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Overview
ETAP is the most comprehensive solution for the design, simulation, and analysis of generation, transmission, distribution, and industrial power systems.

ETAP organizes your work on a project basis. Each project you create provides all the necessary tools and support for modeling and analyzing an electrical power system. A project
consists of an electrical system that requires a unique set of electrical components and interconnections. In ETAP, each project provides users, user access controls, and a separate
database in which its elements and connectivity data are stored.

Your access to an existing project file is through a special project file with an OTI extension (.oti). The ETAP database is stored in an ODBC compliant database file such as
Microsoft SQL (.mdf). These files work together to provide access control and storage for each project and use the project name. ETAP places all output reports from your project
into the same sub-directory where this database resides.

ETAP has been designed and developed by engineers for engineers to handle the diverse discipline of power systems in one integrated package with multiple interface views such
as AC and DC networks, cable raceways, ground grid, GIS, panels, protective device coordination/selectivity, and AC and DC control system diagrams.

Encompassing all these systems and views in one package allows engineers to model and analyze all aspects of an electrical system, from control system diagrams to panel
systems and large transmission and distribution systems.

All interface views are completely graphical, and the engineering properties of each circuit element can be edited directly from these views. Calculation results are displayed on
the interface views for your convenience.

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Base and Revision Toolbar

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Select Analysis Mode

Study Mode: For example, Load Flow or Short-Circuit

Menu
Includes commands for Files, printing, conversions, project standards, settings, options, editing libraries, setting defaults, selecting annotation fonts, printing libraries, base and
revision data, setting for Real-Time Modules, etc.

Message Log
View the latest messages related to ETAP projects. These can be expanded or reduced.

Dumpster
Can have unlimited cells.

Display Options
Options to display annotations of elements on the one-line diagram for Edit Mode

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System Manager
Create new and manipulate one-line diagram presentations, underground cable raceways, ground grid systems,
configurations, study cases, access System Dumpster, libraries, and all elements.

All ETAP systems take advantage of a common database. For example, a cable contains data representing its electrical properties and contains the physical routing information to
indicate the raceways through which it is routed. A relay contains information pertinent to analysis such as load flow and short-circuit and contains time-current characteristic
information that allows the engineer to perform protection or coordination studies.

Trip times set in these studies are also used by transient analysis to determine the total operating time of a breaker during a transient condition when the relay pickup value is
reached. ETAP can therefore simulate automatic relay actions based on the relay settings. This type of integration makes ETAP a detailed and accurate power system simulator
program.

ETAP also contains built-in libraries that are accessible from project files. New libraries can be created, or existing libraries can be modified to include custom manufacturer data.

ETAP systems and interface views can be accessed using the System toolbar.

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Project Toolbar
The Project toolbar contains buttons that allow you to perform shortcuts using many commonly used commands in ETAP. All of these commands are described in detail in
different parts of this manual (e.g., Chapter Menu Bars - section One-Line Diagram Menu Bar and Chapter One-Line Diagram GUI both describe the graphical user interface of the
one-line diagram).

Command Command Function

New Create a new project file

Open Open an existing project file
Save Save the project file
Print Print active interface views like one-line diagrams or underground raceways.
Print Preview Preview the print layout of the active interface view.
Page Break Preview Preview the Page Breaks directly on the one-line diagram.
Cut Cut the selected elements from an active interface view.
Copy Copy the selected elements from an active interface view.
Paste Paste elements from a dumpster cell to an active interface view.

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Pan Pan the one-line diagram or underground raceway view using a mouse.
Selection Tool Click to choose a selection tool (Rectangle, Ellipse, Free Hand, or Polygon)
Zoom In Magnify the one-line diagram or underground raceway system.
Zoom Out Reduce the one-line diagram or underground raceway system.
Back Undo zoom level for the one-line diagram.
Forward Redo the zoom level for the one-line diagram.
Zoom to Fit Page Resize the one-line diagram to fit the window.
Undo Undo previous task on the one-line diagram excluding removing an element.
Redo Redo a task that was undone
Text Box Click to place a textbox on an active interface view.
Polyline Text Box Click to place a polyline text box (open or closed polygon shapes)
Show Grid Lines Display the grid lines on the one-line diagram.
Check Continuity Check the system continuity for non-energized elements.
SIE Switching Interlock Enforcer to check interlock logic conflict
Hyperlinks Click to add a hyperlink to a device or one-line diagram.
eProject Tracker Project Tracking for tasks, milestones, etc.
Launch Power Calculator, AC Arc Flash Calculator, DC Arc Flash Calculator, Arc Fault
Power Calculator
Calculator
DGUV-I 203-078 AF Calculator Open the DGUV-I 203-078 Arc Flash Calculator
Capacitor Hazard Analysis Calculator Open the Capacitor Hazard Analysis Calculator
Find Click to find a device on the one-line diagram.
Help Point to a specific area to learn more about ETAP.

New
To create a new project, select New Project from the File menu, or click the first button on the Project toolbar. This opens the Create New Project File dialog box, as shown below.

From the dialog box, enter a Project File Name with a maximum of 30 characters that is suitable for your project. Click OK to open the User Information window.

When a project is created the first user must be identified and input into the user manager. By default, this first user is assigned the highest permission level (Project Master) For
more information about this dialog box, see Create a New Project File.

Open
Select this option to bring forward the Open Project File window. Here you can navigate to the desired project folder and select the .OTI file you wish to open.

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For additional details, see Opening an Existing Project File.

Save
A project can be saved only when you are in Edit mode or a Study mode. If you have logged on as a Project Editor or Base Editor, you CANNOT save a project while the project is in
a revision level of data. Saving a project can be done by clicking the Save tool.

Print
The Print tool will print the active view to your default printer.

To access the print options, open the Print dialog box by selecting Print from the File menu on the menu bar.

Print Preview
Click the Print Preview tool to preview the print layout of the active view.

There are a variety of tools available to modify the print layout in the Print Preview window.

Print Preview Window

Close
Click on this button to save the settings and layout, close, and return to the one-line diagram.

Print
Click on this button to bring up the Print Dialog box to start a print job.

Print Setup
Click on this button to display the Print Setup dialog box, which contains options that allow you to select the destination printer and its connection.

Print Options
Click on this button to display the Print Options dialog box.

Next/Previous Page
If the extent of a one-line diagram exceeds one page you can navigate through multiple pages using the Next/Previous Page buttons.

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Toggle Display
Click on this button to toggle between a preview of one or two pages at once.

Zoom In/Out View

Zoom In/Out of the view to preview the details or overall layout of your one-line diagram prior to printing. Zoom In/Out View does not affect the print results.

Fit to Page
Fit the extent of the one-line diagram into the selected page size and orientation.

Zoom In/Out
Zooms in/out of the one-line diagram so that the size of the diagram changes with respect to the page size. Once you print or close Print Preview, all settings are saved for future
printing. Zoom levels in the Print Preview are independent of zoom levels in the one-line diagram. The default magnification level is 10 units. You can enter a specific
magnification factor in the field provided.

Scroll
Scroll the one-line diagram to the right, left, top, and bottom with respect to the selected page size and orientation. These scroll functions are provided for centering and/or
adjusting the location of the one-line diagram with respect to the selected paper size for this one-line diagram. Once you print or close Print Preview, all settings are saved for
future printing. Scrolling in the Print Preview is independent of scrolling in the one-line diagram. The default scroll factor is 10 units. However, you can specify the scroll length in
the fields provided.

Page Break
Press this button to display or hide the dotted Page Break lines directly on the active one-line presentation. These lines help clarify how the one-line will appear in a printout
based on the Print Setup.

Cut
The Cut tool will delete selected elements from the one-line diagram and place them in the Dumpster. You can cut elements in Edit Mode only.

Copy
The Copy tool will copy selected elements from the one-line diagram and place them in a Dumpster with new ID Names while all other data and properties are preserved. You can
copy elements in Edit Mode only.

Paste
To paste an element or a group of elements from the Dumpster, select a cell from the Dumpster and activate the view (one-line diagram or underground raceway) you want the
element to be pasted into, and then click the Paste tool.

If more than one element is pasted, the pasted one-line diagram will be grouped to facilitate dragging the one-line diagram to the desired location. To ungroup the one-line
diagram, right-click on the pasted elements and select ungroup from the menu.

You can paste elements in Edit Mode only. When an element is pasted from the Dumpster, ETAP assigns it a new ID while all other data and properties are preserved.

Pan
Use the Pan tool to move the project around in the window without changing the scale of the view. Click the Pan tool and drag the project to the desired view. Press the Esc key to
release the Zoom In tool.

Selection Tool
Click and hold this button to show the available selection tools then release to make a selection.

Rectangle
The standard tool used to click and drag the cursor to draw a rectangular selection area on the OLV or GIS.

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Ellipse
With this tool, click and drag the cursor to draw an elliptical selection area on the OLV or GIS.

Free Hand
With this tool, click and drag the cursor to draw any free-form shape around the elements you wish to select on the OLV or GIS.

Polygon
Use this tool to click and place several anchor points around the elements you wish to select. Double-clicking will complete the selection and revert the selection tool to the
previous setting.

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Zoom In
There are several ways to use the Zoom In tool to enlarge the view of your project.

l Click the Zoom In tool once and click the location on the project where you want to magnify the view. The view magnifies once and the tool is released.
l Double-click the Zoom In tool to magnify your view many times. Press the Esc key to release the Zoom In tool.
l Click the Zoom In tool and drag an area on your project to magnify.

Zoom Out
Click the Zoom Out tool to reduce the view of your project. Continue to click the Zoom Out tool to the desired reduced view.

Back
Click on the Back button to return to the previous Zoom level. The button will be grayed when you first open the project or you have reached the first zoom level.

Forward
Click on the Forward button to return to the next Zoom level. The button will be grayed when you first open the project or you have reached the last zoom level.

Zoom to Fit Page

Use the Zoom to Fit Page tool to view the entire project in the window. If all the elements will not fit within the window, the window will be set to maximum reduction with the
view located to the window’s upper left-hand corner.

You can select an area of the one-line diagram or select elements by holding down the Control button and clicking on the element(s), then click the Zoom to Fit tool to fit only the
selected elements to the window.

Undo
Undo hiding an element or undo the movement of an element. Also undo moving, adding or deleting a connection. You may not use Undo to remove an element.

Redo
When undo is used, graphical Redo allows user to redo undone tasks.

Text Box
Click and move to the OLV, UGS, or STAR presentation to drop a text box. Double click on the text box to add text or fields from the editors to display in this box.

Polyline Text Box

Click this button to draw a polyline or multiline text box with open or closed polygon shape. Double click on the text box within the polyline to add text or fields from the editors
to display in this box.

Show Grid Lines

Click on the Show Grid Lines tool to display grid lines on the one-line diagram. The grid is zoom-dependent and will be enlarged or reduced proportionately with the elements
when they are enlarged or reduced. The grid size can be changed in the Edit Display Options.

Check Circuit Continuity

Press the Check Circuit Continuity button from the project toolbar or enable Continuity Check from the View menu to activate or de-activate this feature. If Continuity Check is on,
ETAP determines which elements in a presentation are energized. An energized element is an element, which is connected by an uninterrupted path to a swing source (generator
or utility). Elements, which are not energized, are displayed in gray (grayed out) on your screen.

Out of Service elements are grayed out if the Continuity Check is on, otherwise only their annotations are displayed in gray. Motors and loads with Spare status are always shown
with gray annotations.

ETAP determines whether each branch in the system is energized or hot. An energized branch has an uninterrupted path from an energized bus to another bus. A branch that is
not connected to one energized bus is considered de-energized. A branch is considered hot if it has one uninterrupted path to an energized bus but its other terminal is not
connected to another bus. When you run studies only energized buses, branches, and loads are considered. De-energized elements, along with their connections, can be printed
in gray, black, or not printed at all. You can choose to print de-energized elements from Print Options.

Note: The “De-energized” element color can be customized via the Theme Manager.

Switching Interlock Enforcer

Switching Interlock Enforcer is an easy-to-use module in ETAP that allows the engineer to design and simulate the system while being aware of the existing interlocking between
switching devices in the system.

This has the potential to prevent the engineer from designing system configurations that are not allowed and save time by simulating scenarios that are unnecessary due to
existing interlocks.

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As well as checking for interlocks that prevent the user from changing the configuration of switching devices, it also checks if switching a device will trigger the switching of
another device or a chain of other devices.

The interlocking can be based on the configuration of another switching device or based on a meter readings updated by running a Load Flow study. Please see the Switching
Interlock Enforcer chapter for more details.

Hyperlinks
Hyperlinks give you the flexibility of linking any document or web page to the ETAP project. Datasheets, tables, pictures, manufacturer web pages, maintenance schedules, and
much more information can be linked directly to specific devices on the one-line diagram or to different presentations.

Adding Hyperlinks
Click on the Hyperlinks button then click any device on the one-line or the presentation background itself. Once you drop the hyperlink, the Hyperlinks Editor opens.

Enter the description, address, and tooltip then click the Add button. Repeat as necessary to include additional hyperlinks for the target element or presentation. When ready,
click the OK button to save and close the Hyperlink editor.

Note: Images added to elements via etapAPP will automatically appear as device hyperlinks once merged back to the ETAP project.

Hyperlink Tooltips
If you placed the hyperlinks on the presentation background, the description text is displayed directly on the diagram the tooltip is shown when you hover the mouse cursor over
the link.

If you placed the link on a device, the hyperlink tooltip is added below the device ID. In the image below, the tooltip was entered as "Energy Cost Documents."

Using Hyperlinks
To activate Presentation Hyperlinks, double-click on the hyperlink text directly on the one-line. To launch Device Hyperlinks, right-click a device then expand the Hyperlinks
submenu and click any of the listed links.

With Datablocks, adding the “Hyperlink” property makes device links visible directly on the OLV. Single-click the Datablock Hyperlink to launch or double-click to open the
hyperlink editor.

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Note: The checkboxes at the end of each Hyperlink row are used to show/hide that link in the one-line Datablock.

Editing\Removing Hyperlinks
To edit or remove a hyperlink, you need to access the Hyperlink Editor. To access the Hyperlink Editor, click on the Hyperlink tool and drop it onto the device you want the link to
be edited\removed from or on the link text on the presentation background. For Datablock Hyperlinks, simply double-click the link to directly open the Hyperlink editor.

To edit a hyperlink, click on the hyperlink in the list. The address, description, and tool tip appear on the editor. Make the desired changes then click on the Add button to update
the information.

To remove a hyperlink, select it from the list and click the Delete button.

eProject Tracker
Click this button to launch the eProject Tracking window. This tool can be used to create and manage the progress of various project tasks and milestones.

Menu Bar
This standard menu bar provides options for managing eProject files, editing selected tasks, configuring the Gnatt chart display, and customizing the interface appearance.

File Toolbar
Quickly access file, edit, and print options from this toolbar.

Gnatt Toolbar
Use these buttons to add, remove, move, link, or update the selected task in the Gnatt Chart itself.

Task Table
This table lists all the tasks managed within the eProject file. Directly modify these entries to update the details or progress for any task.

Gnatt Chart
View and graphically manage the tasks from the Gnatt chart directly by panning, dragging, stretching, or double-clicking any item shown.

Find
Use the Find tool to locate a device on the one-line diagram. Click the Find button or press the shortcut key F then enter any part of the element ID to be found.

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If the found device exists in more than one presentation, the following prompt let you select which one to jump to.

Similarly, at the bottom of any element editor you can press the "Find" button to locate it in the active presentation.

Help
Press this Help button to enable the contextual help cursor. The next button or window that is clicked with this cursor will open the help file to the specific section describing that
feature.

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Alternatively, hovering your cursor over any button or window and pressing the F1 key will also open the help file to the relative section.

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Theme Toolbar
The Theme toolbar contains buttons that allow you to perform shortcuts using many commonly used commands in ETAP to change color and line styles for device connectors,
symbol color, and background.

Command Command Function

Theme Manager Customizes the look of the One Line Diagram presentations.
Theme Name Select from list of saved Theme configurations.
Theme Color Coding Select color coding of current Theme name.
Colors Normal Change selected component color to normal based on Theme Color Coding.
Colors Custom Change selected component color to custom color.
Enable Contouring Enable Result based Color Contouring

Theme Manager
Use this tool to customize the look of the One Line Diagram presentations. In the Theme Manager you create customized themes and change element color schemes, annotations
colors, background, grid color, and grid size. You can display faulted buses based by symbol or color and can also change the connectors wire type and color for single phase
systems. Also create customized themes based on voltage ratings, area, grounding type (solid, low-Z, high-Z, un-grounded), or earthing type (TT, TN, IT, NEC, earthing elements).

Theme Name
This drop-down list allows you to switch between themes defined, named and saved in the Theme Editor. Colors and styles are automatically switched to the last color
configuration selected for the Theme Name.

Theme Color Coding

Select the active color code for the energized conductors as defined in the Theme Editor per each Theme Name. The energized conductors can be color coded based on the
following:

l Standard Colors
l Voltage
l Area
l Grounding

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l Earthing

Colors Normal
Select any individual or group of elements and click on Colors Normal to overwrite any custom color editing and restore the defined colors per the Theme Color Coding
corresponding to the Theme Name.

Colors Custom
Select any individual or group of elements and click on Colors Custom to customize the coloring for any individual or group of elements. This will overwrite the custom color
defined by the Theme Color Coding per Theme Name.

Enable Contouring
Color Contouring allows users to display bus voltage results from power flow-based calculations. Press the Enable contouring button to color code the diagram as shown below.
Note that the diagram should be displaying bus results from a power flow-based study in order for the color coding to be engaged.

The settings for color contouring can be changed from the Contour Settings editor accessed from the Tools menu.

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Mode Toolbar
When you click the One-Line Diagram (Network Systems) button on the System toolbar, the Mode toolbar is available that contains all the study modules related to the one-line
diagram.

In general, ETAP has three modes of operation under Network Systems; Edit, AC Study, and DC Study. The AC Study mode consists of analyses such as Load Flow, Short Circuit,
Motor Acceleration, Transient Stability, and Protective Device Coordination.

Mode Toolbar with Motor Acceleration Mode Selected

Edit Mode

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Edit mode enables you to build your one-line diagram, change system connections, edit engineering properties, save your project, and generate schedule reports in Crystal
Reports formats. You can select this mode by clicking the Edit button (graphically represented by a pencil). The Edit toolbars for AC Elements, DC Elements, and Instrumentation
Elements will be displayed on the ETAP window's right side.

Mode Toolbar with Edit Mode Selected

This mode provides access to editing features that include:

l Dragging and Dropping Elements

l Connecting Elements
l Changing IDs
l Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Elements
l Moving Items from System Dumpster
l Inserting OLE Objects
l Cutting, Copying, and Pasting OLE Objects
l Merging Two ETAP Projects
l Hiding/Showing Groups of Protective Devices
l Rotating Elements
l Sizing Elements
l Changing Symbols
l Editing Properties
l Running Schedule Report Manager

Study Mode
Study Modes enable you to create and modify study cases, perform system analysis, view alarm/alert conditions, and view output reports and plots. When a Study Mode is active
(selected), the toolbar for the selected study is displayed on the right side of the ETAP window. By clicking the buttons on the Study toolbar, you can run studies, transfer data,
and change display options.

The available Study Modes and associated Study toolbars are shown in the table below.

Study Mode Toolbar Study Mode Toolbar

Short Circuit

l ANSI Short Circuit Duty

Load Flow l ANSI 30 Cycle Faults
l ANSI Unbalanced Faults
l Load Flow l IEC Short Circuit Duty
l Auto-Run Load Flow l IEC 60909 Short Circuit
l IEC Unbalanced Faults
l IEC 61363 Short Circuit
l GOST Short-Circuit

Motor Stating Harmonics

l Dynamic Acceleration l Harmonic Load Flow

l Static Starting l Harmonic Frequency Scan

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Protective Device Coordination

Arc Flash
l Sequence of Operation
l Arc Flash
l Max and Min SC
l AF Sequence of Operation
l Star Auto-Evaluation

Transient Stability
DC Load Flow
l Transient Stability
l DC Load Flow
l Generator Start-Up

DC Short-Circuit DC Arc Flash

l DC-Short-Circuit l DC Arc Flash

Battery Unbalanced Load Flow

l Battery Sizing l Unbalanced Load Flow

l Battery Discharge l Open Phase Fault Insertion

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Optimal Power Flow Reliability Assessment

l Optimal Power Flow l Reliability Assessment

Optimal Capacitor Placement Switching Sequence Management

l Optimal Capacitor Placement l Switching Sequence

Railway Traction - eTraX

Contingency Analysis
l Train Performance & Unified
l Contingency Analysis Load Flow
l Transformer Sizing

In addition to the Study toolbar, a Study Case toolbar is displayed automatically when one of the study modes becomes active. The Study Case toolbar allows you to control and
manage the solution parameters and output reports. The Study Case toolbar is available for all ETAP configurations.

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Common Buttons
The following buttons on the right-side Study Toolbar are common across many of the different study modes.

Display Options
ETAP allows different display options for the one-line diagram when you are working in different modes. Display options let you show or hide different element
annotations on the one-line including results. The display options for Study Modes are described in their respective sections.

Alert View
Several analysis modes have their own Alert View window that serves to lists critical and marginal points of concern after a study is run. A detailed description of this
window can be found in each mode's respective sections.

Report Manager
The output reports for each analysis mode can be generated using the Report Manager. The types of reports available differ for each mode and are described in their
respective sections.

Plot Results
This button is available in analysis modes with plottable results.

Halt Current Calculation

This button is only enabled while a calculation is in progress. Pressing it will stop or abort the calculation.

Show Unit
Click to turn on/off the units in the OLV display.

k->M, M->k Unit

Click and hold to select the power flow display options.

Volt, kV, %V Unit

Click and hold to select the voltage display options.

Show Average/ Phases

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Click and hold to select the average/phases results.

Show Voltage Terminal

Click to turn on/off the terminal voltage in OLV display.

Show Line/Cable Voltage Drops

Click to turn on/off the voltage drops at line/cable in OLV display

Show FDR Voltage Drops

Click to turn on/off the voltage drops at FDR in OLV display

Get Online Data

This button is active when the ETAP Real-Time Advanced Monitoring is online. Click on this button to use real time data as initial conditions for running the analysis.

Get Archived Data

This button is active when the ETAP Real-Time Event Playback is online. Click on this button to use archived data as initial conditions for running the analysis.

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Study Case Toolbar

This toolbar is displayed automatically when you are in one of the study modes. The Study Case toolbar allows you to control and manage the study solution parameters and
output reports.

Edit Study Case

Click the Edit Study Case button to edit the selected study case. Study Case Editors include Load Flow, Short-Circuit, Motor Starting, Transient Stability, and underground Raceway
System, for example.

Study Case
The Study Case drop-down list lets you select a previously created study case name to display. The solution parameters specified in the displayed study case are used when you
run a new study. To create a new study case, select Study Cases from the System Manager and right-click the desired study case type such as load flow, short-circuit, motor
starting, transient stability, or underground raceway systems.

Output Report
The Output Report drop-down list lets you select a previously created output report and display it. When you run a study, the displayed file name will be used for the output
report and plot. To create a new file name for your reports, select Prompt from the Output Report drop-down list and perform a study. ETAP will prompt you to enter a new file
name for the output report and plots.

List Output Reports

Click this button to list all ETAP output reports. From this drop-down list, you can preview all previously created output reports, which can be in the Crystal Reports format or text
reports.

Report Format
From this drop-down list, select a complete report or a particular part of a complete report to view. Independent of the language version of ETAP being used at the time of
executing a study, output reports are available in English, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Portuguese, and German.

View Report Manager

Click the View Report Manager button to display the contents of the current output file. Crystal Reports format is used to browse and print your customized report.

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

System Toolbar
The System toolbar is a convenient and efficient method of switching between ETAP systems.

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System Manager

Network Systems (AC or DC One-Line Diagrams)

Star Systems (Star Views)

StarZ Systems

Underground Raceway Systems (UGS)

Ground Grid Systems (GGS)

Cable Pulling Systems

ETAP Real-Time Systems

AC Control System Diagrams (AC CSD)

DC Control System Diagrams (DC CSD)

Geographical Information Systems (GIS View)

User-defined Dynamic Model Graphical Editor (UDM)

Python Editor

System Dumpster

Scenario Wizard

Study Wizard

Project Wizard

ETAP will open the last accessed presentation for the selected system when navigating from one ETAP system to another using this toolbar. For example, if you switch from
Network Systems to Star Systems, ETAP will check for an existing Star View. If Star Views exist, ETAP will open the last accessed Star View and make it the active window. If there
are no existing presentations, ETAP will prompt you to create a new presentation, except for Ground Grid. The button for Ground Grid will be disabled if no presentation has been
created. See Chapter Ground Grid Systems for instructions on how to create Ground Grid presentations.

Existing Views
If you are switching from Network Systems to Star Systems, ETAP will check for an existing Star View. If Star Views files exist, ETAP will open the last accessed Star View and make
it the active window.

New Views
If you are switching from Network Systems to Cable Pulling Systems and ETAP does not find any existing Cable Pulling Systems, it will it will prompt you to create a new interface
view.

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Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

System Manager
ETAP provides a special view of your project called the System Manager. The System Manager is a graphical tree representation that includes the presentations, configurations,
study cases, libraries, and components associated with your project.

The project tree can be expanded to display these items. Clicking a "?" icon (inside a square) increases the tree expansion, showing more details. Clicking a "–" icon (inside a
square) decreases the tree expansion, showing fewer details. Selecting an item by right-clicking it will display a context-sensitive command menu that allows you to perform
actions on the selected item.

Multi-Dimensional Database
Expand this section to see an overview of the project's dimensions, specifically: Configurations, Presentations, and Study Cases.

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Project Filename and Path

The topmost folder indicates the project's filename as well as the location from which it is being opened. Right-clicking this item will provide the following project options.

New
Create a new project.

Open
Open an existing project.

Close
Close the open project.

Save
Save the open project.

Copy Project To
Create a new copy of this project.

Open Project Location

Open Windows File Explorer to this project’s location.

Audit Database
Scan project database and remove ID inconsistencies.

Find
Locate a component in the project.

Standards
Change parameters of the open project.

Title
Edit project information.

Settings
Modify project settings.

Options
Make changes to project options.

Configurations
Expand this item to view the configurations within the project. Right-click the “Status” folder to create new configurations or access the Config Manager. Existing configuration
items can also be renamed or purged from this list via right-click.

Presentations
Expand this folder to see the overview of the various presentations existing in the project. Double-click any item to open and view it. Here, the right-click context menu can be

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used to create, copy, purge, rename, or print presentations.

Study Cases
Expand this folder to see the overview of study cases in the project. The numbers next to each module's subfolder indicate the number of existing study cases. Double-click any
study case to view and edit it. The right-click context menu can be used to create, copy, purge, or rename the listed study cases.

Rules &Libraries
Expand this tab for an overview of the rules, libraries, and warehouses associated with the open project.

Libraries
The top “Libraries” folder indicates the path of the connected library file. When right-clicked, the following context options are provided:

Open
Open and connect to a different library file.

Save
Save changes made to the connected library file.

Save As
Save the connected library file to a different name or location.

Create
Create and connect to a new blank library file.

Copy/Merge
Copy or merge content from one library file to another.

Purge
Clear the contents of the connected library file.

Library Type Sub Folders

Double-click any library subfolder to open the library editor for that type. Right-click for any of these items will give the options for viewing or purging.

Rules
This folder indicates the path of the connected rule file. Expand this to view the sub-rule types. Double-click any rule type to open the corresponding rulebook editor.

Warehouse
This folder indicates the path of the connected warehouse file. Expand this to view the sub warehouse types. Double-click any warehouse type to open the corresponding
warehouse editor.

Components
The One-Line and Distribution Component tabs provide an overview of all the elements in the project. Double-click any item to find and select it in the active presentation. Right-
click any listed component to access find options, properties, and individual Datablock On/Off settings.

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The right-click menu for One-Line Component folders provides options for Data Manager (To open Data Manager) and Service (To toggle the service of all same-type
components).

Count
While in the “Base” revision, the numbers appended to each component type indicate the count of that element in the project. While in any non-Base revision, the appended
numbers indicate the count of revised elements for the particular component type.

Icon Colors
The color of each folder and file icon indicates both service and revised status.
· When an element is Out of Service, the icon will be partially gray.
· While in any non-Base revision, the icon will be colored green if a component is flagged as Revised.

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Network Systems
ETAP provides a graphical editor to construct your one-line diagram. You can graphically add, delete, move, or connect elements using the one-line diagram Edit toolbar; zoom in
or out; display grid on or off; change element size, orientation, symbol, or visibility; enter properties; set operating status; etc.

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You can use composite networks and motors with unlimited nesting capabilities to create uncluttered and easy-to-follow one-line diagrams. Composite networks allow up to 20
connections from outside the network, making them very flexible to be used in a variety of configurations.

Note: The nesting capabilities of a one-line diagram do not affect the calculation results in any way. Calculation programs consider all one-line diagram components nested at any
level.

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Star Systems
The ETAP Star systems allow you to perform steady-state and dynamic device coordination, protection, and testing. Star systems utilize intelligent one-line diagrams,
comprehensive device libraries, and an integrated three-dimensional database.

The ETAP library database provides comprehensive and up-to-date protective device information. The ETAP device libraries are validated and verified using the published
manufacturer data and industry standards. Also, ETAP allows you to create and add new device TCC curves using state-of-the-art digitization points and formulation techniques.

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STAR systems enable system engineers to efficiently perform protective device coordination studies. The intelligent features provide informed and reliable recommendations
regarding the feasibility of the devices under consideration. This helps system engineers and planners quickly identify possible design issues and make informed decisions to
improve system reliability, increase system stability, and realize cost savings.

Key Features & Capabilities

l Graphically adjustable device settings

l Sequence-of-operation
l Automatic detection of protection zones
l Automatic selection of coordination paths
l Combine / Integrate multiple device curves
l Embedded analysis modules
l Verified and validated device libraries
l Multi-function and multi-level relays
l Built-in interface with relay hardware
l Display Actual Relay Transient Response
l User-definable device library database
l Ground & Neutral conductors damage curves
l Illustrate system-wide coordination
l Automatic layout of the one-line diagram in Star TCC View
l Click & drag curves to adjust settings
l Phase & ground coordination modes
l Automatic current & voltage scaling
l Integration of short-circuit analysis with protective devices
l Motor starting curves based on motor acceleration studies
l Comprehensive relay interlocks
l User-definable display options
l Graphical time-difference calculator
l Fixed point/damage curve modeling
l Graphical printing/plotting
l Comprehensive print functionality, legends, & device labeling
l Customizable reports

Sequence-of-Operation
Not only can you work with the time-current curves with ETAP Star, but you can also determine the operating time of protective devices simply by placing a fault on the one-line
diagram.

Coordinate via One-Line Diagram

l Graphically place a fault anywhere on the one-line diagram

l Automatically detect local zones of protection
l Automatically select and define paths for coordination
l Automatically calculate and display the fault current contributions on the one-line diagram
l Determine the operating time and state of all protective devices based on the actual fault current contribution flowing through each device

Drag & Drop a Fault - One Action Resulting in a Complete Solution

l 3-phase and ground faults

l Display fault currents on the one-line diagram

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l Illustrate system-wide coordination

l Tabulate operating times via an event viewer
l Customizable reports

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

StarZ Systems
StarZ Systems provides all the necessary tools for accessing, navigating, and coordinating relay protection elements specific to distance and transmission protection. Clicking the
StarZ Systems button on the Systems toolbar opens the last accessed StarZ View and makes it the active window.

StarZ Views are saved as presentations in System Manager under the StarZ folder. You can create a new StarZ View presentation by right-clicking the StarZ folder and selecting
Create New or by clicking the StarZ New Presentation button. You can create either a new StarZ View or copy an existing StarZ View.

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Double-click the StarZ View name in the System Manager to open an existing StarZ View. You can also right-click the StarZ View name to view, save, purge, rename (using
Properties command).

You can access an existing StarZ View by selecting it from the Presentation toolbar while in StarZ Mode.

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StarZ Protection and Coordination Analysis

StarZ Mode Toolbar
Study Case Editor
StarZ View
- StarZ Systems
- R-X Plot
- Relay and Protection Element Selection
- StarZ View Top Toolbar
- StarZ View Right Toolbar
- Plot Options
- Study Report
StarZ Sequence-of-Operation
State Plot
Display Options
Required Data
Output Reports

Underground Raceway System (UGS)

ETAP provides graphical Underground Raceway Systems (UGS). Each ETAP project supports multiple views of the underground raceway systems. Each view is a conceptual cross-
section of desired raceways and heat sources that are in the same vicinity.

The figure above shows how to access underground raceway systems. Use the underground raceway system’s Edit toolbar to add raceways (duct bank and direct buried), conduits
for duct bank raceways, and locations for direct buried raceways, external heat sources, and cables to the underground raceway system. From underground raceway systems
presentations, you can graphically arrange raceways, conduits, cables, and external heat sources to represent cable routing and provide a physical environment to conduct cable
ampacity derating studies. These studies include cable temperature calculation, ampacity optimization, cable sizing, and transient cable temperature calculation.

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Underground Raceway System

When working with the underground raceway system presentations, the Mode toolbar changes as shown below.

Edit Mode
Edit Mode enables you to build your underground raceway system, change system configurations, automatically adjust conduit distribution and spacing, edit engineering
properties, and save your project. This mode allows access to editing features including drag-and-drop, copy, cut, paste, size elements, as well as the Edit Properties command.

Note: Elements can be added directly to the system from the underground raceway system Edit toolbar.

Study Mode
The Study Mode enables you to create and modify solution parameters (study cases), perform steady-state and transient temperature calculations, optimize cable ampacities, size
cables, and view output reports and plots.

Study Toolbar for Underground Cable Raceway Systems

Features & Capabilities

l Neher-McGrath Method
l IEC 287 Method
l Utilize custom, NEC, or standard IEEE rule-based spacing
l Automatic conduit and distribution spacing
l Uniform and non-uniform conduit arrangements
l Steady-state temperature
l Ampacity optimization
l Automatic cable sizing
l Transient temperature
l Cable Magnetic Field Calculator
l Graphical user interface
l Graphical manipulation of raceways, cables, conduits, etc.
l Drag & drop cables from one-line diagrams
l Cable of different sizes in the same raceway
l Separate phases into different conduits or locations
l Unsymmetical positioning of raceways
l Transient calculations use a dynamic thermal circuit model
l Option to fix cable size and loading
l Grounded/ungrounded shielding
l Calculate thermal R, dielectric losses, Yc, Ys, etc.
l User-defined armor cables
l Unbalanced load factors
l Multiple duct banks & directly buried cables
l Place raceways in multiple cross-sections

Flexible Operation

l Multiple raceways

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l Multiple external heat sources

l Optimization of new cables in existing raceways
l Utilize rule-book based wizard for creating raceways
l Cross-sectional analysis
l Duct banks & direct buried raceways
l Integrated with cables in one-line diagrams
l Integrated with load flow results
l Integrated with cable pulling analysis

Plotting

l Transient temperatures calculations based on load profile

l Option to display multiple cables simultaneously
l Zoom to any detail level
l Export data to Microsoft Excel
l Line, bar, 3-D, and scatter plots
l Customize text and axes

Reporting

l Flag critical & marginal cable temperatures

l Reports all physical & calculated data
l Use Crystal Reports for full color, customizable reports
l Export output reports to your favorite word processor
l Graphical display of raceway results

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Ground Grid Systems

The safety of people who work and live around electric power installations is of paramount concern. The proper design of a grounding system is key to improving safety conditions
and protecting the lives of all individuals who are near electrical power systems. During unbalanced faults, the ground potential rise of a grounded structure presents a risk of
electrocution to anyone who comes in contact with the grounded structure. ETAP provides a three-dimensional, fully graphical tool that allows for designing a ground grid system
that adheres to IEEE or Finite Element Method (FEM) standards.

First, you must insert a ground grid on the one-line diagram to begin working with the ground grid systems. To do so, click the Ground Grid button located on the AC Edit toolbar.
After choosing the standard (IEEE or FEM) you will use for the design, you can access the Ground Grid editor by double-clicking the ground grid on the one-line diagram. To open
an existing ground grid view, use the Ground Grid Systems button from the System toolbar.

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Some of the design features of the Ground Grid Systems module include:

l Calculation of the safe step and touch potentials for any type of ground grid shape
l Generation of three-dimensional graphic profiles and tabular results from the step and touch voltage values
l Optimization of the numbers of parallel ground conductors and rods
l Calculation of ground resistance and ground potential rise
l Calculation of cost of conductors and rods used
l Inclusion of soil type and configuration in calculations

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Ground Grid Systems Plot Sample

Additional details may be found in Chapter 43 – Ground Grid Systems.

Features & Capabilities

l IEEE 80 method
l IEEE 665 method
l Finite element method
l Rod and conductors in any 3-D direction
l Rod and conductor optimization
l Two-layer soil configuration plus surface material
l Table of potentials at the earth surface
l External boundary extensions
l Handle irregular configurations of any shape
l Variable weight and temperature options
l Compare allowable currents against fault currents
l User-expandable conductor library
l Ground grid configurations showing conductor and rod plots

Flexible Operation

l Automatically use short circuit results

l Optimize number of conductors with fixed rods
l Optimize number of conductors and rods based on cost
l Check the allowable current for grid conductors

Standards & Methods

l IEEE: 80-1986, 80-2000/2013, 665-1995

l Finite Element

Calculate

l Reflection factor (K)

l Decrement factor (Df)
l Ground potential rise (GPR)
l Ground system resistance (Rg)
l Surface layer derating factor (Cs)
l Compare potentials to tolerable limits
l Step, touch, and absolute potentials inside and outside grid

Plot Options

l Rotation animation
l Rotation increment (-15 to 15 degrees)
l Rotation detail - wire frame/plotting style/full detail
l Viewing style - color/monochrome
l Shading style - white/color
l Font size - small/medium/large
l Numeric precision - 0, 1, 2, 3 decimals
l Grid lines - no grid, X and/or Y axes
l Plotting method - wire frame/surface/surface with frame/surface with contouring/pixels
l Show bounding box - while rotating always/never
l 2-D contour
l Off
l Lines on top/bottom
l Color on top/bottom

Plotting/Reporting

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l 3-D touch potential plots

l 3-D step potential plots
l 3-D absolute voltage plots
l Color coded contour plots
l Graphical display of overlimit voltages
l Conductor segments oriented in any 3-D direction
l Output results in database file format
l Use Crystal Reports for full color, customizable reports
l Export output reports to your favorite word processor

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Cable Pulling Systems

The accurate prediction of cable pulling force is essential for the design of underground cable systems. This knowledge makes it possible to avoid overly conservative design
practices and achieves substantial capital savings during construction.

ETAP Cable Pulling Systems is used to determine the forward tension, reverse tensions, and sidewall pressures a cable is subjected to when pulled through conduits. The module
can account for cables of different sizes and permits complex pulling path geometry. A point-by-point calculation method is performed at every conduit bend and pull point. Both
the forward and reverse pulling tensions are calculated for determining the preferred direction of pull.

To begin working with Cable Pulling Systems, click the Cable Pulling Systems button on the System toolbar.

Once created, double-click the cable pulling (CP) symbol to access the CP presentation. The CP presentation is divided into three different views: the schematic configuration view,
conduit cross-section view, and 3-D pulling path view. The conduit cross-section view is primarily to edit the cables' properties and the conduit (which the cables will be pulled
into). The 3-D pulling path view applies only to the three-dimensional display of pulling path geometry. The CP presentation allows you to graphically arrange cables, segments,
and bends, to provide a physical environment to conduct cable pulling design studies.

Features and Capabilities

l Integrated with one-line diagram cables

l Integrated with underground raceways cables
l Pull multiple cables
l Allow any pull geometry
l Full ETAP cable library integration
l Display 3-D pulling path geometry
l Provide reduction factors for calculating allowable tension when pulling multiple cables
l Evaluate possible conduit jamming
l Allow segments to have non-zero slopes as well as horizontal bends (non-planer segments)
l Account for the equivalent tension for cables pulled from reels
l Provide tolerance for cable weights and outside diameters
l Summary and alert windows

Flexible Operation

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l Calculate forward and reverse pulling tensions

l Calculate pulling tensions at all bend points
l Calculate the maximum tension limited by sidewall pressures
l Calculate the maximum allowable pulling tension
l Compare the maximum tension limitations against the calculated pulling tensions
l Calculate the conduit percent fill
l Calculate the total length of run (pull)
l Cradled and triangular cable configurations

Reporting

l Fundamental cable pulling results

l Flag cable tensions that exceed limits
l Flag conduit percent fill limits
l Flag non-conforming NEC code requirements
l Graphical display of cable pulling results
l Report sidewall tension, forward pull, and reverse pull, including violation flags
l Use Crystal Reports for full color, customizable reports
l Export output reports to your favorite word processor
l Pulling schematic showing segment and bend plots
l Conduit cross-section showing conduit and cable plots

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Real-Time Systems (PSMS)

ETAP Real-Time (PSMS) is an intelligent PC-based energy management software application that runs as an operator workstation to monitor, control and optimize your power
system's operation. While monitoring your system, the workstation can simultaneously be used to perform complete spectrum power system analyses on real-time data.

ETAP Real-Time’s unique combination of supervisory and simulation capabilities provides a robust new set of management tools for your power system's more effective
operation. ETAP Real-Time simulation capabilities also provide an environment for operator training and assistance. Compared to traditional training methods, operator training is
accelerated and becomes an ongoing process.

ETAP Real-Time is an online extension to ETAP power system analysis software. By combining Windows client-server modular architecture with state-of-the-art remote
monitoring, simulator, and supervisory control applications, Real-Time can interface with any combination of computer workstations, data storage devices (historians), IEDs, and
other SCADA systems.

ETAP Real-Time enables you to connect your existing power system to your ETAP model; collect, monitor, and log live data; set alarms; simulate system responses; execute control
actions; run “What if" studies; and view output reports and plots.

While Real-Time monitors and maintains logs in the background, you can simulate load flow, short-circuit, motor starting, transient stability, optimal power flow, or operation of
the system with data reflecting the current status loading of the system. Previously stored system configuration data and loading can also be used for simulations.

You access the ETAP Real-Time system on the System toolbar as shown in the example below.

When working with ETAP Real-Time Systems, the toolbar changes to allow access to the following Real-Time capabilities:

l Advance Monitoring
l Real-Time Simulation
l Event Playback
l On-Line Control
l Advisory and Supervisory Control
l Intelligent Load Shedding

Advanced Monitoring
Click the On-Line Monitoring button on the Real-Time toolbar to put the active one-line diagram (presentation) into online monitoring mode. ETAP acquires real-time data from
the electrical system via the monitoring devices while in monitoring mode, processes the data (using State Estimator and Load Distributor), resets the alarms, stores all
parameters, and then graphically displays the data on the one-line diagram.

Advanced Monitoring provides intuitive, intelligent, and integrated real-time monitoring via a state-of-the-art graphical user interface. Monitoring functions include checking the

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network's condition, estimating missing system states, detecting network abnormalities, and initiating alarms based on operating conditions and status changes.

Features and Capabilities

l Continuous real-time monitoring

l On-demand data retrieval
l State estimator and load distributor
l Data reconciliation and consistency check
l Bad data detection and correction
l Alarm management and processing
l Energy cost monitoring
l Multi-console and multi-screen monitoring
l Multi-state breaker monitoring
l Graphical monitoring via intelligent one-line diagrams
l Visual monitoring via watch windows (MMI)
l Dynamic coloring of de-energized and overload elements
l Archived (historical) data retrieval and display
l Pseudo measurements (override measured data)
l OPC interface layer
l Message logging
l User-definable scan rates
l User-access levels

Energy Usage and Cost Analysis

l Predict system-wide energy usage and cost

l User-definable cost functions and heat rates
l Track energy-related costs
l Cost of energy calculations

State Estimator

l Extended estimations of non-observable sub-systems

l Rule-based comparison of measured vs. estimated values
l Dependable and fast convergence solution
l Minimum system measurements requirement
l State-of-the-art estimation techniques
l Data consistency checking
l Bad data and error detection
l Load distribution

Alarms & Warnings

l Annunciate local and system-wide alarms and warnings based on equipment ratings
l Alarm priority setting and event triggering
l Annunciate out-of-range measurements
l Graphical, tabulated, and audible annunciation
l Predict abnormal conditions and critical failures

Real-Time Simulation
ETAP Real-Time Simulation is a powerful analysis tool that allows for predicting system behavior in response to actions and events via the use of real-time and archived data.
Virtual testing of operator actions before implementation can reveal potential problems, reducing human errors and the risk of service interruptions. ETAP Real-Time Simulation
assists operators, engineers, and planners in making informed and logical decisions to reduce operating costs and improve system reliability.

Features and Capabilities

l Real-time simulation
l Predict system behavior
l Perform "What If" operating scenarios
l Simulate archived offline data
l Built-in training tool for engineers and operators
l Full-spectrum AC and DC analysis modules
l Emulate response of protective devices
l Evaluate protection and control systems
l Get online data on demand
l Retrieve archived data for system analysis
l One-touch simulation
l Graphical display of simulation results
l Intelligent interactive graphical user interface
l Operator friendly interface
l Online simulation alerts
l Customizable reports via Crystal Reports
l Integrated database with ETAP
l Automatic scenario simulation using the project wizard
l Power analysis techniques

Event Playback
On the Real-Time toolbar, click the Playback button to put the active one-line diagram (presentation) into playback mode. Once in playback mode, ETAP Real-Time retrieves data
from the historian and displays it on the one-line diagram.

The Event Playback Mode provides seamless retrieval of data from the ETAP Real-Time Playback Historian for any events from any ETAP Real-Time Console. ETAP Real-Time can be
configured to provide a complete picture of the electrical system from the stored data. This includes playback of previously recorded monitored data, calculated system
parameters, sequence of events, and message log.

The Event Playback feature is especially useful for root cause and effect investigations, improvement of system operations, exploration of alternative actions, and replay of "What
if" scenarios. ETAP Real-Time Event Playback capabilities translate into a reduction of maintenance costs and prevention of costly shutdowns.

The system operator can control playbacks to re-run at original or accelerated speeds, single-step, fast-forward, or rewind through the message log. Playback resolution is

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operator-controlled and determined by the scan rate of field devices. Since full simulation capabilities are available to the system operator at any point during the replay, the
operator can explore the effects of alternative actions at any point of recorded data.

Additionally, the event log can be synchronized and displayed while the playback is in progress. This allows the operator to precisely determine, at a specific time, what events
were occurring in the power system, what was being reported to the operator, and what operator action resulted (if any).

The playback data is stored in an ODBC/SQL database as a binary stream and can be transferred to any user with the appropriate authorization and software. Stored information
can be accessed from any ETAP Real-Time Console. There is no requirement that the Playback Console be online or connected with ETAP Real-Time Server.

Features and Capabilities

l Replay archived data at different speeds

l Improve operator knowledge
l Improve system operation
l Investigate cause and effect
l Explore alternative actions
l Replay "What if" scenarios
l Playback of event views
l Historical alarm database

On-Line Control
This mode allows the user to open or close circuit breakers and receive status confirmations.

ETAP Online Control mode gives the operator full remote access over system elements such as motors, generators, breakers, and other switching devices. Subsystems that
operate independently within the load area under ETAP Online Control will need device coordination through either hardware or software interlocks with the ETAP Real-Time
Server to ensure safe and stable operations.

Automation
ETAP Real-Time provides user-definable actions that can be added or superimposed on the existing system for automating system control. This is like adding PC-based
processors/controllers (kV, kW, kvar, PF, etc.) or simple breaker interlocks to any part of the system by means of the software.

Automatic Generation Control

ETAP Real-Time offers a range of state-of-the-art control and real-time optimization capabilities for your electrical power system. ETAP Real-Time optimization algorithms assist
energy consumers to automatically operate their system and minimize system losses, reduce peak load consumption, or minimize control adjustment. For energy producers ETAP
Real-Time can minimize generation fuel cost, optimize system operation, optimize power exchange, or maximize system security.

ETAP Real-Time can dynamically manage your system to respond to disturbances faster than standard hardware time-delay operations. The appropriate system response can be
determined for a variety of changes and disturbances by using electrical and physical parameters, loading and generation levels, network topology, and control logic. In addition,
ETAP Real-Time can determine the source of a potential problem and advise on corrective actions to avoid interruption.

The optimization of a power system through the utilization of available controls including:

l Voltage/var Control
l MW Control
l Transformer LTC Control
l Multi-State Breaker Control
l Shunt Compensation Control
l Series Compensation Control
l Switching Capacitor Control
l Load Shed Control

Furthermore, the appropriate application of ETAP Real-Time leads to a more reliable and economical operation while maintaining system voltages and equipment loading within
the required range and constraints. ETAP Real-Time provides intelligent load flow solutions to minimize system operating costs and maximize system performance. ETAP Real-
Time maximizes the value of your energy investment.

ETAP Real-Time pays for itself through the immediate realization of savings in operating and maintenance costs.

l Reduce kWh Costs

l Reduce Peak kWh Costs
l Reduce kvar/Power Factor Penalties
l Increase Equipment Life Time
l Increase System Capacity

ETAP Real-Time allows you to monitor, analyze, control, coordinate, and predict load/generation demands, real-time costs, and other system parameters while maintaining
proper reliability levels throughout the system.

Supervisory Control mode provides an automatic implementation of recommended settings to achieve continuous optimum system operation. Advisory Control mode allows the
operator of the system to implement the ETAP Real-Time recommendations.

Features and Capabilities

l Replay archived data at different speeds

l Advisory and/or automatic control
l Shared decision-making process
l Chain of logic controls and action validations
l Steady-state optimization control
l Energy cost assessment
l Online control and automation

Intelligent Load Shedding

The Intelligent Load Shedding (ILS) uses a neural network to determine the best load shedding priority dynamically. The decision is made based on the actual operating condition
of the system and the location of the disturbance. ILS provides faster execution of load shedding as compared to conventional frequency relays, thus further reducing the load
relief requirements.

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Features and Capabilities

l Fast and reliable response

l System islanding generator logic
l VFD load reduction control
l Automatic generation of transient study cases
l Optimize load preservation
l Reduce downtime for critical loads
l Training of neural network
l User-defined load priority tables (LPT)
l Load shedding scheme redundancy with back-up contingencies
l Redundancy with backup contingencies
l Simulate various disturbances and display the results
l Robust calculation methods

Fast Corrective Control Based on a Neural Network

The load shedding operation of ETAP Real-Time is based on maintaining system stability (transient and steady-state) with minimum load shed. Load shedding can be initiated by
under frequency, over frequency, circuit breaker status, reverse power, ground current, etc. In response to electrical or mechanical disturbances in the system, load shedding will
commence based on a user-defined Load Priority Table (LPT) and a pre-constructed Stability Knowledge Base (SKB). SKB is constructed from a number of transient stability studies
for determining the stability limits of the system.

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GIS Systems
ETAP GIS provides owners, operators, and planners geospatial tools to better design, analyze, and expand their
networks. It can include transmission, sub-transmission, and distribution networks in the same electrical model and
solve the combined networks. ETAP GIS can also include detailed substation layouts, individual tower configuration,
and generation plant details using a geospatial layout.

This sophisticated data exchange module always keeps the latest GIS data within ETAP, thereby providing consistent
and viable results. ETAP automatically updates the GIS database with analysis results ensuring that the most current
information is available for all users.

Features and Capabilities

l Automatic electrical equipment warehouse generation optimized database size

l Complete control of analysis results displayed on the GIS electrical diagram
l Animated flows and alerts
l Direct communication with ESRI Geodatabase®, CIM interface for GE Small World, Intergraph, etc.
l Flexibility to use map tiles as background images for spatial awareness
l Flexible use of all ETAP modules for analysis
l Multi-layer graphical display of GIS & ETAP data
l View GIS maps in ETAP
l Display analysis results on the GIS map

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l Full control of analysis results displayed on the GIS map

l Synchronize GIS data to ETAP projects
l GUI database mapping
l View modifications and accept/reject actions
l Use GIS map tools
l Map attributes of GIS to ETAP elements
l Consistency checks for data synchronization
l Database mapping via a graphic user interface
l Display unlimited GIS presentations
l Perform add, modify, or delete actions for data synchronization
l View modifications and accept/reject actions via graphical user interface
l Use map tools - zoom in, zoom out, full extent, pan, etc.

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Control Systems
ETAP seamlessly integrates the analysis of power and control circuits within one electrical analysis program. The Control System Diagram (CSD) simulates the sequence-of-
operation of control devices such as solenoids, relays, controlled contacts, multi-sequence contacts, and actuators, including inrush conditions. CSD can determine pickup and
dropout voltages, losses, and current flows at any time instance and overall marginal and critical alerts. An extensive library of equipment enables engineers to quickly model and
simulate relays' actions associated with control interlocks after given time delays.

Features and Capabilities

l Simulation-of-operation sequence
l Pickup and dropout voltage calculation
l Automatic alerts
l Burden and inrush modes

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l Controlled contacts
l Integrated with battery discharge calculation
l Detailed representation of control systems
l Step-by-step simulation of control system operation sequence
l Simulation of logic interlocks between controlling devices and contacts
l Calculation of device operating voltage and current
l Modeling of device burden and inrush modes
l Alert violations for operating voltage, current, and voltage pickup
l Built-in logic between control devices and contacts
l Multiple sources to a control system
l User's selectable modeling of protective device and contact resistance
l Coil/solenoid resistance temperature adjustment
l Cable/wire length adjustment
l Battery discharge calculation using sequence-of-operation control diagrams

Study Cases

l Saves solution control parameters for each scenario

l Make changes to your system and re-run studies instantly
l Conduct unlimited "what if" studies within one database
l Option to update initial conditions, voltage profiles, and duty cycles

Elements

l Extensive libraries
l Control relay
l Coil
l Solenoid
l Light
l Generic load
l Wire
l Fuse
l Circuit breaker
l Single-throw and double-throw controlled contacts
l Single-throw and double-throw switches
l Macro-controlled contacts

Display Options

l Dynamically adjust the display of calculation results

l Customize the display of device names and ratings
l Customize the display of equipment impedance
l Customize font types, sizes, styles, and colors
l Customize the display of voltage drop calculation results directly on the one-line diagram

Reporting

l Customize output reports using Crystal Reports

l Generate output reports in any language
l Voltage drops, losses, power flows, etc.
l Sequence-of-operation action summary log
l Input data, detailed voltage drop, and summaries
l Flag device pickup/dropout voltage violations
l Flag element current violations
l State-of-the-art graphic display of results
l Export outputs to your favorite word processing program
l Export one-line diagrams including results to third party CAD systems

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User-Defined Dynamic Model Graphical Editor

The ETAP User-Defined Dynamic Models (UDM) program is a graphical logic editor (GLE) an interpreter tool that allows the creation of user-defined governor, exciter, and Power
System Stabilizer (PSS) models for synchronous machines, PV & BESS inverters, generic load, and wind turbine generator models. This module allows the models to be linked to
ETAP’s transient stability program. The models can be built in the ETAP UDM Graphical Logic Editor. ETAP uses these dynamic models at run time when conducting Transient
Stability Studies. This tool is fully integrated into ETAP to create dynamic models without the need to buy additional Matlab Simulink software.

The main application of the UDM module is to model dynamic control elements which are not part of the standard ETAP dynamic model library.

This chapter covers the scope of the application of the UDM Graphical Logic Editor and how it is used to create the following types of control / dynamic models:

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1. Synchronous Motors Exciter / AVR models

2. Synchronous Generator Exciter / AVR models
3. Synchronous Generator Turbine, Engine / Speed Control models
4. Synchronous Generator PSS (Power System Stabilizer) models
5. PV Inverter
6. BESS Inverter
7. Wind Turbine Generator Models
8. Generic Load Models (Lumped Load Element Dynamic Models)

Accessing the UDM Interface

There are two ways to access the UDM Editor. The first method is from the system toolbar. A new Icon is added at that location. The second method to access the UDM Editor is
from the synchronous generator editor individual pages (Governor, Exciter & PSS pages), synchronous motor exciter page, dynamic page of the lumped load editor and the Info
page of the wind turbine generator editor. Please note that the model type is inherited from the editor from which the UDM GLE interface was accessed.

If you open the UDM Editor from the Individual Editors:

If the UDM Editor is opened from the synchronous generator, synchronous motor lumped load, or wind turbine editor, any content that is not related to the individual element is
filtered out. This means that only the models created specifically for the given machine will be listed in the model selection drop list. If there is no model created, then the UDM
model selection drop list is blank. Clicking on the UDM Editor Button opens the UDM GLE Interface. At this time, a new model can be created. When the model is saved, it will be
associated with the element from which the editor was accessed. The model can be associated with other elements or added to the model library later on if required.

Once the UDM editor is opened from the generator element, the default directory for the file “save” and “open” is the current project directory.

The following image illustrates the process of opening a UDM model for the first time from the generator editor:

Once the model is saved the model will be linked to the element for which it was created using the following naming convention

<Element ID>_<Type>_<Model Name>.

More on the naming convention is presenting under the file saving section of this chapter.
If you open the UDM Editor from the System Toolbar:
Opening the UDM Editor from the system toolbar allows you to modify all model files, including the ones in the current project directory or the ones from the library. The program
file open and file save directory is defaulted to the UDM library directory (\\ETAP Installation Directory\UDM). However, it is possible to save and link to an element as long as the
model is saved in the project directory with the proper naming convention. If this is done, the model would be linked exclusively to an element and can be accessed from the
element itself.

Please refer to Chapter User-Defined Dynamic Models for additional information.

Features and Capabilities

l Graphical model builder

l Library of pre-defined UDM models
l Customize existing UDM models
l Create more complex UDM models using library pre-defined UDM models
l Compile and test directly from UDM builder
l Wide variety of blocks for building models
l Control element toolbars including transfer blocks, input ports, output ports, etc.
l Import and export Simulink models
l Automatic UDM links to components
l Create and edit models for Exciter, Governor, Power System Stabilizer, and Lumped Load
l Various model testing methods

Overview

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Python Overview
Introduction
ETAP ships with its own Python distribution and a Python package called etap. An overview of python scripting is shown below.

The figure above shows how ETAP relates and communicates with etapPy. A breakdown of the main categories is provided below.

The Python Distribution is comprised of the Python interpreter and IDLE.

l Interpreter: the interpreter is Python's main executable (e.g., python.exe). This interpreter may exist in addition to other interpreters already installed on a user's machine. The
interpreter comes with several pre-installed packages. One of the pre-installed packages is called etap.
l IDLE: This is Python's native integrated development and learning environment. IDLE normally comes bundled with Python for Windows and therefore is part of the Python
distribution that ETAP ships.

The etap package consists of several sub-packages, modules, utilities, and tools that--together--allow ETAP and Python to interoperate. Python scripting is divided into below
parts:

l Scripting: the scripting sub-package contains scripts invoked by ETAP. These scripts can be modified by users for a customized experience. For example, a notorious scripting
category is ETAP's Python reports
l Reports: ETAP can produce study reports in several ways. One way is to use Python to generate output reports. The studies support using Python to generate reports Time-
Domain Load Flow, Voltage Stability, eTraX, and Harmonics Grid Code. Output reports are generated from Python scripts that can be customized. This allows users to
customize the format and content of the output report.
l Charting: ETAP can produce plots after running simulations. These charts are produced from scripts inside the scripting sub-package. These scripts can be customized which
allows users to customize how charts are formatted.
l Python API: ETAP exposes a REST API for external consumption. The Python API facilitates access to the ETAP API in a Pythonic way. ETAP's python API sub-package
allows users to command ETAP to run studies and get access to result databases. The result databases can be read and plotted from Python on the same machine or from a
remote machine.

When calling ETAP from Python, ETAP returns results to the calling Python script where the results can be queried or plotted. The examples will demonstrate how to run Python
scripts from the same ETAP machine or remotely from a different machine. When working remotely the results are downloaded to the calling machine.

Python Setup
Upgrading PIP
Python's package manager ( pip ) must be upgraded before using the ETAP Python distribution. Assuming ETAP is installed in E:\EtapInstallFolder you may upgrade pip with the
following commands.

$ E:
$ cd EtapInstallFolder
$ .\ThirdParty\Python\Python35\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip

System Path
Ensure the correct Python interpreter appears in your system %PATH%. In this case, we want the ETAP Python to appear in the system %PATH%. Assuming ETAP is installed in
E:\EtapInstallFolder ensure these two paths are in your system %PATH%.

D:\EtapInstallationFolder\ThirdParty\Python\Python35
D:\EtapInstallationFolder\ThirdParty\Python\Python35\Scripts

Installing Matplotlib
Some examples require plotting. We recommend installing the matplotlib package as follows. Assuming ETAP is installed in E:\EtapInstallFolder open a command prompt and type

> e:
> cd E:\EtapInstallFolder\ThirdParty\Python\Python35
> python -m pip install matplotlib

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Launching ETAP and Opening Local Project

ETAP and local project can be launched using Python command. Please specify ETAP executable path and ETAP OTI project path as follows:

Import ETAP
Specify the ETAP executable path

etap.etapClient.setEtapPath("D:\Loads\PepperRel")

Open ETAP without specifying a project

process = etap.etapClient.open()

Open ETAP with ETAP project

process = etap.etapClient.open("D:\Loads\PepperRel\Example-ANSI\Example-ANSI.oti")

Close ETAP

process.kill()

Closing Connected ETAP Client

import etap
# connect (start ETAP DataHub first)
print("Connecting...")
e = etap.etapClient()
e.connect(“IPaddress”, PortNumber, "Example-ANSI")
e.close()

Development Environment Setup

Etap python package (EPP) can be used from any Python integrated development environment (IDE). Below are instructions to use EPP from common IDEs.

IDLE
IDLE is the default IDE used by ETAP and can be launched directly from the System Toolbar:

Launching IDLE from the system toolbar automatically runs a connection script that connects the EPP client to ETAP. This connection makes DataHub launch and runs in the
background. DataHub listens for inbound requests into ETAP.

Alternatively, IDLE can be launched from the command line by calling this .bat file:

E:\EtapInstallationFolder\ThirdParty\Python\Python384\Lib\idlelib\idle.bat

Visual Studio
We recommend using Visual Studio 2017-2019 as the development environment. To set it up follow the steps below:

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PyCharm
To set PyCharm up as the development environment, please follow the steps below:

1. Create a project from the main menu. Choose File > New Project. New Project dialog opens.
2. In the New Project dialog, specify the project name and its location. Next, expand the Project Interpreter node, and select interpreter, by clicking the corresponding radio-button.
3. Choose New environment. Choose the tool to be used to create a virtual environment. To do that, click the list and choose Virtualenv, Pipenv, or Conda.
4. Specify the Location and Base interpreter of the E:\EtapInstallationFolder\ThirdParty\Python\Python384\python.exe environment. If necessary, click the Inherit global site-packages
and make available to all projects check boxes.

Visual Studio Code

To select a specific environment, use the Python: Select Interpreter command from the Command Palette (Ctrl+Shift+P).

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You can switch environments at any time.

Python Scripting

Python API
- Python3.5.2 Examples
- Python3.8.4 Examples
- Python API Reference
- Python API Remote Machines

Python Reports
- Supported Modules
- Python Report Examples
- Using a Batch File

System Dumpster
The System Dumpster consists of many cells containing elements that you have deleted or copied from the one-line diagram or underground raceway systems. When you initially
cut an element or group of elements from the one-line diagram or an underground raceway system, ETAP places these in a dumpster cell. These cells are kept within the System
Dumpster until you explicitly purge them. When a cell is purged from the System Dumpster, ETAP automatically deletes all cell elements from the project’s database. While an
element or groups of elements are inside a dumpster cell, you may move or paste copies of the cell's contents back into the one-line diagram or underground raceway system.
Therefore, the System Dumpster provides a convenient holding location for elements while actively constructing a one-line diagram or an underground raceway system. The
System Dumpster presentation can be accessed using the System toolbar or the System Manager.

What Happens to IDs When Elements are Copied or Cut into the System Dumpster?

l Elements that are copied into the System Dumpster using the Copy command will have new IDs.

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l Elements that are copied into the System Dumpster using the Cut command will retain their original IDs.
l IDs of the elements purged from the System Dumpster are reusable.

What Happens to IDs When Elements are Pasted or Moved From the System Dumpster?

l Elements that are cut and pasted from the System Dumpster will have new IDs.
l Elements that are moved from the System Dumpster will retain their original IDs.

Purging Elements from a Project

l When you Purge a Dumpster Cell, elements within that Cell are removed from the project database completely.
l All the Dumpster Cells (entries) may be removed from the project using Purge All.

Editing Within the System Dumpster

l You cannot copy, size, rotate, or change symbols of elements inside the System Dumpster.
l Elements may be relocated inside the System Dumpster.
l You can hide or show protective devices (PDs) inside the System Dumpster.
l The status of PDs and loads cannot be changed inside the System Dumpster.
l Navigators within the editors are not functional for elements in the System Dumpster.
l Elements cannot be reconnected inside the System Dumpster.

Controlled Dumpster
The Controlled Dumpster is a mechanism for locking information into the System Dumpster and is used only when the ETAP project is password-enabled.

When ETAP cuts any elements from an underground raceway system (UGS) or a one-line diagram, the dumpster cell to which the elements are assigned is designated as a
controlled dumpster cell, unless the element is newly created and has never been seen by the checker. When the dumpster cell is designated as a controlled dumpster, the
designation has no meaning unless the project is password-enabled.

Two INI file entries have been added to override the option of not making a cell a controlled cell when the elements being cut and pasted into the System Dumpster are newly
created:

[Etap PowerStation]
Relax UGS Dumpster Controls=1
Relax OLD Dumpster Controls=1

The default for both entries is 1, which does not allow the cell to become controlled if the element is newly created. If you change the entry to 0, the cells become controlled if the
elements you cut and paste into them are newly created.

When passwords are enabled, the Controlled Dumpster is treated as a unique entity with the following attributes:

1. The controlled dumpster is displayed as a Controlled Dumpster by displaying the designation (C) or (CC) as part of its title in the System Dumpster list window.

l The designation C (Controlled Dumpster cell) is used to indicate that this is a controlled dumpster cell that is not checked. These cells cannot be purged until they are checked.
l
l The designation CC (checked Controlled Dumpster cell) is used to indicate that this is a controlled dumpster cell that has been checked. A user with Project or Base editor
permissions can purge these cells.

2. The background color of a (C) Controlled Dumpster cell is set by the Options (Preferences) command line Controlled Dumpster Background Color (UGS Elements) or (One-
Line Elements). The background is colored only when the project setting has Project/Options/Display Changed Data in red selected or the project user is a checker.

3. When moving a cell from a Controlled Dumpster cell to the one-line diagram or UGS, two behaviors are exhibited:

l If the Controlled Dumpster cell is a (C) dumpster, the elements are moved as expected. That is, no special action is taken to flag elements as checked or unchecked.) The
dumpster cell is then destroyed as normal.
l
l If the Controlled Dumpster cell is a (CC) dumpster, the elements are moved as expected but, in addition, all property values are forced dirty and are flagged as unchecked
(displayed in red in the editors). This is the same as placing a new element on the one-line diagram or UGS. The dumpster cell is then destroyed as ussual.

4. When in Checker mode, the Controlled Dumpster cells appear in the checker’s list and can be checked like any other element. The act of checking a Controlled Dumpster
changes its designation from (C) to (CC). This also sets the dumpster background color to normal.

5. A Project editor (or Base editor) cannot purge a Controlled Dumpster with the designation (C). The Project editor can purge a Controlled Dumpster with the designation
(CC). The checker must check a Controlled Dumpster cell before it can be purged.

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Panel Systems
ETAP allows you to model the electrical panels used in electrical power systems directly on the one-line diagram. The number of panels that can be represented is unlimited since
ETAP supports the nesting of panels. Therefore, a panel can be connected to a sub-panel, and in turn, a sub-panel can be connected to yet another downstream panel elsewhere
in the circuit. Each panel can be modeled as either a 3-phase or a single-phase panel. The 3-phase panels can be either 3-wire or 4-wire configurations, while single-phase panels
can be 2-wire or 3-wire configurations. Internally, each panel is comprised of protective devices and a collection of circuits that supply system loads.

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Panels are added to the one-line diagram by clicking the Panel Systems button located on the AC Edit toolbar and placing the panel anywhere on the one-line diagram. Once
added to the diagram, double-clicking the panel symbol will open the Panel Editor and allow for panel and circuit information to be specified. The user can customize useful
information such as panel ID, phase connections, panel rating, number of circuits, circuit schedule, and load summary.

Features & Capabilities

l Panel design and analysis

l 1-Phase and 3-Phase
l ANSI and IEC standards
l NEC load factors
l Intelligent panel calculations
l Automatic update of upstream panels
l 3-Phase 3-Wire
l 3-Phase 4-Wire
l 1-Phase 2-Wire
l 1-Phase 3-Wire
l Column and standard layouts
l Unlimited branch circuits
l Unlimited sub-panel connections
l External network representation
l Internal (spreadsheet) load modeling
l Intelligent panel calculations
l Detailed panel loading summary

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l Dynamic panel schedule updates

l Continuous and non-continuous load calculations

Flexible Operation

l Diverse operating conditions

l Multiple loading categories
l Multiple demand factors
l Unlimited configurations
l Different nameplate data
l Global and individual bus load diversity factors

Study Options

l Ten loading categories per circuit

l User-definable load types and factors

Libraries

l Extensive protection and control device libraries

l Comprehensive feeder and cable libraries
l Customizable libraries
l User-configurable defaults and layouts

Panel Code Factors

l NEC load demand factors

l Customizable multiplying factors

Reporting

l Customizable panel schedules in Crystal Reports format

l Comprehensive load summary for panel sizing
l Customizable reports for branching circuit evaluation
l Export one-line diagrams with results to third party CAD systems

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Library
ETAP provides the library structure for the following circuit elements: cable, cable fire protection (coating, stop, wrap), transmission line (ground wire, phase), control system
devices (button, coil, contact, and solenoid), motor (nameplate, model, characteristic, and load), low voltage circuit breaker, high voltage circuit breaker, fuse, relay, trip devices
(electro-mechanical, motor circuit protector, solid-state, thermal magnetic), overload heater, harmonic sources, load interruption cost, device reliability, solar panel, wind turbine
generator, and battery. See Chapter Engineering Libraries for more information.

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The ETAP library file is named ETAPLIB****.LIB (where **** is replaced with the ETAP version number) and is located in the Lib folder. Using Library Quick Pick, you can view and
retrieve library data from your project's element editors.

To edit or add library data, double-click the Libraries folder in System Manager to expand the folder. Then double-click the library of your choice to open its editor. From a library
editor you can add, edit, copy, and delete library data. You can also access and edit library data from the Library menu in the menu bar. You can create an unlimited number of
library headers and data entries for each library.

You can also create new libraries by right-clicking the Library folder in System Manager and selecting the Create command. Use the right-click menu options to locate and open
other ETAP library files or to Save, Save As, or Purge the library currently in use.

Each ETAP project file can be attached (associated with) one library only. To attach a project file to a different library, use the Open command from the System Manager (right-
click Libraries) or from the Library menu in the menu bar.

There are several libraries available for many devices in ETAP. Each library is customized for a specific device.

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Cable Systems
Data integration between the one-line diagram and underground raceway system (UGS) includes electrical properties, routing, and physical attributes of cable. For example, a
cable contains data used for load flow studies representing its electrical properties and bus connections. The cable also contains the physical data and routing information
associated with the raceways through which it is routed.

Cables in ETAP are categorized into three groups: One-Line, Equipment, and UGS.

One-Line Cable
One-line cables, cables that are placed in the one-line diagram, appear as a graphical element in the one-line diagram or System Dumpster presentations. This is a cable that you
add to the one-line diagram as a branch to connect buses. To route a one-line cable through a raceway, click the Existing Cable button on the Edit toolbar in an underground
raceway presentation, select a cable from the drop-down list, and then place it inside a raceway conduit or location. You can also route a one-line cable through a raceway from
the Routing page in the Cable editor.

Note: This action will attach (assign) the cable to the raceway but will not place it in a specific conduit or location.

Equipment Cable
An equipment cable is a cable that is placed in an editor as a feeder for a load. Equipment cables are attached to equipment such as motors and static loads as a feeder cable, but
do not appear graphically as branch elements on the one-line diagram. You add these cables to equipment from the Property editors (Cable/Vd page) of static load and motors. To
route an equipment cable through a raceway, do the following:

1. Click the Existing Cable button on the Edit toolbar in an underground raceway presentation.
2. Select a cable from the drop-down list.
3. Drop the cable inside a raceway conduit or location.

You can also route an equipment cable through a raceway from the Routing page in the Cable editor.

Note: This action will attach (assign) the cable to the raceway but will not place it in a specific conduit or location.

Underground Raceway System (UGS) Cables

UGS cables are cables that are placed only in underground raceways. These cables are used exclusively within the underground raceway system. They are routed through an
underground duct bank or direct buried raceway but do not exist in the one-line diagram or as an equipment cable. Raceway cables can be graphically placed in raceway conduits
or locations by clicking the New Cable button on the Edit toolbar in underground raceway presentations. To make it into a one-line cable, raceway cables can be graphically
dragged to a one-line diagram. However, a raceway cable cannot become an equipment cable.

Features and Capabilities

l Graphical user interface

l Neher-McGrath method
l IEC 60287 method
l Intelligent rule-based alignment and spacing tools
l Temperature analysis
l Ampacity optimization
l Automatic cable sizing
l Transient temperature analysis
l Multiple duct banks and direct buried cables
l External heat sources
l Graphical user interface
l Graphical manipulation of raceways, cables, conduits, etc.
l Drag and drop cables from one-line diagrams

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l Cable of different sizes in the same raceway

l Separate phases into different conduits or locations
l Unsymmetical positioning of raceways
l Transient calculations use a dynamic thermal circuit model
l Option to fix cable size and/or loading
l Grounded/ungrounded shielding
l Calculate thermal R, dielectric losses, Yc, Ys, etc.
l User-defined armor cables
l Unbalanced load factors
l Multiple duct banks and direct buried cables
l Place raceways in multiple cross-sections

Flexible Operation

l Multiple raceways
l Multiple external heat sources
l Custom, NEC or standard IEEE rule-based spacing
l Optimization of new cables in existing raceways
l Cross-sectional analysis
l Duct banks and directly buried raceways
l Integrated with cables in one-line diagrams
l Integrated with load flow results
l Integrated with cable pulling analysis

Plotting

l Transient temperatures calculations based on load profile

l Option to display multiple cables simultaneously
l Zoom to any detail level
l Export data to Microsoft Excel
l Line, bar, 3-D, and scatter plots
l Customize text and axes

Reporting

l Flag critical and marginal cable temperatures

l Reports all physical and calculated data
l Use Crystal Reports for full color, customizable reports
l Export output reports to your favorite word processor
l Graphical display of raceway results

Cable Ampacity
ETAP calculates cable ampacity based on NEC 70, ICEA P.54-440, IEEE 399, BS 7671, and IEC 60364-5-52 Methods for U/G duct banks, U/G direct buried, A/G cable trays, A/G
conduits, and airdrops. The process is systematic and straightforward. For example, for A/G trays, simply enter the tray height, width, and percent fill; ETAP calculates the derated
ampacity based on user-specified ambient and conductor operating temperatures. For duct banks, specify the number of rows, columns, ambient temperature, and soil thermals
resistivity; ETAP calculates the derated ampacity based on the hottest location not exceeding the maximum operating temperature.

Cable Sizing
ETAP provides optimal and alternative cable sizes based on voltage drop, short circuit, maximum or average phase operating current, load current requirements, and protective
device requirements. Load current can be based on the full-load amp of any element on the one-line diagram or a user-specified value. You can size cables (motor feeders,
transformer cables, etc.) instantly based on the cable derated ampacity for any type of installation (direct banks, trays, conduit in air, etc.).

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Message Log
ETAP uses the message log to record certain activities when you are working on your ETAP project. For example, ETAP records an entry whenever you open or close a project. In
addition, ETAP records entries when you delete OLE objects or update OLE links and whenever some internal errors are encountered. The greatest use of the message log is
reserved for the on-line operations of PowerStation (PowerStation Management System).

Message Logger

The display size of the message log can be changed by pulling the top end up or down. For most applications you can minimize the display size of the message log to zero.

The operation of the message log is completely transparent. ETAP automatically maintains the log. You may, however, customize the log by setting the maximum number of
entries that ETAP can display in the message log at any given time. Additionally, you may set the size of the text logs generated by ETAP. The default entries for MsgLog Size and
Max Display Msgs are:

MsgLog Size=128
Max Display Msgs=255

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Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Tutorial
This tutorial provides a brief overview of the basic operation of the ETAP program. Once you finish this tutorial, you will be familiar with some of the program's key features and
capabilities and the various modules available for performing power system analysis.

Topics:

Starting ETAP

Opening the Example Project

One Line Diagram and Editors

Load Flow Analysis Mode

Exercise

Starting ETAP
1. Start the ETAP program by double-clicking on the ETAP icon on the desktop.

ETAP Launch Pad

Use this startup window to access pinned, recent, or example projects quickly. Additionally, you’ll find a variety of helpful links to industry-specific tutorials and documentation, as
well as ETAP portals and social media.

Note: You may uncheck the “Show at Startup” option to hide the launch pad for future startups. It can be re-enabled by setting “Open ETAP Launcher at Startup = 1” from Tools >
Options > ETAP Application.

Opening the Example Project File

Follow these simple steps to open the EXAMPLE project file:

1. Type your User Name in the Logon editor, and select the Project editor option in the Select Access Level editor.

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As previously mentioned, ETAP organizes all work as projects. Each project provides all the necessary tools and support for modeling and analyzing an electrical power system.
Projects consist of electrical systems that require unique electrical components and interconnections. The Example project includes a one-line diagram of an electrical system.
Notice the toolbars on the top and the right-hand side of the one-line diagram.

One-line Diagram and Editors

ETAP provides a fully graphical user interface for constructing your one-line diagram. There are many command options in the interface, including the following:

l Graphically add, delete, relocate, and connect elements.

l Zoom in or out.
l Display grid off or on.
l Change element size and orientation.
l Change symbols.
l Hide or show protective devices.
l Enter properties.
l Lock and unlock element properties
l Set operating status.

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The ETAP one-line diagram is a one-line representation of a power system. The one-line diagram is the starting point for all studies. You can graphically construct your electrical
system by connecting the buses, branches, motors, generators, and protective devices in any order from the one-line diagram’s Edit toolbar. You can connect the elements to the
buses graphically or from their editors. You can double-click elements to open their editors and edit the engineering properties, such as ratings, settings, and loading, connections.

Editors

1. Double-click the Power Grid (Utility) symbol on the one-line diagram and view the Utility editor. This is where you enter data for the utility machine model.

2. Select different pages of this editor and look over the type of information that you can provide to model a utility machine.

3. Click OK and close the editor.

4. Double-click other elements and explore their editors. Each available element has a customized editor.

5. Double-click the synchronous motor Syn1 and view its editor. This is where you enter data used for synchronous motor models.

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Editors are designed so that you can enter a minimum amount of information and still be able to run different studies. Voltage and HP data are all you need to perform most
studies. If you are interested in modeling a motor dynamically for motor acceleration or transient stability studies, you need to enter more detailed information such as the motor
model, inertia, and load model.

An exercise that illustrates this point is included at the end of this tutorial.

6. Click on OK and close the editor.

Composite Networks
A composite network is an aggregate of all components in a subsystem since it can contain buses, branches, loads, sources, and even other composite networks or composite
motors. You can nest your subsystems to an unlimited number of layers. This allows you to construct systems and nest elements by their voltage levels, by physical layout, by the
geometrical requirements of elements, by study requirements, by relays and control device requirements, by the logical layout of elements, etc. You have complete control over
how the system should be nested.

Composite Networks (ETAP PowerStation 3.0 to ETAP 12.6.5)

1. Double-click the composite network Sub3 Net. The Sub3 Net view, which is a one-line diagram nested inside the main one-line diagram, is displayed.

2. To change the number of pins, right-click Sub3 Net and select Pins.

Composite networks can have 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 external connection points (pins). These include the top pin (~Top1), left pins (~Left1 to ~Left9), right pins (~Rt1 to ~Rt9), and

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bottom pin (~Bot1).

3. Right-click the background of the composite network Sub3 Net to hide or show unconnected pins.

Composite Network “Sub3 Net” with 8 Pins

The pins for the composite motors can be connected to any bus, branch, load, or protective device. Once a pin is connected internally or externally to an element, it becomes a
proxy for that element and all connection rules for the element apply to the connected pin. To illustrate this, both AC & DC elements are added to “Sub3 Net” and are displayed
here.

The number of levels where you can nest composite networks inside of other composite networks is unlimited. There is no limitation on the number of elements that you can
include inside a composite network. The user interface characteristics of composite networks are the same as the one-line diagram where you can include both AC and DC
elements.

Composite Networks (ETAP 14.0 and higher)

With ETAP 14.0, composite networks have unlimited connection capability, i.e. unlimited external connections can be routed to a nested network. There are no visible connection
pins. The pins are visible when you move the cursor to the edge of the composite network as shown below.

See section Composite Networks for more information regarding composite networks for ETAP 14.0 and higher.

Composite Motors

1. Double-click the composite motor Comp Mtr1. The Comp Mtr1 view, which is a one-line diagram nested inside the main one-line diagram, appears.

Composite motors are used as a tool to group motors in the system. The elements that you can include inside a composite motor are:

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AC Composite Motor DC Composite Motor

Induction Motor
Synchronous Motor
Lumped Load DC Motor
Static Load DC Lumped Load
MOV DC Static Load
Composite Motor DC Composite CSD
Circuit Breaker (LV & HV) DC Composite Motor
Fuse DC Circuit Breaker
Contactor DC Fuse
Switch
Instrument Transformers
Relays

The number of levels that you can nest composite motors inside composite motors is unlimited.

One-Line Diagram Menu Bar

The One-Line Diagram menu bar above is displayed when a one-line diagram is active. The One-Line Diagram menu bar contains a list of menus, each of which contain a drop-
down list of commands. Some of the menu commands also have pull-down submenus (an arrow pointing to the right denotes a submenu). For example, you can select Project,
point to Settings, then select the Data Type command.

Project Toolbar

The Project toolbar contains buttons that are shortcuts for many of the commonly used commands in ETAP.

Mode Toolbar

In general, ETAP has three modes of operation: Edit, AC Study, and DC Study. The AC Study mode consists of the following:

l Balanced Load Flow

l Short Circuit
l Arc Flash
l Motor Starting
l Harmonics
l Transient Stability
l Star - Protection & Coordination
l StarZ - Protection & Coordination
l Unbalanced Load Flow
l Time Domain Load Flow
l Unbalanced Short-Circuit
l Voltage Stability
l Optimal Load Flow
l Reliability Analysis
l Optimal Capacitor Placement
l Switching or Tie-Point Optimization
l Fault Management & Service Restoration
l Switching Sequence Management
l Contingency Analysis
l eTraX – Railway Traction Power Simulation & Train Performance
l Volt/Var Optimization
l Load Allocation

The DC Study mode consists of DC Load Flow, DC Short Circuit, DC Arc Flash, and Battery Sizing Analysis.

Edit Mode
Edit mode enables you to build your one-line diagram, change system connections, edit engineering properties, save your project, and generate schedule reports in Crystal
Reports formats. The Edit toolbars for both AC and DC elements will be displayed to the ETAP window's right side when this mode is active.

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To Add Elements on the One-Line Diagram View

1. Click any of the elements on the AC Edit or DC Edit toolbars. The mouse pointer changes to the element button icon.

2. On the one-line view, move the pointer to the desired location and click. The element is added to the one-line view.

To Connect Elements in the One-Line View

For this example, add a bus and a transformer to the one-line view by doing the following:

1. Move the mouse pointer to the top pin of the transformer so that a red square is displayed.

2. Left-click and drag the transformer to the bus so that the bus is displayed red.

3. Release the mouse button. The connection is completed.

Study Modes
Study modes enable you to create and modify study cases, perform system analysis, and view output reports and plots. When a study mode is active (selected), the Study Toolbar
for the selected study is displayed on the right side of the screen.

You can run studies, transfer data, and change display options by clicking the buttons on the Study toolbar. As an example, Load Flow Analysis Mode is described next.

Working in Load Flow Analysis Mode

1. Go to Load Flow Mode by clicking the Load Flow Analysis button on the Mode toolbar.

Note: The Load Flow toolbar is now displayed on the right side of ETAP. Also, the top toolbar becomes the Study Case toolbar.

2. Click the Run Load Flow button on the Load Flow toolbar.

The study results will be displayed on the one-line diagram.

3. Review the calculation results and familiarize yourself with the type of information displayed on your one-line diagram.

4. Click the Display Options button and explore the variety of options available for the displayed results.

5. Click the Alert button to display critical and marginal limit violations for the selected output report.

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6. Click the Report Manager button to view or print any part of the output report.

7. Click the Edit Study Case button on the Study Case toolbar and study the solution parameters and alert settings available for load flow analysis.

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After you run load flow, results are displayed on the One-Line Diagram.

ETAP Program Tutorial

Complete this tutorial to familiarize yourself with how the program works. In this tutorial, you will add a new 13.2 kV induction motor to the system and run a Load Flow study.
This tutorial also shows the minimum data required to perform studies for a motor.

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Steps:

1. Click the Edit Mode button of the Mode toolbar

2. Add an induction motor to the one-line diagram

3. Connect the motor to the bus Sub2B

4. Double-click the motor. The motor’s editor is displayed.

5. Go to the Nameplate page of the Motor Editor.

Note: The motor voltage is automatically set to 13.2 kV since it was connected to a 13.8 kV bus. You can change the voltage.

6. Enter 2000 in the HP text box and click in any other text box. The program automatically enters typical nameplate data for the specific motor size.

7. Click OK.

8. On the Mode toolbar, click the Load Flow Analysis button. ETAP changes to Load Flow Mode.

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9. On the Load Flow toolbar, click the Run Load Flow button.

Note: The study case (solution parameters) for this run is LF Report and the output report file name is LF-Report.

10. Compare the results displayed below for before and after Mtr2 is added. In ETAP, use the Display Options to change the display.

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

Energized Branch Required for System Calculation

In ETAP, all system calculations, such as Load Flow, Short-Circuit, and Motor Starting, require to set up the system Y matrix. In order to set up this matrix, the energized system
must include at least one branch. A branch in ETAP is a two-terminal or three-terminal element that has non-zero impedance values, such as a cable, line, two-winding
transformer, and three-winding transformer, etc. A tie circuit breaker is not considered as a branch since it has zero impedance value.

Considering the system given in Figure 1 below, it has two buses but no branches. CB-1 is a tie circuit branch with zero impedance value. When you run the Load Flow calculation
in ETAP, it will give you a message indicating the system has no energized branches.

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Figure 1. A System without Energized Branch

In case you need to perform system calculations on a system that has no energized branches, you can add a dummy branch and a dummy bus to the system as shown in Figure 2.
ETAP will then carry out system studies on the system. Please note that the addition of this dummy branch does not affect calculations and it will provide the same results as your
original system.

Figure 2. System with An Energized Dummy Branch

Overview
Project Toolbar
Power and AF Calculator
Theme Toolbar
Mode Toolbar
System Toolbar
Study Case Toolbar
Panel Systems
Library
Cable Systems
Message Log
Tutorial

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