Unit 1

Mechanics and Materials

Scalar标量 Centre of gravity重心
A quantity with only magnitude and no direction a point from which the weight of a body or system may
be considered to act

Vector失量
Momentum动量
A quantity with magnitude and direction
The product of an object’s mass and its velocity

Displacement位移
Impulse冲量
The change in position of an object
The change of momentum of an object when a force acts
on it

Distance路程
The length of the path travelled by an object Kinetic energy动能
The energy an object has due to its motion

Velocity速度
The rate of change of displacement Gravitational Potential Energy引力势能
The energy gained by an object when it is raised by a
height in a gravitational field.
Speed速率
The rate of change of distance Efficiency效率
The useful output (e.g. power, energy) of a system divided
by the total output.
Acceleration加速度
The rate of change of velocity
Density密度
Work done功 Mass per unit volume

A force applied over a distance, it is the energy trans-

ferred in that distance
Viscosity黏度
A quantity measuring the internal friction of a fluid, it acts
Power功率 to reduce the flow of a fluid. It is temperature dependent.
The rate of work done

Laminar flow平流
Moment力矩
A state of flow where layers of fluid move together in
The product of a force and the perpendicular distance parallel with little or no mixing between layers.
from the line of action to the pivot about which the force
is acting.

Moment = Force x distance

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Turbulent flow湍流 Plastic deformation塑性形变
A state of flow where layers of fluid mix together unpre- When a material is permanently deformed after an applied
dictably causing a chaotic state. stress due to the atoms moving relative to one another in
the material. Work is done in plastically deforming the
material and is dissipated as heat.

Elastic strain energy弹性势能

Energy generated due to deformation

Stiffness刚度
Force applied divided by extension

Stress 应力
The internal resistance of an object against a force that
acts to deform it. It is
the force applied per unit cross-sectional area

Strain应变
The extension of an object divided by its original length.

Limit of proportionality比例极限
The point at which the stress on an object is so great that
Hooke’s law no longer applies to an object.

Elastic limit弹性极限
The maximum stress that can be applied to an object
without plastic deformation.

Yield point 屈服点

The point on a force-extension graph at which a material
begins to rapidly extend without any additional stress.

Elastic deformation 弹性形变

When a material can return to its original shape, after an
applied stress, without a permanent change to its shape.
Any work done in elastically deforming an object is stored
as elastic strain energy.

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 Unit 2
Waves and Electricity
ampere安培 constructive interference相长干扰
the unit of measurement for electric current: one ampere The superposition effect of two waves that are in phase,
(1 A) is the movement of one coulomb (1 C) of charge per producing a larger amplitude resultant wave
second (1 s)

coulomb库仑
amplitude振幅
the unit of measurement for charge: one coulomb is the
The magnitude of the maximum displacement reached by quantity of charge that passes a point in a conductor per
an oscillation in the wave second when one ampere of current is flowing in the
conductor

antinode波腹 crest波峰
Regions on a stationary wave where the amplitude of A crest point on a wave is the maximum value of upward
oscillation is at its maximum displacement within a cycle

charge电荷 critical angle临界角

The largest angle of incidence that a ray in a more
a fundamental property of some particles. It is the cause
optically dense medium can have and still emerge into a
of the electromagnetic force, and it is a basic aspect of
less dense medium. Beyond this angle, the ray will be
describing electrical effects
totally internally reflected

charge carrier电荷载体 critical temperature临界温度

particles or holes that freely move within a material and the temperature below which a material’s resistivity
carry an electric charge instantly drops to zero

current电流
coherence相干性
the rate of flow of charge
Waves which must have the same frequency and a
constant phase relationship. Coherent waves are needed
to form a stable standing wave
destructive interference相消干扰
The superposition effect of two waves of two waves that
compression压缩区 are out of phase, producing a smaller amplitude resultant
An area in a longitudinal wave in which the particle wave
oscillations put them closer to each other than their
equilibrium state

diffraction衍射
When a wave passes close by an object or through a gap,
conduction band导带 the wave energy spreads out
a range of energy amounts that electrons in a solid
material can have which delocalises them to move more
freely through the solid
diffraction grating衍射光栅
A diffraction grating is a device that will cause multiple
diffraction patterns, which then overlap

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dispersion色散 electromagnet wave电磁波
A phenomenon in physics is the splitting of white light Electromagnet waves can transfer energy through repeat-
into a rainbow of colours by a prism ed oscillations of electric and magnetic fields, but these
fields do not need matter to support them, e.g., light wave

displacement位移 electromotive force电动势

The position of a particular point on a wave, at a particu-
a voltage as defined above, with the energy coming into
lar instant in time, measured from the equilibrium position
the circuit

electronvolt电子伏特
the amount of energy an electron gains by passing
through a voltage of 1 V

energy level能量级
In free atoms, the energy values that the electrons could
have are limited to a small number of exact values, called
energy levels

excitation激发
drift velocity漂移速度 An energy state for a system that is higher energy than
the slow overall movement of the charges in a current the ground state, e.g., in an atom, if an electron is in a
higher energy level than the ground state, the atom is said
to be 'excited'

efficiency效率 frequency频率
the ability of a device to transfer energy usefully The number of complete wave cycles per second. This
may sometimes be measured as the number of complete
waves passing a point per second

electric current rule电流规则 fundamental (frequency)基本频率

the algebraic sum of the currents entering a junction is The lowest frequency of a periodic waveform
equal to zero

ground state基态
The lowest energy level for a system, e.g., when all the
electric field电场 electrons in an atom are in the lowest energy levels they
can occupy, the atom is said to be in its ground state
An electric field is the physical field that surrounds
electrically charged particles and exerts force on all other
charged particles in the field, either attracting or repelling
them harmonic谐波
A harmonic is a wave with a frequency that is a positive
integer multiple of the fundamental frequency

04
Huygens' principle惠更斯原理 longitudinal wave纵波
A statement that all points of a wave front of sound in a A wave in which the oscillations occur parallel to the
transmitting medium or of light in a vacuum or transpar- direction of movement of the wave energy
ent medium may be regarded as new wavelets that
expand in evert direction at a rate depending on their
velocities
magnet field磁场
The magnet field is the area around a magnet in which
in phase同相 the effect of magnetism is felt
Two waves of the same frequency that are perfectly
aligned have a phase difference of 0 and are said to be 'in
phase'
maximum (plural maxima)明纹
In a diffraction or interference pattern, the bright spots
insulator绝缘体
A substance that does not transmit heat (thermal insula-
tor), sound (acoustic insulator) or electricity (electrical
insulator) mechanical wave机械波
A mechanical wave is one in which there needs to be
some sort of material medium - a substance that oscillates
intensity (radiation)强度 to allow the transfer of the energy, e.g., sound wave
The amount of energy it carries, per unit area, and per
unit time

minimum (plural minima)暗纹

interference干扰 In a diffraction or interference pattern, the dark spots

The superposition outcome of a combination of waves. An

interference pattern will only be observed under certain
conditions, such as the waves being coherent
monochromatic单色的
Containing or using only one colour. Light of a single
internal resistance内电阻 wavelength

the resistance of an emf source

node波节
Regions on a stationary wave where the amplitude of
oscillation is at its maximum
ionisation energy电离能
The minimum energy required by an electron in an atom's
ground state in order to remove the electron completely
from the atom Ohm's law欧姆定律
the current through a component is directly proportional
to the voltage across it, providing the temperature remains
the same
line spectrum光谱线
A series of individual lines of colour showing the frequen- oscillation振动
cies present in a light source
A periodic variation of a particle or matter between two
values or about its central value

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out of phase (antiphase)异相 polarisation偏振
If one of the two waves of the same frequency is shifted The orientation of the plane of oscillation of a transverse
by one-half cycle relative to the other, so that one wave is wave. If the wave is plane polarised, all its oscillations
at its trough while the other is at its crest, the waves are occur in one single plane
said to be 'out of phase'

polarising filter偏振滤光片
The polarising filter will only allow light waves to pass if
period周期
their electric field oscillations are orientated in one
The time taken for one complete oscillation at one point direction
on the wave. This will also be the time taken for the wave
to travel one wavelength
potential difference电势差
the correct term for the voltage of a component that is
using electrical energy in a circuit and transferring this
energy to other stores

potential divider分压器
phase相位 a circuit designed to provide specific voltage values by
splitting an emf across two resistors
The stage a given point one wave is through a complete
cycle. Phase is measured in angle units, as a complete
wave cycle is considered to be the same as travelling
around a complete circle, that is 360° or 2 radians potentiometer电势差计
a version of the potential divider in which a single resis-
tance wire is used in two parts to form the two resistanc-
es. A sliding connection on the wire can be adjusted to
alter the comparative resistances and thus alter the output
pd from the potentiometer

progressive wave行波
A means of for transferring energy via oscillations

photoelectron光电子 pulse-echo脉冲反射
Electrons released from a metal surface as a result of its A pulse echo is an A-scan presentation broadly used for
exposure to electromagnetic radiation thickness measurement and sizing the defect in an
ultrasonic inspection involving identifying the indication
echoes when the signal is reflected from a discontinuity in
a test material structure

photon光子
'Packets' of electromagnetic radiation energy where the quantisation量子化
amount of energy E=hf, which is Plank's constant multi- The concept that there is a minimum smallest amount by
plied by the frequency of the radiation: the quantum unit which a quantity can change: infinitesimal changes are not
that is being considered when electromagnetic radiation is permitted in a quantum universe. The quantisation of a
understood using a particle model quantity is like the idea of the precision of instrument
measuring it

06
rarefaction稀疏区 stationary wave (standing wave)驻波
An area in a longitudinal wave in which the particle A wave which has oscillations in a fixed space, with
oscillations put them further apart from each other than regions of significant oscillation and regions with zero
their equilibrium state oscillation, which remain in the same locations at all times

stopping voltage遏止电压
The minimum voltage needed to reduce the photoelectric
reflection反射
current to zero, when illuminated with a particular
The change of direction of propagation of a wave when it frequency of light
meets a boundary

string wave speed弦波速率

The speed of a wave on a string depends on the square
refraction折射 root of the tension divided by the mass per unit length of
the string
A change in wave speed when the wave moves from one
medium to another. There is a corresponding change in
wave direction, governed by Snell's law
superconductivity超导性
the electrical property of a material having zero resistivity

refractive index折射率
The amount that a material changes the speed of waves superposition叠加
when they pass through the material from a different
When more than one wave is in the same location, the
material
overall effect is the vector sum of their individual displace-
ments at each point where they meet

resistance电阻
threshold frequency阀频率
the opposition to the flow of electrical current
The minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation that
can cause the emission of photoelectrons from the metal

resistivity电阻系数
for a material, the same value as the resistance between total internal reflection全内反射
opposite faces of a cubic metre of the material
Waves reflect back into the same medium at a boundary
between two media. This requires two conditions to be
met: 1. the rat is attempting to emerge from the denser
semiconductor半导体 medium. 2. the angle between the ray and the normal to
the interface is greater than the critical angle
materials with a lower resistivity than insulators, but
higher than conductors. They usually only have small
numbers of delocalised electrons that are free to conduct
transport equation输运方程
"I = nAvq. This defines electric current, I, from a funda-
mental basis. It is the product of
sonometer弦音计 charge carriers, n; the charge on those carriers, q; the
cross-sectional area of the conductor, A; and the drift
An apparatus for experimenting with the frequency
velocity of the charge carriers in that conductor, v"
relationships of a string under tension, usually consisting
of a horizontal wooden sounding box and a metal wire
stretched along the top of the box

07
transverse wave横波 voltage电压
A wave in which the oscillations occur perpendicular to a measure of the amount of energy a component transfers
the direction of movement of the wave energy per unit of charge passing through it

trough波谷 voltages circuit rule电压电路规则

A trough is the opposite of a crest, so the minimum or around a closed loop, the algebraic sum of the emfs is
lowest point in a cycle equal to the algebraic sum of the pds

twin-beam oscilloscope双光束示波器 wave波

A means for transferring energy via oscillations/vibrations
an oscilloscope with two inputs. It displays each as a line
on the screen, and both are shown at the same time to
compare the inputs
wave speed波速
The rate of movement of the wave - the same as speed in
general. As each wave has a certain wavelength, and the
frequency tells us how many of these wavelengths pass
per second, wave speed could be determined by multiply-
ing frequency and wavelength. This is often referred to as
the wave equation:

wavefront波面
Lines connecting points on the wave that are at exactly
the same phase position

vacuum真空
A vacuum is a volume empty of matter, sometimes called
'free-space'

valence band价带
a range of energy amounts that electrons in a solid
material can have which keeps them close to one particu- wavelength波长
lar atom
The distance between a point in a wave and the same
point on the next cycle of the wave, e.g., the distance
between adjacent wave peaks

vibration振动
The term vibration is used to describe the mechanical
oscillations of an object

08
wave-particle duality波粒二象性
The principle that the behaviour of electromagnetic
radiation can be described in terms of both waves and
photons

work function逸出功
The minimum energy needed by an electron at the surface
of a metal to escape from the metal

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 Unit 4
Further mechanics, Fields and Particles
accelerator加速器 anti-baryons反重子
a device to accelerate particles anti-particle of baryons

atom原子
particles composing molecules or object, originally
considered unitary

atomic number原子序数
alpha particle阿尔法粒子 number of protons in a nucleus
a particle constructed by 2 protons and 2 neutrons

bar magnet条状磁铁
alternating current (a.c.)交流电 magnet formed in a shape of bar
current whose magnitude changes periodically over time

ammeter电流表
apparatus to measure the current

baryons重子
Ampere's force安培力 particles constructed by 3 quarks
force exerting on current carrying wire while in magnetic
field
beta particle贝塔粒子
one type of particles emitted during radioactivity, another
angular displacement角位移 name of electrons

angle passed in an rotational motion

bottom quark底夸克
angular velocity角速度 a flavour of quark
angle passed in an rotational motion per second

bubble chamber detector气泡室检测仪

annihilation湮灭 apparatus to detect microscopic particles
when a particle collide with its anti-particle, there mass
can disappear and produce a piece of energy

capacitance电容
anode阳极 the amount of electric charge can be stored per unit
the electrical terminal that can attract electrons potential difference

10
capacitor电容器 circular motion圆周运动
apparatus to seperate electric charge and provide capaci- a type of movement in which an object moves along a
tance in circuit circular path

coil线圈
carbon brushes碳刷 a wire winding around a core
a part of electric motor or generator to connect the rotor
with external electric circuit

cathode阴极
the electrical terminal that can emit electrons

conservation of baryon numbers重子数守恒

the number of baryons are unchanged during a reaction
cathode ray阴极射线
a beam of electrons

conservation of lepton numbers轻子数守恒

the number of leptons are unchanged during a reaction
centripetal acceleration向心加速度
acceleration during circular motion pointing the centre of
the circular motion
conservation of strangeness奇异度守恒
the number of strange quarks are unchanged during a
reaction
centripetal force向心力
resultant force during circular motion pointing the centre
of the circular motion conservations during reactions反应中的守恒
a set of conservation laws during reactions

charge conservation电荷守恒
during a radioactivity, the total electric charge before a cyclotron回旋加速器
reaction equals that after a reaction
a machine that can acceleration particles to very high
velocity

charm quark粲夸克 detector检测器

a flavour of quark an apparatus that can detect the exisitance or movements
of particles

circular accelerator环形加速器 direct current (d.c.)直流电

a machine that can acceleration particles to very high a type of current which is unchanged over time
velocity

11
down quark下夸克 electron电子
a flavour of quark small particles existing in an atom and containing negative
charge

elastic collision弹性碰撞 electron neutrino电子中微子

a type of microscopic particles
collisions during which the kenetic energy is conserved

electric field电场 electron probe电子探针

a region where the electric force exists on charges a technique investigating the internal structure of atoms

exchange bosons交换玻色子
electric field lines电场线 a type of microscopic particles
a set of lines representing the direciton and magnitude of
electric field

Faraday's Law法拉第定律
a theory discribing and explaining electromagnetic induc-
electric field strength电场强度 tion
the strength of an electric field

fermions费米子
electric motors电动机 a type of microscopic particles

a mechine that can perform rotational motion providing

current

flat circular coil平环形导线

a string of wire winded into circular shape
electric potential电势
electric energy per quantity of charge

Fleming's left-hand rule左手定则

a technique to investigate direction of magnetic force

electromagnetism电磁学
a set of theories discribing and explaining electromagnetic Fleming's right-hand rule右手定则
phenomenons
a technique to investigate direction of induced current

electromagnetism induction电磁感应 Further Mechanics进阶机械学

a phenomenon where electric potential can be generated a set of theory involving 2-dimentional collisions and
by magnetic field circular motions

12
Geiger-Muller tube/detector盖格穆勒检测仪 large hadron collider大型强子对撞机
an apparatus that can detect and measure radioactivities a machine that can acceleration particles and have them
collide with each other to investigate the internal structure
of them

generator / alternator发电机 Lenz's Law楞次定律

a mechine that can generate electricity a theory discribing and explaining electromagnetic induc-
tion

generator effect发电机效应 leptons轻子

the theory that a generator use a type of microscopic particles

hadrons强子 linear accelerator直线加速器

a machine that can acceleration particles to very high
a type of microscopic particles
velocity

induced current感生电流 Lorenz's force洛伦兹力

current generated by magnetic field force exerting on moving charged particles while they
move in magnetic field

induced emf感生电动势 magnetic field lines磁感线

electromotive force generated by magnetic field a set of lines representing the direciton and magnitude of
magnetic field

inelastic collision非弹性碰撞 magnetic field near a straight wire

collisions during which the kenetic energy is unconserved 直导线周围的磁场
magnetic field generated near a straight wire

ion离子
atoms gaining or losing electrons magnetic field near coils of wire
环形导线周围的磁场
magnetic field generated near coils of wire

isotope
a set of atoms or nuclei containing same number of
protons by different number of neutrons magnetic flux磁通量
number of magnetic field lines passing through an area

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magnetic flux density磁通密度 neutron中子
number of magnetic field lines passing through a unit area a type of microscopic particles

magnetically hard materials硬磁体 north pole & south pole北极和南极

a material that can be magnitised and the magnitisation is two ends of a magnet
permanent

magnetically soft materials软磁体 nuclei原子核 (复数)

a material that can be magnitised and the magnitisation is a type of microscopic particles
temporary

nucleon number核子数
magnetism磁学 sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
a set of theories discribing and explaining magnetic
phenomenons

nucleus原子核 (单数)
a type of microscopic particles
mass number质量数
number of neutrons in a nucleus

particle粒子

mass-energy conservation质能守恒 microscopic existance of matter

during a radioactivity, the mass-energy is conserved

according to E = mc2
particle acceleration & detection粒子加速和检测
a set of techniques to investigate the exisitance and
mesons介子 motion of particles

a type of microscopic particles

particle collisions粒子碰撞
motor effect电动机效应 collisions between microscopic particles
an effect causing the wire to rotate in magnetic field

particle interactions粒子相互作用
muon μ介子 interactions between particles
a type of microscopic particles

muon neutrino μ介子中微子 photoelectric effect光电效应

a type of microscopic particles the phenomenon in which electrons can escape from the
surface of a metal if expose to UV light

14
plum pudding model梅子布丁模型 right-hand grip rule右手螺旋定则
a model discribing the internal structure of an atom a technique to investigate direction of magnetic field
produced by current

positively charged "dough"带正电的"面团"

solenoid螺线圈
a part of an atom discribed in plum pudding model
a wire winding around a core for multiple turns

potential difference电势差 split-ring commutator换向器

difference of voltage between two point in electric field a part in an electric motor to change the direction of
current

step-down transformer降压变压器
probability clouds概率云
a machine that can make the alternating voltage higher
a theoretical discription of the existance of electrons

step-up transformer升压变压器
proton质子
a machine that can make the alternating voltage higher
a type of microscopic particles

strange quark奇夸克
proton number质子数 a type of microscopic particles
number of protons in a nucleus

strong nuclear force强相互作用

quarks夸克 the reaction exist amoung hadrons
a type of microscopic particles

tau τ介子

radial electric fields径向电场 a type of microscopic particles

electric field generated by point charge or spherical

charge whose magnitude and direction varies in space
tau neutrino τ介子中微子
a type of microscopic particles

relativistic lifetimes相对论寿命
the lifetime of a microscopic particle considering the the Earth's magnet field地磁场
relativistic effect
the magnetic field existing around the earth

repel OR attract排斥或吸引
The moving-coil loudspeaker扩音器
the interaction between electric charges
an appratus people use to magnify the loudness of sound

15
the Standard Model标准模型 γ(Gamma) ray伽马射线
a theory discribing the categories of microscopic particles one out of three types of radiation produced during
radioactivity

thermionic emission热离子辐射
a technique to produce free electrons by heating a metal

top quark顶夸克
a type of microscopic particles

transformer变压器
a machine that can vary the alternating voltage & alternat-
ing current

two-dimensional collision二维碰撞
collisions happens in a 2-dimentional plane

uniform electric fields匀强电场

electric field whose magnitude and direction is constant
everywhere

up quark上夸克
a type of microscopic particles

α-particle scattering experiment

阿尔法粒子散射实验
an experiment proving the internal structure of an atom

anode阳极
the electrical terminal that can attract electrons

16
 Unit 5
Thermodynamics, Radiation, Oscillations , and cosmology
absolute temperature绝对温度 binding energy 结合能
a temperature scale that starts at absolute zero the energy used to hold the nucleus together,converted
from the mass deficit,following E = mc^2.So it is also the
energy needed to break a nucleus apart into its individual
nucleons
absolute zero 绝对零度
the theoretical temperature at which molecules will no
longer be moving,all the kinetic energy has been removed

activity 活度
the number of radioactive decays in unit time

alpha α粒子
composed of two protons and two neutrons, the same as
a helium nucleus

black body radiator 黑体散热器

alpha decay α衰变 a theoretical object, that completely absorbs all radiation
that lands on it
the radioactive process in which a particle combination of
two protons and two neutrons is ejected from a nucleus
black dwarf 黑矮星
the final stage of the life cycle of a small mass star, when
nuclear fusion has ceased and it has cooled so that it no
amplitude 振幅
longer emits visible light
the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position

black hole 黑洞
one of the possible conclusions to the life of a large mass
astronomical unit (AU) 天文单位 star; a region of space-time in which the gravity is so
a distance unit,equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit strong that it prevents anything from escaping, including
around the Sun:1 AU= 1.5 x 10^11 m EM radiation

blue supergiant 蓝超巨星

background radiation 背景辐射
a very large, very hot star, perhaps 25000 K
low levels of radiation from environmental sources,always
present around us

Boyle's law 波义耳定律

Big Bang Theory 大爆炸理论 for a constant mass of gas at a constant temperature, the
pressure exerted by the gas is inversely proportional to the
the theory that the Universe expanded outwards, from a volume it occupies
single point to the currently observed situation

Big Crunch 大紧缩

a possible future for the Universe,in which the Universe
contracts inwards to a single point

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bubble chamber 气泡室 dark energy暗能量
a particle detection system in which the particles cause a source of a force that is causing the expansion of the
bubbles to be created in a superheated liquid,typically Universe to accelerate; its nature has not been identified
hydrogen

dark matter 暗物质

Celsius scale 摄氏刻度 a material in the Universe that explains some anomalous
behaviours of galaxies; as yet its nature has not been
a scale of temperature with zero degrees at the freezing identified
point of water, and 100 degrees at the boiling point of
water

decay衰变
chain reaction 连锁反应
a process in which a nudleus' structure is changed,usually
a self-sustaining nuclear reaction in which the products accompanied by the emission of a particle
from one individual fission reaction go on to trigger one or
more further fissions
decay constant 衰减常数
the probability,per second,that a given nucleus will decay
Charles's law 查尔斯定律
for a constant mass of gas at a constant pressure,the
volume occupied by the gas is proportional to its absolute Doppler effect 多普勒效应
temperature
the effect that occurs when an observer who is receiving
waves emitted from a moving body observes that the
control rods 控制杆 wavelength of the waves has been altered,to a new
wavelength. as a consequence of the relative motion
materials that can absorb neutrons to stop the triggering
of further fission reactions, e.g.boron
driving frequency 驱动频率
critical damping 临界阻尼 the frequency of an external force applied to a system
undergoing forced oscillations
when damping is such that the oscillator returns to its
equilibrium position in the quickest possible time, without
going past that position
equation of state 状态方程
critical density 临界密度 the single equation that defines a gas in terms of its
pressure,volume,temperature and quantity:pV = NkT
the density of matter in the Universe below which the
Universe will keep expanding forever

fisson 核裂变
damped oscillations 阻尼振荡 larger nuclei are broken up into smaller nuclides,releasing
work is done on the damping system and energy is energy
dissipated in the damping system with each oscillation, so
the amplitude of oscillations decreases

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forced oscillation 强制振荡 Hubble constant 哈勃常数
the oscillation of a system under the influence of an the constant of proportionality in Hubble's law Hubble's
external (usually repeatedly applied)force law the recession velocity of a galaxy is directly propor-
tional to the distance to it

free oscillation 自由振荡

the oscillation of a system,free from the influence of any ideal gas 理想气体
forces from outside the system
a theoretical gas which does not suffer from the real
world difficulties that mean real gases do not perfectly
follow the gas laws
fuel rod 燃料棒
a rod containing the fissionable material,e.g.uranium-235
internal energy 内能
the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the
fusion 核聚变 molecules within a given mass of a substance
small nuclides combine together to make larger nuclei.
releasing energy
isotopes 同位素

gravitational field 重力场 atoms of the same element with different numbers of
neutrons in the nuclei
a region of spacetime which is curved.This curvature will
cause particles to experience an accelerating force
Kelvin scale 开尔文标度
gravitational potential引力势 an absolute temperature scale with each degree the same
size as those on the Celsius scale
the amount of work done per unit mass to move an object
from an infinite distance to that point in the field

kinetic theory 动力学理论

half-life 半衰期 the idea that consideration of the microscopic movements
the time taken for half of the nuclei within a sample to of particles will predict the macroscopic behaviour of a
decay.Alternatively,the time taken for the activity of a substance
sample of a radioactive nuclide to reduce to half its initial
value
light year 光年
the distance that light can travel in one year, in a vacu-
um,which is about 10^16 m

luminosity 光度
the rate at which energy of all types is radiated by an
object in all directions

main sequence star 主序星

Hertzsprung-Russell diagram 赫兹普龙-罗素图
a stable star whose core performs hydrogen fusion and
a plot of stars,showing luminosity (or absolute magnitude) produces mostly helium
on the y-axis,and temperature (or spectral class) on the
x-axis

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mass defect 质量缺陷 “质量赤字”的替代短语 oscillate 振荡
an alternative phrase for 'mass deficit' to undertake continuously repeated movements

mass deficit 质量亏损 pair production对生成

the difference between the measured mass of a nucleus the phenomenon in which a particle and its anti-matter
and the sum total of the masses of its constituent nucle- equivalent are both created simultaneously in a conversion
ons from energy

mass number (A) 质量数 parallax angle 视差角

an alternative name for the 'nucleon number'
the difference in angular observation of a given star,for
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution a mathematical function
use in the trigonometric parallax method of measuring the
that describes the distribution of energies amongst
distance to a star
particles at a given temperature

parsec (pc) 秒差距

moderator 慢化剂
the distance a star must be from the Sun in order for the
a material used in a nuclear reactor to slow fast-neutrons parallax angle Earth-star-Sun to be 1 arcsecond 1pc = 3.09
to thermal speeds x 10^16 m

natural frequency 固有频率

planetary nebula 行星状星云
the frequency of oscillation that asystem will take if it
undergoes free oscillations the remains of an explosion at the end of the life cycle of
a low-mass star; material which may eventually join
together into new planets
neutron number 中子数
the total number of neutrons within a given nucleus pressure law 压力定律
for a constant mass of gas at a constant volume, the
pressure exerted by the gas is proportional to its absolute
neutron star 中子星
temperature
one of the possible conclusions to the life of a large mass
star; small and very dense, composed of neutrons

proton number 质子数

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
nuclear fission 核裂变
a large nucleus breaks up into two smaller nuclei, with the
release of some neutrons and energy
protostar 原恒星
the coalescence of dust and gas under the force of
nucleon number 核子数 gravity,prior to the start of nuclear fusion in its core,
which will go on to become a star
the total number of all neutrons and protons in a nucleus

recession velocity 衰退速度

nucleons 核子 the speed at which one object is moving away from
any of the protons and neutrons comprising a nucleus another object

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red giant 红巨星 standard candles 标准烛光
a large star which is cooler than our Sun, e.g.3000 K stars with properties such that their luminosity can be
determined from measurements of brightness

red shift 红移
the apparent change in wavelength of a star's spectrum, Stefan-Boltzmann law 斯特凡-玻尔兹曼定律
caused by increasing separation between the star and
Earth the power output from a black body is proportional to its
surface area and the fourth power of its temperature in
kelvin,L=σAT^4

supernova 超新星
the explosion of a large mass star at the end of its
lifetime, when it becomes extremely unstable

trigonometric parallax 三角视差

resonance 共振 a method for measuring the distance to relatively close
very large amplitude oscillations that occur when a driving stars. It works by comparing their measured angle in the
frequency matches the natural frequency of a system sky at six monthly intervals, and using these measure-
ments to calculate the distance using trigonometry

root-mean-square speed均方根速度
white dwarf 白矮星
the square root of the arithmetic mean value of the
squares of the speeds of particles in an ideal gas a small,hot star,perhaps 10000 K

simple harmonic motion (SHM) 简谐运动

the oscillation of a system in which a force is continually
Wien's law 韦恩定律
trying to return the object to its centre position and this the relationship between the peak output wavelength and
force is proportional to the displacement from that centre temperature for a black body radiator is given by the
position equation: λmaxT = 2.898 x 10^-3 mK

specific heat capacity 比热容

the energy required to raise the temperature of one
kilogram of a substance by one degree kelvin

specific latent heat 潜热

the energy required to change the state of one kilogram
of a substance at a constant temperature

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