Activity-1 Objective: To measure resistance, voltage [AC/DC], current [AC] and check continuity of a given circuit using a multimeter. Material Required: Multimeter, carbon resistors with different colour bands, a cell, a step-down transformer. Theory: A multimeter also called AVO meter, as it can be used to measure resistance as well as a.c. and d.c. currents and voltages. It can also be used to check the continuity of a circuit. For his purpose, its panel is divided into many sections. There are many ranges in each section. Rotation of a knob changes the section and the range in one section. Colour Code: There are four bands on a carbon resistor. The colour of the first three bands represents the value of the resistor while the colour of the fourth ring gives its accuracy (or tolerance).Number Assigned D colour (Fourth A First B (Second C (Third Colour) Colour Ring) colour ring) | Colour Ring) | Ring) Black 0 0 10° If Golden Brown, 1 1 10! +5%, Red 2 2 10? If silver Orange 3 3 10° +10% Yellow 4 4 1o* — If no colour Green 5 5 10° +20% Blue 6 6 10° Violet 7 7 107 Grey 8 8 108 White 9 9 10° For example: If A is red, B is yellow and C is orange, the fourth bad D is, say golden, t value of the resistor is A 2 B 4 x Cc 108 + = 24x 10°Q+5% en the D 5%Procedure: To Measure Resistance lL Mark the given resistors as Ri, Rz, R3 and determine their resistances using above mentioned method of colour codes. Insert the probes of the multimeter in appropriate terminals (black in common terminal and red in + terminal), select the appropriate range, short the other ends of the probes and adjust zero, Turn the terminal marked ’Adjust’ in the multimeter such that the needle of the meter shows full scale deflection and reads zero ohm. Put the resistor RI to be measured in between the metallic ends of the two probes and read the deflection of the pointer on the range selected and record it in the observation table. (If your laboratory have a digital multimeter (Fig. A.2.f), the values are displaced directly). Repeat the step 3 for other resistors R2 and R3, each time selecting the appropriate range.To Measure lL Put the multimeter knob at D.C. voltage and select, the appropriate range, say 2V, if your battery is of 1.5 v. Put the red lead to touch the positive terminal of the battery and black lead to touch the negative terminal of the battery. Record the voltage. To Measure A.C. Voltage: lL Put the multimeter knob at A.C. voltage and select appropriate range, say 10 V (higher than the value to be measured). Connect the leads of the multimeter to the terminals of the secondary coil of t c given step own transformer. Switch on the transformer circuit and record the A.C. voltage output of transformer.To Measure D.C./A.C. Current: lL. Proceed as described D.C./A.C. voltage but select multimeter as knob current ensuring that the leads of the multimeter are in series with appropriate circuit and record the observations. To Check Continuity: lL. Put the multimeter knob at resistance measurement position. Connect the two leads together (i.e., short leads). Adjust the reading to zero. Touch the ends of the circuit with the two probes of multimeter as shown in Fig. A.2.(e). The multimeter will show deflection which indicates continuity. If the resistance drops to very low, it indicates continuity (some multimeter produce beeping sound to indicate continuity). If the pointer shows no deflection and multimeter shows infinites resistance, it indicates discontinuity in thecircuit. If the key is open, it will show discontinuity. Observations: For Resistance: Colour of bands Resistance Measure |. Tolerance . Difference S.no Using colour reading A B Cc codeR(Q) = | R(qy | RM) 1 2. 3. For Voltage and Current: S.No. Actual Measured | Difference Vo (Io) v@) (In any) 1 dic. 2. 3. 1 a.c. 2. 3.Continuity Test Electrical Resistance shown Conclusion Device by multimeter Slide wire bridge Some The bridge wire is continuous Potentiometer Some The potentiometer wire is continuous Heater Infinite There is a discontinuity in the heater wire RESULT: It is found that the measured values agree with the standard values within the experimental error limit. The continuity of a circuit is checked. Precaution: 1. Instructions for handling the multimeter should be thoroughly read as it is a very handy instrument and is likely to get damaged if used carelessly. 2. Zero should be set after each change in range.While measuring resistance the zero must be set using the zero-ohm switch. The +ve lead should always be connected to the +ve of the source while measuring d.c. voltages. Take lower current and voltage for measurement. Proper scale should always be selected for accuracy. If range of the parameter measured is not known start with maximum and then reduce the range.