-16 0.0015 0.953 0.0449 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1 32 44.010 42.968 98.437
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-3 0.0025 0.972 0.0240 0.0002 0.0009 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1 18 44.010 43.120 98.452
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-4 0.0046 0.963 0.0302 0.0000 0.0015 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000 1 19 44.010 43.792 100.030
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-8 0.0023 0.971 0.0263 0.0000 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 1 20 44.010 43.228 98.695
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-9 0.0104 0.975 0.0129 0.0000 0.0017 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 21 44.010 43.527 99.066
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-27 0.0044 0.966 0.0289 0.0000 0.0005 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 1 22 44.010 43.239 98.706
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-5 0.0022 0.984 0.0129 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 1 24 44.010 43.356 98.827
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-1 0.0114 0.885 0.1014 0.0003 0.0010 0.0006 0.0000 0.0002 1 25 44.010 42.692 98.464
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-2 0.0022 0.977 0.0197 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 1 26 44.010 43.178 98.525
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-7 0.0030 0.974 0.0218 0.0007 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 1 28 44.010 43.041 98.214
3PUA548 317253.5 8826112 4360 548-6 0.0032 0.970 0.0256 0.0007 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 0.0004 1 30 44.010 43.790 99.988
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-9 0.0038 0.994 0.0013 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 33 44.010 44.394 100.937
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-10 0.0012 0.998 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 34 44.010 44.310 100.766
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-12 0.0018 0.991 0.0066 0.0002 0.0000 0.0005 0.0003 0.0000 1 35 44.010 43.996 100.180
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-8 0.0019 0.996 0.0016 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 1 36 44.010 44.482 101.217
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-3 0.0035 0.932 0.0608 0.0018 0.0015 0.0001 0.0002 0.0000 1 37 44.010 43.224 99.225
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-6 0.0047 0.935 0.0591 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 38 44.010 42.930 98.454
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-7 0.0045 0.927 0.0659 0.0017 0.0010 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 39 44.010 42.941 98.605
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-5 0.0057 0.934 0.0593 0.0000 0.0008 0.0000 0.0003 0.0001 1 40 44.010 43.066 98.774
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-2 0.0064 0.938 0.0555 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0003 0.0001 1 41 44.010 43.124 98.836
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-1 0.0061 0.910 0.0812 0.0019 0.0005 0.0004 0.0000 0.0001 1 42 44.010 43.279 99.598
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-4 0.0038 0.935 0.0591 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 1 43 44.010 43.110 98.958
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-13 0.0016 0.996 0.0015 0.0008 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 44 44.010 43.971 100.009
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-19 0.0016 0.995 0.0020 0.0006 0.0000 0.0000 0.0006 0.0000 1 45 44.010 44.399 101.045
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-23 0.0020 0.993 0.0044 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0002 0.0000 1 46 44.010 43.717 99.480
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-24 0.0046 0.994 0.0004 0.0007 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 0.0000 1 47 44.010 44.676 101.575
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-14 0.0018 0.995 0.0031 0.0000 0.0003 0.0000 0.0001 0.0000 1 48 44.010 43.857 99.787
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-21 0.0020 0.992 0.0047 0.0006 0.0000 0.0003 0.0002 0.0001 1 49 44.010 44.001 100.168
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-20 0.0021 0.993 0.0034 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0004 0.0001 1 50 44.010 44.200 100.618
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-22 0.0014 0.994 0.0033 0.0011 0.0001 0.0000 0.0004 0.0001 1 51 44.010 44.042 100.266
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-15 0.0011 0.996 0.0028 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 0.0001 1 52 44.010 44.130 100.422
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-17 0.0014 0.995 0.0023 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 0.0003 0.0002 1 53 44.010 44.113 100.422
3PUA511 317241 8826187.5 4300 511-16 0.0008 0.996 0.0022 0.0008 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 0.0003 1 54 44.010 43.879 99.875
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-9 0.0046 0.930 0.0640 0.0000 0.0007 0.0008 0.0001 0.0000 1 55 44.010 42.874 98.422
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-10 0.0061 0.923 0.0663 0.0028 0.0000 0.0010 0.0004 0.0000 1 56 44.010 42.942 98.655
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-13 0.0015 0.965 0.0324 0.0000 0.0008 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 57 44.010 43.254 98.863
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-12 0.0065 0.934 0.0577 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 1 58 44.010 42.970 98.556
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-11 0.0039 0.937 0.0540 0.0042 0.0000 0.0011 0.0000 0.0002 1 59 44.010 43.002 98.664
3PUA542 317235.5 8826175 4300 542-8 0.0046 0.929 0.0641 0.0016 0.0001 0.0004 0.0000 0.0002 1 60 44.010 43.155 99.085
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-13 0.0045 0.978 0.0158 0.0019 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0001 1 69 44.010 43.322 98.724
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-14 0.0113 0.970 0.0181 0.0000 0.0005 0.0005 0.0001 0.0001 1 70 44.010 43.959 100.121
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-4 0.0012 0.978 0.0200 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0005 0.0000 1 62 44.010 43.333 98.872
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-7 0.0061 0.980 0.0117 0.0004 0.0013 0.0003 0.0000 0.0000 1 65 44.010 43.436 98.916
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-8 0.0049 0.983 0.0116 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1 66 44.010 43.487 98.995
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-9 0.0049 0.984 0.0090 0.0003 0.0008 0.0009 0.0000 0.0000 1 67 44.010 43.357 98.725
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-2 0.0103 0.962 0.0265 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003 0.0003 0.0001 1 68 44.010 43.194 98.518
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-3 0.0051 0.978 0.0162 0.0003 0.0000 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 1 71 44.010 43.299 98.678
4PUA513 317236 8826074 4120 513-1 0.0024 0.964 0.0330 0.0000 0.0000 0.0004 0.0002 0.0002 1 73 44.010 43.486 99.414
788