OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

EXTRA QUESTIONS
Choose the correct option:

Question 1.
Which one of the following is an example of outcomes of a democracy that
produces an accountable government?
(a) Open to public debates on major policies and legislation
(b) Open in promoting economic development
(c) Open in reducing economic inequalities
(d) Open to rulers elected by the people

Answer
Answer: (a) Open to public debates on major policies and legislation

Question 2.
Which one of the following is the most popular form of government in the
contemporary world?
(a) Dictatorship
(b) Monarchy
(c) Military rule
(d) Democracy

Answer
Answer: (d) Democracy

Question 3.
Which one of the following features is common to most of the democracies?
(a) They have formal Constitution
(b) They hold regular elections
(c) They have political parties
(d) All of the above

Answer
Answer: (d) All of the above

Question 4.
In which one of the following countries is democracy not preferred over
dictatorship?
(a) Bangladesh
(b) Pakistan
(c) Sri Lanka
(d) India

Answer
Answer: (b) Pakistan

Question 5.
Which one of the following is not the way to resolve a conflict in a democracy?
(a) Mass mobilisation
(b) Using Parliament
(c) Doing justice
(d) Armed revolution

Answer
Answer: (d) Armed revolution

Question 6.
‘Equal treatment of women’ is a necessary ingredient of a democratic society.
This means that:
(a) women are actually always treated with respect.

(b) it is now easier for women to legally wage struggle for their rights.

(c) most societies across the world are now increasingly women dominated.
(d) women are now treated as equals in the political arena.

Answer
Answer: (b) it is now easier for women to legally wage struggle for their rights.
Question 7.
Democratic government is better than non-democratic because
(a) it is a legitimate form of government.
(b) overwhelming support for the idea all over the world.
(c) it leads to a just distribution of goods and opportunities.
(d) it ensures faster economic growth.

Answer
Answer: (a) it is a legitimate form of government.

Question 8.
Consider the following statements. Which of these do not hold true for non-
democratic regimes?
(a) These do not have to bother about public opinion.

(b) These take less time at arriving at a decision.

(c) Principle of individual dignity has legal force.
(d) These often suppress internal social differences.

Answer
Answer: (c) Principle of individual dignity has legal force.

Question 9.
In a democracy, a citizen has the right and means to examine the process of
decision¬making. This is known as
(a) Dictatorship
(b) Transparency
(c) Legitimacy
(d) Equality

Answer
Answer: (b) Transparency

Question 10.
To measure democracies on the basis of expected outcomes, which of the
following practices and institutions would one look for?
(a) Regular, free and fair elections
(b) Open public debate on major policies
(c) Citizens’ right to information about the government
(d) All of the above

Answer
Answer: (d) All of the above

Question 11.
On which of the following practices and institutions can the accountability of
government and involvement of people in decision-making process in a
democracy be measured?
(a) Regular, free and fair elections
(b) Public debate on major policies and legislations
(c) Citizens’ right to information about government and its functioning
(d) All of the above

Answer
Answer: (d) All of the above

Question 12.
Decisions taken by which type of government are likely to be more acceptable
to the people and more effective?
(a) Democratic government
(b) Non-democratic government
(c) Military dictatorship
(d) Theocracy

Answer
Answer: (a) Democratic government

Question 13.
Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Democracies can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different
groups
(b) Dictatorships can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different
groups
(c) No regime can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different
groups
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer
Answer: (c) No regime can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among
different groups

Question 14.
Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Most of the democracies have constitutions, they hold elections, have parties
and they guarantee rights to citizens
(b) Democracies are very much different from each other in terms of their
social, economic and cultural achievements
(c) All democracies are similar as far as social, economic and cultural
conditions are concerned
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer
Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)

Question 15.
Why is there a delay in decision-making and implementation in a democracy?
(a) The government don’t want to take decisions
(b) The government is hesitant in taking decisions
(c) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation
(d) A democratic government is not interested in taking quick decisions

Answer
Answer: (c) Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation

Question 16.
In the context of democracies, what is successfully done by Democracies?
(a) Eliminated conflicts among people
(b) Eliminated economic inequalities among people
(c) Eliminated differences of opinion about how marginalised sections are to be
treated
(d) Rejected the idea of political inequality

Answer
Answer: (d) Rejected the idea of political inequality

Question 17.
What is promoted much superiorly by democracy than any other form of
government?
(a) Economic growth
(b) Dignity and freedom of the individual
(c) Economic equality
(d) None of these

Answer
Answer: (b) Dignity and freedom of the individual

Question 18.
Which regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences?
(a) Democratic regimes
(b) Non-democratic regimes
(c) Monarchy
(d) Oligarchy

Answer
Answer: (b) Non-democratic regimes

Question 19.
In which of these countries half of the population lives in poverty?
(a) India
(b) Sri Lanka
(c) Bangladesh
(d) Pakistan

Answer
Answer: (c) Bangladesh
Question 20.
Which among the following has a higher rate of economic growth and
development?
(a) Democracies
(b) Dictatorships
(c) All non-democratic regimes
(d) Monarchies

Answer
Answer: (b) Dictatorships

1. When was democracy introduced in India?

(a) 1952
(b) 1950
(c) 1947
(d) 1949

Answer
Answer: b

2. Among the following which country tops in inequality of income?

(a) Hungary
(b) Russia
(c) South Africa
(d) UK

Answer
Answer: c

Multiple Choice Questions on Democracy Question 3. Among the following

regimes which tops the rate of economic growth?
(a) All democratic regimes
(b) All dictatorial regimes
(c) Poor countries under dictatorship
(d) Poor countries under democracy
Answer
Answer: b

4. To measure democracies on the basis of expected outcomes, which of the

following practices and institutions would one look for?
(a) Regular, free and fair elections
(b) Open public debate on major policies
(c) Citizens’ right to information about the government
(d) All of the above

Answer
Answer: d

5. The basic elements of democracy are:

A. Universal Adult Franchise
B. Fraternity and national unity
C. Liberty and equality
D. Dignity and freedom of an individual
(a) A, B & D
(b) A, C & D
(c) B, C & D
(d) A, B, C & D

Answer

Answer: d

6. In a democracy, a citizen has the right and means to examine the process of
decision¬making. This is known as (a) Dictatorship
(b) Transparency
(c) Legitimacy
(d) Equality

Answer
Answer: b
7. Consider the following statements. Which of these do not hold true for non-
democratic regimes?
(a) These do not have to bother about public opinion.
(b) These take less time at arriving at a decision.
(c) Principle of individual dignity has legal force.
(d) These often suppress internal social differences.

Answer
Answer: c

8. The most basic outcome of democracy is:

(a) It provides accountability to citizens.
(b) It addresses socio-economic and political problems.
(c) It produces good government.
(d) It accommodates religious differences.

Answer
Answer: a

9. Democratic government is better than non-democratic because

(a) it is a legitimate form of government.
(b) overwhelming support for the idea all over the world.
(c) it leads to a just distribution of goods and opportunities.
(d) it ensures faster economic growth.

Answer
Answer: a

10. ‘Equal treatment of women’ is a necessary ingredient of a democratic

society. This means that:
(a) women are actually always treated with respect.
(b) it is now easier for women to legally wage struggle for their rights.
(c) most societies across the world are now increasingly women dominated.
(d) women are now treated as equals in the political arena.
Answer
Answer: b
Fill in the Blanks

1. Democracy is seen to be good in (i) …………… but not so good in its (ii)
…………… .
2. We prefer democracy over dictatorships due to …………… reasons.
3. Democracies are different from each other in terms of the (i) ……………
situations, their (ii) …………… achievements and their (iii) …………… .
4. The most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is
…………… to the citizens.
5. Non-democratic governments are …………… in decision-making and
implementation.
6. Democracy is based on the idea of …………… .
7. Democratic governments take …………… time to follow procedures before
arriving at a decision.
8. Democratic governments …………… a very good record when it comes to
sharing information with citizens.

9. Difference in the rate of economic development between less developed

countries with dictatorship and less developed countries with democracies is
…………… .
10. Democracies are mostly based on …………… equality.

Answers

1. (i) principle (ii) practice

2. both moral and prudential
3. (i) social (ii) economic (iii) cultures
4. accountable
5. quick
6. both deliberation and negotiation
7. more
8. do not have
9. negligible
10. political
Question-1
Gives reasons why a democratic government is preferred to other forms of
governments.
Solution:
Democracy promotes equality among its citizens. It enhances the dignity of the
individual and people are free to make decisions. In a democracy conflicts are
solved amicably and there is room to correct mistakes. These are the reasons
why a democracy is preferred to other forms of governments.
Question-2
What are the main features of a democracy?
Solution:
Democracies have a formal constitution; they hold elections, have political
parties and guarantee rights to its citizens.
Question-3
What is the basis of democracy and what are its advantages?
Solution:
Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. Deliberation
and negotiation have an advantage as they ensure that the decisions taken are
acceptable to all the people.
Question-4
Mention a few factors that determine the economic growth of a country.
Solution:
The factors that determine the economic growth of a country are…
(i) Population
(ii) Size
(iii) Natural resources
(iv) Relationship with other countries
(v) Global situation
(vi) Geographic position
(vii) Economic policies of the government.
Question-5
What are the challenges faced by democratic governments?
Solution:
Democratic governments face the challenge of expansion. The basic principle of
a democratic government has to be established across all the regions, different
social groups and various institutions. Greater power should be delegated to
local governments. Federal principles have to be extended to all the units of the
federation. Women and minority groups should be included in decision making.
Strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy should happen so
that people can realise their expectations of democracy.
Different societies have different expectations from different democracies.So,
each country has to deal in a unique way to face the challenge, people in that
particular country face. If this is to be done peoples’ participation is necessary
and the control and influence of the rich and powerful people have to be toned
down.
Question-6
Write a brief note on freedom and dignity to citizens in democratic and non-
democratic countries.
Solution:
The dignity and freedom of the individual is well preserved in a democracy. It is
natural that every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings. Often
conflicts arise among individuals because some feel that they are not treated
with due respect.
In non-democratic countries people do not enjoy freedom as they have always
been dominated. They have been treated as sub-ordinates.
In democratic and non-democratic countries we find that men dominated the
society. Women had to struggle for equal treatment in society. In India we find
that female feticide is still prevalent in villages.
In modern democracies the laws have ensured that women are treated equally in
society. In a non-democratic set up, this is not possible as the principle of
individual freedom and dignity is not a legal or moral force.
In India caste inequalities is another problem that the fibre of democracy faces.
Atrocities and discriminations against certain castes still continue in India. The
Indian government is taking all steps the set this right. This is possible in a
democratic set up, as the laws of the country are against inequality of caste.
Many reservation policies are in force in India, to uplift the people of the lower
castes.
A democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a
citizen.
Question-7
The prime duty of any democratic government is to reduction inequality in
wealth among its citizens and eliminate poverty. Discuss.
Solution:
The development strategies of a democracy should always work towards the
goal of reducing the gap between the rich and the poor.
Economic growth should ensure that wealth is distributed in such a way that all
citizens of the country will have a share and lead a better life.
In a democracy it is possible to provide equal opportunity to all the citizens to
prosper because democracies are based on political equality as all individuals
have equal right in electing their representatives.
In practise we find that democracies have not been able to bridge the gap
between the rich and the poor. In most democracies a small number of rich
enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth while the poor find it difficult to
meet the basic needs of life, such as food, clothing, house, education and health.
It is the duty of a democratic country to lift the poor from the clutches of
poverty, for all citizens have equal rights in a democracy. Programmes, for the
upliftment of the poor are necessary. Free education, free health care is very
necessary in poor democracies. India is implementing many schemes for the
upliftment of the poor. The gap between the poor and the rich is slowly
becoming narrower in India.
Question-8
A democratic government has to be accountable, responsive and legitimate
government. Discuss.
Solution:
Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. They ensure
that the decisions taken are acceptable to all the people.
Democracies are accountable to its citizens. That is, all decision making has to
be transparent. This factor is missing from a non-democratic government. In a
democracy, citizens also take part in decision making.
Democracies are responsible for the decisions they make. If a wrong decision is
made, it is the duty of the government to rectify it. In a non-democratic
government, decisions are taken by a single person and the Question of
rectification does not arise, even if it is a wrong decision.
Deliberation and negotiation cause delay. So in a democracy there is a
possibility of delay when some major decisions have to be taken. This delay
may be costly. The cost of time that democracy pays is perhaps worth it as the
decision will be acceptable to all.
Democracies follow a constitution, so they are legitimate. The laws of the
country are applicable to everyone, even to the government members. Free and
fair elections are held in democracies and the people have the power to
eliminate parties they are not happy with, in the next election. In a non-
democratic government this is not possible as elections are not held.
Democracies have to be responsive. The government should function in a
transparent manner and the common man should be able to approach the
government to address his grievances.
Question-9
What are the main features of a democracy?
Solution:
Democracies have a formal constitution; they hold elections, have political
parties and guarantee rights to its citizens.
Question-10
What is the basis of democracy and what are its advantages?
Solution:
Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. Deliberation
and negotiation have an advantage as they ensure that the decisions taken are
acceptable to all the people.
Question-11
Does dictatorship always lead to higher economic growth?
Solution:
Dictatorship has not produced higher economic growth in developing countries.
Question-12
Mention to factors that we have to look for while evaluating democracy in a
system?
Solution:
The 2 factors that we should look for are , are the elections fair and regular and
are the citizens involved in the decisions the government takes.
Question-13
Compare democracies and non-democratic countries on the basis of economic
growth.
Solution:
On an average dictatorial regimes have a slightly higher economic growth rate.
Poor democracies and non-democratic countries have the same economic
growth rate.
When we consider the economic growth, only in democracies, we find a terrible
imbalance among the citizens.
South Africa and Brazil – the difference between the rich and the poor is
enormous
Denmark and Hungary – the economic standard is more balanced.
Question-14
Write a brief note on the status of women in democratic and non-democratic
countries.
Solution:
In democratic and non-democratic countries we find that men dominated the
society. Women had to struggle for equal treatment in society. In India we find
that female feticide is still prevalent in villages.
In modern democracies the laws have ensured that women are treated equally in
society. In a non-democratic set up, this is not possible as the principle of
individual freedom and dignity is not a legal or moral force.
Question-15
What should the government do to lift the poor from the clutches of poverty?
Solution:
It is the duty of a democratic country to lift the poor from the clutches of
poverty, for all citizens have equal rights in a democracy. Programmes, for the
upliftment of the poor are necessary. Free education, free health care is very
necessary in poor democracies. India is implementing many schemes for the
upliftment of the poor. The gap between the poor and the rich is slowly
becoming narrower in India.
Question 1.
How can you say that democracies are based on political equality? (2015 OD)
Answer:
Democracies are based on political equality as individuals have equal weight in
electing representatives.

Question 2.
What is ‘transparency’ in a democracy? (2014 OD, 2015 OD)
Answer:
Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedure.
Every citizen has the right and means to examine the process of decision
making. This is known as transparency.

Short Answer Questions (SA) 3 Marks

Question 3.
How do democratic governments ensure transparency? Explain any three points.
(2011 D)
Answer:

Democracy ensures that decision-making will be based on norms and

procedures. So a citizen, who wants to know if a decision was taken through the
correct procedures, can find out as democracy guarantees to the citizens the
right and the means to examine the process of decision-making.
In a democracy people have the right to choose their rulers and people will have
control over them. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to
participate in decision-making that affects them all. Thus it ensures transparency
by producing a government that is accountable to the citizens and is responsive
to their needs and expectations.
It is right to expect democracy to produce a government that follows procedures
and is accountable to people. To do so, the democratic government develops
mechanisms for citizens—regular, free and fair elections, open public debate on
major policies and legislations and citizens’ right to information about the
government and its functioning.
Question 4.
What are the differences between democracy and dictatorship in the decision
making process? (2012 OD)
Answer:

Democracy Dictatorship
(i) Based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. Thus, the necessary delay
in implementation. (i) Do not have to bother about majorities and/or public
opinion, thus can be quick and efficient in decision-making.
(ii) Decisions are acceptable to people and are more effective. (ii) May take
decisions not accepted by the people.
(iii) A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-
making. There is transparency. (iii) Transparency is missing from a non-
democratic form of government. There is no acc-ountability of the government
to the people.
Question 5.
“An ideal government would not only keep itself away from corruption but also
make fighting corruption and black money a top priority”. Justify the statement.
(2013 D)
Answer:
The values attached to the above statement signify the following practices and
institutions:

Regular free and fair elections, open public debate on major policies and
legislation and citizens’ right to information about the government and its
functions.
An ideal government in a democracy follows procedures and is accountable to
the people.
A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision
making. This is known as transparency.
An ideal government is attentive and responsive to the needs and expectations
of the people and is largely free of corruption as it is a legitimate government. It
is peoples own government.
Question 6.
Explain the role of democratic governments in reducing economic disparities.
(2011 OD)
Or, “Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic
inequalities”. Examine the statement with examples. (2013 OD)
Answer:
Over the years, careful evidence has been gathered to see what the relationship
of democracy with economic growth and economic inequalities is.

It is seen that on an average dictatorial regimes have had a slightly better record
of economic growth, i. e., 4.34%. But when we compare their record only in
poor countries (4.28%), there is no difference.
There is enough evidence to show that within democracies there can be very
high degree of inequalities. In countries like South Africa and Brazil, the top 20
per cent people take away more than 60 per cent of the national income, leaving
less than 3 per cent for the bottom 20 per cent population.
Perhaps more than development, it is reasonable to expect democracies to
reduce economic disparities. Democracies are based on political equality, but
despite equality in the political arena there are growing economic inequalities.
The poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party would like to
lose its votes. Yet democratically elected governments do not appear to be keen
to tackle the problem of poverty.
Democracies are expected to produce good government, but there is no
guarantee that they would also produce development. As evidence shows, the
economic development depends on several factors, such as country’s size,
global situation, co-operation from other countries, economic priorities adopted
by the country etc.

Question 7.
‘Democracy is seen to be good in principle, but felt, to be not so good in
practice.’ Justify the statement with suitable arguments. (2014 D)
Answer:
If we look at some of the democratic policies being implemented in more than
one hundred countries of the world, democracy seems to be good. For example,
having a formal Constitution, holding regular elections, guaranteeing the
citizens certain rights, working for the welfare of the people, etc. make us
advocate that democracy is good.

But if we look in terms of social situations, their economic achievements and

varied cultures, we find a very big difference in most of the democracies. The
vast economic disparities, social injustice based on discrimination, standard of
life, sex discrimination, etc. create many doubts about the merits of democracy.
Whenever some of our expectations are not met, we start blaming the idea of
democracy. Since democracy is a form of government, it can only create
conditions for achieving our goals if they are reasonable.

Question 8.
How is democracy accountable and responsive to the needs and expectations of
the citizens? Analyse. (2015 OD)
Answer:
A democracy is concerned with ensuring that people have the right to choose
their rulers and have control over the rulers:

Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in

decision-making in a democracy.
Democracy ensures that decision-making is based on norms and procedures. A
citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-making.
Thus democracy entails transparency.
For a democracy to produce an accountable, responsive and legitimate
government, it must ensure the following:
Regular, free and fair elections.
Open public debate on major policies and legislations.
Citizens’ right to be informed about government policies.
A government free from corruption.
Question 9.
“Democratic government is legitimate government?” Support the statement with
arguments. (2016 D)
Answer:
Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less
efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is
peoples’ own government. That is why there is an overwhelming support for the
idea of democracy all over the world. People’s wish to be ruled by
representatives elected by them. As a democratic government is peoples’ own
government, they believe that democracy is suitable for their country as it is a
legitimate government. Democracy’s ability to generate its own support is itself
an outcome that cannot be ignored.

Question 10.
“Democracy accommodates social diversities.” Support the statement with
examples. (2016 OD)
Answer:
“Democracy accommodates social diversities” in the following ways:

Democracies develop a procedure to conduct their competition. This reduces the

possibility of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.
No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups.
But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and can evolve
mechanism to negotiate these differences.
Example, Belgium has successfully negotiated differences among ethnic
population. This reduces the possibility of tensions.
Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite
plus point of democratic regimes.
Question 11.
Analyse any three values that make democracy better. (2017 D)
Answer:
We feel that democracy is a better form of government than any other form of
government because:

Democracy promotes equality among citizens.

It enhances dignity of individual. It promotes dignity of women and strengthens
the claims of the disadvantaged.
It improves the quality of decision making. There is transparency in a
democracy.
It provides methods to resolve conflicts.
Democracy allows room to correct mistakes.
Question 12.
On the basis of which values will it be a fair expectation that democracy should
produce a harmonious social life? Explain. (2017 OD)
Answer:
No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups.
But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and evolve a mechanism
to negotiate the differences. Belgium is an example of how successfully
differences were negotiated among ethnic groups. Therefore, democracy is best
suited to accommodate various social divisions as it usually develops a
procedure to conduct their competition. But the example of Sri Lanka shows
how distrust between two communities turned into widespread conflict. Thus, a
democracy must fulfil the following conditions and be based on these values in
order to achieve a harmonious social life—

Majority and minority opinions are not permanent. Democracy is not simply
rule by majority opinion. The majority needs to work with minority so that
government may function to represent the general view.
Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of
religion or race or linguistic groups, etc.
Democracy remains democracy so long as every citizen has a chance of being in
majority at some point of time. No individual should be debarred from
participating in a democracy on the basis of religion, caste, community, creed
and other such factors.
Question 13.
Why do we feel that democracy is a better form of government than any other
form? Explain. 2015OD Answer: Democracy is a better form of government
than any other form because:

It is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation. Thus the necessary delay
in implementation.
Decisions are acceptable to people and are more effective.
A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-
making. There is transparency in a democracy.
Democratic government is a legitimate government, people’s own government.
Ability to handle differences, decisions and conflicts is a positive point of
democratic regimes.
Democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated
castes for equal status and equal opportunity.
Question 14.
Why do we feel that democracy is a better form of government than any other
form of government? Explain. (2012 OD)
Or
How do you feel that democracy is better than any other form of government?
Explain. (2013 OD)
Or
“Democracy is more effective than its other alternatives.” Justify the statement.
(2015 D)
Answer:
We feel that democracy is a better form of government than any other form of
government because:

Democracy promotes equality among citizens.

It enhances dignity of individual. It promotes dignity of women and strengthens
the claims of the disadvantaged.
It improves the quality of decision making. There is transparency in a
democracy.
It provides methods to resolve conflicts.
Democracy allows room to correct mistakes.
Question 15.
How do democracies accommodate social diversity? Explain with examples.
(2011 OD, 2014 OD)
Or
Explain the conditions in which democracies are able to accommodate social
diversities. (2012 D)
Or
“Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens”. Support
the statement with suitable examples. (2013 OD)
Answer:
No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups.
But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and evolve a mechanism
to negotiate the differences. Belgium is an example of how successfully
differences were negotiated among ethnic groups. Therefore, democracy is best
suited to accommodate various social divisions as it usually develops a
procedure to conduct their competition. But the example of Sri Lanka shows
how distrust between two communities turned into widespread conflict, and
thus a democracy must fulfil the following two conditions in order to achieve a
harmonious social life:

Majority and minority opinions are not permanent. Democracy is not simply
rule by majority opinion. The majority needs to work with minority so that
government may function to represent the general view.
Rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of
religion or race or linguistic groups, etc.
Democracy remains democracy so long as every citizen has a chance of being in
majority at some point of time. No individual should be debarred from
participating in a democracy on the basis of religion, caste, community, creed
and other such factors.
Question 16.
Explain the ways in which democracy has succeeded in maintaining dignity and
freedom of citizens. (2012 D)
Or, “Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government in
promoting dignity and freedom of the individual.” Support the statement with
suitable examples. 20130D
Answer:
The passion of respect and freedom are the basis of democracy:

Economic disparity in society has been minimized to a great extent.

In many democracies women were deprived of their right to vote for a long
period of time. After long struggle they achieved their right, respect and equal
treatment.
Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and
discriminated castes for equal states and opportunities, for example, SCs and
STs.
In democracy all adult citizens have the right to vote.
Democracy evolves a mechanism that takes into account the differences and
intrinsic attributes of various ethnic groups. In a democracy majority always
needs to work taking into account the interest of the minority so that the
minority do not feel alienated.
Question 17.
How is democracy a better form of government in comparison with other forms
of governments? Explain. (2016 D, 2014 D)
Or, “There is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the
world.” Support the statement. (2015 OD)
Answer:
Over a hundred countries of the world today claim and practice some kind of
democratic politics.

They have formal constitutions, hold elections, have parties and they guarantee
rights of citizens.
Thus, in most countries, the democracy produces a government that is
accountable to the citizens and responsive to the needs and expectations of the
citizens.
No society can fully and permanently resolve conflict among different groups.
But we can learn to respect these differences and evolve mechanisms to
negotiate them. Democracy is best suited as it develops a procedure to conduct
competitions. Belgium is a successful example of negotiating difference among
ethnic population.
Passion for respect and freedom is the basis of democracy and has been
achieved in various degrees in various democracies.
The support for democracy is overwhelming all over the world and is evident
from South Asia, where the support exists in countries with democratic as well
as undemocratic regimes.
People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them as a democratic
government is people’s own government and makes them believe that it is
suitable for their country as it is a legitimate government.
Question 18.
“Most destructive feature of democracy is that its examination never gets over.”
Support the statement with appropriate arguments. (2011 D)
Answer:
Suitable arguments:

As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more.

People always come up with more expectations from the democratic set up.
They also have complaints against democracy.
More and more suggestions and complaints by the people is also a testimony to
the success of democracy.
A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the
democratic project.
Question 19.
“Democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt to be not so good in
practice.” Justify the statement. (2013 D)
Answer:
If we look at some of the democratic policies being implemented in more than
one hundred countries of the world, democracy seems to be good. For example,
having a formal Constitution, holding regular elections, guaranteeing the
citizens certain rights, working for the welfare of the people etc. make us
advocate that democracy is good.

But if we look in terms of social situations, their economic achievements and

varied cultures, we find a very big difference in most of the democracies. The
vast economic disparities, social injustice based on discrimination, standard of
life, sex discrimination, etc. create many doubts about the merits of democracy.
Whenever some of our expectations are not met, we start blaming the idea of
democracy. Since democracy is a form of government, it can only create
conditions for achieving our goals if they are reasonable.

Question 20.
“Democracy stands much superior in promoting dignity and freedom of the
citizens”. Justify the statement. (2016 OD)
Answer:
Examples to illustrate that dignity and freedom of citizens are best guaranteed in
a democracy:

(i) Dignity of women. Democracy recognizes dignity of women as a necessary

ingredient of society. The one way to ensure that women related problems get
adequate attention is to have more women as elected representatives. To achieve
this, it is legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected
bodies. Panchayati Raj in India has reserved one-third seats in local government
bodies for women. In March 2010, the Women’s Reservation Bill was passed in
the Rajya Sabha ensuring 33% reservation for women in Parliament and State
legislative bodies.

(ii) Democracy has strengthened the claims of disadvantaged and discriminated

castes. When governments are formed, political parties usually take care that
representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it. Some political
parties are known to favour some castes. Democracy provides for equal status
and opportunities for all castes.

(iii) Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a
citizen. A democracy is concerned with ensuring that people will have the right
to choose their rulers and people will have control over the rulers. Whenever
possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision-making
that affects them all.

(iv) A citizen has the right and the means to examine the process of decision-
making. There is transparency in a democracy like India. In October 2005, the
Right to Information (RTI) law was passed which ensures all its citizens the
right to get all the information about the functions of the government
departments. In a democracy, people also have the right to complain about its
functioning.
Question 1.
What is a challenge ?
Answer:
A challenge is a difficulty that carries within it an opportunity for progress.
Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before.

Question 2.
How many countries of the world are not under democratic government or have
no democracy even today ?
Answer:
At least one-fourth of the world countries are not under democratic
governments.

Question 3.
What are different types of challenges that are being faced today ?
Answer:

Foundational challenge.
Challenge for expansion.
Challenge of deepening of democracy.
Question 4.
What is a foundational challenge ? State one example.
Answer:
Foundational challenge is related to making the transition to democracy and
then instituting democratic government. This involves bringing down the
existing non-democratic regimes, keeping military away from controlling
government.

Question 5.
What is the challenge of deepening of democracy ? Give examples.
Answer:
The challenge of deepening of democracy involves strengthening of the
institutions and practices of democracy e.g., institutions that help people’s
participation and control, to bring down the control and influence of the rich.

Question 6.
What is the kind of challenge in Saudi Arabia where women are not allowed to
take part in public activities ?
Answer:
Challenge of expansion.

Question 7.
What are the ways and means for political reforms in India ? Mention any two.
Answer:

To think of legal ways of reforming politics.

To strengthen political practice.

Question 1.
What is the challenge of expansion ? Give example.
Answer:
The challenge of expansion involves applying the basic principles of democratic
government across all regions, different social groups and-various institutions,
Examples are greater power to local governments and representation to women
and minorities, extension of federal principles to all the units of the federation.
This also means less arid less decisions should remain outside the arena of
democratic control,
Most of the countries including India and democracies like the US face this
challenge.
Question 2.
“The challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one
form or another.” Support the statement with suitable examples. [CBSE 2016]
Answer:
The challenge of deepening of democracy involves strengthening of the
institutions and practices of democracy.
This challenge is being faced by every democracy in one form or the other.
This should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of
democracy. But ordinary people have different expectations from democracy in
different societies.
This challenge takes different meanings and paths in different parts of the
world.
In general terms, it usually means strengthening those institutions that help
people’s participation and control.
This requires an attempt to bring down the control and influence of the rich and
powerful people in making governmental decision. For example in Saudi
Arabia, women should be allowed to take part in public activities. There should
be freedom of religion for minorities.
Question 3.
What do you understand by ‘democracy reform’ or ‘political reform’ ? Why a
list of desirable reforms cannot be prepared ? Describe broad guidelines for
devising ways and means for political reforms in India ?
Answer:
(a) Generally all suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges
to democracy are called ‘democracy reform’ or ‘political reform’.
(b) The list of desirable political reforms cannot be prepared because all the
countries do not have the same challenges. Thus only broad guidelines can be
devised.
(c) The broad guidelines that can be devised for political reforms in India are as
given below :
(1) Legal ways :
Law has important role to play in political reform. But legal constitutional
changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy.
Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties,
movements and politically conscious citizens.
Care should be taken in making laws because some laws may result in denial of
political opportunity to the people. For example the law banning people who
have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections has such
effect. A large number of poor people and women could not seek election.
The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms.
For example the Right to Information Act empowers the people to find out what
is happening in government. It acts as a watch dog of democracy. Such laws
help to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that banned
corruption and imposed strict penalties.
(2) Reforms through political practice : Reforms should be made through
political practice e., by increasing and improving the quality of political
participation by ordinary citizens.
(3) Reforms keeping in mind their implementation : At the time of proposals for
reform it should be kept in mind that how it will be implemented. We cannot
expect that the legislature will pass an act that goes against the interests of all
the political parties and MPs/MLAs. Thus the measures that rely on democratic
movements, citizens’ organisations and media are likely to succeed.