HOPE ENTERPRISE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE
I N T E G R A T E D D E S I G N I I I
High - Rise Mixed Office

Prepared by - Leul Ashebir 2023/12/30

ID. - 102587
ONTENT 2
1 Background
High-Rise Mixed Office
Chapter 01
Introduction

3 Chapter 02
Literature
Programme
Design Consideration
Standards
Structure
System
Envelop / Facade
Ecological Aspects
4 Chapter 03
Case studies

5 Chapter 04
Site analysis
6 Chapter 05
Conclusion
Reference
 01
Background
Introduction

High - Rise Mixed Office

§ The High-Rise Mixed Office Project is primarily

concerned with the planning and construction of a
modern high-rise structure that combines office space
with a variety of complementary purposes. By reviewing
pertinent literature and examining pertinent case studies,
this architectural study seeks to provide a thorough
context in order to guide the design approach, address
important issues, and provide insights for the effective
execution of high-rise mixed office buildings.
Chapter 01
02
Introduction

High - Rise Mixed Office

§ high-rise mixed offices has emerged as a response to the

changing dynamics of the modern workplace. This report
provides a background on high-rise mixed offices,
highlighting their purpose, design considerations,
benefits, and challenges. By understanding the key
aspects of this office model, stakeholders can make
informed decisions regarding their implementation and
assess their suitability for specific urban contexts.
Chapter 02
03
Historical background
§ Tall structures have been built in some form or
another for millennia. Egypt's Great Pyramid of
Giza, built in the 26th century BC at a height of
481 feet (147 m), would remain the tallest
structure on Earth for millennia until surpassed in
the Middle Ages.
§ The term "skyscraper" was first used in the 1780s
to describe a particularly tall horse, before later
being applied to, among other things,In the 1880s
it began to be applied to buildings, first in 1883
to describe large public monuments and then in
1889 as a label for tall office blocks, coming into
widespread use over the next decade
 04

Home Insurance Building Potter Building APA Building, Melbourne Masonic Temple(Chicago)
Type - Office Location - Financial District, Type - Office Record height - Tallest in Chicago from
Location- Chicago, Illinois, United Manhattan, New York Location - Cnr of Elizabeth 1895 to 1899[I]
States Address - 35–38 Park Row or 145 Street & Flinders Lane, Location - Chicago, United States
Coordinates - 41.8796°N 87.6320°W Nassau Street, New Melbourne, Victoria, Coordinates - 41°53′05.28″N
Construction started - 1884 York, NY 10038 Australia 87°37′39.27″W
Completed - 1885 Coordinates - 40°42′42″N Completed - 1890 Construction started - 1891
Demolished - 1931 74°00′24″W Demolished - 1980 Completed - 1892
Height Construction started - 1883 Height Demolished - 1939
Roof - Originally 138 feet (42.1 meters) Completed - 1886 Antenna spire - 53 metres Height
Top floor - After addition of the final Technical details Roof - 47 metres Roof - 302 ft (92 m)
two floors – 180 feet (55 meters) Floor count - 11 Technical details Technical details
Technical details Design and construction Floor count - 12 Floor count - 21
Floor count - 10 (later 12) Architect(s) - Norris Garshom Design and construction
Design and construction Starkweather Architect(s) - Oakden, Addison &
Architect(s) - William Le Baron Jenney Kemp with John Beswicke
 Types Of Office 05

Traditional Office Space

SUMMARY
§ It has a classic look and is often used by some of Features of Traditional Office
Space
the oldest businesses such as law firms, banks § Reception
and hedge funds. Its focus is on providing a calm, § Bullpen
§ Boardroom
quiet and private area given the nature of the § Private office
businesses.

Contiguous Office Space

§ A contiguous office layout plan has several Pros
SUMMARY § Cost-effective
suites combined by the same firm, on the same
§ Enhances communication
floor and the suitesLorem ipsum dolor
are adjacent sit amet,
to each other. § Makes supervision easy
consectetuer adipiscing elit.
This office type works well for large firms with
Aenean commodo ligula
several departments each one located close to
eget dolor.
the other one.
Types Of Office 06

Executive Suites Office Space

SUMMARY
§ The most luxurious of offices as they’re serviced Features of Traditional Office
Space
and furnished with the best features anyone could § Reception
ask for. These include high-end furniture, phone § Serviced
§ Furnished
and internet services and dedicated workers. § Private offices

Creative Office Space

§ One of the best small office layout ideas is the creative office
space. This office type is focused on enhancing collaboration
SUMMARY
and teamwork through allowing as much access to other
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
employees and resources as possible. It’s the favored office
consectetuer adipiscing elit.
plan for theAenean
arts, commodo
creative ligula
agencies, advertising firms and
start-ups. eget dolor.
Design Considerations
07

Designing high-rise mixed offices requires careful

consideration of factors such as :
§ architectural aesthetics
§ functionality and
§ optimal space utilization.
Architects and interior designers must create spaces that
promote productivity, well-being, and efficient utilization
of available resources. Efficient floor plans, ample natural
light, flexible works paces, state-of-the-art technology
infrastructure, and convenient vertical transportation
systems are key design considerations.
 Horizontal And Vertical Zoning
08

§ horizontal zoning primarily governs the use and function of the

land or building across its horizontal plane. This zoning approach
h e l ps e n su r e t ha t di ff e r e n t a c t i v i t i e s o r f u n c t i o n s a r e
appropriately segregated or grouped together to promote efficient
land use, maintain compatibility between land uses, and protect
the well-being of the community.

§ Vertical zoning typically involves the establishment of

different zones or districts, each with specific regulations
regarding building height, setbacks, floor area ratio (FAR),
and other parameters. The specific zoning categories and
restrictions vary depending on local regulations, the type
of area (residential, commercial, industrial, etc.),
Standards
09
Standards
10
Standards
11
Standards
12
Standards
13
Spatial qualities for major functions
14

§ Spatial quality is a broad term that refers to the design and effective creation and use of spaces.
It applies to buildings, landscapes, and infrastructure.
§ In the context of office architecture, spatial quality can be defined as the ability of an office
space to provide an environment that is conducive to work. This includes factors such as
lighting, temperature, noise levels, air quality, and ergonomics. A well-designed office space
can improve employee productivity, health, and well-being while also promoting collaboration
and creativity.
§ According to a paper published by Carnegie Mellon University, there are three experiential
representation qualities of architectural spaces: enclosure, viewfield, and continuity. These
qualities describe common spatial experiences that are implicitly understood by architects.
Enclosure refers to how enclosed a space feels; viewfield refers to what can be seen from a
particular location in space; continuity refers to how connected different spaces feel.
 15
Chapter 03

International & Local Case studies

§ CCTV HEADQUARTER
§ 30 ST MARY AXE (THE GHERKIN)
§ CBE HEADQUARTER
 16
Chapter 03

International
§ CCTV HEADQUARTER
CCTV HEADQUARTER
17
Introduction

Location : Beijing,China
Construction Started : 2004
Completed Year : 2012
Number of floor : 51(3 below ground)
Height : 768ft
Floor area : 4188012ft
Architect : OMARemKoolhaas
Main Structural Engineer:Arup
Structural Engineer : Architecture Design Institute of
East China
Main Contractor:China State Construction and
Engineering Corporation
Developer/Owner : China Central Television
 Programs 18
CCTV HEADQUARTER
Geometry
 19
CCTV HEADQUARTER
HVAC

§ 3 story any recirvilation in the building would pass through the ahu
filters trapping areeosols so air coditiong would be unlikely to contribute
the spread of this infection.
§ Cooling through hvac system is economically benefical cctvhad poor
experience with ceiling mounted fan coil uitLeajs, condensation and
regular maintenance of filtes and fan.
§
 20
CCTV HEADQUARTER
Structural Concept

§ 3 story basement, 9 story base, 2 towers, 9-13 story

overhang (36 stories above ground) joined as a
‘continuous tube’
§ Towers slope in 6 degrees each direction
§ External diagrid solution for high seismic area as well
as solution to connect full loop
§ Transparency of structure expressed through facade
 21
CCTV HEADQUARTER
Super Structure

§ All sides off acade are fully braced through combination of regular column grid
/edge beams and the diagonal bracing system.
§ Stepped and oriented vertical cores within towers including elevators,risers,and
stairs.
§ TWO story support trusses at mid height of towers to support vertical columns
that should not be carried directly to the ground.
§ TWO story transfer deck supports vertical columns in over hand moving load to
external load structure.
§ Stiff floor plate diaphragm used every two stories
§ Towers gain primary stiffness through braced tube system- allowed them to be
built safely when not yet connected
§ Same phenomenon for cantilever parts as they are being built from either end
before connected
§ Regular pattern of steel/SRC behind main tube structure/perimeter beams and
optimized to allow change in plate thickness in more necessary areas
 22
CCTV HEADQUARTER
Diagonal Grid System (Diagrid)

§ Load follows diagonal sand transferring gravity and

lateral loads to the ground.
§ Combination of columns,bracing,and diagonals in
one
§ In-place welding of nodes
§ Configure optimal angles
§ Column(max bending rigidity) : 90
§ Diagonals(max shear rigidity) : 35
 23
CCTV HEADQUARTER
Transfer Structures

§ Due to slope of towers, internal vertical columns

cannot be continuous
§ Select plant floors house two story deep trusses to
transfer loads
§ Connect to internal cores and external columns at
singular pin-joint locations to prevent outrigging
§ Also located in overhang to support internal columns
§ Forces in truss diagonals carried only by the flanges
at connections
§ Websstop short of the chords to simplify construction
 24
CCTV HEADQUARTER
Exoskeleton/Facade

§ Facade bracing expresses pattern of forces within the

structure
§ Determined through iterative analysis
§ Facade installation began when structure reached
mid-height
§ Load of facade taken into account as well the extra
safety measures needed for sloped facade
 25
CCTV HEADQUARTER
Cantilever

§ Overhand construction began at tower 2 after steelwork for towers were completed to
roof level
§ Five months to construct, cantilevering piece by piece until connected in the center
§ Forces felt by cantilever in construction within towers until connected and shared
§ Bottom TWO levels contain 15 transfer trusses- converging in cantilever center with
13-part 3D nodes
§ Many trial fabrications performed on the ground before actual construction for
importance of accuracy
§ Corner connection used a delay joint which could be tightened when in need of
stabilization during final construction
§ Requirement use of delay joint in the morning of a windless
day so that towers would be same temperature and experience minimal movement.
§ Monitoring of tower movement during week before
connection in order to format correct lengths of joining members
§ Continuous steel plate deck(20mm) laid on lowest overhang
floor to resist in-plane forces from propping up towers.
 26
Chapter 03

International
§ 30 ST MARY AXE (THE GHERKIN)
CCTV HEADQUARTER
27
Introduction

§ Location - London, United Kingdom

§ Completed construction in 2003, opened in 2004
§ Client: Swiss Re Insurance Co.
§ Architect: Foster and Partners
§ Structural Engineer: ARUP
§ Project Manager: RWG Associates
§ Contractor: Skanska
§ Building Services Engineer: Hilson Moran
Partnership
§ Cost Consultant: Gardiner & Theobold
CCTV HEADQUARTER
28
Design Concept

§ Norman Foster designed an aerodynamic shape to allow wind flaw around

the building and its facade, rather than redirecting the wind to the ground
§ The enhancement of the public environment at street level, opening up new
views across the site to the frontages of the adjacent buildings and allowing
good access to and around the new development.
§ Maximum use of public transport for the occupants of the building.
§ flexibly serviced, high specification ‘user-friendly’ column free office spaces
with maximum primary space adjacent to natural light.
§ Good physical and visual inter connectivity between floors.
§ Reduced energy consumption by use of natural ventilation whenever suitable,
low façade heat gain and smart building control systems. Source: Foster +
Partners
CCTV HEADQUARTER
29
Plans

Site Plan

Ground Floor Plan 6th Floor Plan

39th Floor Plan 40th Floor Plan

CCTV HEADQUARTER
30
Foundation

§ Core column maximum design load: 33,266 kN

§ 750mm diameter concrete piles into London Clay
§ Number of piles: 333
§ Average length of piles: 27 m
§ Total length of piles: 9 km
§ Total design capacity: 117,000 Tonnes
 CCTV HEADQUARTER
31
General Structure
§ Two Primary Structural Systems
● Diagrid - Resists horizontal and gravity loads
● Core - Resists gravity loads

Sructural Diagrid

§ The diagrid provides vertical support to the floors while allowing for a column free
interior space.
§ Implementation of the diagrid system allows the radical form.
§ When coupled together, the structure and form are the ideal solution to dealing with
wind loads.
§ Combination of HSS steel members and rigid node connectors
§ Diagrid column sizes vary throughout - larger towards the base
§ There are 19 hoop structures that prevent the diagrid from splaying out
CCTV HEADQUARTER
32
General Structure

Structural Core

§ The core is the primary system for transferring vertical gravity

loads to the foundation system.
§ It is a rigid frame made up of moment connectected steel members.
§ The core also ensures that the horizontal hoop system does not
splay outward by acting as a tie back from the diagrid.
§ The core’s central, symmetrical placement within the building does
not allow torsion as an effect from lateral loading.
§ High structural stiffness is advantageous when dealing with loose
soil types
CCTV HEADQUARTER
33
Nodes

§ 360 total nodes

§ The nodes transfer loads both horizontally and vertically
§ The node itself is composed of three welded steel plates
§ The plates are oriented at oblique angles in order to facilitate the
complex geometry of the structure
§ HSS - round sections bolted to the plates in order to facilitate the
diagrid structure
§ Susceptible to settling
 CCTV HEADQUARTER
34
Façade

§ The reason of using gray glasses is to reduce the burning effect

of the sun.
§ While the outer wall is composed of triangular glass claddings
and profiles, the inner walls are mostly composed of dividing
elements and doors.
§ Also, one of the factors that make Gherkin Tower an ecological
building is that some parts of the windows in the curtain
wall/siding covering the spiral form can be opened and closed.
§ There are 792 mechanical windows that can be opened in light
wells for ventilation and fresh air flow in the building.

§ Considering the climate and weather conditions, the building is naturally ventilated by these folding mechanical glasses.
§ In this way, the energy consumption used for ventilation is reduced. The modules are left empty in the entrance parts of
the building and the cafe on the ground floor, and the entrance is provided through these spaces.
CCTV HEADQUARTER
35
HVAC § 30 St Mary Axe is designed to maximize daylight and
Ventilation
natural ventilation so that it uses half the energy
typically required by an office block (Glass Works).
§ Gaps in each floor create six shafts that serve as a
natural ventilation system for the entire building
§ A double glazing effect, which insulates the office
space inside is caused by air being sandwiched between
two layers of glazing.
§ The ventilation system is decentralized which enables
occupants to supply and control mechanical ventilation
on a floor by floor basis.
§ Windows in the facade of the wedges, which open
automatically, allow for fresh air to be drawn into the
building. As a result the building uses 50% less energy
that a typical prestige air conditioned office building.
CCTV HEADQUARTER
36
Plumbing
Lighting System

§ The building uses an electric heat-tracing system

§ The light wells allow daylight to penetrate the
which provides “energy-efficient hot water temperature
building to a further distance inside the building then
maintenance, frost protection and snow melting”
they would have had the floor gone all the way to the
(Process Heat).
p e r i m e t e r, h e l p i n g t o i m p r o v e t h e i n t e r n a l
§ Over 1000 meters of Raychem HWAT-M self-
environment.
regulation heating cable has been installed.
§ Although these light wells reduce the need for
§ This particular type of electric heat tracing system
artificial lighting some is still required.
provides instant hot water throughout the building
§ The building has also been equipped with motion
without any re-circulation plumbing.
and light level sensors to prevent unnecessary
§ This allows for “greater energy efficiency, lower
lighting.
maintenance and significant installation time/cost
savings over traditional re- circulation systems.
CCTV HEADQUARTER
37
Acoustic Performance Fire Regulations

§ The spiral light well arrangement allows for a fire

§ The external cladding is required to
escape strategy based on a variation of phased
protect the occupants from external
evacuation.
noises entering the building and to help
§ The building is divided into fire safety zones at
maintain a good acoustic atmosphere
every sixth then second floor.
internally.
§ This allows for the evacuation of one area at a time
§ The acoustic performance design is AS
as opposed to the whole building at once.
1055.1-1997 Acoustic – Description
§ A system of smoke curtains form smoke reservoirs
and Measurements of Environmental
in the light wells.
Noise – General Procedures.
§ Natural ventilation is used for smoke clearance for
the light wells. (Mace)
§ This eliminated the spread of smoke through the
light wells from lower floors.
CCTV HEADQUARTER 38
Vertical Circulation
Lifts

§ There are 18 passenger lifts in the building.

§ 378 people can be vertically transported through the building at speeds up to 6m
per second at any time.
§ In addition, there are goods and firefighter elevators, as well as a car park
elevator to the reception from the basement.
§ Two special shuttle elevators serve the top floors of the building.
§ KONE Alta™ fulfilled the architects’ requirements for customized elevator cars
and signalization.
3 different levels:
Low rise go from lobby to level 12.
Medium rise lifts go from lobby to 22 stopping from level 11.
High rise lifts go from lobby to 34 stopping from level 22.
Shuttle lift goes from level 34 to level 39
 39
Chapter 03

Local Case studies

§ CBE HEADQUARTER
CBE HEADQUARTER
40
Introduction

§ Location - Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

§ Type - Mixed Use High Rise
§ Architect: Design AndConstruction China State
Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC)
§ Height : 198 Meter
§ Total Area : 17,617 Sqm
§ Floor : 54 (4 Floors Underground & 48 Stories On
Ground)
§ Cost : ETB 3.3 Billion (US$266.5M)
CBE HEADQUARTER
41
Urban Context

§ By the new structure master the area is high end

development district.
§ The podium, open space for plaza and landscape
allow the tower to sink to the ground with scale.
§ The tower Used as a centeral point and source of
land mark and guideline.

Concept

§ The core is diamond shape : To represent the leading bank

and excel in the local and regional market.
§ Landscape done by germen expert using endegenous plant
with short roots.
§ Interior design made by italian expert.
CBE HEADQUARTER
42
Functions

§ The main tower is the hed quarter and leasing office

with staff from 4000 to 5000.
§ One of the tower is commercial center and other two
for conference and business.
§ Basement for parking and store.
§ The top two are restaurant and a sight seeing tower.
§ The podium used for brand shopping, cinema,
restaurants,, auxiliary staff facilities and conference
centers.
§ It has eight conference halls, including one to hold
2,000.
CBE HEADQUARTER
43

Functions Materials

§ Stairs , escalator and lift are used. § Double glazed glass with spacing in
§ Access and zoning with lifts start between to insulate sound heat.
and end on different floor. § C60 & C50 concrete block and class
§ Total of 17 elevators on the tower A HBC customized build used.
from otis § The sand is washed to reduce the silt
§ The speed of the lift is 3.5m/s on the level.
tower and the others run at 3m/s. § The aluminium profile will extruded
§ Two of the lift has panoramic view about 70cm and used as sun breaker.
to the city. § Advanced tools & equipment for
§ 46th floor will be open for public cutting, folding , fibrous formwork.
visit. § Hydraulic sliding scoff holding.
§ Escalator used in the conference and
business building.
 CBE HEADQUARTER
44

Structure

§ Ventilation (allow external fresh air filtered § Tower connection hoisting steel column welding connection
and in and filter and exhaust inside air .) interface, templates support, reinforcement and concrete
§ Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF), also known pouring.
as variable refrigerant volume (VRV), is § Composite column with I-section and concrete integrated
an HVAC technology § The column with diameter of 1.6 meters at the lower level and
§ It is efficient and flexible system reduced up to .90mt when goes up
§ Allow ea c h r o a m o r spa c e t o ha s § 34 Pile foundation deep 27mt on in the core tube area with
different temperature single pile on the perimeter frame & group piles in the core
§ Toilet are at the core with exhaust system tube
§ Room height 3.4m with clear height is 2.8 § The tower base plate 3mt thick and 1744m2 four layer steel
( space used for Cable treys, duct, HCAC mesh and concrete to support one time fill
devices, etc.) § 20mt excavated and mass foundation
CBE HEADQUARTER
45
Interior & Exterior
 46
Chapter 04

SITE ANALYSIS
47
48
49
50
51
52
 53
Site synthesis
 54
Chapter 05

CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
55

§ The literature review conducted on high-rise mixed office buildings have provided valuable
knowledge that have significantly influenced the architectural approach and decision-making process
of the project.The literature review revealed the importance of integrating various functions within a
vertical development, emphasizing the potential benefits of combining office spaces with
complementary uses.The literature review also emphasized the role of sustainable design, efficient
space planning, and technological integration in maximizing the performance and efficiency of high-
rise mixed office buildings.
 56
References

§ ChrisW (2020) Office types: Types and classes of office layout plans, Office+Work. Available at:
https://officeandwork.com/office-types/ (Accessed: 28 October 2023)
§ Early skyscrapers. (2023, August 3). Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_skyscrapers#Background:_1850%E2%80%931879
§ Home Insurance Building. (2023, August 28). Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Insurance_Building
§ APA Building, Melbourne. (2023, August 24). Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_Building,_Melbourne
§ Great Pyramid of Giza. (2023, October 27). Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza#/media/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg
§ O. (2018, June 19). 9 Office Types You Probably Don’t Know About - OfficingNow - Medium. Medium.
https://medium.com/@OfficingNow/different-types-of-offices-and-workspaces-fad62b2c8b84