7 INTEGRALS

i
rth
KEY CONCEPTS INVOLVED

1. Integration – The process of finding the function f (x) whose differential coeffiicient w.r.t. ‘x’, denoted by


F (x) is given, is called the integration of f (x) w.r.t. x and is written as F(x) dx = f (x)
Thus, integration is an inverse process of differentiation or integration is anti of differentiation.
The differential coefficient of a constant is zero. Thus if c is an arbitrary constant independent of x. then
d
dx 
[f (x) + c] = F (x) Thus F (x) dx = f (x) + c

2. Integration by Substitution
ya
The arbitrary constant c is called the constant of integration.


(a) To evaluate the integral f (ax + b) dx
1
Put ax + b = t, so that adx = dt i.e., dx = dt
a
1 1
 f (ax + b) dx =  f (t)  a dt  a F(t), where  f (t) dt = F (t) = F (ax + b)
If a function is not in some suitable form to find the integration, then we transform it into some suitable
form by changing the independent variable x to t by substituting x = g (t).
id
Consider 
I = f (x) dx
dx
Put x= g (t) , so that = g (t)
dt
We write dx = g (t) dt
Thus  
I = f (x)  dx = f (g (t) g (t) dt
But it is very important to guess, what will be the useful substitution.
eV

f  (x)
(b)  f (x) dx = log f (x) + c
n n 1
(c)
[f(x)] f (x) dx = f (x) (n  1)  c
(d) Some important substitutions
function Substitutions
a2  x2 x = a sin  or x = a cos 
a2  x2 x = a tan 
x2  a2 x = a sec 
3. Trigonometrical transformations – For the integration of the trigonometrical products such as
sin2 x, cos2 x, sin3 x, cos3 x, sin ax cos bx etc.they are expressed as the sum or difference of the sines and
cosines of multiples of angles.

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 4. Integration of Some Special Integrals –
dx dx
(a) For  ax 2  bx  c
, 
ax 2  bx  c
and ax 2  bx  c dx


i
 2 2
 2 b c b  c b2   b  4ac  b 2 
2
ax + bx + c = a  x  x    a   x     2
  a   x    
 a a  2a  a 4a   2a  4a 2 

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b 4ac  b 2
Put x + = t ,  dx = dt,   k 2 , ax2 + bx + c changes to t2 + k2 , t2 – k2 or k2 – t2
2a 4a 2
(px  q) dx (px  q) dx
(b) For  2
ax  bx  c
, 
ax 2  bx  c  2
, (px  q) (ax  bx  c) dx
d
Put px + q =A (ax2 + bx + c) + B
dx
Compare the two sides and find the value of A and B.
d
A (ax 2  bx  c)  B
px  q dx
Thus

ax 2  bx  c
dx 
 (ax 2  bx  c)
ya =A
d
dx
(ax 2  bx  c)
 dx  B

dx
(ax 2  bx  c) (ax 2  bx  c)
d
(ax 2  bx  c)
px  q dx dx
Similarly 
ax 2  bx  c
dx  A 
ax 2  bx  c
dx  B  ax2  bx  c

same as do (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx .

dx 1
(c) For  (x  k) put x + k =
t
id
ax 2  bx  c
dx x
(d) For  (x   ) (x  )
,  x
dx

 (x  ) (x  ) dx , Put x =  cos2  +  sin2 

x

sin x =  2 tan 
 2
1  tan x 2  , cos x = 1  tan x2  1  tan x 2  then put tan x/2 = t
2 2

p cos x  q sin x
(f) For  a  b cos x  b sin x dx
Put p cos x + q sin x = A (a + b cos x + b sin x) + B differential of (a + b cos x + b sin x) + C
A, B and C can be calculated by equating the coefficients of cos x. sin x and the constant terms.
 du 
5. 
Integration by parts u  v dx  u  v dx   
 dx 
 v dx  dx
 
i.e., the integral of the product of two functions = (first function) × (Integral of the second function –
Integral of {(dfferential of first function) x (Integral of second function)}
This formula is called integration by parts.

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 P (x)
6. Partial Integration – To Evaluate
 Q (x) dx
The rational functions which we shall consider here for integration purposes will be those whose

i
denominators can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors.
P (x)

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If is improper fraction, i.e., degree of numerator is equal or greater than the degree of denominator..
Q (x)
P (x) P (x)
Then first we reduce in proper rational function as Q (x) = T (x) + 1 where T (x) is a polynomial in x
Q (x)
P1 (x)
and is a proper rational function.
Q (x)
After this, the integration can be carried out easily using the already known methods. The following Table
7.1 indicates the types of simpler partial fractions that are to be associated with various kind of rational
functions.
Table 7.1
S. No. Form of the rational function Form of the partial fraction

1.
ya
px  q
,ab A

B
(x  a) (x  b) xa xb
px  q A B
2. 
(x  a)2 x  a (x  b)2
px 2  qx  r A B C
3.  
(x  a) (x  b) (x  c) xa xb x c
px 2  qx  r A B C
4.  
(x  a)2 (x  b) x  a (x  a) 2 xb
id
px 2  qx  r A Bx  c
5.  2
(x  a) (x 2  bx  c) x  a x  bx  c
Where x2 + bx + c can not be
factorised further
In the above table, A, B and C are real numbers to be determined suitably.
7. Definite Integral – The definite integral of f(x) between the limits a to b i.e. in the interval [a,b] is denoted
eV

b b
by 
a
f (x) dx and is defined as follows.  a
f (x) dx  [F (x)]ba = F(b) – F(a) where  f (x) dx  F(x)
8. General Properties of Definite Integrals –
b b
Prop. I a
f (x) dx  
a
f (t) dt
b a
Prop. II a
f (x) dx    b
f (x) dx
b c b
Prop. III
a
f (x) dx   f (x) dx   f (x) dx where a < c < b
a c
b b
Prop. IV a
f (x) dx   f (a  b  x) dx
a

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 a a
In particualr 
0
f (x) dx  
0
f (a  x) dx
2a
Prop. V  f (x) dx

i
0
a a
Prop. V
 f (x) dx  2  f (x) dx, if f (x) is even function

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a 0
a
 f (x) dx  0, if f (x) is odd function
a
2a a a
Prop. VI 0
f (x) dx  2  0
f (x) dx  
0
f (2a  x) dx
2a a
Prop. VII 0
f (x) dx  2 
0
f (x) dx, if f (2a – x) = f (x)
2a
0
f (x) dx  0, if f (2a – x) = – f (x)
9. Definite Integral as the limit of a sum
b
a
f (x) dx  Lim h [f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) +  + f < a + (n – 1) h)]
h 0

or a
b
ya
f (x) dx  Lim h [f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + f (a + 3h) +  + f (a + nh)
h 0
ba
where, h=
n
d v(x) d d
dx u (x)
f (t) dt  f {v (x)}
dx
v (x)  f {u (x)}
dx
u (x) this rule is called leibnitz’s is Rule.

CONNECTING CONCEPTS
1. Integration is an operation on function
id
2.  [k f (x) + k f (x) +............ + k f (x)]dx
1 1 2 2 n n

 1  2 2 
= k f (x) dx + k f (x) dx +............ + k f (x) dx
1 n n
3. All functions are not integrable and the integral of a function is not unique.
4. If a polynomial function of a degree n is integrated we get a polynomial of degree n + 1
4. Integration by using standard formulae –
1.  kdx = kx + c, k is constant
eV

 
2. kf (x) dx = k f (x) dx + c

 1 2 
3. (f (x) ± f (x)] dx = f (x)dx ± f (x) dx + c
1 2

n 1
n
x
4.  x dx = + c (n – 1)
n 1
1
5.  dx = log |x| + c e
x
x
ax
6. a dx = log a + c, a > 0 e
x x

7. e dx = e + c

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 5.
 sin x dx = – cos x + c

6. cos x dx = sin x + c

i
2

7. sec x dx = tan x + c

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2
8.  cosec x dx = – cot x + c


9. sec x tan x dx = sec x + c


10. cosec x cot x dx = – cosec x + c

11.  tan x dx = log |sec x| + c = – log |cos x | + c


12. cot x dx = log |sin x| + c


13. sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x| + c

14.  cosec x dx = log |cosec x – cot x | + c

15. 
1
2
ya
dx = sin–1 x + c or – cos–1 x + c
1 x
1
dx = tan–1 x + c or – cot–1 x + c
16.
 1  x2
1
17. x x2 1
dx = sec–1 x + c or – cosec–1 x + c
dx 1 x
18.  2 2
 tan 1    c
x a a a
id
dx 1 xa
19. x 2
a 2

2a
log
xa
 c, x  a

dx 1 ax
20. a 2
 x2

2a
log
a–x
 c, x  a

dx x
21.   sin 1    c
eV

a2  x2 a
dx
22.
  log x  a 2  x 2  c
2 2
x a

dx
23.
  log x  x2  a2  c
x2  a2

dx 1 x
24. x  sec 1    c
x2  a2 a a
x 1 2 1 x
25.  a 2  x 2 dx  a2  x2  a sin ac
2 2  

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 x 1
26.  x 2  a 2 dx = x 2  a 2  a 2 log x  x 2  a 2  c
2 2
x 1
27.  x 2  a 2 dx = x 2  a 2  a 2 log x  x 2  a 2  c

i
2 2
x
28.  e [f (x) + f  (x)] dx = ex f (x) + c

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29. Use of Trigonometric Identities in Integration.
1  cos 2x 1  cos 2x
(i) sin2 x = , cos 2 x 
2 2
3sin x  sin 3x 3cos x  cos3x
(ii) sin3x = , cos3 x 
4 4
(iii) 2 sinA cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) + cos (A + B)
x x
(iv) sin x = 2 sin    cos  
 2
ya
30.(i) 1 + 2 + 3 +  + n =
2
n (n  1)
2
n (n  1) (2n  1)
(ii) 12 + 22 + 32 +  + n2 =
6
2
 n (n  1) 
(iii) 13 + 23 + 32 +  + n3 =  
 2
n
(iv) a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) +  + [a + (n - 1) d] = [2a + (n – 1) d]
2
id
a(r n  1)
(v) a + ar + ar2 +  + ar n + 1 =
r 1
eV

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