Université de Sousse

École Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sousse

Département Électronique Industrielle

SMART GRID

Réalisé par :

Rania ZAAFRANE

Enseignant :

Adel BOUALLEGUE

Année Universitaire 2022/2023

Introduction
responsive power grid by augmenting it
with information and communication
technologies, and machine intelligence. It
aims at calculation of optimum generation-
With the introduction of distributed and
transmission-distribution pattern and
renewable energy sources, it is becoming
storing power system data. For the growing
increasingly difficult to maintain the
concern about environment along with
balance between demand and supply of
efficient generation and distribution,
power as well as the quality of power in the
distributed energy resources (DER) with
electricity network. As the traditional
smart microgrid can be a potential
power grid is not designed to handle
solution. It can be said that distributed
bidirectional power flow, electricity
smart microgrid can bring additional
networks are struggling to handle backflow
benefits for global power system planning.
of power from distributed generation
In other words, SG is the integration of
sources such as wind and solar. The
technologies, systems and processes to
intermittent nature of the renewable
make power grid intelligent and
energy sources is also making it difficult to
automated. So, the motivation behind
maintain stable power flow in the
developing smart grid is to ensure stable,
electricity network.
reliable, efficient, economical and
Hence, the power system is about to move sustainable generation, distribution and
to the next generation smart grid (ETS) usage of conventional and renewable
system, which is why this topic has power.
garnered much attention in the research
Machine learning is a branch of artificial
community. SG is the integration of
intelligence that can help in this process, it
information and digital communication
can enable smart grid to make intelligent
technologies with power grid network
decisions. Actually, Machine learning
systems to enable bi-directional
algorithms embody the techniques that
communication and a power flow that can
look for patterns and interrelations in the
improve the safety, reliability and
data and build a model that represent
effectiveness of the power system. The
those patterns and interrelations. The
traditional power grid can be transformed
learning experience enables the machine
into an intelligent, automated and
to predict future events based on past
examples and respond to sudden changes
Communication:
in customer demands, power outages,
sudden drops and rises in renewable
The existing vs
energy output or any other catastrophic
events. The smart meters installed in the
traditional
customer premises, and
measurement devices in the power system,
other
technology
generate a huge amount of data that could
be fed into the machine learning
algorithms to capture customer
The existing communication infrastructure
consumption patterns.
of the legacy power grid is designed to
Constant connectivity and communication
support only unidirectional power flow
are one of the core components of smart
from central power plants to the
grid, and that requires devices equipped
consumers, with limited efficiency and
with such capabilities. The network created
information sharing. The legacy grid
by such devices, connected to other nodes
communication systems are mainly used
of the system through the internet, are
for data acquisition from limited number of
called the “internet of things (IoT)”. In the
sensors that are located in the main
internet of things each object has its own
transmission and distribution points,
identity in the digital world. Everything is
limited number of control signals
connected through a complex network.
transmission and faults detection. The data
acquisition is performed by Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition Systems
(SCADA).

The smart grid has significantly higher

number of sensors and actuators than the
legacy grid. They are deployed at all levels
of the grid components: power plants and
substation equipment, generators, respective networks. Devices connected
transformers and home users. The sensors to the internet are currently part and

are used for data acquisition and parcels of the daily life, and more and
more of such devices are emerging every
information exchange between equipment
day. An example of such devices can be
and data centres. The actuators are used
smart thermostats. Such devices, which
for optimal control of all grid
use the internet to stay connected to
components. In order to handle such vast
resources located elsewhere physically,
data flow, the smart grid must have
and carry out their tasks through the
upgraded, reliable and robust
resulting exchange, are termed as IoT
communication infrastructure able to
devices. IoT stands for “internet of
provide real-time secure
things”, which can be defined as the
communications. The communication
interrelated system that links up such
infrastructure must have wide bandwidth
devices, and facilitate data transfer
in order to ensure high rate of
without any human intervention.
information flow. Furthermore, the
communication infrastructure has to be IoT is an interconnection of sensing and

self-healing and automatically adaptive actuating devices providing the ability to

to changes. share information across platforms

through a unified framework, developing
a common operating picture for enabling
innovative applications. This is achieved
Application of by seamless ubiquitous sensing, data
analytics and information representation
Internet of Things with cloud computing as the unifying
framework. Each of those objects has its

(IoT) in Distributed own embedded computing system which

enables it to be identified and to be

Power System interconnected with each other. IoT will

consist of more than 30 billion objects by
2020. The most important impacts can
be observed in the power sector, home
appliances, and in smart cities. Smart
grids which contain the attributes of IoT
An extensive communication is now
may be the possible solution of future
made possible by the internet, and all
global energy crisis. Efficiency at
these devices are connected to their
transmission and distribution ends can therefore, the electricity used in
be escalated. Renewable energy sources processing that water also goes to waste.
can be more effectively utilized under IoT To meet the increasing demand as well as
based networks. Currently, smart homes reduce the energy wastage, a real-time
have monitoring systems that increases tracker of supply and demand sides of
the cost effectiveness. It also reduces the distribution system needs to be
unwanted consumptions of energy. In a developed – which IoT can provide.
smart city, optimization of schedule for Centralized systems should be replaced
public transport can be done with IoT. with a distributed microgrid, which
However, though the general lifestyle has provides real-time monitoring and
caught up with this technology, it is communication to the grid, along with
hardly present in the grid system. remote sensing technique, two-way
Incorporating these connecting devices in communication and demand response.
the grid infrastructure is a major step to
advance towards smart grid – which can
be evidenced by the significance put on
IoT in designing microgrids. Niche uses
of IoT devices are also emerging with Communication
applications that are already exists, or
anticipated to appear in near future.
Smart homes, where household
Infrastructure
appliances can be controlled by
connected intelligent devices is an
example of such use. Connected vehicles,
Three layered communication systems
distributed energy resources (DER),
for IoT implemented smart grid system
green buildings are some more
has also been developed: Home Area
applications.
Network (HAN), Neighbourhood Area
Network (NAN) and Wide Area Network
Smart energy system aims at reducing
(WAN). The schematic diagram of the
energy loss while simultaneously
smart grid communication infrastructure
providing sufficient energy and services
based on these networks is shown in Fig.
to everyone. In India more than 30
1.
percent loss in electricity occurs during
the power production process. In France
HAN is deployed and operated within a
and Australia, 35% wastage of water
small area (tens of meters), usually a
occurs due to the leakage in the system;
house or a small office. The HAN has The NAN has up to 2Kbps transmission
relatively low transmission data rate data rate. The NAN can be implemented
compared to other two networks, by PLC, Wi-Fi, and cellular technologies.
hundreds of bits per second (bps). WAN is deployed and operated within
vast area of tens of kilometres and it
In a typical implementation, a HAN consists of several NANs and LDCs.
consists of a broadband Internet Moreover, the communication of all
connection that is shared between smart grid's components including
multiple users through a wired or operator control centre, main and
wireless modem. It enables the renewable energy generation,
communication and sharing of resources transmission and distribution, is based
between computers, mobile and other on WAN. The WAN has very high
devices over a network connection. In transmission data rate up to few Gbps.
smart grid implementation, all smart The WAN can be implemented by
home devices that consume energy and Ethernet networks, WiMAX, 3G/LTE and
smart meters can be connected to HAN. micro-wave transmission.
The devices data is acquired and
transmitted through HAN to the smart
meters. HAN allows more efficient home
energy management. HAN can be
implemented by ZigBee or Ethernet
technologies.

NAN is deployed and operated within

area of hundred meters which is actually
few urban buildings. Several HANs can be
Figure1: Smart grid communication
connected to one NAN and they transmit
infrastructure
data of energy consumed by each house to
the NAN network. The NAN network The integration of IoT devices bring
delivers this data to Local Data Centres some unique challenges with them in the
for storage. This data storage is important smart grid scenario which are inherent
for charging the consumers and data to such technology, and the fact from
analysis for energy generation-demand which all that stems from is latency.
pattern recognition. Latency is defined as the difference
between the time of data generation and
the time when it becomes available for
applications. In other words, it is the IoT data assume that the incoming data
time delay for the data to become is error free and continuous. But PMU
available. Latency in IoT architecture measurements can become unavailable
can be characterized as communication due to unexpected failure of the PMUs or
latency and phasor data concentrator PDCs or due to loss of communication
(PDC) latency. Communication latency links caused by congestion of
on the network is comprised of communication network. This missing
transmission delays, propagation delays, data will result in wrong outputs from
processing delays, and queuing delays. the analytical functions. Practical
PDC latency, on the other hand, counter measures for reliable and secure
comprises of PDC device latency and data transfer are: building in as much
PDC wait-time. Wait-time latency redundancy as possible in PMUs, PDCs
indicates the time each PDC has to wait and communication; proper PMU
for certain user-configurable time- placement and wide area measurement
duration so that slower PMU data can be system (WAMS) design; and usage of
reached and processed for time robust analytic functions.
alignment operation at PDC. The
maximum tolerable latency is 40 ms
which includes latencies introduced by
Smart Grid & Big
communication network, PMU, PDC,
etc. This requirement must be met by Data
any IoT architecture for the system to
function deterministically. Since IoT Big data refers to massive amount of
data contains critical information, it is data that require more advanced
imperative that the data to be secured methods to be captured, curated,
from all types of attacks. Attackers can managed, and analysed than the
modify the data to cause system traditional tools and signal processing
instabilities or even blackout. To ensure models. The amount of data that defines
the reliability, a two-layer big data is not explicitly defined, rather it
communication security can be moves as the technology progresses.
constructed: one inside substations
Generally, data demonstrating three
using already deployed security characteristics can be labelled as big
measures for all data communication, data: it has a large volume; the velocity
and the other by secured means such as or frequency of this data generation,
encryption for data stream outside storage, or transmission is high; and
substation. All analytical functions using
there is a lot of variation of data in the
dataset. These features match with the
Conclusion
data IoT devices generate, and thus the
data generated in the smart grid can be The electricity grid is transitioning
considered big data. A 2014 report towards an IoT-based, connected smart
published by the National Rural Electric grid, and with the benefits of such a
Cooperative Association (NRECA) of the system, concerns are also emerging that
USA enlisted big data capabilities as a were unprecedented until now. The big
crucial component of the next generation data generated in the smart grid is
power grid, or in other words, smart requiring novel analysis techniques such
grid. It states that the ever-increasing as machine learning methods for proper
deployment of phasor measurement handling and data extraction. The
units (PMU), distribution, and connected devices, and the data they
distributed generation sectors will generate are also bringing forth the dire
generate massive amounts of data – necessities of proper protection, as they
which will vary as the direction of power are being targeted to attacks of varying
flow will change depending on seasonal magnitudes which highlighted the lack of
and daily conditions. Such deployments proper counter-measures in place. In an
of PMU can also lead to proactive control attempt to present an overall picture of
of grids, preventing faults from taking these issues, this paper had presented a
place instead of clearing a fault after its brief timeline of the grid’s journey to the
occurrence [75]. Analysing big data is smart grid, and how internet of things
stated as a key functionality for energy (IoT) had become a part and parcel of
management systems (EMS) for smart the electricity grid. Challenges associated
grids, control algorithms, and future with IoT-generated big data, namely
energy market models. their analysis and protection, as well as
other security concerns in the smart grid
had also been discussed. The outcomes
of this study had been presented finally
with future research directions outlined
briefly to aid researchers in this field.