Science – Grade 10

Learner Activity Sheets

Quarter 1 – Week 1B: Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake
epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory.
First Edition, 2021

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Development Team of the Learners’ Activity Sheets

Writer: Peter Paul H. Nacua

Editors:

Regional Team Jane C. Basul

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Jessica C. Abiva
Ria L. Petilo
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Pejie Ann S. Cornites
Maria Virnadiva P. Dela Torre

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 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Science 10, Quarter 1, Week 2

EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER

Name: _______________________________________ Section: __________________

Most Essential Learning Competency

Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and
major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory. (S10ES – Ia-j-36.1)

Learning Objectives:
1. Identify the different types of earthquakes.
2. Recognize the terms commonly related to finding the epicenter of an earthquake.
3. Determine the components of finding the epicenter of an earthquake
4. Determine the use of recording stations to locate the epicenter of an earthquake using
triangulation method.
5. Compute the distance of epicenter from each of the stations using a formula.
6. Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using triangulation method.
7. Plan a precautionary measure when earthquake occurs.

Time Allotment: 4 Hours

Key Concept:
• An earthquake refers to the shaking of the Earth as a result of the breaking or shifting
of the rocks of the tectonic plates, which resulted to the release seismic energy. Most of
the earthquakes happens along the boundaries of tectonic plates, which collide, push
each other, or slide past each other. Earthquakes takes place because of the pressure
underneath the Earth’s crust that pushes blocks of rocks to move along fault lines.

• Cracks on the Earth’s crust are known as faults,

of which there are three types – normal fault,
reverse fault, and strike -slip fault.
A. Normal faults [Other names: normal-slip fault,
tensional fault or gravity fault] form when the
hanging wall drops down. The forces that
generated by the normal faults will resulted on
the pulling the sides apart, or extensional.
Figure 1. Movement of A Normal Fault
Examples include Basin & Range faults. Source:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schemati
c-block-diagram-of-a _normalfault_fig1_259359328
B. Reverse faults [Other names: reverse-slip
fault or compressional fault.] form when the hanging wall moves up. The force that
generated by the reverse faults will resulted on compressional, pushing the sides
together. Examples of this type of fault include the Rocky Mountains and the
Himalayan Mountains.

Figure 2. Reverse Faults Movement

Source:https://i0.wp.com/inventionsky.com
/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Untitled-12.
png?w=876&ssl=1

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 1

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
 C. Transcurrent or Strike-slip faults [Other names: trans current fault, lateral fault,
tear fault or wrench fault.] have walls that move sideways, not up or down. Examples
of this type of faults include the San Andreas Fault, California; Anatolian Fault,
Turkey.

Figure 3. Reverse Fault

Source:https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/62t9liF186a0u00ZflbxLB0dSC0=/4297x0/
filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-482475551-
56c9649a5f9b5879cc4692ca.jpg

• Focus or the hypocenter is located within the Earth where the tectonic plate rocks start
to break and where seismic energy is first released.
The focus is found at different depths and is
classified as follows;
✓ shallow (10-100 km deep)
✓ intermediate (70-300 km)
✓ deep (300 km and deeper)
Shallow earthquake epicenters that originated from
a much closer distance to the Earth’s crust they
cause the most damage. Energy is more
Figure 4. Location of Epicenter and Focus
concentrated, and are strongest at the epicenter Source: http://nesec.org/wp-
than at any other point on the Earth’s surface since content/uploads/2017/11/EQ_Diagram.png
it is directly above the source of the rupture. It is
found within the fault plane. Epicenter on the other hand, is the point on the crust of
the Earth which is directly above the focus.

• Under water earthquakes associated with oceanic-

continental subduction cause a vertical movement of the
seafloor. Those greater than 7 in magnitude and whose
focus is less than 30 km produce a significant movement
that generates large ocean waves called tsunami
(Japanese term for harbor wave).

• Seismic waves are classified into two: surface waves and

body waves. Waves that travel below the surface of the
Earth are called body waves. They are of two types:
compressional or primary (P) waves and the shear or
secondary (S) waves. Both waves are called body waves
because they can travel through the interior of Earth
from the focus to distant points on the surface. P-waves
travel the fastest at a speed between 4-8 km/s at Earth’s
crust; hence, they are the first to arrive at a location. S-
waves usually travel at 2.5 – 4 km/s and can only travel
through solid materials. On the other hand, P-waves Figure 5. Seismic wave movement
Source:https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/im
can move through all states of matter. ages/353-earth-waves

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 2

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
 • In contrast to body waves, surface waves can only travel along the surface. Both P-and
S-waves arrive after the surface wave and are confined to the outer layers of earth.
Surface waves are classified into two: Love and Rayleigh. Love waves is the fastest type
of surface wave that makes the ground move horizontally or side to side at right angles
to the direction of the travelling wave. Rayleigh waves, also called ground roll, cause
rock particles to move upward, up, backward, and down in path that contains the
direction of the wave travel. Love waves cause the most damage to buildings and other
structure.

• Earthquake have 4 different types: Tectonic earthquake, Volcanic earthquake, Collapse

earthquake and Explosion earthquake.
A. Tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earth's crust breaks due to
geological forces on rocks and adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical
changes. This type of earthquake is anchored on the Elastic Rebound Theory by the
American geologist, Harry Fielding Reid. According to this theory, tectonic
earthquakes occur when strains in rock masses have accumulated to a point where
the resulting stress exceeded the strength of the rocks, resulting to sudden fractures
that eventually propagate through the rocks in rapid motion, like what happened in
the San Andreas Fault in 1906. As a fault rupture continues along or up the fault,
rock masses are tossed in opposite directions, slowing and restarting of movement
give rise to the vibrations that propagate as seismic waves. These irregular properties
of fault rupture are used in simulation of earthquake sources both physically and
mathematically. The area in the faults where there is roughness or harshness are
called asperities while the area where the rupture slows or stops are known as fault
barriers.

B. Volcanic earthquake is caused by a movement of magma beneath the surface of the

Earth. There are two types of volcanic earthquakes: the volcano tectonic earthquake,
which occur after a volcanic activity has taken place, and the long-period volcanic
earthquake that occurs after a volcanic eruption.

C. Collapse earthquake are small earthquakes within underground caverns and mines
that are caused by seismic waves generated from the explosion of rock on the surface.
An often observed variation of this earthquake type is the “mine (rock) burst.” It is
believed that occurrence of mine burst increases as the depth of the mine increases.
Hundreds of miners die in mine burst annually, and mining is considered one of the
deadliest industries at present.
D. Explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is resulted in the detonation of a
nuclear and/or chemical device. Explosion occurs when there is an enormous
nuclear energy is released during underground nuclear explosions. In a million of a
second after a nuclear device is detonated in a borehole underground, the pressure
jumps thousands of times the pressure of the atmospheric pressure, and the
temperature increases by millions of degrees.

• Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs or seismometer. This

instrument is consist of a mass attached to a fixed base. During an earthquake, the
base moved and the mass does not. The recording they make by a seismograph is called
a seismogram.

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 3

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
 Figure 6. Parts of a Seismograph
Source:https://pixfeeds.com/images/3/234
840/1200-477463367-seismograph-
machine.jpg

• Locating an earthquake is usually done by reading the time interval of P-waves and S-
waves at a group of three (or more) recording stations. The greater the time between the
P-waves and S-wave, the farther the quake is from the recording stations. Seismologist,
a scientist that specialized in geophysics and study about the seismic waves, use a travel
time chart for this data. Using the data coming from three recording stations they can
now locate the epicenter of an earthquake, this is known as Triangulation Method. In
this method, Geologist then draw at least three circles using data from different
seismographs set up at stations all over the world. In the Philippines there are 92 known
Seismic Network that goals to provide prompt and accurate information on earthquake
and tsunami that may significantly impact the country; and also, to make sure the
readiness and integrity of earthquake data. The location of the seismograph is located
at the center of the circle. The radius of every circle is that the distance from
the measuring device to the location of the epicenter and the intersection of three circles
is the site of the epicenter. In order to locate the epicenter, the scientist need to calculate
the distance of each recording stations form the epicenter using this formula:
𝑇𝑑
𝑑= = 100 𝑘𝑚
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Where: d = distance (Km)
Td= time difference in the arrival time of P-waves and S-waves (seconds)

❖ Take note that this formula is suited because 8 seconds is the interval between
the time arrival of P-wave and S-wave at a distance of 100 km.

Sample Problem:

Study the data below showing the difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-
wave on three seismic recording stations.

Table 1. Records of Time difference of the three Recording Stations.

Recording Station Time difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-
wave (seconds)
Mindoro 40.0
Palawan 28.5
Mati City 35.3

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 4

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
 To locate the distance of epicenter from the station (km);

Mindoro Palawan Mati City

40.0 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝟐𝟖.𝟓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝟑𝟓.𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔

𝑑= = 100𝑘𝑚 𝒅= = 100𝑘𝑚 𝒅= = 100𝑘𝑚
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝟖 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔 𝟖 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒔
d= 500 km d= 356 km d= 441 km

Since, you already have the data on the distance of epicenter to the recording stations,
we need to convert this using the information given in the map scale. For instance, Figure
11 scale is 1.5 cm:200km.

Mindoro Palawan Mati City

1.5 𝑐𝑚 1.5 𝑐𝑚 1.5 𝑐𝑚
𝑑 = 500 𝑘𝑚(200 𝑘𝑚
) 𝑑 = 356 𝑘𝑚(200 𝑘𝑚
) 𝑑 = 441 𝑘𝑚(200 𝑘𝑚
)
750 𝑐𝑚 534 𝑐𝑚 662 𝑐𝑚
𝑑= 𝑑= 𝑑=
200 200 200
d = 1.5 cm d= 2.67 cm d= 3.31 cm

Use the Map of the Philippines found in Figure 11 you can now locate the epicenter of
an earthquake. Remember that the intersection of the three circles is the location of the
epicenter.

• The size of the earthquake called the magnitude, is determine using the seismic waves
created by the earthquake and it also measures the energy that is released at the source
of an earthquake. On the other hand, intensity measures the strength of shaking is
produced by the earthquake at a certain location.

• Traditionally, geologist use the Mercalli and the Richter scales to assign magnitude to
earthquakes. Mercalli scale was developed by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902. It is mainly
used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced during earthquake. However, this
method is not considered scientific. In 1934, another scientist in a person of Charles F.
Richter scientifically calculated the magnitude of an earthquake and introduced the
Richter Scale. He used the data coming from the recording stations to measure the
distance of an earthquake to the seismograph and the amplitude of the largest recorded
seismic wave. The magnitudes are based on a logarithmic scale (based 10), which means
each additional unit of magnitude denotes a tenfold increase in the power of the
earthquake. Therefore, a magnitude of 6.0 earthquake is 10 times stronger than a
magnitude of 5.0.

Table 2. Earthquake Effects based on the Mercalli and Richter Scales

Richter Mercalli Earthquake Effects
Instrumental – Not felt except by a very few under especially
I
2 favorable condition; detected mostly by seismography
Feeble – Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper
II
floors of buildings
Slight – Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on
upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an
III
earthquake. Idle cars may rock slightly. Vibration is similar to the
passing of a truck.
3 Moderate – Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day.
At night, there would be some awakening. Dishes, windows, doors
IV
are disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation is like a heavy
truck striking a building. Idle cars rock noticeably.

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 5

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
 Rather Strong – Felt by nearly everyone; many are awakened.
4 V Some dishes and windows are broken. Unstable objects
overturned. Pendulum docks may stop.
Strong – Felt by all. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances
VI
of fallen plaster. Slightly damage.
Very Strong – Damage noticeably in buildings of good design and
5 VII construction. Slight to moderate in well-built structures;
considerable damage in ordinary structures; considerable damage
in poorly built or badly design structure.
Destructive – Slight damage in specially designed structures;
considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial
6 VIII collapse. Great damage in poorly built structures. Fall of factory
stacks, columns, monuments, and walls. Heavy furniture is
overturned.
Ruinous – Considerable damage in specially designed structures;
IX well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Great damage
in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off
7 foundations.
Disastrous – Some well-built wooden structures are destroyed;
X most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations.
Rails bend greatly.
Very Disastrous – Few, if any (masonry) structures remain
XI
standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
8 Catastrophic – Total damage. Lines of sight and level are distorted.
XII
Objects are thrown in the air.
Source: Science Links: Worktext for Scientific and Technological Literacy.

• Today, most recording stations used the Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS) to determine
the size of the quake, it was first introduced by Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori
in 1979. On the said scale, they used computer analysis to know the total energy content
of seismic waves. This technology is quite more accurate when compared to traditional
Richter Scale.

Activity 1. Name Me Please!

Objective: Identify the different types of earthquake.
What you need: Activity Notebook/Paper, pen
What to do: Given the picture below, identify what type of earthquake is it then give your
reason about your answer. The Rubric found below after the guide questions
will be used in assessing your answers in guide questions.

Sample Answer:
Type of an Earthquake: Volcanic eruption
Reason: is caused by a movement of magma beneath
the of the Earth. There are two types of volcanic
earthquakes: the volcano tectonic earthquake, which
occur after a volcanic activity has taken place, and the
long-period volcanic earthquake that occurs after a
volcanic eruption.

Figure 7. Eruption of a Volcano

Source: http://manillearisque.weebly.com/uploads
/5/3/2/8/53285841_orig.png

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 6

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
 Type of an Earthquake: _________________________
Reason: ________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Figure 8. Mountain Formation

Source: https://ugc.berkeley.edu/wp-content/
uploads/2016/01/continental-continental_converge.jpg

Type of an Earthquake: _________________________

Reason: ________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________

Figure 9. Mines Collapse

Source: https://static.bigstockphoto.com/5/2/2
/large1500/225571069.jpg

Type of an Earthquake: _________________________

Reason: ________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Figure 10. Nuclear Explosion
Source: https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default
/files/styles/article_main_large/public/images/sn-nuclear
_0.jpg?itok=yCvLSJFq

Guide Questions:
1. What is the most common type of earthquake that usually happens in your
community?
2. How can we prevent and minimize the damages that brought by an earthquake in
your community?

WRITING RUBRIC
3 – Practical application is scientifically explained consistent to the concepts, and
has no misconception.
2 – Practical application is scientifically explained consistent to the concepts, but with
minimal misconception.
1 – Practical application is explained consistent to the concept, but with
misconception.

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 7

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
Activity 2. Find My Match!
Objective: Recognize the terms commonly related to finding the epicenter of an earthquake.
What you need: Activity Notebook/Paper, pen
What to do: Match the meaning at Column A to its meaning to Column B. Write only the
letter of your answer in your activity notebook/sheet of paper.

Column A Column B
1. It is the measure of the amplitude of the a. Earthquake
seismic waves an earthquake’s source b. Epicenter
produces. c. Fault
2. The point on the earth’s surface vertically d. Magnitude
above the focus, point in the crust where a e. Tsunami
seismic rupture begins. f. Seismometer
3. Are giant waves caused by earthquakes or g. Tectonic earthquake
volcanic eruptions under the sea. h. Seismogram
4. Narrow zones where rock masses move in i. Volcanic earthquake
relation to one another. j. Hypocenter
5. Any shaking of the ground caused by the
passage of seismic waves.
6. It is caused by a movement of magma
beneath the surface of the Earth.
7. The recording that make by a seismograph.
8. Is one that occurs when the earth's crust
breaks due to geological forces on rocks and
adjoining plates that cause physical and
chemical change.
9. An instrument used to detect and measure the
earthquake.
10. Location within the Earth where the tectonic
plate rocks start to break and where seismic
energy is first released.

Activity 3. Find the Center

Objectives: 1. Determine the components of finding the epicenter of an earthquake
2. Determine the use of recording stations to locate the epicenter of an earthquake
using triangulation method.
3. Compute the distance of epicenter from each of the stations using a formula.
4. Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using triangulation method.
What you need: 1. Hypothetical records of earthquake waves
2. Philippine Map
3. Drawing compass and ruler
What to do:
1. Study the data showing the difference in the arrival time of P-waves and S-
wave on three seismic recording stations.

Table 3. Records of Time difference of the three Recording Stations.

Time difference in the
Distance of epicenter from
Recording Station arrival time of P-wave and
the station (km)
S-wave (seconds)
Batangas 44.8
Puerto Princesa 32.0
Davao 38.4
2. Compute the distance of the epicenter from each of the stations using this
formula:

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 8

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
 𝑇𝑑
𝑑= = 100 𝑘𝑚
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

Where: d = distance (km)

Td = time difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-wave (seconds)

This formula is suited because 8 seconds is the interval between the times of
arrival of the P-wave and S-wave at a distance of 100 km.

Figure 11. Map of the Philippines

Source:https://pixfeeds.com/images/3/234840/120
0-477463367-seismograph-machine.jpg

3. Choose one of the recording stations and measure the computed distance on
the map scale (the scale in the map in Figure 11 is 1.5 cm: 200 km).
4. Set your compass for that computed distance using the ruler
5. Center your compass on the station you have chosen. Draw a circle.
6. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the rest of the stations. You should get three circles
that intersect at a point. This intersection is the epicenter.

Guide Question:
1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake?

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 9

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
 2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from two recording
stations?

WRITING RUBRIC
3 – Practical application is scientifically explained consistent to the concepts, and
has no misconception.
2 – Practical application is scientifically explained consistent to the concepts, but with
minimal misconception.
1 – Practical application is explained consistent to the concept, but with
misconception.

Reflection:
Since the Philippines is one of the countries that is found within the Pacific
Ring of Fire, we should always be ready and alert for we do not know when or where
the disaster may occur. As part of the information dissemination about the
earthquake preparedness and to minimize its effect you will going to make a creative
brochure that will include information on what to do before, during and after an
earthquake. It can either be printed or hand written. Pictures to be included can also
be printed or cut (e.g. magazines or newspapers) and paste it in your own brochure.
It is highly encouraged to acknowledge the cited information and write it at the back
of your brochure. The scoring rubric will be used in assessing your output.

Rubric for Reflection

Source:
https://www.gresham.k12.or.us/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=573&dataid=1819&FileName
=Brochure%20Rubric_1.pdf

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 10

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
References for Learners

Books
Acosta, Herma D., Alvarez, Liza A., Angeles, Dave G., Arre, Ruby D., Carmona, Ma. Pilar
P., Garcia, Aurelia S., Gatpo, Arlen., Marcaida, Judith F., Olarte, Ma. Regaelae A.,
Rosales, Marivic S., and Nilo G. Salzar. 2015. Science – Grade 10 Learner’s
Material First Edition. Pasig City: REX Book Store Inc.
Andaya, Mylene O., Aquino, Marites D., Biong, Jonna A. and Meliza P. Valdoz. 2017. Science
Links: Worktext for Scientific and Technological Literacy Revised Edition. Rex Bookstore,
Inc. Sampaloc, Manila
Bayquen, Aristea V., Pavico, Josefina Ma. F., Silverio, Angelina A., Ramos, Anna Cherylle
M., and John Donnie A. Ramos. 2015. Exploring Life Through Science Series: The
New Grade 10., Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 927 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City.

Websites
“About Earthquakes.” Retrieve from: https://www.resourcehelp.com/aboutquake.html,
accessed August 9, 2021.
“EARTHQUAKES: Discovering Geology-Earth Hazards”. Retrieve from: Earthquakes - British
Geological Survey (bgs.ac.uk), Accessed June 20, 2021
“Earthquake.” Retrieve from: https://www.un-spider.org/disaster-type/earthquake#:~:text
=A%20tectonic%20earthquake%20is%20one,cause%20physical%20and%20chemical%
20changes.
“Earthquake Monitoring”. accessed lastAugust 5, 2021.Retrieve from: https://www.phivolcs.
dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-monitoring,
“Fault Types: 3 Basic responses to stress.” accessed last June 20, 2021Retrieved from: Fault
Types: 3 Basic responses to stress - Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology
(iris.edu),
“Types of Earthquakes and Faults.” Accessed June 20, 2021 Retrieve from:
https://people.uwec.edu/jolhm/eh/toivonen/types.html.

Images
Figure 1. Movement of A Normal Fault. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/
Schematic-block-diagram-of-a _normalfault_fig1_259359328
Figure 2. Reverse Faults Movement. Retrieved from https://i0.wp.com/inventionsky.com
/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Untitled-12.png?w=876&ssl=1
Figure 3. Reverse Fault, Retrieval from: https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/62t9liF186a
0u00ZflbxLB0dSC0=/4297x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyI
mages-482475551-56c9649a5f9b5879cc4692ca.jpg
Figure 4. Location of Epicenter and Focus, Retrieve fromhttp://nesec.org/wpcontent/
uploads/2017/11/EQ_Diagram.png
Figure 5. Seismic wave movement, Retrieve from https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/
353-earth-waves
Figure 6. Parts of a Seismograph, Retrieve from https://pixfeeds.com/images/3/234840/12
00-477463367-seismograph-machine.jpg
Figure 7. Eruption of a Volcano, Retrieve from http://manillearisque.weebly.com/uploads
/5/3/2/8/53285841/4795645_orig.png
Figure 8. Mountain Formation, Retrieve from https://ugc.berkeley.edu/wp-content/
uploads/2016/01/continental-continental_converge.jpg
Figure 9. Mines Collapse. Retrieve from https://static1.bigstockphoto.com/5/2/2/Large
1500/225571069.jpg
Figure 10. Nuclear Explosion. Retrieve from https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files
/styles/article_main_large/public/images/sn-nuclear_0.jpg?itok=yCvLSJFq
Figure 11. Map of the Philippines, Retrieve from https://pixfeeds.com/images/3/234840/
1200-477463367-seismograph-machine.jpg

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua 11

School/Station: Trento National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
Email Address: [email protected]
 Email Address: [email protected]
Division: Agusan del Sur
School/Station: Trento National High School
Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua
12
Activity 1.
1. Volcanic Earthquake is caused by a movement of magma beneath the surface of the Earth. There are two types of volcanic
earthquakes: the volcano tectonic earthquake, which occur after a volcanic activity has taken place, and the long-period
volcanic earthquake that occurs after a volcanic eruption.
2. Tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earth's crust breaks due to geological forces on rocks and adjoining
plates that cause physical and chemical changes.
3. Collapse earthquake are small earthquakes within underground caverns and mines that are caused by seismic waves
generated from the explosion of rock on the surface.
4. Explosion earthquake is an earthquake that is resulted in the detonation of a nuclear and/or chemical device. Explosion
occurs when there is an enormous nuclear energy is released during underground nuclear explosions.
Guide Questions:
1. Answers nay vary. Possible answers Volcanic earthquake
2. We can minimize the dangerous effects of earthquake if we will be going to prepare an evacuation plan, by this we are guided on where are we going
to go after an earthquake. Then aside from that each family should prepare emergency kit.
Answers Key