PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT REPORT
To Construct A Switch Using A
Transistor
NAME – Rajit krishna
GRADE - XII
SECTION- M
Contents
Introduction
Objective
Apparatus Required
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Conclusion
Result
Bibliography
Introduction
A transistor is a three terminal electronic component
which is made of semiconductor material. A transistor
has three terminals namely, emitter, base and
collector which forms two junctions BE and CE
Emitter is the region thru which majority carriers enter
the transistor. Emitter is heavily doped. Base is the
middle layer and it is very lightly doped. Collector is
wide and moderately doped.
Transistors are fundamentally current amplifiers. The
transistor is essentially a resistor which allows current
to flow. The word transistor is a contraction of current-
transferring resistor.
Transistors are commonly used in amplification,
switching, and buffering signals or applied voltages.
Experiment
Objective:- To Construct A Switch Using A
Transistor & To Draw The Graph Between Input &
Output Voltage & To Mark The Cut-Off, Saturation
And Active Region.
Requirements:- pnp transistor (BC 108 or 2TX300),
3V battery, two high resistance (100KΩ, 10KΩ), 6V
battery, bulb (6V, 0.06V), 0-3 voltmeter, 0-6
voltmeter, two one way keys, connection wires.
Theory:- In a common emitter circuit of a
transistor, emitter base make input section and is
forward baised and emitter collector junction
make output section and is reverse baised.
Appling Kirchhoff’s Law,
for input circuit, VBB= IBRB+VBE
for output circuit, VCE=VCC-ICRC
But ,VBB=Vi and VCC=Vo,
Then, Vi=IBRB+VBE
Vo=VCC-ICRC
The variation in the output voltage with respect to
the variation in the input voltage for a Si transistor are
shown in the figure.
Circuit Diagram:-
Procedure:-
I. Make a circuit diagram.
II. Make all connections tight.
III. Note the least counts and zero errors of
voltmeters.
IV. Make the voltmeters readings zero in Vi & Vo.
V. Increase the voltage from input battery VBB from
0 to 0.6V and read it in voltmeter Vi and record
the reading in voltmeter Vo.
VI. Further increase in the input voltage (0.6<Vi≤1V)
and record the reading in both voltmeters. The
reading in voltmeter Vo, decreases continuously.
VII. With further increase in Vi (Vi>1V) and again
record the reading in both voltmeters. The
reading in the output voltmeter is found to
decrease in further towards zero through it may
never be zero.
VIII. Plot the reading of Vi & Vo by taking Vi on X- axis
and Vo on Y-axis.
IX. The graph will be similar to the graph shown
above.
Observations:-
Input Voltage (Vi) Output Voltage (Vo)
0.1V 3.75V
0.2V 3.72V
0.3V 3.70V
0.4V 3.60V
0.5V 2.90V
0.6V 2V
0.7V 1.50V
0.8V 0.62V
0.9V 0.20V
1V 0.12V
1.1V 0.11V
1.2V 0.10V
1.3V 0.09V
1.4V 0.09V
1.5V 0.08V
Conclusion:-
I. When the input voltage Vi (0 to 0.6) then transistor
is in cut-off region. The transistors do not act.
II. When the input voltage Vi (0.6<Vi≤1V) then
transistor is in active region. The transistor acts.
III. The transistor in cut-off region act as switch in OFF
position and in saturation region. The transistor
acts.
IV. The transistor in cut-off region act as switch OFF
position and in saturation region act as switch in
ON position.
Bibliography:-
I. https://www.google.com/
II. https://www.wikipedia.org/
III. https://www.learncbse.in/
